ColophonPublication edited for NIKHEFNationaal Instituut voor Kernfysica en Hoge-Energie FysicaNational Institute for Nuclear Physics and High-Energy Physics
Address: Postbus41882,1009DBAmsterdam Kruislaan409,1098SJAmsterdamTelephone: +31205922000Fax: +31205925155E-mail: [email protected]
Editors: NicolodeGroot,KeesHuyser,LoukLapikás&GabbyZegersLayout/art-work: KeesHuyserPhotos/illustrations: AMS-IX,MateuszAtroszko,ErnstBode,MarcdeBoer,GerjanBobbink,CERN,DESY,Fermilab,GaryFordham,Durk
Gardenier,PeterGinter,AartHeijboer,KeesHuyser,IBM,GordonLim,TonMinnen/NFP,ClaraNatoli,PANalytical,SonyEricsson,MarcelVervoort,RobWaterhouse,CarlosZaragoza
Cover: ANTARESeventbyAartHeijboerURL: http://www.nikhef.nl
NIKHEFistheNationalInstituteforNuclearPhysicsandHigh-EnergyPhysicsintheNetherlands,inwhichtheFoundationforFundamen-talResearchonMatter(FOM),theUniversiteitvanAmsterdam(UvA),theVrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam(VUA),theRadboudUniversiteitNijmegen(RU)andtheUniversiteitUtrecht(UU)collaborate.NIKHEFco-ordinatesandsupportsallactivitiesinexperimentalelementaryparticleorhigh-energyphysicsintheNetherlands.
NIKHEFparticipatesinthepreparationofexperimentsattheLargeHadronCollideratCERN,notablyATLAS,LHCbandALICE.NIKHEFisactivelyinvolvedinexperimentsintheUSA(DØatFermilab,BaBaratSLACandSTARatRHIC)andinGermanyatDESY(ZEUSandHERMES).Furthermore,astroparticlephysicsispartofNIKHEF’sscientificprogramme,throughparticipationinthePierreAugerlargeareacosmicraydetectionfacilityinArgentinaandthroughparticipationintheANTARESproject:aneutrinotelescopeunderconstruc-tionintheMediterraneanSea.DetectorR&D,designandconstructionofdetectorsandthedata-analysistakeplaceatthelaboratorylocatedatScienceParkAmsterdamaswellasattheparticipatinguniversities.NIKHEFhasatheorygroupwithbothitsownresearchprogrammeandclosecontactswiththeexperimentalgroups.
ContentsIntroduction 4
Reviews 7
TheInternet:aclashofcultures 8
MedipixandRELAXD:successfulcollaborationbetweenScienceandIndustry 14
ASearchforGravitationalWaveswithVIRGO 18
CPViolationandtheriddleofantimatter 20
IntegratedCircuits 23
Research 27
ALICE 29
DetectorResearch&Development 31
ThePierreAugerObservatory 34
TheHERMESExperiment 35
Theory 36
TrackinginLHCb 38
ANTARES 40
ATLASnearingcompletion 42
TheGridandthePhysicsDataProcessingGroup 44
PerfectingtheZEUSdetector 45
Education&Outreach 47
Education 48
Outreach 50
Theses,Publications&Talks 57
Publications 59
Talks 65
NIKHEFJamboree2006 69
Resources 71
NIKHEFOrganization 72
FundingandExpenses 73
MembershipofCouncilsandCommitteesasof31-12-2006 74
Personnel 76
IntroductionVENI,VIDI,…VICI!Thesearethethree,progressivelymoreprestig-ious,subsidiesawardedbyNWOtomembersoftheDutchATLASteamin2006!InNovember,NWOofficiallygrantedthesubsidyforaDutchgrid-basede-Scienceinfrastructure(BIGGRID),includingtheDutchcomputegridfacilityforCERN’sLargeHadronCollider(LHC)project. InJune,CERNCouncilconfirmedtheforeseenNo-vember2007start-updateoftheLHC,albeitatadisappointinglylowbeamenergyof450GeV.LHCoperationatthefullbeamen-ergyof7000GeVisexpectedtostartinMarch2008.Withsomuchexcellentnews,thepressureontheLHCexperimentstocompletetheirdetectors in time to recordfirstproton-protoncollisions in2007istangible!Throughout2006,manypiecesofLHCinstrumen-tationweretransportedfromtheNIKHEFworkshopstoCERN.Be-yonddoubt,themostdelicatewere:acompletesemi-conductortrackerendcapfortheATLASinnertrackingsystemandthesiliconstripdetectorfortheALICEinnertrackingsystem.BotharrivedatCERNintact.ThetransportofthevacuumtankfortheLHCbvertexlocator, on the contrary, required several NIKHEF engineers tospend their summer vacation at CERN to first locate and subse-quentlyrepairleaksduetotransportdamage.AlargefractionoftwoothermajorNIKHEFdeliverables,theLHCboutertrackerandmanycomponentsoftheATLASmuonspectrometer,wasinstalledand commissioned by the end of 2006 in the underground cav-ernshousingtheseLHCexperiments.FortheATLASexperiment,themagnetic-fieldmonitoringsystemandtheRASNIKalignmentsystemswereputtotestinNovemberwhenthestoredenergyinthehugesuper-conductingbarreltoroidsreacheditsdesignvalueof1,100,000,000Joules.Bothsystemsperformedasexpected. Inaddition,NIKHEFPhDstudentswerethefirsttoreconstructcurvedtrajectoriesofcosmic-raymuonsthroughtheATLASmuoncham-bers connected to the data-acquisition system, another NIKHEFdeliverable already partially installed in the underground elec-tronicarea.Thedown-sideofallthisfantasticprogress?ThefactthattheNIKHEFworkshopsinAmsterdamstarttolookabitemptywiththeLHCdetectorcomponents,designedandconstructedatNIKHEF,nowatCERNandwithmanyofNIKHEF’stechniciansandengineersworkingatCERNontheinstallationandcommissioningoftheLHCdetectors!
In2006theDutchgovernmentinitiatedSmartMix:thechancetowinamulti-millioneurosubsidyforcollaborationsbetweenindus-triesandresearchinstitutesaimedateitherthecommercialisationofknowledgeortheexpansionoftheknowledgefrontier.Perhapssurprisingly,astrongconsortium,ledbyNIKHEF,ofseveral(inter-national)industriesandresearchinstitutesanduniversitiesintheNetherlands entered the competition for the SmartMix subsidywithanastroparticlephysicsproposalwithascentraltheme:Whatis the origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays? Regretfully, theSmartMixofficedecidedtoturndownthisproposal(togetherwithmore than a hundred other proposals …). Nevertheless, severalindustrial partners decided to continue to collaborate; notablyin view of the challenges and potential of the KM3NeT project,thewaterČerenkovneutrinotelescopeintheMediterraneanSeapresentlyapprovedasadesignstudybytheEuropeancommunitywithNIKHEFasaparticipant.In2006ANTARES,thepilotstudyforsuchawaterČerenkovneutrinotelescope,mademajorprogress.InMarch,thefirstofthetwelve450meterlongANTARESstringsof75opticalmoduleseachwasdeployedandsuccessfullyinstalledat the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Toulon
(France). Within days, muon tracks were reconstructed (Fig. 1)thankstotheconcertedeffortofanex-NIKHEFPhDstudentnowworking at Fermilab near Chicago (USA) and the NIKHEF teamin Amsterdam. A second string was deployed in July. All twelveANTARESstringsareexpectedtobedeployedbytheendof2007.Despite the large efforts spent in designing, building, installingand commissioning instrumentation for LHC and astroparticlephysics experiments, NIKHEF is also still involved in running ex-periments. In Germany, NIKHEF participates in the HERMES andZEUS experiments at the HERA electron-proton collider. In theUSA,NIKHEFphysicistsareactiveintheBabar(atPEPII,Stanford),D0 (at Tevatron, Chicago) and the STAR (at RHIC, Brookhaven)experiments.Mostoftheseactivitieswillsooncometoanaturalend either because the accelerator shuts down or because thephysicistsmigratetotheLHCexperimentsinviewofitshigherdis-coverypotentialonceitsstartsoperation!OurR&Dphysicistsare
Figure 1. Muon track reconstructed with the first string of the ANTARESwaterČerenkovneutrinotelescope.
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alreadylookingbeyondtheinitialLHCrunningbydevelopinganinnovative detection technique for LHC experiment upgradesand/orforthefuturelinearelectron-positroncolliderexperiment.As of December, bubble-chamber quality recordings of radioac-tive sources like 55Fe or 90Sr and occasionally a cosmic ray or analpha-articlecanbeadmired.
Inretrospect,2006willprobablybeconsideredanimportantyearfor(European)particlephysics.InJuly,CERNCouncilunanimouslyapprovedtheEuropeanstrategyforparticlephysics.ThisstrategywastheoutcomeofasequelofnationalandEuropeangatheringswithaskeyevents:anopensymposiuminOrsay(nearParis)inJan-uaryandaclosedmeetingofthestrategygroupinZeuthen(nearBerlin)inMay.Dutchphysicistswerestronglyinvolvedthroughoutthis process.Thestrategyunderlines the importance of theLHCand of a future linear electron-positron collider. Moreover, thestrategy recognizes the potential of the relatively new field ofastroparticlephysics.TheEuropeanStrategyForumonResearchInfrastructures adopted the CERN document ‘The Europeanstrategyforparticlephysics’foritsownroadmapandinadditionexplicitly includedKM3NeTasapromisingfuture large-scaleEu-ropeaninfrastructure.KM3NeTalsoreceivedahighpriorityinthepreliminaryroadmappreparedbythePeerReviewCommitteeofthe grouping of national funding agencies Astroparticle PhysicsEuropeanCoordination.
Alsoin2006,NIKHEFemployeesputa lotofeffort intooutreachactivities. Numerous people visited NIKHEF and CERN, whichresulted, amongst others, in an impressive number of articles inpublicmagazinesandnewspapers.Someof thephotoshootingsessionsledtoremarkablepictureswhichmadeittothefrontcoverofleadingDutchsciencemagazinessuchas‘Natuurwetenschap&Techniek’and‘NederlandsTijdschriftvoorNatuurkunde’aswellasinternationalmagazinessuchasthe‘CERNCourier’(Fig.2).TheaterAdhocstartedshootingfor itsfilmabouttheHiggsodysseyandthe ATLAS group completed its film ‘Massa Mysterie’ aimed athighschoolstudents.NIKHEFengineersputupanexcellentper-formanceduringthecelebrationofFOM’ssixtiethanniversarybywinningnotonlythefirstprizebutalsothesecondprizeinthe‘Towin the future’ contest for the best physics inspired applicationinsociety.Notbadatallforaprimarilyfundamental-scienceori-entedresearch institute likeNIKHEF!TheNIKHEFentrance lobbyreceivedafaceliftwiththeadditionofvariousstandsexplaininginsimpletermsNIKHEF’sscientificendeavours.ApilotversionofNIKHEF’slongawaitednewwebsitewasshownjustbeforeChrist-mas. And NIKHEF’s communication department (and director)startedtothinkaboutanewNIKHEFlogo…Forsure,theseeffortswillcontinuein2007andbeyond!
BothNIKHEFandFOM,NIKHEF’smainfundingagency,investedintrainingprogrammesforourpersonnelin2006.ManyofNIKHEF’stopechelonwenttoaspecialmanagementtrainingcourseorgan-isedbyFOM.Thecoursewasratedexcellent.Nevertheless,Imyselfamthewalkingproofthatnoteveryonewasabletoconverttheof-feredtheoryintoday-to-daypractice…NIKHEFitselforganisedacourse,taughtbyprofessionalactors,onpresentationtechniques.Alsothiscoursewasverywellappreciated,evensomediehardop-ponentshadtoadmitthattheygotusefuladvice.
A sad event took place on December 4th when Aaldert Wapstra,former director of NIKHEF’s nuclear section, passed away at theageof84.Untilrecentlyhecouldstillbeseenatthelabworking
Figure 2. Endcap of the ATLAS semiconductor tracker, assembled atNIKHEF,appearsinthenews.
onhisAtomicMassTables,aseriesthathestartedin1960(!)andofwhichheissuedthemostrecentversionin2003.Theserieshasbecomeadesktopreferenceworkforeverynuclearphysicist,andforthisworkhereceivedin2004theSUNAMCOMedaloftheInter-nationalUnionofPureandAppliedPhysics.
Lookingforwardto2007andbeyond.Nextyearanindustrialas-semblylineforpixeldetectors is likelytoemergeatNIKHEFasajointventurebetweenPANalyticalandNIKHEF.WiththeimminentturnonoftheLHC,NIKHEF’sinvestmentsintheconstructionofLHCdetectorsandgridcomputingwillentertheexploitationphase.InthefieldofastroparticlephysicsboththeANTARESneutrinotel-escopeatthebottomoftheMediterraneanSeaandthePierreAu-gerlargeareacosmicrayObservatoryontheArgentineanPampaAmarillawillbecompletedandmanyyearsofdatatakingwillstart.In2007,NIKHEFwillbeevaluatedbyaninternationalcommitteeofrenownedphysicists.Theoutcomeofthisevaluationandoffund-ingrequestsforanationaltheoreticalphysicsprogrammeandforanationalastroparticlephysicsprogrammewillhaveaprofoundimpactonNIKHEF’sfutureactivities.
Frank Linde, director
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Figure1.HowthePhoneCompanyseesyou… Figure2.Beforefiberopticstherewasthetelegraphwire.
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TodaywetaketheInternetforgranted.Ithasalwaysbeenthere,anditiseverywhere.WecanhardlyimaginealifewithouttheWeb,withoute-mail,withoutSkype,withoutBitTorrent(especiallyourchildren),withoutwhateveryoucanthinkof.AlsotheInternet iseverywhere;onourcomputersbeitadesktoporalaptop,onourmobile phones, on our fridges, TVs, gas stoves, door bells, younameit–itisthere.
Andwhenyouthinkitisnotthere,itisjustaroundthecorner:yourold fashioned analogue telephone landline terminates at a shortdistance from your home in a magic box around the corner andthensuddenlybecomesadigital,InternetProtocol(IP)basedser-vicehandledbyanopticalfiberinfrastructure.Andno‘connection’existsanymore–yourpacketsaredeliveredonabesteffortbasis.Of course, you still pay for connection setup, call duration, anddistance.ThePhoneCompanyhastomakeabuck,afterall.Thatistheirculture.
So,theInternetiseverywhere,always,anditismostlyfree.Foramodestmonthlyfeeonecanhavealltheservicesthathaveeverbeen invented in theworldof telecommunication.But– twentyyearsagotherewasnoneofthat.Whathappenedbetweenthenand now? Let us go back a few years and look at the history ofmodern electronic telecommunications systems. As always, his-toryexplainsmostoftodaysrealities.
Inourcasemodernhistoryof telecommunicationstarts in1839,whenWilliamCookeandCharlesWheatstone(yes,theoneofthebridge) succeeded in transmitting an encoded message over anelectricalsubsystem(i.e.acopperwire)betweenWashingtonandBaltimore.Anewagewasborn.
Theearlyageofthetelegraphisaninterestingone:everyoneandhisdoginventedhisown,andofcoursethebest,system.Unfor-tunately,thesesystemsdidnotinterwork.Attheboundaryofonetelegraph system there is a man receiving incoming messages,writingthemdown,andtransmittingthemontothenextsystemmanually.Theapplicationgatewaywasborn!
Theearlytelegraphsystemwasmainlyusedbynationalgovern-ments for their normal diplomatic exchanges. And they didn’tlikethesystem:itwasslowandthereweretoomanymiddlemenreadingtheirmessages.In1860ittook17humangatewaystogetamessagefromBerlin,thecapitalofthekingdomofPrussia,tothewesternborderofthecountry.
So,governmentsgottogetheranddecidedthattheywantedabet-tersystem.In1865theInternationalTelegraphUnionwascreatedbyGovernmentsinordertocometoasingle,unifiedInternationalTelegraphsystem.Anditworked.Mostcountriesadoptedthesim-plemodel:onecountry,onetelegraphcompany,andthegovern-mentownsandcontrolsit.Well,thatsoundsfamiliar:itcouldbetheSovietUnionpartysystem,ortheDutchPTTuntilltheearly‘90s.
Thiswasagreatsuccess.Sowhentelephonycameaboutin1876,andwirelesstelegraphyappearedin1896,andpublicradioappearedin1920thesamemodelwasapplied.ThegoodoldInternationalTel-egraphUnionchangednames,itsmandatewasexpandedseveraltimes,anditwasstillthegovernmentsandtheirstatemonopoliesintelecommunicationsthatcalledtheshots.In1947thefinalrecon-structiontookplace.The‘InternationalTelegraphUnion’wasnownamed the ‘International Telecommunications Union’ (ITU), andwasreconstitutedunderthenewlyformedUnitedNationscharter
The Internet: a clash of culturesRob Blokzijl
Figure3.Ablackphone(oragreyone)… Figure4.Plusçachange…
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asan InternationalTreatyOrganisation,andmadea ‘MemberoftheUNFamily’.ThismeansinpracticethatonlyUNmemberstatescan be ITU members, i.e. national governments. This is fine, aslongasyouasagovernmentownandcontrolyournationalphonecompany.Thiswasnormalin1947,andmanyyearstofollow.IntheNetherlandsithasbeenthe‘MinisterievanVerkeerenWaterstaat’(MinistryofTransport,PublicWorksandWaterManagement)thatuntiltheearly90’sfullycontrolledtheDutchPTT.
Apowerfuldepartmentofcivilservants,the‘HoofddirectieTele-communicatie en Post’ (Head Directorate TelecommunicationsandPost),decidedthatyourphoneathomecameintwocolours:eithergreyorblack.TheyalsodecidedwhowouldsitontheboardofthePTT.
Sofar,sogood.Untilthelate60’swewerealllivinginasimplebuthappyworld.Telecomswashandledbyyourgovernment,viayournational phone company. And they decided what you wanted.Youhadadumbterminalathome:ablack telephone,orgrey ifyouwerebeingdifficult.Andtheservicesyougotwheretheonesprovided by the network, i.e. the PTT, i.e. the Government. Andnobodyeveraskedwhatyoureallywanted.
ThensuddenlyhistorychangedonOctober4,1957,whentheSovietUnionsuccessfullylaunchedSputnikI.TheUnitedStatespresidentofthattime,DwightEisenhower,decidedthattheUShada‘ScienceGap’withtheUSSR,andtoldthemilitarytodosomethingaboutit. And thus ARPA was created: the Advanced Research ProjectsAgency. ARPA endeavoured on many fields of research, most ofthemofafundamentalnature–notmilitaryoriented.Oneoftheseprojectswastoinvestigatehowtobetterusethescarcecomputing
facilitiesinUSuniversities.Theanswerwasinplace20yearslater:aworkingversionoftheARPAnet,aprecursortotheInternet.
ARPAnet was a revolution in telecommunication: no longer wasthecoppercircuitthestableconnectionbetweenAliceandBob,but a service that did a best effort to deliver digital packets be-tween two parties, without any guarantee of delivery – a besteffortservice.
Thiswasthestartofthe‘CulturalDivide’.
The traditional phone companies on the one hand argued thatnodecentservicecouldbedeliveredbasedonanaprioriunde-terminednetworkservice.TheARPAnetworkresearchersarguedthatinthefirstplaceadecentnetwork(i.e.thephonecompanies)shoulddeliveracertainqualityofservice,andsecondlythatanextlayerofsoftwarewouldtakecareofpacketlossanyhow.Inmod-ernterms:youwilllosepacketsontheIP(InternetProtocol)leveloccasionally,butyouwillrecoverontheTCP(TransmissionControlProtocol)level.Hence,wedescribetheInternetasTCP/IP.
Since the early 70’s we have seen these interesting discussionsbetween the phone companies, monopolists, state owned bu-reaucrats, and the free thinking researchers from universities intheUSA.ButnotonlyintheUSA:Europehasplayedanimportantroleaswell.Oneofthefirsttheoreticalstudiesonpacketswitch-ingnetworkshasbeenpublishedinFranceinthe60’s;athoroughstudyonafirstimplementationandoperationofapacketswitchednetworkwasnotpublishedintheUKforreasonsofnationalsecu-rity.Thiswasinthe70’s.
Figure5.SketchoftheARPAnetstructurein1969.
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So,intheearly80’swehadthissimplesituation.Theresearchandacademic world had developed a network technology that couldnotworkaccordingto the ITUandnationalgovernments.OntheotherhandthesesamenationalPTT’sandgovernmentswerework-ingontheirownwayofdoingnetworking:ISO-OSIwastheacronym,meaningISOReferenceModelforOpenSystemsInterconnection.
In those interesting years in the 80’s two major developmentshappened:1. TheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeleyreleasedaversionofthe
UNIX operation system that contained the full set of Internetprotocolsforfree.
2.The European Commission and the US government decidedthatISOOSIwasthewayforward,andtheycommittedacoupleofbillionECUsandUSDstothepromotionandintroduction.
TheEuropeanPTTswereveryhappy.
Theydidnothavetheproductsorservices,butthealternative,i.e.theInternethadnowbeenofficially‘verboten’.So,theycouldsitbackandrelax.
Not.
ThePTTattitudewassimple:weownthenetwork,wedecidewhatyouwantasservices,weinstallthat,andyouhaveonlyourdumbblackphone(orgrey,youhaveachoiceafterall).Andifyouwanttododifferentthings,wedon’tallowthat.
So,whenin1987NIKHEForderedaprivateleasedlinefromNIKHEFtoCERNfromthethenDutchPTT,thiswasrefused. Ittookmore
than9months,andtheinterventionofSURFnetandtheMinistryofEconomicAffairstogetthis linedelivered.Adifferentculture.Youdon’twantthis,sowewillnotsellittoyou.Wehaveequiva-lentservicesthatareathousandtimesmoreexpensive.Youbetterbuythose.Andyoudon’tknowhowtorunanetwork,anyway.
ThiswasthefirsttimeNIKHEFgottoknowthecultureoftheEl-ephantPTTs.Andnotthelasttime.SinceNIKHEFgotinvolvedinbuildingnetworksonaninternationalscale,wehavenotstoppedbeing amazed by the conservative, if not stupid attitude, of thetraditionalcarrierservicecompanies.
Butthisisnotarealsurprise.Today,atypicaltelco,thatgrewoutofatraditionalphonecompany,stilloperatesonafewsimpleprin-ciples.Theprinciplesarewayoutoftodaysrealities,butthatislifeinacompanythatgotusedtohaveasafemonopolyforatleastahundredyears,protectedbyafriendlygovernment.
Theseprinciplesare:1. Weownthenetwork2.Wedecidewhatisgoodforyou3.So,weinventservicesthatwewillselltoyou4.Andyouwillbehappy,andyoupay
Thesearetheprinciplesoftheoldcultureoftheblackphone(orgrey).Todaytheworldisdifferent.Nowtheusers’principlesrule:1. Youownthenetwork,butweuseit2.Wedecidewhatwewanttodowithit(think:skype,web,bittor-
rent,etc.)3.nothanks,wedon’twantyourservices4.andwewillpayonlyfortransport,notservices
Figure6.TheInternetnow.
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Nowthis issomethingnewforthephonecompany.Userstellingthecompanytogoaway.Wewantyourtransport,notyourservices.OntheInternetwedoourownservicesourselves–thankyou.
Thisisafundamentalculturaldifferencefromthegoodolddays.Thegoodolddayswerethedayswiththetelcoprinciplesabove:weownyou.ThenewdaysoftheInternetare:goaway,wemakeourownservices.
What does it mean: ‘Our own services’? Well, think WWW. ThinkSkype.ThinkBitTorrent, thinkGrid.Services inventedandrunbytheusers,notthetelcos.
So,whatarethetelcosdoingtoday?Simple,reinventingtheiroldwheel. And the wheel today is called: mobile phone. At the ITUWorldExpo2006inHongKongyoucouldnotbeseenattheExpounlessyouhadanewmobilephoneapplication.Reallyimpressive:control your gas stove at home from anywhere in the world byyourmobilephone!Thatiswhatwealwayswantedandhavebeenwaitingforforalongtime.
However, at the Peoples Republic of China pavilion, there wasluckilyafreshwind:thePRCisinvestingumpteenbillionsoftheiryuans in ‘Distributed Grid Computing’. So, what is this – a newculturalrevolution?
Yes–theChinesegovernmentisgoingforGridcomputing.Nobigdeal,becausesoistheEU.Thenicethinginbothcasesisthatthemoneygoestoscience,oratleasttotherequirementsofscienceforcomputing.Theculturemightstillbeabitdifferent,butatleastthistimethegovernmentsoftheworldseemtorealisethattheyshould
provideresources,andnotdemandpoliticallycorrectoutcomes.Thegoodoldtelcosofthisworldhowever,thePhoneCompaniesofthepast,havenotgraspedtheirculturalproblemsatall.Theystill moan about things, no – visions, like ‘Triple Play’ (soooo 2years ago), or ‘convergence’ (sooo last year). And today they arestillthinkingaboutacatchwordfornextyear.
Letushopetheydonotfind‘Grid’astheirnextstockmarketphrase.
Gridisadevelopmentthatisnewandexcitingasafurtherstepfor-wardfortheInternet.WWWlastcentury,GRIDtoday.ItisexcitingthatNIKHEFisattheforefrontofGRIDdevelopments,asNIKHEFwasoneof theoriginaldevelopersof theWorldWideWeb.AndoneoftheoriginalbuildersoftheInternetinEurope.
The Internet grows – in size and in functionality. The growth insizeisamatterofthemarkettoday:commercialcompaniestakecareofthegrowthoftheInternetintermsofusers,bandwidthandgeographicalcoverage.
ButthegrowthoftheInternetinfunctionalitytakesplaceintheold dark corners of the first Internet days: Universities and Re-searchInstituteslikeNIKHEFarestillattheforefrontofdevelopingnew technology on the Internet. NIKHEF has this long traditionof building the Internet. From the first 64kbps international linebetween NIKHEF in Amsterdam and CERN in Geneva (also thefirst Internet connection between the two countries), up to theleadingrolethatNIKHEFhastodayinnewdevelopmentsforGRIDcomputing.AndweshouldnotforgetthatNIKHEFisafoundingpartner,andaprimehostingpartner,ofthesinglelargestInternetExchangeintheworld(AMS-IX).
Figure7.TopologyoftheAMS-IX,thelargestInternetExchangeintheworld.
SARA
psw-sar-01
Customer <= 1 GE
NIKHEF
psw-nik-02
Customer <= 1 GE
Telecity
psw-tel-02
Customer <= 1 GE
Global Switch
Customer <= 1 GE
psw-glo-01
stub-sar-02MG8
stub-nik-05RX16
stub-nik-06RX16
stub-tel-03MG8
stub-sar-01MG8
stub-tel-02MG8
edgeBI15K
edgeBI15K edge
BI15Kedge
BI15Kedge
BI15Kedge
BI15KedgeBI15K
stub-glo-02RX8
stub-glo-01RX8
core-nik-04RX16
core-tel-03RX16
psw-nik-03 psw-sar-02 psw-tel-03
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InternetandCultures.Aworldofdifference.Today,thereisnotasingleengineerorphysicistontheboardofKPNTelecom.Thereisnotasingleresearchactivityinthesamecompany,theironcefirstclassresearchlaboratorieshavebeensold.Directorshavegainedtheir experience in selling coffee and mars bars. And the sameholdsforthe‘other’majorphonecompaniesintheNetherlands.WhoownsVersateltoday?OrisitVersatelthatownsTele2?Watchthestocktickersofyourchoice.
Googleemploysover7000researcherswhopassedatoughexam.Once employed, they are supposed to spend 20% of their timeonnon-Google,private,researchprojects.Awealthofcomputerscience.Aworldofdifferenceinaculturalsense.Andyes,theydoGRIDcomputingandnetworkingonascalethatgoesfarbeyondLHCefforts.
Akamai,foundedbytwostudents,iscompetingonagrandscalewithGoogleinthefieldofGRIDcomputingandnetworking.TheystartedoutofMITwhenoveracoffeeSirTimBerners-Leemadetheflippantremark:“Icanfindthedata-ifonlysomebodycouldstoreitsomewhere”.Next,thesetwostudentstookhimuponhiswordanddesignedthe largestdatastoreonthe Internet today.Akamaideliversyourdatafromaroundthecorner-andyoudon’tknowit.WheneverBillGatesdecidesthatyouneednewupdatesonyouroldMicrosoftsystems (ifyouarestillusingthatexpiredtechnology)youprobablydon’tknowthatitiscomingfromsomeroominsideNIKHEF.
Nokiawillsellyouamobilephonethatcanmakephonecalls.Thatis rather unique nowadays. A modern phone will drive your car,and your coffee machine, and your dish washer, and make por-
ridge. Itwillalsodoyourbanking, readyourfingerprints forourAmericanparanoiafriends,andparkyourcar.Andofcourse,ithasafantastic3DdisplaywithoutfunnyglassesasintheSARACAVE.AndtheToshibaphonewilltransmityourfavoritefragrances.AndtheMitsubishionewilltransmitemotionsaswell.AndToshibahasphonesthatarebetterthanyourphotocamera(10Mpx)andbet-terthanyourvideostuff.Livestreamingfromyourphoneat100Mb/stoawallmounteddisplayhalfwayacrosstheworld.
Question from an elderly gentleman from a classical EuropeanPhoneCompany:“Howdoyoudoallthis,whataretheprotocols?”AnswerfromtheChinesegentleman:“Weuseonlyoneprotocol:IP”
ThatistheInternetforyou.A whole different culture.
Introduction
Miniaturization of electronics has caused a digital revolution,providinguswithcheapandpowerfulcomputersandtelephones.Thecontinuousdownscaling insemiconductortechnologieshasenabled the particle-physics community to integrate a signal-processingcircuitwithhundredsoftransistorsintoeverypixelofaCMOSread-outchip.Amatchingsensorchip-madeofverypuresiliconoranothersemi-conductingmaterial- ismountedontopofthisCMOSchip.Inthiswayacompactdetectorassembly,calleda hybrid pixel detector, is obtained consisting of a sensor chipandareadoutelectronicschip,connectedbymanythousandsofmicro-solderbumps.
ThesehybridpixeldetectorswereoriginallydevelopedatCERN,Geneva, and in Stanford/Berkeley for particle-physics experi-ments.ThegoaloftheMedipixCollaborationistotransferthesetechnologiestoapplicationsotherthanjusthigh-energyphysics.
Althoughnotoriginallyintended,hybridpixeldetectorsalsohap-pen to function as high-performance radiation imagers. Nowa-days,digitalquantumcamerasarebeingconstructedthatareabletouseX-rayphotons,neutrons,orchargedhigh-energyparticles,insteadofvisiblelighttoobtainhigh-resolutionimages.
Manynewapplicationsarepossible innon-destructivematerialsresearch,aswellasinlifesciences,suchasproteomics(thestudyof protein structure) and pharmacological research. Ultimately,thistechnologyalsopromiseslow-dosediagnosisandtherapyformedicalpurposes.
SeveralyearsofintensivecollaborationbetweenNIKHEF,CERNandPANalytical B.V. have resulted in the successful market introduc-tionin2006ofthePIXceldetector,thefirstcommerciallyavailableX-raydetectorbasedonMedipixtechnology(seeFig.1).NIKHEF’sexpertiseinthefieldofdetectorsandread-outelectronicshassig-nificantlyfacilitatedtheintegrationoftheMedipix2readoutchipintoPANalytical`sX-rayanalysisequipment.
The PANalytical Company
PANalytical,formerlyPhilipsAnalytical,basedinAlmelo,theNeth-erlands,isnowapartofSPECTRIS,theprecisioninstrumentationandcontrolscompany,locatedintheUK.PANalyticalisaleadingmanufacturerinX-rayequipmentformaterialsanalysissince1947.It is a medium-sized company (750 employees), which developsandmanufacturesanalyticalX-rayinstrumentationintwolinesofbusiness,X-RayDiffraction(XRD)andX-RayFluorescence(XRF).
XRD isusedtoanalyzethestructuralcomposition,and its relationwiththeproperties,ofvariousmaterialsinabroadvarietyofindus-triessuchasbuildingmaterials,metals,industrialminerals,semicon-ductors, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, new materials like nano-materials,advancedceramicsandmorerecentlyinlifesciences.
XRF is used to analyse the chemical composition of solids andliquidspredominantlyforqualitycontrol,inabroadvarietyofin-dustrieslikecement,steel,aluminiumandotherbuildingmaterialandmetalindustries,petrochemicals,mining,industrialminerals,waferanalysisforsemiconductorwaferfabsandalsoincreasinglyintheenvironmentalfield.Thecompanygivesassistancetotheseindustries to develop and control their processes and materials
Medipix and RELAXD: successful collaboration between Science and IndustryJan Visschers (NIKHEF) and Klaus Bethke (PANalytical)
Figure1.RecentlyintroducedPIXceldetectorsystem,basedonsingle-chipMedipix2technology,andmountedonaPANalyticalX’PertProXRDanalysisplatform.
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and thereby introduce significant improvements through costsavings, energy savings, better environmental compatibility ofmaterialsandprocesses,andpollutioncontrol.
The Medipix Collaboration
TheMedipix2Collaborationconsistsof17leadingresearchgroupsacross Europe, centered at CERN, Geneva. It combines expertisefromdifferentfieldsofsciencesuchas:particlephysics,synchrotronphysics,neutronphysics,electronmicroscopyandmedicalscienc-es.DuringtheMedipix1andMedipix2projects,thatstartedin1995and 2000, respectively, significant progress was made towards anewgenerationofquantumradiationimagingdetectors:thesemi-conductorhybridpixeldetector.Aftertwoiterations,acommercial-gradeversionoftheMedipix2chiphasnowbeenachieved.
The CERN Physics Electronic Systems Support group intends tocontinue this successful approach through recently establishedMedipix3 and EUDET (Detector R&D towards the InternationalLinearCollider)collaborations,forwhichalreadyfunctionalproto-typeshavebeendesignedandmanufactured.
The Medipix2 single-photon processing system provides PANa-lyticalwithcutting-edgetechnologyforanewgenerationoftheirX-rayanalysers.AgreementshavebeennegotiatedbetweenthepartiesbytheCERNTechnologyTransferdivision,enablingPANa-lyticaltogainaccesstothiskeytechnologywhilesupportingtheMedipixCollaborationtofinancefurtherdevelopmentofchipsatCERN, data-acquisitionhardwareatNIKHEF anddata-acquisitionsoftware at the University of Naples. This agreement will givePANalyticalastrongposition inthemarket,fitsperfectly into its
long-termstrategy,andprovides itwithaccess toworld-leadinggroupsinX-rayimaging.
The RELAXD project
BasedontheMedipix2chiptechnology,NIKHEFandPANalyticalhave initiated the project RELAXD (high REsolution LargeAreaX-rayDetector),aimedatlargesensitivedetectorareas,without dead spaces, which can be read out at high speed(seeFig.3).TheprojectissupportedbyEUREKA,theEuropeannetworkformarket-orientedR&D.
In order to construct such a large area detector, a numberof separate assemblies should be tiled together, where theCMOSchipsshouldnotphysicallytoucheachother,andsomearea should remain available for readout drivers and otherperipheralfunctionality.Asaconsequence,a2-dimensionalfan-outstructureisneeded(seeFig.4),thatadaptsthepixelpitchoftheread-outchiptoaslightlylargerpixelpitchinthesensor,ensuringuniformpixelsizesoverthewholedetector.
An important second feature is that the resultant touch-ing sides of the quad sensor will be passivated by doping,to replace the conventional space-consuming guard-ringstructure.Theproject involvesthenewestwafer-scalepost-processingtechnologies includingwaferthinning, through-waferviaetching,high-densityinterconnectand3Dpackag-ing(seeFig.5).
This solution replaces the usual wirebond connections be-tween chip and chip carrier board by ball-grid-array (BGA)
Figure3.DesignofaQuad(quadruplemedipix)detectorassemblywithbackside readout. It consists of 4 Medipix chips flip-chipped to one 3 x3 cm2 edgeless sensor, integrated with a commercial circuit allowing 3Gbit/sserialdatatransmission.
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Figure2.Close-upofaPIXceldetector..
bonding.ItisrealisedbyengineeringelectricalconnectionsthroughtheCMOSread-outchiptothebackside,andresultsin 4-side tilable detector micro-systems. Tiling many chipstogethertoformalargeareadetectorincreasestheamountofdatathatneedstobereadout.Formanyapplicationsthehighest possible speed is needed, resulting in data rates ofseveral Gigabits per second. Since the final detector setupneeds to remaincompact, it isnecessary that thisdata rateishandledthroughstandardhigh-bandwidthserialconnec-tions,e.g.GigabitEthernet.
Software development for data acquisition and for testingof the tiled arrays will be taken care of by PANalytical. Ad-ditionally,co-developmentofread-outelectronicstogetherwith NIKHEF and quantitative testing on the system levelbelongstotheworkpackageofPANalytical.Aroadmaptocommercialization has been introduced, with three phasesthat culminate in a possible product based on an array ofmicro-systems derived from the prototypes. After the firstyearoftheRELAXDproject,feasibilitystudieshavegivenusahighconfidencethatfirstprototypemodulessuchasshowninFigs.3and5willbeworkinginthebeginningof2008.
In this R&D project a consortium of four partners in twocountrieswasestablished,oneresearchinstitutionandoneindustrialpartnerineachcountry.Belgiumcontributesviathe research center for micro- and nanoelectronics IMEC,Leuven, and the detector manufacturing company Can-berra,Olen.TheNetherlandscontributeviaNIKHEF,Amster-dam,amemberoftheMedipixCollaborationandaresearchinstitutionwithakeycompetenceindetectortechnologies,
andviaPANalytical,introducedabove.TheEUREKARELAXDproject is funded by the Dutch and Flemish ministries ofeconomicaffairsrepresentedbytheorganizationsSenter-Novem and IWT, respectively, as well as by the EuropeanUnion(projectE!3624-RELAXD).
Future prospects
RELAXD type of detectors with their unique features willenablemanynewapplicationsandtremendouslybroadenthe scope of existing ones. They will support importantX-ray applications such as protein structure and functionresearch, drug discovery and many applications in X-raymaterials science, non-destructive testing, computed to-mography,andsynchrotronphysics.BeyondX-rayapplica-tions there will be particle physics, neutron radiographyandelectronmicroscopy.
Fig.7showsacomputer-simulateddesignofthecoreofafuture X-ray analyser equipped with RELAXD technologyinanarclikearrangement.Weexpectthat-afterprocessimprovements and careful selection of cost determiningdesignsandprocesses-thepixeldetectortechnologywilleventuallyfindanentranceintothemedicalfield.Achal-lengeforsomeofthefutureapplicationswillbetheneces-saryintroductionofdifferentsensormaterialsuchasGaAs,CdZnTeorspeciallytreatedSisensors.
A future prospect will be a continuing collaborationbetween PANalytical and NIKHEF in detector R&D, for in-stance based on Medipix3 and EUDET platforms, and in
Figure 4. Principle of 2-dimensional pitch adaption between the sensorpixels(bluedots)andtheread-outpixels(reddots).Thisre-routingpatternisappliedonthebacksideofthesensor,andallowsthemedipixreadoutchiptobesmallerinareathan1/4ofthesensor.
Figure5.Principleofthrough-siliconviainterconnect.Thesensor(blue)isconnectedto4Medipixchipsby(red)flip-chipsolderballs.TheMedipixchips(red)areconnectedtotheprintedcircuitboard(green)byetchingholesthroughtheMedipixchips,whileontheirbacksidecontactismadeviaBall-Grid-Arraytechnology(whiteballs).
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tilingand3Dintegrationofmicrosystems,aswellasinGasElectronMultiplier(GEMandMicromegas)technologies.Itis expected that this cooperation will give rise to mutualbenefits, in commercialisation for the industrial partnerandinfinancialsupportforcapacitiesandinfrastructurefortheresearchpartner.
NIKHEF and PANalytical aim to continue expanding theMedipix2technology.Asanextstepweintendtobuildup
Figure7.Conceptualcomputer-aideddesignofthecoreofafutureX-rayanalyserequippedwithRELAXDtechnologyinanarc likearrangementwithrespecttotheobjectunderstudy.Thelatterisinthiscaseasemiconductorwafer(black,diameterupto300mm)fixedtothemulti-purposesamplestageofthegoniometer..
Figuur6:AnX-raydiffractometerwithontheleftsidetheX-raysource,andontherightsideaPIXceldetector.ThePIXceldetectoroperates‘on-the-fly’,acquiringdataframescontinuously,whilethedetectorisrotatingaroundthesampleholderinthecenter.
intheNIKHEFcleanroomsaproductionactivitytoprocessthefirstindustriallarge-waferbatch,establishingareliablesupplychainforhybridpixeldetectorsystems.Inthelongerrunthismayresultinacommercialstart-up,incubatedintheAmsterdamSciencePark.
Thekeysuccessfactor inallofthishasbeen,andwillcon-tinue to be, the strategic collaboration between all of thepartnersinvolved,bothinScienceandinIndustry.
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General Relativity is one of the most fundamental and beautifulphysical theories. Yet, it is poorly tested, as compared to otherfundamentalphysicaltheoriesasforinstancequantumelectrody-namics.Oneofthekeyfeaturesofgeneralrelativityisthedynami-calnatureofspace-timeitself: itscurvature isatime-dependentquantity, and ripples of curvature can propagate through spacewith the speed of light. Such propagating curvature ripples arecalledgravitationalwaves,andtheirexistenceisoneofthemostimportant,yetuntested,predictionsofthistheory.
Inouruniverse,gravitationalwavesareproducedbyuniqueastro-nomicalevents,suchasmergersofpairsofblackholesorneutronstars,andsupernovaeexplosions.Gravitationalwavescanbeusedtoprobetheevolutionofsuchcompactobjects.Thedataobtainedby detection of gravitational waves are entirely independent ofanyobservationintheelectromagneticspectrum.Therefore,theyare likely to lead to unique information on the nature of thesecompactobjects.Moreover,gravitationalwavespropagatealmostunperturbedthroughessentiallytheentireuniverse.ThismakesitinprinciplepossibletodetectgravitationalwavessignalsemittedduringtheveryearlystagesoftheBigBang.Measuringtheampli-tudeofthewavesatdifferentfrequenciesshouldgiveinformationonmatteratenergiesaround1018GeV,ascalethatwillneverbereachedbymen-madeexperiments.
The spectrum and amplitude of gravitational waves dependsensitivelyonthedetailsoftheBigBangmodels,i.e.inflationaryfields causing rapid expansion of the size of the universe, rapidcollapseofcosmicstrings,etc.Therefore,measurementsoftheseproperties of gravitational waves will represent the first directtestofBig-Bangmodels.Also,detectionandfurtherobservation
ofgravitationalwaveswouldbothprovideimportanttestsofthetheory of General Relativity and would open a new window forastronomicalobservationsoffascinatingcosmicphenomena.
Since gravitational waves originate from sources many (millionsof) lightyears away, their signal strengths at Earth are expectedtobeextremelyweak.Theycauserelativedisplacementsof freemassesbydistancesthatareatinyfractionofthesizeofanatomicnucleus. Hence, enormous technological challenges have to beovercomeinordertoactuallydetectasignal.Largeresourcesallovertheworldhavebeencommittedtobuildingseveraltypesofgravitational-wave observatories that are capable of detectingthisweakbutfundamentalphenomenon.
NIKHEFisconsideringtojoinVIRGO,aMichelson-typeinterferom-eterwithabaselengthof3km.IthasbeenbuiltbyaFrench-ItaliancollaborationatCascinaclosetoPisa,andispoisedtostartdatatakingbytheendof2006.Fig.1showsanaerialviewofthetwoperpendiculararmsoftheinterferometer.AttheheartofVIRGOisanultrastableND:YAGlaserofthenewestgenerationwith20Wpowerandawavelengthof1064nm;a ‘recyclingmirror’booststheavailablepowertoseveraltensofkWandbringstheshotnoise(in strain-equivalent terms) to about 3 x10-23. The laser pulse issplit and both pulses travel a number of times up and down anarmafterwhichaninterferencepatterniscreatedbyrejoiningthepulsesofbotharms.Each3kmlongarmcontainsaFabry-Perotcavity(finesse50)thatincreasestheeffectiveinterferencelengthtoabout120km.Apassinggravitationalwavewoulddistortspacelocallyandhencechangethepathlengthofeacharmdifferently.Theresultingchangeintheinterferencepatterncanthenbede-tected.Fig.2showsaschematicoutlineoftheinterferometer.
A Search for Gravitational Waves with VIRGOJo van den Brand
Figure1.AerialviewoftheVIRGOinterferometernearPisa,Italy.Itconsistsoftwo3kmlongarms.
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Sincethegravitationalwavessignal isweak,noise is thebigen-emy of the VIRGO experiment. Seismic vibrations of the groundarebillionsoftimeslargerthanthesubatomicdistancevariationsinducedbygravitationalwaves. InVIRGOtheseismic isolation isachievedthroughachainofsuspendedseismicfiltersmadeoftri-angularcantileverbladesprings.Thespringsprovidetheverticalisolationwhilethecompoundpendulumprovidesisolationagainsthorizontal motions. To further reduce the seismic disturbances,thischainisattachedtoanactivelystabilizedplatformthatcom-pensatesforverylowfrequencyandlargeamplitudeoscillations.Italsoprovidesafirststageofpositioncontroldowntoaboutonemicron.Asecondstageofpositioncontrolisachievedattheendof thesuspensionchainbya ‘marionetta’ fromwhichthemirroranda‘recoilmass’aresuspendedbyextremelyfinewires.Theulti-matemirrorpositioncontrolisobtainedthroughverysmallforcesgeneratedinafeedback loopbetweenthemirrorandtherecoilmassbysetsofelectromagneticactuators.
Notonlynoisereduction,butalsoperfectalignmentisabsolutelycrucial.Itisachievedbytakingoutasmallfractionofthelightatthedifferentmirrorsandsendingittoquadrantdiodes.Theoutputofthesediodescanbeusedtomaintainthealignmentindepend-entofdriftsofthelaseritself.
NIKHEFtookresponsibilitytoimproveoverthepresentalignmentca-pacities.Inafirststep,14newandimprovedelectronicsboardsfortheelectronicread-outofthequadrantdiodesarebeingbuiltthatenhancethepresentcapabilities.NIKHEFalsocontributestotheunderstandingofthermalstabilizationoftheinterferometerbyfinite-elementanalysisstudies.NIKHEFactivelyparticipatesintheanalysisoftheVIRGOdata(seeFig.3).Inaddition,wesearchforsignalsfrom(binary)pulsars.
Gravitational-wave astronomy will be further developed by thesatellite-based interferometer project, LISA. It will have threesatellitespositionedinorbitaroundthesun,trailingtheEarthbysome20degrees.TherangeofsensitivityofLISA isexpectedtoreachdowntogravitationalwavesoffrequency10-4Hz.Thiswillenableforinstancetheobservationofthecoalescenceofmassiveblackholes.
Figure2.SchematicoutlineoftheVIRGOinterferometershowingthemainopticalcomponents.
Figure 3. Progress in frequency sensitivity of the VIRGO interferometerfrom the start of commissioning runs in Nov. 2003 (upper green curve)todatatakingrunsinJan.2007(lowestredcurve).Thesolidblackcurverepresentsthedesignsensitivity.
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Symmetry
Theconceptofsymmetryisfundamentalinthedescriptionofthelawsofnature.Forexample,thesymmetrythatphysicallawsarethesame inall (relativistically)moving frames (so-calledLorentzframes)leadstothetheoryofspecialrelativity.Thepresenceofasymmetryinaphysicalsystemisalsoconnectedtotheexistenceof a conservation law; for instance, the speed of light is alwaysconstant.Alternatively,asymmetrycanberelatedtotheexistenceofanunobservablequantity.Intheaboveexamplewerealisethatitisimpossibletodetermineabsolutevelocity.Theunobservableiszerovelocity.
Anotherwellknownexampleisasystemofparticlesinwhichtheinteractionsaresymmetricundertranslationoftheseparticles.Forsuchasystemconservationofmomentumisfoundtobevalid.Theunobservablequantity inthiscase isthe locationofanabsoluteoriginofspace.
Charge-Parity(CP)symmetryisthetechnicaltermforthesymme-try inwhichthe lawsofphysicsare identical formatterparticlesandforantimatterparticles.IfCPsymmetryispresentwecannotmakeanabsolutedefinitionofwhatismatterandwhatisantimat-ter.Theunobservablequantitythuscanbecalled‘matterness’.
Ageneral theoremstates thatanyfield theory that respects thelawsofrelativitytheoryalwaysobeyssymmetryundersimultane-ousCharge-inversion(C),Parityinversion(P)andTimereversal(T),together known as CPT symmetry. It was long believed that alltheoriesdescribingparticleinteractionsshouldbealsosymmetricunderindividualC,PandTreversal.Thisimpliesthatpositiveand
negativecharge, leftandrighthandedness,andthedirectionoftime,canonlybedefinedrelatively,notinanabsolutesense.
Violation of symmetries
Ithasbeenshownin1964bytheRussianphysicistAndreiSacha-rovthattheexistenceofourmatter-dominateduniversecanonlybeexplainedifthesymmetriesunderbothCandCPinversion,arebroken.Inotherwords,thelawsofnaturemustbeabletoactdif-ferentlyonmatterandonantimatterparticles.Then,theseasym-metric processes must also haveacted in the early hot phase oftheuniverse,insuchawaythatonlymatter-particlessurvived.Thefactthatindeedantimatterdoesnotoccurinsignificantamountsin the universe has been demonstrated by the AMS satellite ex-periment,(seeFig.1).
Oftheknownfundamentalinteractionsbetweenelementarypar-ticlesonlytheweaknuclearforceisobservedtoviolatesymmetryunder Parity inversion. In 1957 the Chinese/American physicistChien-Shiung Wu demonstrated that radioactive decay, whichis mediated by the weak interaction, is not left-right symmetric.A year later Goldhaber and collaborators showed that neutrinosproducedinradioactivedecaysalwayshaveaspinvectorpointinginadirectionoppositetotheirmomentumvector.Inotherwords,the weak interaction operates in a left-handed way, allowing tomake an absolute definition of handedness. The fact that right-handedneutrinosareneverproducedinthesedecaysisreferredtoasmaximalviolationofparity.
In1964thegroupofChristenson,TurlayandthelaterNobel-prizewinners Cronin and Fitch, demonstrated with an experiment
CP Violation and the riddle of antimatterMarcel Merk
Figure1.ObservedspectrumofHenuclei incosmic raysasseenby theAMSsatelliteexperiment.Thefactthattherearenoentriesattheleftsideoftheplotindicatestheabsenceofanti-heliumincosmicrays.
Figure2.Decayrateofkaon(K0)andanti-kaon(K0)particlesintopionpairs,asafunctionofthedecaytime.Acleardifferenceisobservedinthedecayrateforparticlesandanti-particles.
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involvingneutralstrangemesons,theK0particles,thattheweakinteractionsbetweenthequarksviolatenotonlysymmetryunderChargeandParityreversal,butalso,foratinyfraction,violatesym-metryundertheircombinedoperation:CP.Thisisillustratedbytheobservationthatthedecayrateofkaonparticlestoapositiveandanegativepionisnotthesameasthatofananti-kaontoapositiveandanegativepion.Thisso-calledasymmetry,asobservedbytheCPLEARcollaboration,isillustratedinFig.2.
Althoughithasbeenknownsince1964thattheweakinteractionviolates CP symmetry, the underlying mechanism remained un-clear.New,hithertounknown,forcesactingbetweenthequarks,the building blocks of the mesons discussed above, have beenconsideredasapossibleoriginoftheobservedasymmetries.
B-mesons
In1999theexperimentsBaBar(atSLAC,Stanford,USA)andBelle(atKEK,Tsukuba,Japan)observedviolationsofCPsymmetryinneu-tralB-mesondecays.NeutralB-mesonsconsistofabeautyquarktogetherwithadownquark.Inthiscasedecayswereconsideredin which the produced particles in the final state are their ownanti-particles. This allows to do a beautiful interference experi-ment:aB-mesoncaneitherdirectlydecay,oritcanfirstoscillateintoanantiB-mesonanddecayconsecutivelyintothefinalstate.ComparisonoftheprocessoftheinitiallyproducedB-particlestothemirrorprocessoftheanti-Bparticlesshowsacleardifference,asillustratedinFig.3.ThisdifferenceisthemanifestationofCPvio-lation:matterparticlesdecaydifferentlythanantimatterparticles.
The interference experiment shows more: the observed asym-metry is consistent with the hypothesis that the quantum me-chanicalamplitudeoftheweakinteractionforanti-particlesisthecomplexconjugateofthatofmatterparticles.Inotherwords,theweakforceismodeledwithacomplexcouplingstrength!Thisisaquantummechanicalphenomenonforwhichthereisnoclassicalequivalent.
Thequestionriseswhetherthisnewlydiscoveredbehaviouroftheweakinteractioncanalsoexplainthebaryonasymmetryintheuni-verse.Thisistheobservationthatmatterdominatespracticallycom-pletelyantimatterintheuniverse,whereasonecanassumethattheuniversestartedofwithequalamountsofmatterandantimatter.
Asymmetries in the universe
Consider that in the early, hot universe, matter and antimatterparticles-e.g.quarksandanti-quarks-were inequilibriumwithlight according to interaction: qq⇄γγ. As soon as the universecooleddowntheannihilationofmatterwithantimatterintolightoccurred at a higher speed than the reverse reaction. Finally allparticle-antiparticlepairsannihilatedintophotons.
Thepresenceofasurplusofmatterintheuniversetodayindicatesasurplusofmatteratthetimeof‘freeze-out’.Theamountofsur-plusofmatterparticlescanbeobtainedfromthepresent-dayratiooflightparticles(photons)intheuniversetotheamountofmatter(stars,galaxy’s,etc.).Observationswithsatelliteexperimentshaveshownthatthisratiois109.Thisimpliesthatintheinitialphaseoftheuniversethelawsofnaturemusthaveproducedoneadditionalmatterparticlefor109pairsofmatterandantimatterparticles.Can
Figure3.DecayrateoftaggedB-mesons(B0)andanti-Bmesons(B0)intoaJ/ψKsfinalstate(upperpanel).Thedifferencebetweenthecurves,illus-tratedbytheasymmetryinthelowerpanel,indicatesalargeviolationofCPsymmetryinthisdecaymode.
Figure4.SimulateddecayrateofBsmesonstoJ/ψφparticlesassumingthepresenceofanewsourceofCPviolationthatcausestheoscillationsinthedecaydistribution.Theopensymbolsillustratetheexpectedstatisti-calaccuracyoftheLHCbexperimentafteroneyearofdatataking.
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such an asymmetry be produced by the weak interaction thattakesplacebetweenquarks?Currenttheoreticalmodelsfallshortbymanyordersofmagnitudetoexplainsuchanasymmetry.
ThisleadstothequestionwhethertherearemoresourcesofCPviolation in the electroweak interaction. The research containstwo general directions. The first direction looks for CP violationbetweenleptonsinsteadofquarks,thesecondonelooksfornewinteractionsbetweenquarks.
New searches
TheinvestigationofCPviolationoccurringinleptoninteractionsleads to experiments with neutrinos. The recent observation ofneutrinooscillationsimpliesthatneutrinoparticlesarenotmass-less.Theexistenceofneutrinoswithnon-zeromassinturnleadstothepossibilitythatCP-violatinginteractionscanoccurbetweenleptons in a similar way as between quarks. These experiments,however,aredifficultandhavenotyetbeenrealised.
The search for new interactions, affecting CP asymmetries be-tweenthequarks,willstartintheexperimentsattheLargeHadronCollider(LHC)atCERN,Geneva.Inthecasethatnewparticlesarediscovered at LHC, the corresponding interactions are generallyalso expected to affect the complex coupling constants presentinseveralB-mesondecaymodes.Oneofthestudieddecaysisthedecay ofa Bs (b-quarkands-quarkand vice-versa) particle intoaJ/ψ (cc-quarks) particle and a φ (ss-quarks) particle. This decay isequivalenttothedecayinwhichtheBaBarandBelleexperimentsobservedCPviolationintheweakinteractionasdescribedintheStandardModel.However, in thecaseof the Bsmesondecay the
predicted CP violation in the Standard Model is approximatelyzero. Hence, a positive observation of CP-violation in this decaywouldindicatethatphysicsbeyondthedescriptionoftheStandardModelisatwork.
Simulations (see Fig. 4) have demonstrated that experiments atthe LHC collider should be able to observe possible deviationsfromtheStandardModel ifnewinteractionsarepresent. Inpar-ticulartheLHCbexperiment,inwhichNIKHEFplaysaleadingrole,is specially designed to hunt for new phenomena in the decaysof B-particles. A picture of the detector under construction inshown in Fig. 5. The Monte-Carlo simulation presented in Fig. 4showsthat,iftheseCP-violatinginteractionsarepresent,theLHCbexperimentisinthepositiontomeasurethemandmakeabigsteponthewaytosolvetheriddleoftheantimattermystery.
Figure5.TheLHCbspectrometerduringinstallationatoneofthecollisionpointsoftheLargeHadronCollider.Theexperimentissituated100meterunderground.
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Introduction
Inmodernelectronicproductsandequipment integratedcircuits(ICs)constituteamajorpartof theemployedcomponents. In theracetobuildsmall,low-power,light-weightproductswithincreasingfunctionalityinaneconomicallyaffordablemanner,theintegrationofmanyfunctionsinonesmallcomponentisextremelyimportant.Therefore,industryispushingthistechnologyfurtherandfurther.
Inbuildinglargeparticledetectorsforsubatomicphysicsexperi-mentswecanbenefitfromtheprogressinthistechnology,inpar-ticularatlocationswhereweneedhighspatialaccuracyforparti-cle-trackmeasurements.Here,manydetectorchannelsareplacedinasmallvolume, for instanceclose to thepointwhereparticlebeamscollideandthetrackdensityisconsequentlyverylarge.
As an illustration of the dimensions involved, consider a trackingdetectorbasedonamatrixofsiliconpixelchipswith256x256pixelseach.Ifthepixelsizeis60x60µm2,thischipwillhave65536pixelsonanareaofabout2.5cm2.Insuchacaseeachpixel,whichisasensi-tivedetectorchannel,requiresasignalamplifier,signalprocessing,storageofthedetectedsignalandconfigurationfunctionstotuneandoptimisethedetectioncapabilities.Inaddition,acompletechipcanrequirecircuitsfordatacompressionanddatatransmission.
Requirements
The front-end electronics (the chips) of the sensors reside ofteninside the detector volume and therefore their mass must bekepttoaminimumsincethepresenceofmaterialwilldisturbtheparticletracksthatneedtobemeasured.Asaconsequence,many
particleswillhitorpassthroughtheelectronicsandcandamageorinfluenceitsbehaviour.Thismakesitnecessarytodesignradia-tion-tolerantorradiation-hardelectronicsthatisabletofunctionundertheseharshconditions.
Duetothementionedrequirements,manydetectorsforLHCex-periments (seeFig.1 forarecentexample)couldnothavebeenbuiltifthedesignerswouldnothavebeenabletouseICtechnol-ogy in the electronics that reads out the sensors. For the nextgenerationofelectronicsinparticledetectors,forinstanceinLHCupgradesandnewexperiments,onerequiresfurtherintegration,lesspowerdissipationandbetterradiationtolerance.
Working principle
AnICisaphysicalcomponentthathousesmorethanonedifferentfunctionalcircuit,which inturnusestransistorsasprimarycom-ponents.LetusfocusontheComplementaryMetalOnSemicon-ductor(CMOS)technologyforICs,whereinfactthemetalisnowreplacedbypoly-crystallinesilicon.
Atransistor(seeFig.2)hasfourterminals:Source,Drain,GateandSub-strate,thelatterbeingbasicallythewaferorchip.Onecansaythatthegateisusedtocontrolthecurrentthatcanflowfromdraintosource,andthatitrequireslesscurrentforchangingthegatevoltagethantheresultingchangeindrain-sourcecurrent.Whennogatevoltageisap-pliedtheNMOStransistordoesnotconduct,whereasthePMOStran-sistordoes,andwithgatevoltagetheNMOSis'off'andthePMOSis'on'.WiththesecomponentsonecanbuildlogiccellslikeNANDandNORgatesandinverters,andwiththesecellsonecansubsequentlydesignmicroprocessordandmemorycircuits,andalsosignalamplifiers.
Integrated CircuitsRuud Kluit
Figure1.Silicondetectorwithfront-endelectronicsfortheLHCbVertexLocator. Figure2.CMOSN-andP-channeltransistor.
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Technology progress
TheminimumGate lengthL(seeFig.2) isusedasameasureforthetechnologysize.In1996wedesignedcircuitsusinga0.8µmCMOS technology. Due to innovations in the chip industry theminimum feature size happens to reduce by about a factor 0.7everytwoyears.InthepastthePCmarketwasadrivingforce,butpresentlythetelecommunication(mobilephones)andconsumerelectronics(mobileequipment,games)alsorequirestate-of-the-artICs.Thetechnologyscaling(thenumberoftransistorsperchipdoublesevery24months,seeFig.3)waspredictedalreadyin1965by Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel. It is expected to be validuntilaround2020whenthe3-5nmsizeisreached.Then,otherap-proachesthanthepresentlyemployedonesarerequiredtoshrinkthedevicesortoaddmorecomponentsonachip.Alreadyalotofeffortisputinthewayinterconnectsbetweencircuitsarehandled:moreICsinonepackage,stackingofchipsandtheintegrationofmoretechnologies inonechip (e.g.opticalandelectrical,CMOSandbipolar)tobuildthree-dimensionalstructures.
Fig.2showsawafer(substrate)cross-sectionofatypicalCMOStran-sistorwiththesourceanddrainarea’sconnectedtoametallayer,andpoly-crystalline silicon for the transistor gate. Modern technologiesavailofupto10 layersofmetal todesignacircuitonachip,whichmakesmoreefficientuseofthesiliconfortransistorspossible(Fig.4).
Presently, in2006, the130nmCMOStechnology iswell 'character-ized'.Thismeansthatthedesignerhasenoughreliabletechnologyinformationtocalculatethebehaviourofthecircuitandthatgoodsimulationmodelsareavailableforverificationofthedesignbeforeproduction.Sincetheproductioncostsarerisingforeachtechnology
generation(in2006about270k€forasmallprototypeproductionof130nmCMOSwithfivemetallayers),verificationbecomesamajorpart of the design time. Hence, we try to benefit as much as pos-sible from educational programmes, which reduce the costs of ICprototypingandproduction,andwecombineasmanyprojectsaspossibleonawaferinoneproduction,forprototypesandmasspro-duction.Theproductionquantitiesareingeneralnotmorethan10-50thousand,whereasthechipindustrydealswithmillionsofchips.ThismeansweareanegligiblysmallparticipantintheICworld,butwedowanttofollowtheindustry'sstateoftheart.
ICs at NIKHEF
AtNIKHEFwefollowthe industry inusingavailable ICtechnolo-gies that are used for commercial purposes, are easy to access,andarewellcharacterized.Aspecificrequirementforourdetectorelectronicsisthatitmustberadiationtolerant.Thiswecanrealiseby using design techniques that have been proven to increaseresistanceagainst radiationdamage.Thepicture inFig.5showsaspecificD-flip-flopdesignedwiththeuseofenclosedtransistorsinsteadofthelinearlayoutshowninFig.2.Thislayoutavoidsra-diation-inducedleakagecurrentbetweensourceanddrainofthetransistor.Anadvantageoftheshrinkingsizeoftransistorsisthattheybecomelesssensitivetoradiationdamage,butontheotherhand more sensitive to single event set-ups, like bit-flips. Suchevents even happen due to cosmic radiation at ground level inPC’s,albeitveryrarely.Thisphenomenonisalsotakenintoaccountwhendesigningcircuitsforparticledetectors.
Once a chip has been produced, it must be characterized prop-erlybeforeitcanbeusedonmanysensorsinanexperiment.This
Figure3.Moore’slaw,predictingthedoublingofthenumberoftransistorsperchipeverytwoyears.
Figure 4. Example of a cross-section of a chip with 10 metal layers Thesmallestlinewidthis0.12µm.
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requiresspecialtestequipmentandmethodslikeawafer-prober(Fig.6)andautomatedtestenvironmentsforwhatwecall‘larger’productionquantities(thousands).Insideourinternationalphysicscommunitywesharethiskindofequipmenttoreducecosts.
Collaborations
ForeverynewgenerationofICtechnologythespecificcharacter-istics need to be examined. Therefore, close collaboration withother IC-design groups in the subatomic physics community isnecessary, also for exchanging design experience, sharing com-moncircuits indifferent ICsandsupport fordesigntools,whichareincreasinginnumberandcomplexity.
TheNIKHEFelectronicsdepartmentworkedtogetherinICprojectswith the Heidelberg ASIC labor and LEPSI/IN2P3 Strasbourg, inprojectsforCERNandDESY.Fornewexperimentsnewcollabora-tionsarebeingformed,buttheCERNmicro-electronicsgroupisalwaysacentralpointfornewtechnologies,sharingofexperience,andtheorganizationof(prototype)productions. Inaddition,weshareexperienceinthisfieldwithotherDutchresearchinstitutesliketheNetherlandsInstituteforSpaceResearchSRON,theMESA+InstituteforNanotechnologyattheUniversityofTwente,andtheUniversityofEindhoven.Naturally,weregularlypresentourworkinconferencesandtherelevantliterature.
For the design software NIKHEF is member of the Euro Practice organisa-tionthatdeliverscompletecommercial ICdesigntoolsforeducationalandresearchprograms.ThecombinationoftheICtechnologiesandthesoftwareenablesustodevelopstate-of-the-artdetectorsforsub-atomicphysicsthatprovidethebestpossibleresearchopportunitiesforphysicistsandstudents.
Prospects
ForICdesignersexcitingfutureprojectsarenewparticledetectors,forwhichprototypesofreadoutelectronicsneedtobedevelopedwithpropertiesthatneverhavebeendemonstratedbefore.Thisis not only interesting for the engineers and physicists, but alsofortheICfoundry.ANIKHEFdesignwentintoproductionin2006(Fig.7).Itspurposeistomeasurethetrackofaparticlethroughathin(1mm)gaslayerabovethechipbymeasuringthedrifttimeoftheinducedchargeinthegasthatisdriftingtosensitivepixels.Thechiphasanarrayof16x16pixelcellsandisdesignedin130nmCMOStechnologywitheightmetallayers.Thegoalofthisdesignistodemonstratethedetectorprinciplebybuildingasmalldetec-torwiththischip.ThiswouldbeastartingpointforanupgradeofdetectorsofthepresentLHCexperimentsandalsofordetectorsforfutureexperiments.
Figure5.Layoutofradiation-tolerantD-flip-flopin130nmCMOStechnology. Figure 6. Probe needles make contact to a chip under test on a multi-projectproductionwafer.
Figure 7. NIKHEF prototype chip(2x3mm2) for a 16x16 pixel particledetector using a gas layer, designedin130nmCMOStechnology.
enclosed layout oftransistor drains
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Collidingultra-relativisticheavynucleiinparticleacceleratorsdoesenable us to create and study a novel state of matter called theQuark-GluonPlasma(QGP).ItisbelievedthatthisprimordialstateofmatterfilledtheUniverseinthefirstfewmicrosecondsaftertheBigBang,beforethephasetransitiontothepresenthadronicstateofmattertookplace.
Thehighestheavy-ioncollisionenergiesavailabletodatearepro-videdbytheRelativisticHeavyIonCollider(RHIC)atBrookhaven.Theexperimentscarriedoutatthiscolliderhaveshownthatanex-tremelydenseandhotmediumwithuniquepropertiesisindeedcreatedingoldongoldcollisionsatacollisionenergyof200GeVpernucleon.InthecomingyearstheLargeHadronCollider(LHC)atCERNwillprovideleadonleadcollisionsatanunprecedentedenergyof5500GeVpernucleon.
TheNIKHEFheavy-iongroupparticipatesintheSTARexperimentatRHICandintheALICEexperimentattheLHC.In2006,theactivitiesofthegroupwerefocusedontheassemblyandtestingofthetwoouterlayersofsiliconstripdetectors(SSD)oftheALICEinnertrackersystem(ITS).Inadditiontothishardwareeffort,theNIKHEFgroupcontinuedwiththeanalysisofcurrentSTARdataandwiththedevel-opmentofsoftwaretoanalyzethefutureLHCdatafromALICE.
Bytheendof2006, the fullassemblyofSSD layerswasshippedfromUtrechttoCERNwheretheywillbeintegratedintheALICEdetectorbeforethesummerof2007.Thetimelyachievementofthismilestoneconcludesaphaseofdesign,testingandassembly,spanning almost ten years of effort in close collaboration withinstitutes inFinland,France, Italy,RussiaandtheUkraine.Thefi-nalassemblyofthetwoSSDlayershaspartlybeencarriedoutat
NIKHEF,bothinAmsterdamandUtrecht,andpartlyatSUBATECH(IN2P3)inNantes.AmoredetailedaccountoftheNIKHEFcontribu-tiontotheSSDassemblyisgivenbelow.
Intotal,64outof80ladderswith25SSDdetectormoduleseachwereassembledatNIKHEF.ThisladderassemblycontinueduntilNovember 2006, with peak production rates of four ladders perweek.The16laddersfromNanteswereshippedtoNIKHEFwheretheyweremeasuredmechanicallyandhadtheirfinalcheck.About50%ofallproducedladdersshoweddefectswhichcouldbesolvedbyavarietyofpost-treatments,rangingindifficultyfromrelativelysimpleinterventionsuptothereplacementofanentiredetectormodule.Inthecourseoftheyearitbecameclearthataconsider-ablenumberofdetectormodulessufferedfromexcessivenoise.Thecausewasquicklyfoundinacrashresearchprogramcarriedout in cooperation with INFN in Trieste. The remedy requires anadditionalvoltagetobeappliedbetweenthesensorbiasandthegroundofthefront-endchips.Toachievethis,amodificationofhundredsofSupplyCardswasnecessary.Becauseofthedifferentmodeofoperationtheaffectedmoduleshadtobegroupedto-getherontoladderswhichareservicedbythemodifiedelectron-ics.TheseladderswillbeoperatedwiththecompensationvoltageonlyafterinstallationinALICE.However,extensivetestsonasetofselectedladdersshowedthatthenoiseisindeedmuchreducedwithoutunwantedside-effects.
Fig. 1 shows the completed SSD. On December 12, 2006 the SSDwasshippedtoCERNwhereitarrivedonDecember14.Afterfurthertests,thedetectorwillberotatedtothehorizontalpositionandbeintegratedwiththeITSdriftdetectorbeforeinstallationinALICE.
ALICE
Figure1.CompletedassemblyoftheALICESiliconStripDetector.Visiblearetheladdersoftheouterbarrelwiththeyellowreadoutcablesthatcollectthesignalsofthe2.5millionindividualstrips.Attheleftandrightsideofthebarrelaretworingsofend-capelectronics,whichweredesignedandbuiltatNIKHEF.
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The physics focus of the NIKHEF group is oriented toward themeasurement of collective phenomena in particle productionfromthedensemediumproduced inheavy-ioncollisionsat theLHC.Suchphenomenaareaprominentfeatureofheavy-ioncol-lisionsandarethereforerelativelyeasytodetect.ThetheoreticalinterpretationofresultsfromRHICindicatethatbythesemeasure-mentsprofoundinsightcanbegainedinthebehaviorofmatteratextremelylargedensitiesandtemperatures.
Of particular interest are azimuthal correlations, which originatefromthepressuregradientsintheazimuthallyasymmetricinter-actionregionofnon-centralheavy-ioncollisions.Thisanisotropiccollective behavior is called elliptic flow. The measurement ofelliptic flow gives, under certain model assumptions, access totheequationofstateandtransportpropertiesofthemediumpro-duced in the collision. For instance, the discovery of the perfectfluidityofthemediumcreatedingoldongoldcollisionsatRHICislargelybasedondetailedmeasurementsofellipticflowandtheirinterpretationintermsofrelativistichydrodynamics.
Detailed simulations were performed to investigate the feasibil-ity of an elliptic flow measurement in ALICE. One of the largestexperimental uncertainties in the flow measurement is due toazimuthalcorrelationsfromsourcesotherthancollectiveflowlikemomentumconservation,resonancedecays,jetsandmini-jets.Inparticularthecontributionfromjetsisexpectedtobeadominantsourceofnon-floweffectsattheLHC.
Fig.2showstheresultofafeasibilitystudybasedonasimulationof the ALICE experiment. The simulated lead on lead collisionsusedforthisstudyarebasicallyasuperpositionofmanynucleon-
nucleon collisions and contain a large amount of randomly dis-tributed jets. Since collective flow is absent in these events, theellipticflowstrengthsobtainedfromananalysisofthesampleareentirelyduetocorrelations inducedbythepresenceof jets.Thestrengthsofthesenon-floweffectsareshownbythedatapointsandbythedashed-dottedcurveinthefigure.ThedashedcurvesshowmodelpredictionsofthestrengthofgenuineellipticflowinleadonleadcollisionsattheLHC.
From this result it is concluded that jet contributions to the azi-muthalcorrelationsaresmallcomparedtothosefromellipticflow,providedthattheeventisnotveryperipheralorverycentral.FlowmeasurementslikethoseperformedatRHICarethereforenotob-scuredbytheabundantjet-structuresthatarepresentattheLHC.
Figure2.Ellipticflowcoefficientv2versustheeventcentralityclass,definedsuchthatlargervaluescorrespondtomorecentralevents.ThedashedcurvesrepresentthreemodelpredictionsfortheellipticflowexpectedatLHC.Thedatapointsshownon-flowcontributionsestimatedfromasimulationoftheALICEexperiment.Thedashed-dottedcurvecorrespondstoaparameterizationofthenon-floweffects.
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ThegroupwasactiveinthreemainR&Dareas:• Thedevelopmentofgaseousdetectorsreadoutbyspeciallydevel-
opedmultipixelCMOSchipswithfullyintegratedgas-gaingrid;• ThedevelopmentofhybridCMOSpixeldetectorsforX-rayimag-
ingapplications(seethefeaturearticle“MedipixandRELAXD”intheReviewssectionofthisAnnualReport);
• ThedevelopmentofvariousalignmentsystemsbasedonRAS-NIK(seealsothe2005AnnualReport).
Progress on Ingrids/GridPix detectors and discharge protection.
The concept of pixel readout of gas-filled detectors was vali-dated in 2004 by combining a Micromegas amplification gridwithaMedipix2CMOSchipasapixelsegmentedanode.Thefinegranularityofferedbythepixelmatrixresultsinimprovedspatialresolutionand2-trackseparationcomparedtoa‘traditional’padreadout. Furthermore, the good single (primary) electron effi-ciency(>90%)canimprovetheenergy-lossmeasurementthroughacluster-countingtechnique.
AsapossiblesolutionforthefabricationoflargerpixelisedMicroPattern Gas Detector (MPGD) elements, the group proposed theintegrationoftheMicromegasamplificationgridandtheCMOSre-adoutchip(Ingrid)bymeansofwaferpostprocessingtechnology:thestructureofathin(1μm)aluminiumgridisfabricatedontopofanarrayofinsulating(SU8)pillarsoftypically50μmheight,whichstandontheCMOSchip.Thisstructure thus formsa ‘monolithic’detectionandreadoutdevice.Thisworkisdoneinclosecollabora-tionwiththeMESA+instituteoftheUniversityofTwente.ResultsfromaafirstworkingIngridwerepublishedin2006.SeveralIngridsofdifferentgeometry,shapeandpitchofthegridholes,andmul-
tiplicationgapthickness(pillarheight),seeFig.1,wereproducedand tested with various gas mixtures. Energy resolution and gasgain were measured as a function of the grid geometry param-eters.Asanexample,amaximuminthegasgainisreachedforagapthicknessaround50μm(atfixedgridvoltage), inagreementwithexpectationsfrommodelcalculations(seeFig.2).
IntheframeworkoftheEUDETproject(detectorR&Dprogramto-wardsaLinearColliderdetector)theTimePixchipwasdevelopedasamodificationoftheearlierusedMedipix2chip.TheTimePixnotonlyprovidesahigh-granularityx-ycoordinatereadout,buteach55x55μm2pixelalsomeasuresthearrivaltimeofthechargeonthepixel, thusprovidingathirdcoordinate(z)measurement.The new chip design (by the CERN Microelectronics group) wassubmittedtothefoundryearlyJulyand12wafersarrivedinSep-tember. Initialelectroniccharacterizationtestsofthechipshowthat itbehavesaccordingtospecs.Theyieldofgoodchipsonawaferisverysatisfactory(typically70-80%).
Unlikesetupswhere a (triple-)GEMstructure is usedasgasmul-tiplier,theelectricfieldjustabovetheCMOSreadoutchipinoursetupwithaMicromegas(orIngrid)multiplicationstageisaboutan order of magnitude higher. This increases the probability ofdischarges, damaging irreversibly the CMOS chip. Two possiblesolutionsarebeinginvestigated.
In the first method we investigated the use of a highly resis-tive layer of 4 μm of amorphous silicon (aSi) with a resistivity of~1011Ω.cmcoveringthechip.Theexpectedeffectisalimitationofthecurrentoflargeavalanches(e.g.discharges).Firsttestswithandwithoutsuchaprotectionlayerdepositedonanon-pixelated
Detector Research & Development
Figure1.SomeofthevariousIngridpatternsusedforthemeasurements.Notethattheinsulatingpillarsdonotcreatelocallosses.
Figure2.Measurementofthegasgainasfunctionofthegapheight,com-paredwithmodelexpectations.
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anodeshowedthatina80/20Ar/Isobutanegasmixturethe‘un-protected’detectorgaincouldnotberaisedaboveabout20,000beforetheoccurrenceofdischarges,whilea‘protected’detectorcouldreachgainsofhalfamillion.Justbeforetheendof2006,afirst‘protected’TimePixchipwithaMicromegasasgasgaingridbecame operational in a small drift chamber (15 mm drift gap)filled with a 80/20 He/Isobutane gas mixture. First examples ofobservedchargedparticletracksareshowninFig.3.
A second possibility to protect the readout chip is to fabricate a2-stageIngridstructureusingthesamewaferpostprocessingtech-nique.Twolayersofmetallicgridsandinsulatingpillarsaresuper-posed.The‘top’gapcanthenbeusedasmainamplificationgrid,whilethe ‘lower’gap justabovetheCMOSchipcanbeoperatedatamuchlowerfieldstrength,sufficienttoextracttheavalanchechargecreatedinthe‘top’gapontotheanode.Afirstfabricationattemptofsuchadouble-gridstructurewassuccessful(seeFig.4).
GOSSIP
Witha1mmthinlayerofgas,theGridPixdetectorcanbeappliedasvertexdetector,asanalternativeforthewidelyappliedsilicondetectors. Inasmalltestchamber,thepulse-heightspectrumofFig.5hasbeenmeasured,confirmingthatagoodefficiencycanbecombinedwithafastdetectorresponse.
For a future upgrade of the ATLAS experiment, anticipating onthe extreme radiation levels at the Super-LHC, concept studieswerecarriedoutintheapplicationofGasOnSlimmedSiliconPixel(GOSSIP) concerning cooling, mechanical suspension and dataprocessingarchitecture.
Gossipo chip design
The Gossipo-1 ‘Multi Project Wafer’ chip was made in 130 nmtechnology.Thechipincludedseveralpreamp-shaper-discrimina-torchannels,optimizedfortheextremesmallsourcecapacityofthe future GridPix detectors. The chips performed as hoped for.Apowerdissipationofonly2μWperpixelappearedpossible.Byusing the ‘triple well’ technology, a better separation betweenanalog and digital signals was possible. The minimal setting ofthresholds was indeed determined by the preamp noise only:digitalinterferencewasnegligible.
WiththeGossipo-2chip,thearrivaltimeofindividualprimaryelec-trons can be measured (see the article ‘Integrated Circuits’ in theReviewsSection).Eachpixelcontainsa700MHzclockwhichisonlyactive,forashort(interpolating)period,afterbeingactivatedbyanavalanche.Thischipwillcontain16x16pixels,anditwillbetestedasarealGridPixdetector.
RASNIK alignment systems
USB-RASNIK
TheinstallationofRASNIKsystemsinATLASprogresseswell(see‘AT-LASnearingcompletion’inthissection).Anewapplicationhasbeenproposedthatmonitorsthesagofroofconstructions.SuchaRasIcesystemcouldgenerateanalarmincaseofanoverloadofsnow.Thisproposalhaswonthe3rdpriceinthe‘NieuweIdeeën’contest,initi-atedbytheUniversityofAmsterdam,andhasresultedincommercialinterest:prototypesoflow-costRASNIKcomponents,basedonweb-camsensors,suitableformassproduction,havebeenmade.
Figure3.ExamplesoftracksrecordedwiththenewlydevelopedTimePixchip;left:‘random’trackduringratherlong‘acquisition’of1sec.Thecolorcodeindicatestheamountofchargecollectedoneachpixel;middle:samefroma(heavilyionising)αparticle;left:tracksfromcosmicmuonsin‘triggered’mode,wherenowthecolorcodeindicatesthetimeofarrivalofthesignalsonthepixels.Thepictureisintegratedover700seconds,buttheactual‘active’timeofthedetectorduringeachtriggerwasonly150μs.
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RasClic
ForthealignmentofthefutureCompactLinearCollider(CLIC)atCERN,aspeciallong-distanceRASNIKsystemhasbeendeveloped.It consists of a laser of which its (divergent) beam illuminates aplatewitha50mmØhole.Animagepixelsensor,placed50mbe-hindtheplaterecordsthetypicaldiffractionpattern.Thepositionofthispatternonthesensorisadirectmeasureforthealignmentofthelaser,thecentralholeandtheimagesensor.
Sinceaprecisionoforder1μm(intermsofimagepositiononsen-sor)isexpected,thelightbeamshouldtravelthroughvacuuminordertopreventlightbeamdeflectionduetovariationsintheairdensity.The‘RasClic’setupatCERNisshowninFig.6;theprecisionismuchbetterthanrequiredforCLIC,andtheinstrumentcouldbeappliedasseismometerifimagescouldbeprocessedwithaspeedof25Hzormore.Withthisidea,MarcKeaandHenkGroenstegewonthe1stpriceofthecontest‘WindeToekomst’,organizedintheframeworkofFOM’s60thanniversary.
Figure4.Photographofafirsttrialtofabricateadouble-gridstructure(TwinGrid). Figure5.Measuredpulse-heightspectrumofaMicromegasdetectorwithadriftgapof1.2mm,irradiatedwithelectronsfroma90Srsource.FromthismeasurementtheefficiencyofthefutureGossipdetectorscanbederived.
Fig.6.The‘RasClic’setupatCERN.
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ThePierreAugerObservatorywillconsistofanorthernandsouth-ernsite.ThenorthernsitewillbeconstructednearLamar,Colo-rado,USA.Thenearlycompletedsouthernsite is locatedonthepampa near Malargüe, Argentina (35°27’S, 69°35’W, 1400 metresaltitude).Whenfinished,itwillconsistof4fluorescencedetectorsand 1600 watertanks (see Fig. 1) on a surface area of 3000 km2.
ThepurposeofthePierreAugerobservatoryistomeasuretheflux,natureandoriginofthehighestenergeticparticleseverobserved:Cosmicraysofenergiesabove1018eV(UHECR).Firstresultshavealreadybeenpublished.Theenergy-spectrumisshowninFig.2.Theenergycalibrationofalleventsoriginatesfromtheso-calledhybrid events, from which the correlation between the particledensityat1000metres fromtheshowercoreandtheenergy,asreconstructed from the fluorescence information, is measured.
Afirstresultonthenatureofcosmicraysisgiveninourpublica-tionofa95%upperlimitofa16%contributionofphotonsabove10 EeV. The photon fraction at high energies will be crucial inexamining proposed top-down models on the origin of UHECR.OthersearchesontheoriginofUHECRareperformed.TheAGASAcollaboration published a 4.5σ excess near the galactic centre.Oursearchwithfourtimesasmuchdatashowsnoexcessinthisregion,severely limitingapossibleflux fromthegalacticcentre.
The initialDutchcontributionconsistedofbuildingtank-microT-PCB’s(tankpowercontrolboard),whichhaveallbeendeliveredtothecollaboration.ThemainR&DinterestoftheparticipatingDutchgroupsliesinthedevelopmentofRadiodetectionofshowersin-ducedbyUHECR.TheNIKHEFcontributiontothisR&Disfocusedtowardcreatingahigh-speed,low-powerdata-acquisitionunit,a
prototypeofwhichoriginatesfromtheelectronicsdevelopmentfortheHiSPARCproject.Theothernationalpartners,KVIandAS-TRON,areresponsibleforwirelessdatatransmissionandantennadesign,respectively.Thisdivisionoftasksallowsanoptimaluseofthestrengthofeachpartner.
In mid-October a working radio antenna with readout was as-sembledinNijmegenandmovedtoDwingelooforfirstmeasure-ments.Thissetup,aswellastwoothers,wasmovedtoArgentinaformeasurementsonsiteusingthreeradioantennas,whichareread-out by the HiSPARC-prototype scopes, using long cables.Our program included not only using the ASTRON-built LOFARantennas,butalsoreadingoutthelog-periodic-dipoleantenna’sfrom Karlsruhe/Aachen in order to have an independent checkofourdataacquisitionaswellasameasurementontherelativeantennaperformances.
Thedataarestoredonlaptopswhichallowtoeasilytransportandanalyzethem.Theanalysisofthesedatawilltakesometime,andthefirstresultsonbackgroundandpossiblecoincidenceswiththeAugerwatertanksarenotexpectedbeforeearly2007.
The Pierre Auger Observatory
Figure 2. Intensity of ultra-high energetic cosmic rays as a function ofenergy,measuredatthePierreAugerObservatory.
Figure1.ThePiereAugerObservatoryinArgentinausesahybridcombinationofparticledetection(foreground)andairfluorescencedetection(background).
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In2006HERMEStook theopportunity tochange itsexperimentforthelasttime.HERMESwillfocusitseffortsuntilthefinalshut-down of HERA, mid 2007, on the measurement of GeneralizedPartonDistributionfunctions(GPDs).Tothisendarecoildetectorwasaddedtotheexperiment.Atthesametimetheanalysisofthedatatakeninthepreviousyears,wasforgedahead.
Nucleon Spin
Since the EMC-experiment made us aware of the fact that onlyabout30%ofthenucleonspincanbeattributedtothespinofthequarkswhichmakeupthenucleon,muchresearchwasdevotedtothequestionhowthespinisdistributedbetweenthedifferentpartons.ThepolarizationofΛparticlescreatedinthecollisionofpolarizedleptonsandprotons,canbecorrelatedtothepolarizationofthes-quarkswithrespecttothatoftheu-quarksintheproton,whentheΛisproducedinthetargetfragmentationregion.Ontheotherhand,whentheΛisproducedinthecurrentfragmentationregion,itspolarizationisduetothespinofthestruck(u-)quark.
Informationontheprocessoffragmentationofquarksandgluonsinto observable hadrons can be obtained by measuring baryonproduction inhighenergyexperiments.Hyperonsareespeciallyinterestingas theycontainastrangevalencequarkwhich isnotpresentinthetargetnucleon.Atpresentnocalculabletheoreticaldescriptionofthisprocessexists,andit isassumedthatbaryonsand mesons are produced by a similar mechanism during thefragmentationprocess.Therefore,the(phenomenological)LUNDmodeloffragmentationisusedinaMonteCarlosimulationtode-terminethefractionofhyperonsthatareproduceddirectlyinthefragmentationandfromdecaysofheavierhyperons.Theproduc-
tion ratesofhyperonsofdifferentstrangenesscontentandspinhavebeenmeasured(seefigure)andarecomparedtotheresultsoftheMonteCarlosimulation.
The transverse target spin asymmetry in exclusive ρ0
production
Inadditionto theavailable informationabout thequarkhelicitycontributiontothenucleonspinΣq,measurementsofJq,thequarktotal angular momentum, will provide a way to determine theunknowncontributionofthequarkorbitalmomentumLq.Calcu-lationsbasedonGeneralizedPartonDistributionsshowthatthetransversetargetspinasymmetryAUTinexclusiveρ0 productionissensitivetoJq.
Preliminaryresultsforthisasymmetry,basedonthedatatakendur-ingthe2002-2004period(seefigure),havealreadybeencomparedwithGPDbasedcalculationsfordifferentvaluesofJq.Althoughthemeasurementsareconsistentwiththesecalculations,thestatisticaluncertaintiesareyettoolargetomakeasharpdistinctionbetweendifferentvaluesofJq.Thedatatakenintheyear2005atleastdou-bletheamountofstatisticsavailableforthisanalysis.
The HERMES Experiment
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Figure 2. Measured values of the asymmetry AUT -integrated over kin-ematicalvariables-versustherelevantangleφ-φs.Hereφandφsaretheazimuthalanglesof,respectively,theρ0productionplaneandthetargetspinwithrespecttotheleptonscatteringplane.Thecurverepresentstheextractedsin(φ-φs)componentoftheasymmetry,whichissensitivetothevalueofJq.
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ResearchintheNIKHEFtheorygroupin2006continuedtocoveradiversesetofareasintheoreticalparticlephysics.Belowwereviewsomehighlights,beginningwithphenomenology.
Thes-andt-channelsingletop-quarkproductionprocesseswereincludedintheMC@NLOMonteCarlosimulationframework.Thisprocess,ofwhichevidencewasreportedbytheD0collaboration,allowsdirectmeasurementoftheCKMelementVtb,andissensi-tivetovariousformsofnewphysics.Theinclusionisanimportantsteptowardthisgoal.
Aglobalfittomostlydeep-inelasticscatteringdatawasperformedusinganext-to-leading-order(NLO)calculationenhancedbynext-to-leadinglogarithmicBFKLresummation.AmarkedimprovementoverthepurelyNLOfixed-orderapproachwasfound.
Developmentof theFORMprogram,used formanyof themostchallenging calculations in perturbative quantum field theory,continuedapacethisyear.Amulti-threadedversion,whichexploitsthe opportunities of computers with multiple computing cores,isnearcompletion,andperformswellonaspeciallyacquired4-processormachine(seeFig.1).
Astudyofthematrixelementoftheelectromagneticcurrentbe-tweenpionstateswasdoneinlatticeQCDatfinitetemperature(T=0.93Tc),allowingextractionoftheelectromagneticvertexfunc-tionunderconditionsrelevanttoheavy-ioncollisions.
A very promising approach to describe particle behaviour andcollectiveeffects inahotordensemediumisthe2-particle irre-ducible(2PI)actionmethod(seeFig.2). Inthepastyearpossibly
serious problems regarding renormalization were resolved forrelevantfieldtheories.
Intheareaofstringtheory,muchprogresswasmadebymembersofourgrouponunderstandingthelinkofstringtheorytolower-scale physics. A quite exhaustive and systematic study allowingforagreatvarietyofD-braneconfigurationsledtonumerousex-amplesofstringvacuathatresembletheStandardModel,aswellas several kinds of unification models that contain the StandardModel.
Thecharacteristicsofprotonaccelerationinastrophysicalsourceswerestudied,inparticulartheenergyandrapiditydistributionsofsecondarypionsandkaonsproducedinthesecircumstances.
In cosmology, progress was made towards embedding inflationinrealisticparticlephysicsmodelssuchasgrandunifiedtheoriesandstringtheory.Itwasshownthatthe(gravitational)couplingsbetweentheinflatonfieldsandotherfields,forexampletheStand-ard Model fields, constrain these models severely. In particular,so-called VSI solutions to higher-dimensional Einstein equationswerefoundandstudied.Thesesolutionsarealsonovel,exactsolu-tionsofsupergravityandstringtheory.
Understandingsystemsofparticlesincurvedspacetimesinvolvesfindingconstantsofmotion,whichisingeneralanon-trivialtask.Methodstofindthesewereextendedtosituationswithexternalabelianandnon-abeliangaugefields.
Theory
Figure1.The4-Opteroncomputeronwhichamulti-threadedversionofFORMisbeingtested.
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Other news
Anumberofothernoteworthyissuesdeservemention.
AprestigiousHumboldtPrizewasawardedbytheAlexandervonHumboldtFoundationtoJosVermaserenforhisworkonprecisionQCD.TheprizewillenablehimtospendayeardoingresearchatDESYZeuthenandtheUniversityofKarlsruhe.
In2006staffmembersofthegrouphavebeenactiveinteachingintheNIKHEFtopicallectures,the2006AIO/OIOschoolfortheo-retical PhD students (van Holten, Schellekens), and organizinga workshop ‘Beyond the Standard Model’ at Bad Honnef (vanHolten).Outreachactivitiesconsistedoforganizingasymposiumfor highschool students (van Holten), and contributing to a stu-dentsymposiumatDelftUniversity(Laenen).
Staff members have also been teaching university courses inNijmegen (Beenakker, Kleiss, Schellekens), Leiden and Delft (vanHolten),Utrecht(Laenen)andAmsterdam(Koch).
Twonewinitiativeswerestartedin2006bytheorygroupmembers.The first are the twice-a-year NIKHEF Academic Lectures. Lecturesetsconsistoffour45-minutelectures,gearedtowardsNIKHEFsci-entistsfromPhDstudentstostaff,ontopicsrelevanttotheresearchprogramoftheinstitute.Thisyear'stopicsweretheStandardModel(Laenen),andSupersymmetryandGUTS(Schellekens).ThesecondnewinitiativearethemonthlyTheoryMeetings,inwhichtheoristsfromallDutchgroupsgathertodiscuss,work,collaborate,generateideasetc.TheNationalSeminaronTheoreticalHigh-EnergyPhysicsalsocontinuestobeheldatNIKHEF,andattractsgoodattendance.
Figure2.Quasiparticlepropertiesinascalartheorycanbecapturedbythespectralfunction.Thecenterandwidthofthepeaktellusaboutthemassandstabilityofthequasiparticle.Thesechangewithincreasingtemperature,asaresultoftheinteractionswiththemedium.
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The proton-proton collisions in the Large Hadron Collider willproduceBandB-particleswitharateof100kHz,thusprovidingafactoryofB-hadrons.InparticulartheB-mesons,particlesconsist-ingofab-quarkandalightu,dors-quark,areapossiblesourcefor manifestations of new physics laws. To search for deviationsfrom the Standard Model, specific rare B-decay processes mustbeselectedandreconstructedwiththeexperiment.ThephysicsprograminLHCb,oneofthefourexperimentsattheLHCcollider,aimstostudythedecaysoftheseB-mesons.AsimulationofaB-decayeventinsidetheLHCbexperimentisshowninFig.1.
NIKHEFfocusesonasubsetofB-decayeventsinwhichthedecayproducts only include charged particles. The detection of thesechargedparticles,generally referred toas tracking, isdonewithdetectorsystemsconstructedatNIKHEF: theVertexLocatorandtheOuterTracker.
WiththeOuterTrackerdetectorthetrajectoriesofchargedparti-clesinthe0.5TeslamagneticdipolefieldofLHCbarereconstruct-ed.Bycomparingtheobservedcurvatureintheknownmagneticfield, the Outer Tracker provides a measurement of the particlemomentawitharelativeprecisionof0.5%whichinturnleadstoa precise reconstruction of the invariant mass of B-decay eventcandidates. In this way the Outer Tracker provides an importantingredient to distinguish signal events from background eventsand allows to select rare B-decays produced in the collider. Fig.2showsasanillustrationasimulationofthereconstructedmasspeakforthesignaldecaysBs→K–π+ascomparedtospecificback-grounddecaysBd→ K–π+.
TheOuterTrackerdetectorconsistsof56,000gaseousstrawtubedetectorscovering12layerswithadetectionsurfaceof30m2perlayer. It measures ionizations of gas atoms produced by chargedparticlestraversingthedetector.Testbeamexperimentshavedem-onstratedthattheparticletrajectoriescanbemeasuredwithapre-cisionof200µm.Thecompletedetectorisconstructedinamodularway,allowingforeasy installationandmaintenance.ThedetectormoduleshavebeenconstructedandtestedatNIKHEFandarecur-rentlybeinginstalledintheexperiment.Acrucialaspectinthein-stallationisthepositioningandalignmentoftheselargedetectors.Opticalsurveyinspectionshaveshownthatthefirstoftheselargedetectorplaneshasbeenpositionedintheexperimentalsetupwithaprecisionof1mm.Softwaresimulationshaveshownthatsuchanalignmentissufficientforpatternrecognitionprogramstocorrectlyfindthetracks.Afurtheralignmentwillbeobtainedfromthedatausingadedicatedalignmentfittingprogramcalled‘Millipede’.
TheVertexLocatorexploitsthefactthattheaverageB-mesonlife-timeis1.5ps,suchthatB-decayverticesaregenerallydisplacedbyseveralmmfromthefromtheprimaryeventvertex.Thissignatureallowsfirstly,topreselectB-eventsinanonlinetriggerprocedure,secondly to suppress further backgrounds by requiring that allB-decayproductsmustoriginatefromthisseperatedvertex,andthirdlytomeasuretheindividuallifetimeofeachB-decayevent.
TheVertexLocatorcontains21silicon-stripdetectorstationswithstrips measuring the r and φ coordinates of traversing particles.Inordertoobtainhighestprecision,theVertexLocatordetectorsarepositionedat8mmdistancetothebeamline.Theyareplacedinavacuumcontainer,onlyseparatedfromthebeamvacuumbya0.3mmthickaluminiumwindow.SincetheapertureoftheLHC
Tracking in LHCb
Figure1.SimulatedB-decayeventintheLHCbdetector.Thebluelinesindicatedthechargedparticletrajectoriesthataredetectedwiththetrackingdetectors.
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beamduringinjectionismorethen8mmthisvacuumcontainerwith the detectors must be retracted during beam injection. Astepping motor system has been constructed that positions thedetectorplanesineachfillwithareproducibilityof10µm.Duetotheirpositioningclosetothecollidingbeamsthedetectorssufferfrom a large irradiation dose. To avoid damage to the detectorstheyarecooledtoatemperatureof-5°C.AprototypeoftheCO2basedbinary-phasecoolingsystemhasbeensuccessfullytestedinatestbeamexperimentatCERN.
The Vertex Locator testbeam experiment is the last validation testbeforeinstallationintheexperiment.Theexperimentincludes6sta-tionswithfinaldetectorsaswellasthefinalelectronics(seeFig.3).Thetraversingparticletrajectoriesarereconstructedwithaprototypeversionofthesoftwarethatwillbeusedinthefinalexperiment.
Thesoftwarerequiredtoreconstructparticletrajectoriesfromthedetector hits has been improved to adapt for possible detectormisalignments. The tracks are fitted with a 3-dimensional Ka-lman-filterfitmethodandextrapolationsinthemagneticfieldareperformedwithafifth-orderRungeKuttaextrapolationmethod.Thefitaccommodatesnon-ideallypositioneddetectorelementsas trajectories in space. In the fitting procedure these detectiontrajectories are compared to the particle trajectories, whichresults in an unbiased estimator for the particle trajectory. Thefitting method incorporates multiple-scattering kinks along thetrajectory andyieldsanaverage impact parameter resolutionof40 µm. Together with the reconstructed momentum of the par-ticles B-decay lifetimes can be reconstructed with aprecision ofapproximately40fs.
Figure2.MassseparationbetweenthesignaldecayBs→K–π+andthebackgrounddecayBd→K–π+.ThemassresolutionofthesignalBdecayisexpectedtobe13MeV.
Figure3.Silicondetectionstationsbeing installed in theVertexLocatorsupportframe.
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Theyear2006representsanimportantmilestonefortheANTARESneutrinodetectorproject.Inthisyearthefirstthreedetectorlinesweredeployed,andthefirstmuontrackshavebeenreconstructed.Infact, itcanbestatedthattheoperationofANTARESasahighenergyneutrinotelescopehasbegun.
Scientifically, the observation of high-energy neutrinos on theNorthernhemisphereiseagerlyawaited,asitenablesthesearchforneutrinosoriginating fromthegalacticcentre.Followingthefirst observations of high-energy gamma rays from the galacticcenterafewyearsago(bytheHESStelescope),ithasbeenspecu-latedthatthefirstneutrinopointsourcesarelikelytobediscov-ered in this part of the sky. The observation of neutrino pointsourceswouldrepresentascientificbreak-throughasitcouldbeusedtoaddressseveralkey issuesatthe interfaceofastronomy,cosmology and physics. These issues include the origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, the mechanism of cosmic accelerationprocessesandthenatureofdarkmatter.
ThedetectionprincipleofANTARES isbasedontheobservationofČerenkovlightemittedbyamuonproducedwhenaneutrinointeracts with an atomic nucleus in the earth. As the directionoftheproducedmuonisalmostthesameasthatoftheoriginalneutrino,theorientationofthemuontrackcanbeusedtoidentifythedirectionoftheneutrino.InordertoobserveandmeasurethetimingoftheČerenkovphotonsthedetectorneedstobebuiltinatransparentmedium.Atthesametimethephoto-sensitivedetec-torsneedtobeshieldedfromotherlightsources.Theserequire-mentscanbemetbybuildinganeutrinotelescopeonthebottomof the sea at adepth of severalkilometers, wheredaylightdoesnotpenetrate.
Unfortunately,muonsarealsocopiouslyproducedintheatmos-pherewhenahigh-energyprotonfromspacehitstheouterlayersoftheatmosphere.Someofthesemuonspropagatethroughtheseawaterandthuscauseabackgroundinthedetector.However,atmosphericmuonscanbedistinguishedfromthoseproducedinneutrinointeractionsbytheirdirection.Asonlyneutrinosareableto penetrate the entire earth, any muon track originating frombelowthehorizonmustbeattributedtoanincidentneutrino.Atthesametimethedowngoing(atmospheric)neutrinotrackscanbeusedtocommissionandtestthedetector.
The detector lines of ANTARES have a total length of 450 meterandcarry75light-sensitivedetectorseach.Bymeasuringthetim-ing of the Čerenkov photons, the angle of the muon track withrespecttothedetectorcablecanbecalculated.Inthiswaythefullmuon track can be reconstructed. Once complete, the detectorwillconsistof12detectorlines,ofwhichthefirst3weredeployedin2006.Thedetectorisexpectedtobefullyoperationalneartheendof2007orearly2008.
After deployment each detector line is connected to the shorestation by means of a submarine operation. A few hours later,thedetector line ispoweredupandthereadoutprocesscanbeinitiated.Inthisway,thefirstmuontrackscouldbereconstructedwithin24hoursaftertheconnectionofthefirstline.Thesedevel-opments demonstrated the successful operation of the readoutsystem,whichwasdevelopedbytheNIKHEFteamintheANTAREScollaboration.Despiterelativelyhighbackgroundratescausedbydeep-sealifeforms(knownasbioluminescence)ithasbeenpos-sible to transport all data from the photo-sensitive detectors totheshorestation.
ANTARES
Figure 1. The first detector line of ANTARES shortly before it is beingloadedontothedeploymentvessel.Onthelefttheyellowbuoyisvisiblethatkeepsthelineverticallyintheseawater.
Figure2.TheanchorofthefirstdetectorlineofANTARESafteritsdeploy-mentonthebottomoftheMediterraneanSeaatadepthof2480m.Themechanicalarmsofthe‘RemotelyOperatedVehicle’(ROV)areclearlyvis-ibleonthepictureinfrontoftheanchor.
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Usingthedatacollectedbythefirstdetectorlinesalargenumberof muon tracks has been reconstructed. Obviously, most trackswere down going and could be associated with atmosphericmuons, but at the same time a fair number of up going muontracks has been identified that can be associated with neutrinoevents.Hence,theoperationofANTARESasaneutrinotelescopehassuccessfullystarted.
In2006preparationsforthenextgenerationofdeep-seaneutrinotelescopes have also been initiated. A European collaboration hasbeenformed,knownunderthenameKM3NeT,whichreceivessup-portfromthe6thEUframeworkprogramtocarryoutadesignstudy.Thegoalofthisstudyistoarriveatacost-efficientdesignofadeep-sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea that surpassesANTARESbyafactorof20ormoreineffectivevolume.Thedesignstudy, in which NIKHEF is strongly involved, has been officiallystartedinthespringof2006.TheDutchcontributiontoKM3NeTisfocusedonanewdesignoftheopticalmoduleandtheinformationtechnology.Thedesignstudywillbeconcludedin2009.
Figure 3. Detection principle of the ANTARES neutrino telescope as ex-plainedinthetext.
Figure4.OneofthefirstreconstructedeventsinthefivecurrentANTARESdetectorlines.
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TheinstallationoftheATLASdetector,whichwillobserveproton-protoncollisionsatacentre-of-massenergyof14TeVattheLargeHadronCollideratCERN,Geneva,progressedwell through2006and is now nearly completed. NIKHEF is responsible for severalmajordetectorprojects:asemiconductortrackerendcap,forpre-cisionmeasurementsofchargedtracksneartheinteractionpoint,largeprecisiondriftchambersthatareusedtoreconstructmuontracks,andvariouselectroniccomponentsoftheread-outsystem.Inaddition,NIKHEFhasplayedaleadingroleinthedevelopmentoftrackingsoftwareandinthepreparationoftheanalysisofthefirstdata.Ourgoal is tofindtheelusiveHiggsbosonandsigna-turesofnewphenomenalikesupersymmetry.
InJanuary2006,notasingledetectorcomponentmadebyNIKHEFhadbeeninstalledintheATLASexperimentyet,although96largemuonchambersproducedatNIKHEFhadbeenshippedtoCERN.Thesechambers,measuringabouttwobyfivemeterseach,countintotalsome40,000drifttubes.Theyareabletoreconstructthetrack of a muon with a precision of about 20 micrometers. Thisyear,ateamofNIKHEFscientistsandtechnicianshasinstalledandconnectedallchambersinATLAS.Testshaveshownonlyfewprob-lems,andthechambershavetakenfirstdatafromcosmicrays.
On November 9th of 2006, a current of 20,000 Ampere was sentthroughtheATLASbarreltoroidcoilsforthefirsttime,thusbring-ing into operation the world’s largest superconducting magnetsystem.Themagneticfieldof thissystemcurvesmuontrajecto-ries, which makes it possible to measure the muon momentumwith the muon chambers. During the toroid power-up tests, wehaveobserveddeformationsofthechambersoftheorderof100micrometers,justaspredicted,withourRasNikalignmentsystem.
This system, developed at NIKHEF (see Annual Report 2005), isbeingusedthroughouttheATLASmuonsystemandiscurrentlybeinginstalledinthedetector.
AnothermajorNIKHEFresponsibilityisthatoftheMuonRead-OutDrivers(MROD).Theseareelectronicsboardscontainingroughly3500electronic components.Weneedover200boards to readoutthemuonsystem.In2006weperformedextensivetestingofthe prototype boards at NIKHEF and at CERN. Only minor prob-lems,whichcouldberemediedinthefirmware,werefound.ItwasshownthattheMRODoutputlinksareabletorunat50MHzratherthan at 40 MHz, which leads to an increase in bandwidth of thefullsystemby25%.InOctober2006apre-seriesof15productionmodules was received. After correcting some small errors, a fullMRODcratehasbeenmadeoperationalatNIKHEF.TwelveMRODboardswillbeinstalledattheATLASpitandusedinthecommis-sioningofthemuondetector.
NIKHEFhasassembledonecompleteendcapofthesemiconductortracker(SCT)forATLAS,whichconsistsofsome1000modules(1.5millionelectronicchannels)withsiliconstripsensorsforchargedparticledetection,mountedonninecarbon-fiberdiscs.
Early2006,thelastdiscswereequippedwithsensorsandalldiscsweremountedinsidetheendcapcylinder.Inparallel,thecylinderwasequippedwithservices,suchascoolingcircuits,powercables,andopticalfibersfordatacommunication.Allsensorswerethenextensively tested in ATLAS-like conditions. For this purpose, alargetestboxandaC3F8evaporativecoolingmachinewerebuilt.Thenumberofdefectivechannelsisbelow0.5%,andthedetectornoiseisasexpected.OnApril19thand20th,theendcap,mounted
ATLAS nearing completion
Figure1.InstallationofoneoftheNIKHEFmuonchambersintheATLASexperiment.
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in a transport frame, was transported to CERN, and located in acleanroominthesurfaceareaoftheATLASpit.Varioustestswereperformed upon reception to check for transportation damage,butnodamagewasfound.Thecylinderwassubsequentlyfurtherprepared for mounting inside an endcap of the Transition Ra-diationTracker(TRT),andforinstallationinthepitearly2007.Theotherendcapisinasimilarstate,whereasthebarrelSCTandTRTwerealreadyintegrated,testedwithcosmicrays,andmountedinATLASinthesummerof2006.NIKHEFhasalsore-joinedthegroupbuilding the silicon pixel detector, in order to help getting thatdetectorreadyforinstallationinsidetheSCTinspring2007.
TherelevanceoftheATLASresearchwaswellrecognizedbyourfundingagencies. In2006wewelcomedtheawardofoneNWOVICI grant (Bentvelsen), one VIDI grant (van Vulpen), one VENIgrant (Klous) and 2 FOM projectruimte proposals (Bentvelsen &KleissanddeGroot).
Physics Highlights from the D0 experiment
InpreparationfortheLHC,andtodophysicsatthehigh-energyfrontierbeforeLHCstarts,NIKHEFphysicistsparticipateintheD0experimentattheTevatron(Fermilab,Chicago)whereproton-anti-protoncollisionstakeplaceat2TeV.ThetotaldeliveredluminositytoD0inrun2nowexceeds2fb–1,andsome50papershavebeenpublishedorhavebeenacceptedforpublication.InMarch2006,D0wasthefirstexperimenttosetanupperlimitonthefrequencyofoscillationsbetweenBSmesonsandtheiranti-particlesBSmes-ons;theoscillationfrequencyisconstrainedtobebetween17and21ps–1at90%confidencelevel.TheNIKHEFgroupisworkingonmuonandtaureconstructionandb-quarktagging.Asignificant
increaseinb-taggingperformancehasbeenachievedwithneuralnetworks.ThisbooststhesearchforHiggsbosons.ApartfromtheHiggsbosonsearchinthechannelswheretheHiggsisproducedin association with a W or a Z boson, NIKHEF analyses focus onthe top quark mass, the jet energy scale, extra dimensions, andb-quarkproductionmechanisms.
Figure2.Installationofasemiconductortracker(SCT)discintheendcapcylinder.
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Inthepastyear,investmentsinvariousareasmadebyourgrouphavebeguntoseriouslypayoff.
ThemostimportantofthesewasthefinalgovernmentapprovaloftheBIGGRIDinfrastructureproposalthatNIKHEF,togetherwiththe Dutch Computing Foundation NCF and the Dutch Bioinfor-matics consortium NBIC, had submitted last year. This proposalwas fundedforessentially the fullamount. Theresulting29M€providesfour-yearfullfundingforanLHCTier-1computingcenterfortheATLAS,ALICE,andLHCbexperiments,astorageandcom-putinginfrastructurefortheLOFARradioastronomyexperiment,andfurtherfacilitiesforthelifesciencesandsocialsciences.
InanticipationoftheLHCturn-onnextyear,theresourcecapaci-tiesatNIKHEFandSARAarebeingrapidlyexpanded,ontheorderofafactor3forcomputingandafactor10forstorage.
Severalgroupmembershavereceivedprestigiousprofessionalap-pointmentsduring2006.SanderKlousreceivedaVENIfellowshiptosupporthisproposalofdoingATLASremotetriggeringviagridtechnology;DavidGroepwasappointedareadirectorforSecurityin the Open Grid Forum, an international grid standards organi-zation;andJeffTemplonwasappointedtotheEGEE(flagship6th
frameworkEUgridproject)TechnicalCoordinationGroup.
The Dutch national e-Science project, 'VL-e' continues to makeprogress; NIKHEF staff associated with VL-e released the firstversion of the project middleware during 2006. Our colleaguesat DANS (Data Archival and Networked Storage), responsible forarchiving of social-science results, stored their first data on thegridduring2006.
Somenumbersindicatingthescaleoftheoperationshereduring2006:
• number of D0 Monte-Carlo events our group generated:32,437,271;
• yearsofcomputertimeprovidedtotheLHCexperiments:226
• numberofgridjobsrun:320,000;
• amountofLHCdatapermanentlystored:40terabytes(togetherwithSARA).
During the coming year, effort will be focussed on the large in-creaseincomputingandstorageresourcesintheTier-1,inprepa-rationforLHCturn-oninlate2007.
The Grid and the Physics Data Processing Group
Figure1.InstallingnewhardwareintooneoftheGridnodes.
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IntheZEUSexperiment,2006hasbeenspentinoptimizingthemi-crovertexdetector,whilethedatahavesteadilybeenstreamingin.Inordertoobtainasignificantimprovementinthemeasurementofthecharm-andpossiblythebottom-quarkstructurefunctionsitisnecessarytocollectalargeamountofdataandcombinethiswiththebestpossiblereconstructionoftheevents.
Theacceleratorhasperformedverywellonthefirstscorehavingprovided an integrated luminosity of some 250 pb–1. The mainemphasisoftheanalysisgrouphasbeenproducingthebestpos-siblereconstruction.Mostnotably,aprogrammeofalignmentofthesiliconmicrovertexdetectorhasbeencarriedout.Uptonowthealignmenthadonlybeenperformedwithcosmic-rayparticles.Although this provides very clean data, it has its disadvantages:cosmicrayscomepredominantlyverticallyfromaboveandsotendnottoprovideanyinformationforthealignmentofthedetectormodulesthatcoverthesidesoftheinteractionregion.
Nowthattheacceleratorhasstartedproducinglargequantitiesofdatawithlittlebackground(incontrasttothefirstyearsofrunningwith the microvertex detector) it has become possible to selecteventsofrelativelylowmultiplicityandusethemtoalignthefulldetector.Thishasbeenamajoreffortandhastakenthebestpartof the year to come to the final alignment. This has produced apronounced improvement in the accuracy with which trackscan be reconstructed. As is shown in Fig. 1 the accuracy for thereconstruction of the impact parameter of a track with respecttoavertexhasimprovedfrom200microntoaround100micron.Especiallyfortracksinthehorizontaldirectiontheimprovementisverysignificant.
In the 2005 Annual Report we already showed that the use ofthe microvertex detector gave pronounced improvement in thereconstruction of events containing charm particles. Now, wehaveindicationsthattheresultingcharmsignalswillbecomeevenmoresignificant.Tofurtherimprovethereconstructionofcharmparticles several new algorithms have been developed. One ofthese,where thedecayproductsof thecharmparticlearecom-binedintoasingle‘track’thatisthenfittedtotheprimaryvertex,whereaselectioncanbemadeonthegoodnessoffit,hasalready(withtheoldalignment)ledtoanincreaseinsignal-to-noiseratioofalmostafactortwowithoutlossofevents.AresultisshowninFig.2wherethenewalgorithmwasusedtoextracttheD±signal.Theamountofdatausedforthisfigureisaboutonetenthofthefinalsample.
TheZEUScollaboration isnowbusy reanalyzingall itsdatawiththerenewedalignmentofthemicrovertexdetectorandisprepar-ingforthebestcharmstructurefunctionmeasurementeverinthecomingyear.
Perfecting the ZEUS detector
Figure1.Theimpactparameterresolutionasafunctionofazimuthfordataafteralignmentwithcosmicrayparticlesandafteralignmentusingepdata.
Figure2.ChargedcharmmesonreconstructionfromitsdecayintoKππ.
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Students & schools
Particle physics is a complex but interesting subject for highschoolstudents.In2006sevenschoolsvisitedNIKHEF,sometimesrequested by teachers; sometimes students brought their classandteacherwiththem.OnmostlyFridayafternoons,visitingstu-dents attend lectures, watch a documentary on particle physicsand get a tour at NIKHEF, meanwhile having the opportunity toaskalltheirquestions.
The8thofJune2006thesecondeditionofthe‘TechniekToernooi’wasorganised.Thisisamatchforprimaryschoolkidsonseveralsub-jectsandstartedintheWorldYearofPhysics2005.Morethan400childrenofsixtyprimaryschoolstravelledtothe‘LandvanOoit’inDrunen,withmorethanahundredideas,installationsandpreparedworks. Five NIKHEF professors participated in the jury, making allkidshappywithacertificateandsomewithaprizeaswell.
Forhighschoolstudentswehadthefollowingactivities:
• Anewpossibilityforthegeneralpublicaswellasforhighschoolsistohaveaphysicistlecturinge.g.atschool.Onourwebsitewepublishedatoolthatteachersorstudentscanusetoapplyforalectureonaparticlephysicstopic.Ourgoalistoencouragetheinteractions between scientists and high-school students. Wehopethatthelecturesareanadditionaltoolthathighschoolswillembrace.Notethat this initiative isnotonlyopentohighschools,buttootherorganisationsaswell.
• Teachersregularlyborrowourcloudandsparkchambers.Cur-rently,ourmuonlifetimedeviceisbeingmodifiedfortransporttoschoolsaswell.
• The ‘profielwerkstuk’ is a research project that students havetoperformintheirfinalyearatDutchhighschool.In2006tenstudentsperformedaprojecton(astro)particlephysics,eitheratNIKHEForatschoolwithhelpfromNIKHEF.
• InMarchthesecondEuropeanMasterclassonParticlePhysicsforhighschoolstudentswasorganised.Sixtystudentstriedtofigureoutwhethertherealeventsdisplayedweremuons, tauparticles or something else. The final video conference con-nectionwithquiz,withtheothergroupsofstudentsfollowingsimultaneouslyasimilarmasterclasselsewhereinEurope,wasabitlong.However,moststudentsstayedtodiscusstheresultsandhearwhattheircolleaguesthoughtabouttheeventstheyanalysed.
• DuringtheOpenDayinOctoberwetriedtoattractmoreyoungvisitors than in previous years by publishing a Quantum Quizespeciallyforstudentsofage12–18.AnextraincentiveforthemtowalkaroundwastheiPodtheycouldwin.
Anewinitiativeisourparticipationinthecurriculumdevelopmentof physics taught at high schools. NiNa (Nieuwe Natuurkunde) isthenameofthenewphysicscurriculum,andNLT(Natuur,LevenenTechniek)isanewsubjectstudentsandschoolscanchoosetoofferandtofollow.Allcoursesareunderconstruction.Workinggroupsofteachersandinstitutesaredevelopingreadersandothermaterial.NIKHEFparticipatesinthreemodules:QuantumandRelativity,andCosmicrays,bothforNiNa,andamoduleonastroparticlephysicsforNLT.Throughthese initiativeswedevelopagoodconnectionwithDutchphysicseducationandsolidgroundformorephysicsstudentsandmorephysicsinterestandknowledgeinsociety.
Education
Figure1.Properlydressedmembersofthejuryofthe‘TechniekToernooi‘taketheirjobsveryseriously,andhavefun!
Figure 2. Students figuring out which particles they observe during thesecondEuropeanMasterclassatNIKHEFinMarch2006.
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HiSPARC
The HiSPARC project, where universities and scientific institutessuch as NIKHEF work together with high schools to unravel themysteriesofcosmicrays,e.g.theirorigin,iscontinuouslyexpand-ing.Sixnewdetectorshavebeenconstructedin2006.Toaccom-modate the growing numbers of participants new hard- andsoftwarehasbeendeveloped.Thenewdata-acquisitionsystemiscapableofsamplingthedetectoroutputataconsiderablyhigherresolutionforconsiderablylowercosts.
Withmorethan40detectorstations,andcounting,theamountofdatastoredincreasesrapidly.Sincealldataareaccessiblethroughtheinternet,efficientandeasy-to-usetoolsareneededtosearchthedatabaseandstudytheresults.Abasicanalysistooltoestimatethepositionanddirectionofthecosmic-rayshowerdisplayedonGoogle-maps isused to inspire thestudents.This toolhasbeensuccessfully introduced at the third high-school symposium forstudentsheldinAmsterdam.TosupporttheteachersandstudentsnewmaterialhasbeenmadeavailablethroughaVirtualLearningEnvironment.
CosmicraysdonotstopattheborderandinSeptemberthesec-ondinternationalCosmicRaySchoolProjectmeetingtookplaceinLisbon.Thiswasafollowupofthemeetingof2005organizedinAmsterdam.Underthenameof‘Eurocosmics’projectsfromalloverEuropeworktogethertosetupacollaborationtouseeachother’s expertise. In the coming year this collaboration will beextendedandintensified.
Master of Science in Particle and Astroparticle Physics
Thirty master students of four different Dutch universities andthree foreign universities are currently enrolled in the masterprogramme Particle and Astroparticle Physics. Ten of them arefemale,aremarkablylargefractionforDutchstandards.Togethertheyrepresentanewgenerationof(astro)particlephysicists.
Fifteen of them are second-year students, of which seven spentseveral weeks at CERN, working on projects in various researchgroups. The inspiring, international environment of CERN madethem enthusiastic for a career in particle physics research. InSeptemberthisyear,theyfeltwellpreparedtostarttheirone-yearmasterthesisresearchworkinthevariousgroupsatNIKHEF.
The first-year students followed the programme of physics courses,amongwhichcoursesinparticlephysics,particledetectionandsta-tisticaldataanalysis,allgivenbylecturersworkingasseniorphysicistsatNIKHEF.InthetraditionalNIKHEFproject,theypracticeonasmallscaleworkinginatypicalresearchenvironmentofaparticlephysicsexperiment.Thisyear,theirtaskistoupgradetheHiSPARCdetectors.
Research School Subatomic Physics
The research school for subatomic physics organizes each yearacademic training courses (‘Topical Lectures’) and, in collabora-tionwithBelgianandGermanresearchgroups,asummerschool(BNDSummerschool)forPhDstudents.
Figure4.OneofourPhDstudentsworkingintheheartoftheATLASdetector.Figure3.Ahighlevelofconcentrationisneededwhenyouaresoldering…
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Throughouttheyear,themembersoftheresearchschool’sboardorganizeoneor two interviews (‘C3gesprekken’)witheachPhDstudent and his/her promotor and thesis advisor to monitor theprogress of his/her research project and his/her participation intheTopicalLecturesandtheBNDsummerschool.
The2006BNDsummerschoolwasheldinBadHonnefnearBonn.The main focus was on the strong interactions. The school waswidelyappreciatedbythe43(14Belgian,18Dutchand11German)registeredparticpants.Itwasorganizedbyprof.AchimStahlandAachenUniversity.
Asusual,alsoin2006threeTopicalLectureswereorganized:onedealingwithstatisticalmethods,oneonastroparticlephysicsandoneonprecisiontestsoftheStandardModelatlowenergies.ThetypicalattendanceoftheTopicalLectureswas20–25PhDstudentsduring the morning sessions (lectures) and 15–20 PhD studentsduringtheafternoonsessions(exercises).
Regardingadministrativematters:69PhDstudentswereenrolledin the Research School in December 2006 and 9 PhD studentsgraduatedin2006.Alsoin2006theschoolwasre-approvedbytheRoyalDutchAcademyofSciences(KNAW)foraperiodof5years.
Since December 2004 prof. Nicolo de Groot from the RadboudUniversiteit Nijmegen is secretary and the coordination of theschoolisinthehandsoftheRadboudUniversiteit.
Figure5.Studentsatthe2006SummerschoolinBadHonnef.
Science Communication
Tostructureouroutreacheffortswearedevelopingacommunica-tionplan.Furthermore,weareworkingoncommunicationstrate-giesforthestart-upoftheLHCandastroparticleresearchactivitiesoccurringintheNetherlands.Someoftheprojectsthatthescienceinformationofficehasworkedonin2006willbediscussedbelowinsomemoredetail.
The design and implementation of a novel NIKHEF website is alargeproject,whichhassofarremainedratherinvisibletoNIKHEFemployeesbecauseitslaunchisplannedfor2007.Thenewdesignincludesaseparationbetween local informationonthe intranetandasiteforthegeneralpublic.
WeupdatedthedesignoftheNIKHEFcentralentrance.Informa-tion on each of the current NIKHEF projects has been visualisedonnewinformationpanelsintheNIKHEFentrancehall.Althoughthepanelscontainsomewritteninformationontheprojects,theprimarygoalistodrawtheattentionandcuriosityofvisitorswithattractivegraphics.Thepanelscanbecarriedtoschoolsorconfer-encesaswell,andfreecardsofthesepanelsareavailableinbothDutchandEnglish.ThisisthefirststepincreatingaNIKHEFstyleinourbuilding,publications,andsoforth.AllthesechangestoasingleNIKHEFbrandwillcontinuein2007.
Outreach
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Media
Ongoingbusinessconsistsofpreparingnewsitemsfortheweb-siteandforourfundingagencyFOMandouruniversitypartners,press releases, talking to reporters and photographers visitingNIKHEFandCERN,editingpapersofthosereporters,andofcoursetalkingtoNIKHEFemployeestohearwhat isgoingon!Wekeepreportersandphotographersinformedonourscientificprogress,andtheycontactusthemselvesaswell.Thepublicationsresultingfromcontactswiththemediaappearonourwebsiteaswellasonpaperinthelibrary.
AgroupoftenDutchsciencereportersvisitedCERNearlyJunetoseeforthemselveshowinterestingandextraordinarythisplaceis.Theaimwastoshowthemaround,sothattheyhaveabetterim-pressiononwhattheywillbewritingaboutwhentheLHCwillbeturnedon.Thedaywasverysuccessfulwithaverybusyprogrammeinwhichwemanagedtosee,amongstothers,ATLAS,LHCb,thebendingmagnets.Somereportercomments:“Youknowitisbig,butnowthatyouseeityouthink,yes,itisreallybig…”And:“Whenyoureadanarticlethereisalwaysapointwherereadersthink:no,youhaven’treallybeenthere.Wecannowwritewithoutreadersthinkingthat”.ThevisitwasaninitiativeofCERN,FOMandNIKHEF,andhasresultedinalotofpublicity.
Specialties
ThelongawaitedmovieabouttheHiggssearchwasfinishedafteronedayofextrashootingatNIKHEFinMay2006:‘HetMassaMysterie’.TheDVDconsistsofeighteenminutesabouttheHiggssearch,theoryandconstructionofthedetectors,andfeaturesmanyNIKHEFemployees.
Figure6.NIKHEFhasisssuedsomefreepostcards,high-lightingthedifferentexperimentsandgroups;the‘general’postcardisshownabove.
TheatregroupAdhocisplanningtomakeadocumentaryontheHiggsparticle,featuringPeterHiggsandco-workers.NIKHEFcontributestothemakingofthismovie,whichisduetobeonairby2008.
In2006FOMcelebrated its60thbirthday.NIKHEFparticipated inthe birthday manifestation on the 20th of November in the Kur-haus (Scheveningen). Two out of of three NIKHEF PhD studentsmanagedtoreachthefinalmatch‘Windetoekomst’onthisday.OnNovember25thFOMpersonnelcelebratedtheanniversary inanear-shatteringeveninginDeFabriqueinMaarssen.
CERN visits
Besides the mentioned media visit in June, other groups visitedCERNthisyear.InMarch2006,partoftheNIKHEFstaffvisitedCERNfor two days. After being impressed by the ATLAS detector andthebendingmagnets,theywentskiingaswell.Itwasagoodop-portunitytoseewhatourcolleaguesareworkingonwhentheyarenotatNIKHEF.Asusual, studentsof theUvA,HOVO(elderly)andHonoursstudentsvisitedCERNaswell.
Open Day
TheopendaywasheldonSaturdaythe21stofOctober2006,intheNationalScienceWeek,andtogetherwithallotherinstitutesattheSciencePark.Weestimatethatbetweenoneandtwothousandpeo-plevisitedNIKHEF.Earlybirdswerekeptoutsideuntilnoon,wherethey were entertained by a musical family with their instrumentsandsongs.Duringthedaythemusiciansdirectedvisitorstoactivi-tieswhichwerenotsobusy.Anewandquitesuccessfulinitiative.
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Atfouro’clock,themusicianstookcareofthewinneroftheQuan-tumQuizforhighschoolstudents:JurjenBoog,studentattheOSGDe Meergronden in Almere, 17 years old. Approximately fifteenstudentsseriouslyfilledinthequiz.
13:00–13:15 PietMulders,Energie,massaendeeltjes13:45–14:00 JanWillem,vanHolten,Rimpelsinderuimte14:30–14:45 FrankLinde,HetBerniniMysterie:tussenfantasieenwerkelijkheidProgrammeofthemini-lecturesontheOpenDay2006
Severalshortlectureswereheldinthelectureroomonthethirdfloor.Thiswasquitesuccessful,astheroomwasfilledforallthreetalks. The lecture by Frank Linde, on the book ‘Angels and De-mons’byDanBrown,hadbeenannouncedbeforehandinaDutchnewspaper(NRC)andwasgiventwicebecauseoftheenormouspublicinterest.
IntheSpectrum,physicsexperimentswereshownbyenthusiasticemployees. At first, the Van de Graaff generator was consideredabitfrightening,butafterafewdemonstrations,thekidsforgotabouttheirfearandenjoyedtheirhairbeingpulledupbysomestrangeforce.Dutchtelevision(Talpa)usedthisasapreviewoftheNationalScienceWeek2006.
AlthoughalotofourproductsweretransportedtoCERNduring2006,wemanagedtoexhibitmanyinterestingdisplaysanddemonstrationsonourresearchprojects.Nextyearwewillfigureoutawaytoletpeo-plewalkaroundinNIKHEF,sothattheyseealltheinterestingparts.Onepossibilityistoofferaguide.Thismaybehelpfulforpeoplethatwant to know more about our research, but do not dare to ask toomuch.Theremarksontheopendayweregenerallyverypositive.
Outreach collaborations
We communicate with other science communicators in theNetherlandsaswellasattheScienceParkAmsterdamtocoordi-nateactivitiesandrequests.Furthermore,weattendinternationaloutreachmeetingswiththesamepurpose.
LHC communication
NIKHEFparticipatesintheLargeHadronColliderexperiments,andthereforealsointheiroutreachactivities.ATLAShasanoutreachgroupmeetingtwiceayearintheATLASweek.Outreachmaterialis developed at these meetings, for example the ATLAS puzzle,whichwasfinishedandforsalethisyear.
We regularly have contacts with other outreach officers of theexperimentsthatNIKHEFparticipatesin(LHCbandALICE),aswellas with the CERN communication office. Press releases are com-municatedbeforehand,andifsuitablewepreparelocalversionsofthemtobelaunchedatthesametime.
InterAction Collaboration
The 22 members of the InterAction collaboration meet twice ayearatmemberlaboratoriesorataparticlephysicsconference.Atthesemeetingsthepresentmembersreportontheirinstitute,dis-cussthecommunicationchallengestheyarefacingandstrategiccommunicationandpracticaltoolsarediscussed.In2006theInterActionCollaborationmetatKEK(Japan)andDESY(Germany). The KEK meeting dealt exclusively with the Interna-tionalLinearCollider(ILC)communication.AtDESY,LHC,ILCpress
Figure7.NIKHEFsupportstaffvisitedCERNinMarch.HeretheyposeafteravisittotheLHCmagnetfacility.
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releaseworkshop,andcommunicatingwithlab’sneighborswereimportantitemsontheagenda.
The website www.interactions.org is going strong, featuringa news wire, image bank, daily news articles and many moreresources for communicators of particle physics. Other exam-ples are a website for the communication about the LHC atCERN(www.interactions.org/LHC),jointpressreleasesandreach-ingouttothephysicscommunityandsciencewritersthroughtheInteractions.orgnewswire.
EPPOG
The European Particle Physics Outreach Group (EPPOG) concen-tratesonthedevelopmentofhands-onphysicstoolsforstudentsandthegeneralpublic.
Thisyeartwomeetingswereheld,oneinLondonandoneatCERN.Oneofthemaintopicswastryingtofindawaytorealizeexhibi-tionsinsciencemuseumstogetherwiththeEuropeanNetworkofScienceCentresandMuseums(ECSITE)andnationalinitiatives.WearediscussingwiththeDutchScienceCentreNEMOaboutstartinganexhibitionon(astro)particlephysics.EPPOGalsocoordinatesthe European Master classes each year in March, and communi-catesaboutstudentmaterialandlocalprojects,suchastheuseofsparkandcloudchambersandmuondetectiondevices.
Figure9.ReportersatCERNare impressed:“Youknowit isbig,butnowthatyouseeityouthink,yes,itisreallybig…”
Medipix
Miniaturization of electronics has caused the digital revolution, providing us with cheap and powerful computers and telephones. The goal of the Medipix Collaboration is to transfer these technologies to other applications.
Continuous downscaling in semiconduc-tor technologies enables us to integrate a signal processing circuit with hundreds of transistors in every pixel of a CMOS read-out chip. A separate sensor chip - of either silicon or some other semicon-ducting material - is mounted on top of the CMOS chip with thousands of micro-solderbumps. These so-called hybrid pixel detectors were originally developed at CERN and in Stanford/Berkeley for particle-physics experiments.
Although unintended, hybrid pixel detec-tors also function as high-performance X-ray imagers, and many new applications are possible in non-destructive material research, as well as in life-sciences, such as proteomics and pharmacological research.
ALICE
The ALICE experiment studies a new state of matter, the quark-gluon plasma. The Standard Model of particle physics predicts the existence of the state, in which the qualities of one of the funda-mental forces (the strong interaction) will change dramatically.
The experiment uses collisions of heavy nuclei at high energies that are produced in the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva. These collisions reconstruct a minute version of the Big Bang: compressed clods of matter, consisting of several thousands of elementary particles at temperatures beyond a billion (1012) degrees Kelvin, similar to the condition of the universe ten microseconds after the Big Bang. This system, called a quark-gluon plasma, disintegrates after a short time through emission of elementary particles. The study of the reactions provides a unique opportunity to obtain a better understanding of the strong interaction.
Figure8.NIKHEFfreepostcards,high-lightingthedifferentexperimentsandgroups.
primaire kosmische deeltjes
Alpen4800 m
Concorde15 Km
Ballon30 Km
Hadroncascade
p
p
n
n
e+
e+
e+e-
e-
ν
γ
ν
ν
ν
π-
π-
π0π+
π+
π+
μ+
μ+
μ+
μ-
NN
N
N
Electromagnetischedouche
HiSPARC
In HiSPARC high schools and
sensor network to detect extremely high-energetic cosmic rays.
The project gives high school students the opportunity of participating in a real
these mysterious and rare cosmic parti-cles. Where do they come from and how do they achieve their energy?
VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,10January2006 VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,28February2006 UniversiteitUtrecht,24April2006
RijksuniversiteitGroningen,19May2006 UniversiteitTwente,31May2006 VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,16June2006
UniversiteitvanAmsterdam,7July2006 UniversiteitvanAmsterdam,18October2006 UniversiteitvanAmsterdam,12December2006
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PublicationsANTARES
Aguilar,J.A.(etal.);Bouwhuis,M.C.;Bruijn,R.;Colnard,C.;Dantzig,R.van;Heijboer,A.;Jaspers,M.;Jong,M.de;Kok,H.;Kooijman,P.;Kruijer,A.;Lim,G.;Peek,H.;Randwijk,J.van;Rens,B.van;Rewiersma,P.;Steenhoven,G.vander;Venekamp,G.;Verlaat,B.;Vries,G.de;Wijk,R.van;WittHuberts,P.de;Wolf,E.deFirstresultsoftheInstrumentationLineforthedeep–seaANTARESneutrinotelescopeAstropart.Phys.26(2006)314
Bouwhuis,M.NTvN–prijsvraag:NeutrinoflitsenuithetheelalNed.T.v.Nat.72(2006)74
Giacomelli,G.;Kooijman,P.ANTAREScollaborationdetectsitsfirstmuonsCERNCourier46(2006)#7,24
Kooijman,P.Multi–PMTopticalmoduleNucl.Instr.Meth.A 567(2006)508
ATLAS
Abdesselam,A.(etal.):Colijn,A.P.;Cornelissen,T.;Hartjes,F.G.;Hessey,N.P.;Jong,P.de;Koffeman,E.;Kraaij,E.vander;Limper,M.;Magrath,C.A.Muijs,A.J.M.;Peeters,S.J.M.;Vulpen,I.vanThebarrelmodulesoftheATLASsemiconductortrackerNucl.Instr.Meth.A 568(2006)642
Boterenbrood,H.;Jansweijer,P.;Kieft,G.;König,A.;Vermeulen,J.;Wijnen,T.TheRead–OutDriverfortheATLASMDTMuonPrecisionChambersIEEETrans.Nucl.Sci.53(2006)741
Vermeulen,J.(etal.);Kieft,G.ATLASDataFlow:TheRead–OutSubsystem,ResultsFromTriggerandData–AcquisitionSystemTestbedStudiesandFromModelingIEEETrans.Nucl.Sci.53(2006)912
Woudstra,M.;Bobbink,G.J.;Eldik,N.van;Graaf,H.vander;Kluit,P.;Koutsman,A.;Limper,M.;Linde,F.;Massaro,G.;Snuverink,J.;Vreeswijk,M.;Groenstege,H.;Koopstra,J.;Mos,S.;Rewiersma,P.;Timmermans,C.;Dijkema,J.Twin–tubes:3DtrackingbasedontheATLASmuondrifttubesNucl.Instr.Meth.A 560(2006)264
D0
Collaboration:Abazov,V.M.(etal.);Anastasoaie,M.;Balm,P.W.;Berg,P.J.vanden;Bos,K.;Caron,S.;Filthaut,F.;Galea,C.F.;Hegeman,J.G.;Houben,P.;Jong,P.de;Jong,S.J.de;Kirby,M.H.;Leeuwen,W.M.van;Naumann,N.A.;Vreeswijk,M.;Wijngaarden,D.A.
TheupgradedD0detectorNucl.Instr.Meth.A 565(2006)463
Searchforsquarksandgluinosineventswithjetsandmissingtransverseenergyinppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Lett.B 638(2006)119
Searchforpairproductionofsecondgenerationscalarleptoquarksinppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Lett.B 636(2006)183
SearchforR–parityviolatingsupersymmetryviatheLLE–couplingsλ121,λ122orλ133inppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Lett.B 638(2006)441
Measurementoftheisolatedphotoncrosssectioninppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Lett.B 639(2006)151
MeasurementofB(t→Wb)/B(t→Wq)at√s=1.96TeVPhys.Lett.B 639(2006)616
Searchforscalarleptoquarksintheacoplanarjettopologyinppcolli-sionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Lett.B 640(2006)230
SearchforparticlesdecayingintoaZbosonandaphotoninpp–colli-sionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Lett.B 641(2006)415
SearchforW’→tbbosonproductioninthetopquarkdecaychannelPhys.Lett.B 641(2006)423
SearchforaheavyresonancedecayingintoaZ+jetfinalstateinppcolli-sionsat√s=1.96TeVusingtheD0detectorPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)011104
SearchfortheraredecayBs0→φµ+µ–withtheD0detector
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)031107
LimitsonanomaloustrilineargaugecouplingsfromWW→e+e–,WW→e±µ∓,andWW→µ+µ–eventsfromppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)057101,erratumD 74(2006)059904
MeasurementoftheCP–violationparameterofB0mixinganddecaywithpp→µµXdataPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)092001
Measurementofthetopquarkmassinthelepton+jetsfinalstatewiththematrixelementmethodPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)092005
Searchforexcitedmuonsinppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)111102
SearchfortheHiggsBosoninH→WW*DecaysinppCollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)011801
DirectlimitsontheBs0oscillationfrequency
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)021802
SearchforresonantsecondgenerationsleptonproductionattheFermi-labTevatronPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)111801
SearchforneutralHiggsbosonsdecayingtoτpairsinppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)121802
SearchforassociatedHiggsBosonproductionWH→WWW*→l±νl’±ν’+Xinppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)151804
Searchforneutral,long–livedparticlesdecayingintotwomuonsinppCollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)161802
SearchfortheStandardModelHiggsBosoninthepp→ZH→ννbbchannelPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)161803
Searchforpairproductionofscalarbottomquarksinppcollisionsat√s=1.96TeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)171806
MeasurementoftheBs0lifetimeusingsemileptonicdecays
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)241801
Caron,S.B–identificationforLevel2:TheSiliconTrackTriggeratD0Nucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 156(2006)143
LHCb (B Physics)
Barbosa,A.F.(etal.);Souvorov,V.ProductionandqualitycontrolofMWPCfortheLHCbmuonsystematCERNIEEETrans.Nucl.Sci.53(2006)336
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Bates,A.G.(etal.);Jans,E.;Ketel,T.;Tuning,N.TheLHCbVELO:StatusandupgradedevelopmentsIEEETrans.Nucl.Sci.53(2006)1689
LHCbVELOgroup:Papadelis,A.Observationsofsensorbiasdependentclustercentroidshiftsinaproto-typesensorfortheLHCbvertexlocatordetectorNucl.Instr.Meth.A 569(2006)88
BaBar (B Physics)
Collaboration:Aubert,B.(etal.);Baak,M.A.;Bulten,H.;Raven,G.;Snoek,H.L.;Wilden,L.Searchforleptonflavorviolationinthedecayτ±→e±γPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)041801
MeasurementsoftheabsolutebranchingfractionsofB±→K±XccPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)052002
MeasurementofbranchingfractionsandresonancecontributionsforB0→D0K+π–andsearchforB0→D0K+π–decaysPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)011803
Determinationsof|Vub|frominclusivesemileptonicBdecayswithre-ducedmodeldependencePhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)221801
ObservationofΥ(4S)Decaystoπ+π–Υ(1S)andπ+π–Υ(2S)Phys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)232001
SearchfortheraredecayB0→τ+τ–atBABARPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)241802
SearchforT,CP,andCPTviolationinB0–B0MixingwithinclusivedileptoneventsPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)251802
ObservationofB0mesondecaytoa1±(1260)π∓
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)051802
MeasurementoftheSpinoftheΩ–HyperonPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)112001
Observationofe+e–annihilationintotheC=+1hadronicfinalstatesρ0ρ0andφρ0
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)112002
MeasurementofthebranchingfractionandphotonenergymomentsofB→XsγandACP(B→Xstdγ)Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)171803
ObservationofB+→K0K+andB0→K0K0
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)171805
Measurementsofbranchingfractions,polarizations,anddirectCP–Viola-tionasymmetriesinB→ρK*andB→f0(980)K*decaysPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)201801
MeasurementofbranchingfractionsandchargeasymmetriesinBdecaystoanηmesonandaK*mesonPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)201802
MeasurementoftheB→πlνbranchingfractionanddeterminationof|Vub|withtaggedBmesonsPhys.Rev.Lett. 97 (2006)211801
ObservationofanewDsmesondecayingtoDKatamassof2.86GeV/c2
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)222001
SearchforD0D0mixingandbranching–ratiomeasurementinthedecayD0→K+π–π0
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)221803
ObservationofanexcitedcharmBaryonΩc*decayingtoΩc0γ
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)232001
StudyoftheX(3872)andY(4260)inB0→J/ψπ+π–K0andB–→J/ψπ+π–K–decaysPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)011101
Searchforrarequark–annihilationdecays,B–→Ds(*)–φ
Phys.Rev.D 73(2006)011103
MeasurementoftheBlifetimeandtheB0B0oscillationfrequencyusingpartiallyreconstructedB0→D*+ℓ–vℓdecaysPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)012004
Studyofe+e–→ppusinginitialstateradiationwithBABARPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)012005
MeasurementsofneutralBdecaybranchingfractionstoKS0π+π–final
statesandthechargeasymmetryofB0→K*+π–
Phys.Rev.D 73(2006)031101
Thee+e→3(π+π–),2(π+π–π0)andK+K–2(π+π–)crosssectionsatcenter–of–massenergiesfromproductionthresholdto4.5GeVmeasuredwithinitial–stateradiationPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)052003
SearchforthedecayB+→τ+ντPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)057101
MeasurementofCPobservablesforthedecaysB±→DCP0K±
Phys.Rev.D 73(2006)051105
BranchingfractionlimitsforB0decaystoη’η,η’π0andηπ0
Phys.Rev.D 73(2006)071102
SearchfortheraredecaysB0→Ds(*)+a0
–(2)
Phys.Rev.D 73(2006)071103
SearchforthecharmedpentaquarkcandidateΘc(3100)0ine+e–annihila-tionsat√s=10.58GeVPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)091101
Measurementsofbranchingfractions,rateasymmetries,andangulardistributionsintheraredecaysB→Kℓ+ℓ–andB→K*ℓ+ℓ–
Phys.Rev.D 73(2006)092001
Measurementoftime–dependentCPasymmetriesinB0→D(*)±π∓andB0→D±ρ∓decaysPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)111101
MeasurementoftheB→D0K*–branchingfractionPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)111104
Searchforthedecayτ→3π–2π+2π0ντPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)112003
MeasurementofbranchingfractionsandCP–violatingchargeasym-metriesforB–mesondecaystoD*D*,andimplicationsfortheCabibbo–Kobayashi–MaskawaangleγPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)112004
Measurementsofthebranchingfractionandtime–dependentCPasym-metriesofB0→J/ψπ0decaysPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)011101
SearchforB+→φπ+andB0→φπ0decaysPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)011102
SearchfordoublycharmedbaryonsΞcc+andΞcc
++inBABARPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)011103
MeasurementsofCP–violatingasymmetriesandbranchingfractionsinBdecaystoωKandωπPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)011106
MeasurementoftheD+→π+π0andD+→K+π0branchingfractionsPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)011107
StudyofthedecayB0→D*+ωπ–
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)012001
Measurementoftheηandη’transitionformfactorsatq2=112GeV2
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)012002
61
MeasurementofB0→D*0K*0branchingfractionsPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)031101
MeasurementofbranchingfractionsinradiativeBdecaystoηKγandsearchforBdecaystoη’KγPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)031102
StudyofB→D(*)D(*)s(J)decaysandmeasurementofDs–andDsJ(2460)–
branchingfractionsPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)031103
SearchforthedecayB0→a1±ρ∓
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)031104
SearchforBmesondecaystoη’η’KPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)031105
DalitzplotanalysisofthedecayB±→K±K±K∓
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)032003
SearchforthedecayB0→KS0KS
0KL0
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)032005
StudyoftheDsJ*(2317)+andDsJ(2460)+mesonsininclusiveccproduction
near√s=10.6GeVPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)032007
MeasurementsofthedecaysB0→D0pp,B0→D*0pp,B0→D–ppπ+,andB0→D*–ppπ+
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)051101
BmesondecaystoωK*,ωρ,ωω,ωφ,andωf0Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)051102
BranchingfractionmeasurementsofchargedBdecaystoK*+K+K–,K*+π+K–,K*+K+π–andK*+π+π–finalstatesPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)051104
SearchesforB0decaystoηK0,ηη,η’η’,ηφ,andη’φPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)051106
SearchforB+→Ξ(3872)K+,Ξ(3872)→J/ψγPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)071101
SearchforthedecayofaB0orB0mesontoK*0K0orK*0K0
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)072008
Measurementofthebranchingfractionandtime–dependentCPasym-metryinthedecayB0→D*+D*–Ks
0
Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)091101
PrecisebranchingratiomeasurementsofthedecaysD0→π–π+π0andD0→K–K+π0relativetotheD0→K–π+π0decayPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)091102
Structureat2175MeVine+e–→φf0(980)observedviainitial–stateradiationPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)091103
MeasurementsoftheB→D*formfactorsusingthedecayB0→D*+e–νePhys.Rev.D 74(2006)092004
MeasurementoftheratioB(B+→Xeν)/B(B0→Xeν)Phys.Rev.D 74(2006)091105
Re,V.(etal.);Snoek,H.L.StatusandprospectsoftheBaBarSVTNucl.Instr.Meth.A 560(2006)5
BaBarsiliconvertextracker:StatusandprospectsNucl.Instr.Meth.A 569(2006)1
NeweffectsobservedintheBaBarsiliconvertextracker:InterpretationandestimateoftheirimpactonthefutureperformanceofthedetectorIEEENucl.Sci.Symp.Conf.Rec.1(2006)73
HERA–B (B Physics)
Collaboration:Abt,I.(etal.);Bauer,T.S.;Bruinsma,M.;Hulsbergen,W.;Ouchrif,M.;Sbrizzi,A.;Wahlberg,H.MeasurementoftheΥproductioncrosssectionin920GeVfixed–targetproton–nucleuscollisionsPhys.Lett.B 638(2006)13
MeasurementoftheJ/ψproductioncrosssectionin920GeV/cfixed–tar-getproton–nucleusinteractionsPhys.Lett.B 638(2006)407
PolarizationofΛandΛ–in920GeVfixed–targetproton–nucleuscollisionsPhys.Lett.B 638(2006)415
Improvedmeasurementofthebbproductioncrosssectionin920GeVfixed–targetproton–nucleuscollisionsPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)052005
Wahlberg,H.Openandhiddenbeautyproductionin920GeVproton–nucleuscollisionsAIPConf.Proc.814(2006)426
Delphi
Collaboration:Abdallah,J.(etal.);Blom,H.M.;Dam,P.van;Kluit,P.;Mon-tenegro,J.;Mulders,M.;Reid,D.;Timmermans,J.Determinationofheavyquarknon–perturbativeparametersfromspec-tralmomentsinsemileptonicBdecaysEur.Phys.J.C 45(2006)35
Singleintermediatevectorbosonproductionine+e–collisionsat√s=183–209GeVEur.Phys.J.C 45(2006)173
Measurementandinterpretationoffermion–pairproductionatLEPener-giesabovetheZresonanceEur.Phys.J.C 45(2006)589
AmeasurementoftheτhadronicbranchingratiosEur.Phys.J.C 46(2006)1
Searchforexcitedleptonsine+e–collisionsat√s=189–209GeVEur.Phys.J.C 46(2006)277
Adeterminationofthecentre–of–massenergyatLEP2usingradiativetwo–fermioneventsEur.Phys.J.C 46(2006)295
Studyofdouble–taggedγ–γeventsatLEPIIEur.Phys.J.C 46(2006)559
DeterminationofthebquarkmassattheMZscalewiththeDELPHIdetec-toratLEPEur.Phys.J.C 46(2006)569
EvidenceforanexcessofsoftphotonsinhadronicdecaysofZ0
Eur.Phys.J.C 47(2006)273
Searchforηbintwo–photoncollisionsatLEPIIwiththeDELPHIdetectorPhys.Lett.B 634(2006)340
Masses,lifetimesandproductionratesofΧ–andΧ+atLEP1Phys.Lett.B 639(2006)179
StudyofleadinghadronsingluonandquarkfragmentationPhys.Lett.B 643(2006)147
Schael,S.(etal.)(ALEPH,DELPHI,L3andOPALCollaborations;LEPWork-ingGroupforHiggsBosonSearches)
ALEPH,DELPHI,L3,OPALandSLDCollaborations;LEPElectroweakWork-ingGroup;SLDElectroweakandHeavyFlavourGroupsSearchforneutralMSSMHiggsbosonsatLEPEur.Phys.J.C 47(2006)547
62
PrecisionelectroweakmeasurementsontheZresonancePhys.Rep.427(2006)257
ALICE (Heavy Ion Physics)
Agnese,F.(etal.);Benedosso,F.;Brink,A.vanden;Haas,A.P.de;Kluit,R.;Kuijer,P.G.;Nooren,G.J.L.;Oskamp,C.J.;Schippers,J.D.;Timmer,P.In–beamperformanceoftheALICEsiliconstripdetectorsNucl.Instr.Meth.A 562(2006)110
Alessandro,B.(etal.);Botje,M.;Kuijer,P.;Snellings,R.ALICE:PhysicsPerformanceReport,VolumeIIJ.Phys.G 32(2006)1295
Bregant,M.(etal.);Kluit,R.;Kuijer,P.G.;Nooren,G.J.L.AssemblyandvalidationoftheSSDsiliconmicrostripdetectorofALICENucl.Instr.Meth.A 566(2006)18
TheALICEvertexdetector:Focusonthemicro–striplayersNucl.Instr.Meth.A 569(2006)29
Mischke,A.etal.TheElectromagneticCalorimeter,AddendumtotheTechnicalProposalCERN/LHCC–2006–014(ISBN92–9083–270–3),14April2006.
Alessandro,B.(etal.);Snellings,R.Physicsperformancereport,volumeII.J.Phys.G 32(2006)1295
Schuster,T.(etal.);Botje,M.HighpTspectraofidentifiedparticlesproducedinPb+Pbcollisionsat158–A–GeVbeamenergyJ.Phys.G 32(2006)S479
NA49 (Heavy Ion Physics)
Collaboration:Alt,C.(etal.);Botje,M.;Leeuwen,M.A.van;Mischke,A.UpperlimitofD0productionincentralPb–Pbcollisionsat158AGeVPhys.Rev.C 73(2006)034910
EnergyandcentralitydependenceofpandpproductionandtheΛ/pratioinPb+Pbcollisionsbetween20AGeVand158AGeVPhys.Rev.C 73(2006)044910
Inclusiveproductionofchargedpionsinp+pcollisionsat158GeV/cbeammomentumEur.Phys.J.C 45(2006)343
Kniege,S.(etal.);Botje,M;Leeuwen,M.A.vanRapiditydependenceofBose–EinsteincorrelationsatSPSenergiesAIPConf.Proc.828(2006)473
Mitrovski,M.K.(etal.);Botje,M;Leeuwen,M.A.vanStrangenessproductionatSPSenergiesJ.Phys.G 32(2006)S43
NA57 (Heavy Ion Physics)
Collaboration:Antinori,F.(etal.);Kamermans,R.;Kuijer,P.;Schillings,R.;Ven,P.vandeEnhancementofhyperonproductionatcentralrapidityin158AGeV/cPb–PbcollisionsJ.Phys.G 32(2006)427
NA57resultsAIPConf.Proc.828(2006)333TransversedynamicsofPb–Pbcollisionsat40AGeV/cviewedbystrangehadronsJ.Phys.G 32(2006)2065
PHENIX (Heavy Ion Physics)
Adams,J.(etal.);Peitzmann,T.Identifiedhadronspectraatlargetransversemomentuminp+pandd+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Lett.B 637(2006)161
Adler,S.S.(etal.);Peitzmann,T.Singleelectronsfromheavyflavordecaysinp+pcollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)032001
NuclearmodificationofelectronspectraandimplicationsforheavyquarkenergylossinAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)032301
Measurementofidentifiedπ0andinclusivephotonv(2)andimplicationtothedirectphotonproductionin√sNN=200GeVAu+AucollisionsPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)032302
Commonsuppressionpatternofηandπ0mesonsathightransversemomentuminAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)202301
STAR (Heavy Ion Physics)
Collaboration:Abelev,B.I.(etal.);Bai,Y.;Benedosso,F.;Botje,M.;Braidot,E.;Castillo,J.;Grebenyuk,O.;Kolk,N.vander;Mischke,A.;Peitzmann,T.;Russcher,M.J.;Snellings,R.;Yuting,B.IdentifiedbaryonandmesondistributionsatlargetransversemomentafromAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)152301.
LongitudinalDouble–SpinAsymmetryandCrossSectionforInclusiveJetProductioninPolarizedCollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)252001
Minijetdeformationandcharge–independentangularcorrelationsonmomentumsubspace(η,φ)inAu–Aucollisionsat√sNN=130GeVPhys.Rev.C 73(2006)064907
DirectedflowinAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=62.4GeVPhys.Rev.C 73(2006)034903
MultiplicityandpseudorapiditydistributionsofchargedparticlesandphotonsatforwardpseudorapidityinAu+Aucollisonsat√sNN=62.4GeVPhys.Rev.C 73(2006)034906
Proton–ΛcorrelationsincentralAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.C 74(2006)064906
NeutralkaoninterferometryinAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.C 74(2006)054902
Themultiplicitydependenceofinclusiveptspectrafromp–pcollisionsat√s=200GeVPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)032006.
Collaboration:Adams,J.(etal.);Bai,Y.;Benedosso,F.;Botje,M.;Braidot,E.;Castillo,J.;Grebenyuk,O.;Kolk,N.vander;Mischke,A.;Peitzmann,T.;Russcher,M.J.;Snellings,R.;Tang,A.H.;Yuting,B.Hadronizationgeometryfromnet–chargeangularcorrelationsonmo-mentumsubspace(η,φ)inAu–Aucollisionsat√sNN=130GeVPhys.Lett.B 634(2006)347
Identifiedhadronspectraatlargetransversemomentuminp+pandd+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Lett.B 637(2006)161
Transverse–momentumptcorrelationson(η,φ)frommean–ptfluctua-tionsinAu–Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVJ.Phys.G 32(2006)37
Distributionsofchargedhadronsassociatedwithhightransversemo-mentumparticlesinppandAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.95(2006)152301
Strangebaryonresonanceproductionin√sNN=200GeVp+pandAu+AucollisionsPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)132301
Forwardneutralpionproductioninp+pandd+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)152302
63
IdentifiedbaryonandmesondistributionsatlargetransversemomentafromAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)152301
DirectobservationofdijetsincentralAu+Aucollisionsat√sNN=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)162301
Longitudinaldouble–spinasymmetryandcrosssectionforinclusivejetproductioninpolarizedprotoncollisionsat√s=200GeVPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)252001
Recenthigh–pTmeasurementsinSTARJ.Phys.Conf.Ser.50(2006)127
Hightransversemomentuminclusiveneutralpionproductionind+AucollisionsatRHICRoman.Rep.Phys.58(2006)19
Grebenyuk,O.;Mischke,A.Hightransversemomentuminclusiveneutralpionproductionind+AucollisionsatRHICRom.Rep.Phys.58(2006)25
HERMES
Collaboration:Airapetian,A.(etal.);Blok,H.P.;Demey,M.;Dreschler,J.;Fabbri,R.;Griffioen,K.;Hesselink,W.H.A.;Lapikás,L.;Laziev,A.;Mexner,V.;Nat,P.vander;Reischl,A.;Steenhoven,G.vander;Steijger,J.J.M.LongitudinalspintransfertotheΛhyperoninsemiinclusivedeep–inelas-ticscatteringPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)072004
Double–HadronleptoproductioninthenuclearmediumPhys.Rev.Lett.96(2006)162301
Firstmeasurementofinterferencefragmentationonatransverselypolar-izedhydrogentarget.AIPConf.Proc.792(2006)953
Blok,H.P.;Lapikás,L.A–dependenceofhadronizationinnucleiPhys.Rev.C 73(2006)038201
Dreschler,J.ExclusivemesonproductionatHERMESAIPConf.Proc.842(2006)375
Dreschler,J.ExclusivevectormesonproductionatHERMESCzech.J.Physics56(2006)C299
L3
Collaboration:Achard,P.(etal.);Akker,M.vanden;Baldew,S.V.;Bobbink,G.J.;Dalen,J.A.van;Dierckxsens,M.;Dierendonck,D.van;Filthaut,F.;Groenstege,H.;Kittel,W.;Koenig,A.C.;Kok,E.;Kuijpers,J.;Linde,F.L.;Metzger,W.J.;Mil,A.van;Muijs,A.J.M.;Novak,T.;Petersen,B.;Rewiersma,P.;Rojkov,A.;Schotanus,D.J.;Timmermans,C.;Verkooijen,H.;Walle,R.T.vande;Wang,Q.;Wijk,R.van;Wijnen,T.A.M.;Zwart,A.N.M.Analysisoftheπ+π–π+π–andπ+π0π–π0finalstatesinquasi–realtwo–pho-toncollisionsatLEPPhys.Lett.B 638(2006)128
MeasurementofthemassandthewidthoftheWbosonatLEPEur.Phys.J.C 45(2006)569
Measurementofhadronandlepton–pairproductionine+e–collisionsat√s=192GeVto208GeVatLEP.Eur.Phys.J.C 47(2006)1
Asearchforflaringvery–high–energycosmicγ–raysourceswiththeL3+CmuonspectrometerAstropart.Phys.25(2006)298
Thesolarflareofthe14thofJuly2000(L3+Cdetectorresults)Astronomy&Astrophysics456(2006)351
Novak,T.ResultsonLevystableparametrizationsofBose–EinsteincorrelationsAIPConf.Proc.828(2006)539
Wang,Q.Inter–stringBose–EinsteincorrelationsinhadronicZdecaysusingtheL3detectoratLEPAIPConf.Proc.828(2006)553
Theory
Anastasopoulos,P.(etal.);Dijkstra,T.P.T.;Schellekens,A.N.Orientifolds,hyperchargeembeddingsandtheStandardModelNucl.Phys.B 759(2006)83
Andersen,J.O.;Boer,D.;Warringa,H.J.TheeffectsofquantuminstantonsonthethermodynamicsoftheℂPN-1modelPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)045028
Badalian,A.M.;Bakker,B.L.G.ThegluoniccondensatefromthehyperfinesplittingMcog(χcJ)–M(hc)incharmoniumPhys.Atom.Nucl.69(2006)734
Bakker,B.L.G.;Veselov,A.I.;Zubkov,M.A.Z(6)symmetry,electroweaktransition,andmagneticmonopolesathightemperaturePhys.Lett.B 642(2006)147
Boer,D.;Vogelsang,W.Drell-YanleptonangulardistributionatsmalltransversemomentumPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)014004
Boer,D.;Dumitru,A.;Hayashigaki,A.Singletransverse-spinasymmetriesinforwardpionproductionathighenergy:incorporatingsmall-xeffectsinthetargetPhys.Rev.D 74(2006)074018
Bomhof,C.J.;Mulders,P.J.;Pijlman,F.Theconstructionofgauge-linksinarbitraryhardprocessesEur.Phys.J.C 47(2006)147
Brandenburg,A.;Ringwald,A.;Utermann,A.InstantonsinleptonpairproductionNucl.Phys.B 754(2006)107
Coley,A.(etal.);Fuster,A.HigherdimensionalVSIspacetimesClass.QuantumGrav.23(2006)7431
Frixione,S.(etal.);Laenen,E.;Motylinski,P.Single–topproductioninMC@NLOJHEP03(2006)092
Fujimoto,J.(etal.);Vermaseren,J.A.M.GRACEwithFORMNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 160(2006)150
Fuster,A.Non–abelianYang–MillsinKundtspacetimesAIPConf.Proc.841(2006)429
Laenen,E.;Magnea,L.ThresholdresummationforelectroweakannihilationfromDISdataPhys.Lett.B 632(2006)270
RefiningthresholdresummationsNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 160(2006)240
Gato–Rivera,B.;Schellekens,A.N.RemarksonglobalanomaliesinRCFTorientifoldsPhys.Lett.B 632(2006)728
64
Jeannerot,R.;Postma,M.EnlargingtheparameterspaceofstandardhybridinflationJ.Cosmol.Astropart.Phys.07(2006)012
Moch,S.;Vogt,A.;Vermaseren,J.A.M.SudakovresummationsathigherordersNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 157(2006)179
NachtmannO.;Nagel,F.;Pospischil,M.;Utermann,A.Effective-Lagrangianapproachtoγγ→WW;I:CouplingsandamplitudesEur.Phys.J.C 45(2006)679
Effective-Lagrangianapproachtoγγ→WW;II:Resultsandcomparisonwithe+e–→WWEur.Phys.J.C 46(2006)93
Tentyukov,M.(etal.);Vermaseren,J.A.M.ParFORM:RecentdevelopmentNucl.Instr.Meth.A 559(2006)224
Vermaseren,J.A.M.ProspectsofFORMNucl.Instr.Meth.A 559(2006)1
Vermaseren,J.A.M.;Tentyukov,M.WhatisnewinFORMNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 160(2006)38
Vogt,A.;Moch,S.;Vermaseren,J.A.M.Thethree–loopsplittingfunctionsinQCDNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 152(2006)110
Vogt,A.;Moch,S.;Vermaseren,J.A.M.Third–orderQCDresultsonformfactorsandcoefficientfunctionsNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 160(2006)44
ZEUS
Collaboration:Chekanov,S.V.(etal.);Coppola,N.;Grigorescu,G.;Grijpink,S.;Keramidas,A.;Koffeman,E.;Kooijman,P.;Maddox,E.;Pellegrino,A.;Schagen,S.;Tiecke,H.;Vazquez,M.;Wiggers,L.Forwardjetproductionindeepinelasticepscatteringandlow–xpartondynamicsatHERAPhys.Lett.B 632(2006)13
Measurementofhigh–Q2deepinelasticscatteringcrosssectionswithalongitudinallypolarisedpositronbeamatHERAPhys.Lett.B 637(2006)210
Detector R&D
Aarts,A.A.A.;Graaf,H.vander;Putten,S.vanderNewresultsonagaseousdetectorusingMedipix2andMicromegasNucl.Instr.Meth.A 563(2006)205
Adam,W.(etal);Eijk,B,van;Hartjes,F.;Noomen,J.RadiationharddiamondsensorsforfuturetrackingapplicationsNucl.Instr.Meth. A 565(2006)278
Beuzekom,M.G.vanHadronicparticleidentificationwithsilicondetectorsbymeansofdE/dxsamplingNucl.Instr.Meth.A 568(2006)359
Campbell,M.(etal.);Colijn,A.P.;Fornaini,A.;Graaf,H.vander;Kluit,P.;Timmermans,J.;Visschers,J.L.Anintegratedreadoutsystemfordriftchambers:theapplicationofmonolithicCMOSpixelsensorsassegmenteddirectanodeNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 150(2006)200
Campbell,M.(etal.);M.Chefdeville,M.;Colijn,A.P.;Fornaini,A.;Graaf,H.vander;Kluit,P.;Timmermans,J.;Visschers,J.L.GOSSIP:AvertexdetectorcombiningathingaslayerassignalgeneratorwithaCMOSreadoutpixelarrayNucl.Instr.Meth.A 560(2006)131
Chefdeville,M.;Colas,P.;Giomataris,Y.;Graaf,H.vander;Heijne,E.H.M.;Putten,S.vander;Salm,C.;Schmitz,J.;Smits,S.;Timmermans,J.;Viss-chers,J.L.Anelectron–multiplying‘Micromegas’gridmadeinsiliconwaferpost–processingtechnologyNucl.Instr.Meth.A 556(2006)490
Graaf,H.vander;Aarts,A.A.A.;Chefdeville,M.;Putten,S.vanderRecentGridPixresults:AnintegratedMicromegasgridandanageingtestofaMicromegaschamberNucl.Instr.Meth.A 566(2006)62
Giomataris,I.(etal.);Graaf,H.vanderNOSTOSexperimentandnewtrendsinrareeventdetectionNucl.Phys.B (Proc. Suppl.) 150(2006)208
Schrader,J.R.(etal.);Visschers,J.L.Pulse–Widthmodulationpre–emphasisappliedinawirelinetransmitter,achieving33dBlosscompensationat5Gb/sin0.13µmCMOSIEEEJ.SolidStateCircuits41(2006)990
Grid
Groep,D.;Templon,J.;Loomis,C.CrunchingrealdataontheGrid:practiceandexperiencewiththeEuro-peanDataGridConcurrencyComputat.:Pract.Exper.18(2006)925
Klous,S.(etal.);Brand,J.vandenTransparentaccesstoGridresourcesforusersoftwareConcurrencyComputat.:Pract.Exper.18(2006)787
Li,H.(etal.);Groep,D.ImprovingaLocalLearningTechniqueforQueueWaitTimePredictionsProc.SixthIEEEInt.SymposiumonClusterComputingandtheGridCCGRID06,Singapore(2006)p335
Miscellaneous
AMANDACollaboration:Achterberg,A.(etal.);Eijndhoven,N.J.A.M.vanLimitsonthemuonfluxfromneutralinoannihilationsatthecenteroftheEarthwithAMANDA.Astropart.Phys.26(2006)129
CHORUSCollaboration:Oenenguet,G.(etal.);Dantzig,R.van;Jong,M.de;Oldeman,R.G.C.MeasurementofnucleonstructurefunctionsinneutrinoscatteringPhys.Lett.B 632(2006)65
IceCubeCollaboration:Achterberg,A.(etal.);Eijndhoven,N.J.A.M.vanFirstYearPerformanceofTheIceCubeNeutrinoTelescopeAstropart.Phys26(2006)155
OntheselectionofAGNneutrinosourcecandidatesforasourcestackinganalysiswithneutrinotelescopesAstropart.Phys26(2006)282
Limitsonthehigh–energygammaandneutrinofluxesfromtheSGR1806–20giantflareofDecember27th,2004withtheAMANDA–IIdetectorPhys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)221101
Csorgo,T.,Hegyi,S.;Novak,T.;Zajc,W.A.Bose–EinsteinorHBTcorrelationsignatureofasecondorderQCDphasetransitionAIPConf.Proc.828(2006)525
Elsner,D.(etal.);Barneo,P.MeasurementoftheLT–asymmetryinπ0electroproductionattheenergyofthedelta(1232)–resonanceEur.Phys.J.A 27(2006)91
JeffersonLabFπCollaboration:Horn,T.(etal.);Blok,H.P.;Tvaskis,V.DeterminationofthepionchargeformfactoratQ2=1.60and2.45(GeV/c)2
Phys.Rev.Lett.97(2006)192001
Jong,S.deTestsoftheelectroweaksectorofthestandardmodelPoSHEP2005(2006)397
65
Krasznahorkay,A.(etal.);Boer,F.W.N.de;Ketel,T.J.;Klinken,J.vanLeptonpairsfromaforbiddenM0transition:Signalinganelusivelightneutralboson?ActaPhys.Pol.B 37(2006)239
Middleton,D.(etal.);Blok,H.J.;Hesselink,W.H.A.;Jans,E.;Lapikás,L.;Vries,H.de;Zihlmann,B.Firstmeasurementsofthe16O(e,e’pn)14NreactionEur.Phys.J.A 29(2006)261erratumEur.Phys.J.A 30(2006)469
EHS–NA22Collaboration:Kittel,W.;Zhiming,l.;Metzger,W.J.Rapidity,azimuthal,andmultiplicitydependenceofmeantransversemomentumandtransversemomentumcorrelationsinπ+pandK+pcolli-sionsin√s=22GeVPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)072004
Boostinvarianceandmultiplicitydependenceofthechargebalancefunctioninπ+pandK+pcollisionsat√s=22GeVPhys.Lett.B 637(2006)39
Entropyanalysisinπ+pandK+pcollisionsat√s=22GeVAIPConf.Proc.828(2006)124
Kittel,W.BeyondtheGaussianapproximation(experimentalreview)AIPConf.Proc.828(2006)519
Metzger,W.J.Bose–Einsteincorrelationsine+e–annihilationande+e–→W+W–
AIPConf.Proc.828(2006)547
Mulders,P.J.Hoeleegishetheelal?Vakidioot05-06(2006)#6p3
Peeters,S.;Filthaut,F.Hetmysterievandeverdwenenzonneneutrino’sNed.T.v.Nat.72(2006)248
Nayak,G.C.;Smith,J.J/ψandψ’polarizationsinpolarizedproton–protoncollisionsattheBNLRHICPhys.Rev.D 73(2006)014007
Zegers,G.E.OntdekkingsreisnaarelementairedeeltjesNVOXVolume31(2006)353
TalksALICE
Bai, Y.,Energydependenceofanisotropicflow,QuarkConfinementandtheHadronSpectrumVII,PontaDelgada,Portugal,3September2006
v2andv4centrality–ptandparticle–typedependenceinAu+Aucolli-sionsatRHIC,QuarkMatter2006,Shanghai,China,18November2006
v2andv4centrality–ptandparticle–typedependenceinAu+Aucolli-sionsatRHIC,CERN,Geneva,Switzerland,13December2006
Peitzmann, T.,HighpTphysicsinSTAR,HardProbes2006Conference,Asilomar,USA,10June2006
Simili, E.S.,Anisotropicflow:statusatRHICandfutureinALICE,Univer-sityofCatania,Catania,Italy,28September2006
Snellings, R.J.M.,Anisotropicflow;fromthesQGPatRHICtowardstheQGPattheLHC,VariableEnergyCyclotronCentre,Kolkata,India,5January2006
TheEoSatRHICandtheLHC,Workshoponfutureofheavyionphysics,BoulderCO,USA,4May2006Collectivemotionat5.5TeV,HotQuarks,Sardinia,Italy,15May2006
Energydependenceofanisotropicflow,Criticalpointandtheonsetofdeconfinement,Florence,Italy,5July2006
PhysicswithALICEattheLargeHadronCollider,SLACsummerinsitute,PaloAltoCA,USA,17July2006
HeavyIonPhysics,JointBelgian–Dutch–GermanGraduateschool,BadHonnef,Germany,1September2006
Energydependenceofanisotropicflow,Hadronphysicsandpropertiesofhighbaryondensitymatter,Xi’an,China,23November2006
QM2006:afewselectedtopics,Heavy–ionforum,Geneva,Switzerland,13December2006
Nooren, G–J.,TheInnerTrackerofALICE,AlgemeenFysischColloquium,Utrecht,TheNetherlands,31March2006
Astroparticle Physics
Bouwhuis, M.,TheANTARESNeutrinoTelescope,LPHEseminar,Lausanne,Switzerland,27March2006
ResultsfromANTARES,TeVParticleAstrophysicsII,Madison,USA,29August2006
Jong, M. de,Neutrinotelescopes,UniversityofLeiden,Leiden,TheNeth-erlands,17February2006
Neutrinotelescopes,UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy,25July2006
Rens, B.A.P. van,DetectionofmagneticmonopoleswiththeANTARESneutrinotelescope,DepartmentofAstrophysics–RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,TheNetherlands,2June2006
DetectionofmagneticmonopolesbelowtheČerenkovlimit,Instituut–Lorentz–LeidenUniversity,Leiden,TheNetherlands,30June2006
Steenhoven, G. van der,NewsfromtheCommitteeforAstroparticlePhysics,6thAstroparticlePhysicsSymposium–VrijeUniversiteit,Amster-dam,TheNetherlands,3February2006
FundingperspectiveintheNetherlandsforjointR&Dprojects,NIKHEF,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,7February2006
NeutrinoAstroparticlePhysics:theANTARESNeutrinoTelescope,VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,3March2006
AstroparticlePhysicsinamulti–messengerapproach,AnnualConferenceoftheDutchPhysicalSociety(FYSICA‘06,Leiden,TheNetherlands,28April2006
TopicalLecturesoftheOnderzoekschoolSubatomaireFysica,NIKHEF,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,14June2006
PhysicsColloquium,DepartmentofPhysics–VrijeUniversiteit,Amster-dam,TheNetherlands,1November2006
Wolf, E. de,ANTARES,aneutrinotelescope,UniversiteitTwente,Ensch-ede,TheNetherlands,5April2006
Vissennaarneutrino’s,RotaryAmsterdam–Oost,Amsterdam,TheNeth-erlands,30May2006
ATLAS
Bentvelsen, S.,TopphysicsattheLHC,RingbergPhenomenologyWork-shop,München,Germany,1October2006
Speurtochtnaarhetkleinste,Rotaryclub–WapenvanDiemen,Diemen,TheNetherlands,24October2006
Colijn, A.P.,IntegrationoftheATLASsemiconductortracker,NSS–MIC,SanDiego,USA,1November2006
Cornelissen, T.G.,ATLASInnerDetectorResultsfromthe2004Com-binedTestBeamData,10thTopicalSeminaronInnovativeParticleandRadiationDetectors,Siena,Italy,4October2006Galea, C.,TauidentificationatD0,PhysicsatLHC,Cracow,Poland,9April2006
66
Graaf, H. van der,Gossip:anewvertexdetectorforATLAS,UniversityofBonn:colloquium,Bonn,Germany,23November2006
Gossip:anewandpotentiallybettervertexdetectorforATLAS,ATLASHighLuminosityTrackerWorkshop/Upgrade,Liverpool,UnitedKingdom,7December2006
Groot, N. de,HetStandaardModel,eensamenzweringvanattoformaat,Oratie,Nijmegen,TheNetherlands,29November2006
Hartjes, F.G.,TheChargeSignalDistributionoftheGaseousMicropat-ternDetectorGossip,6thInternationalConferenceonRadiationEffectsonSemiconductorMaterialsDetectorsandDevices,Florence,Italy,11October2006
Hegeman, J.,JetproductionintheD0experiment:measurementsanddata–to–MonteCarlocomparison,QCD06–13thInternationalQCDCon-ference,Montpellier,France,3July2006
Hessey, N.P.,ATLASDetectorConstructionStatusandUpgradePlans,10thPisameetingonAdvancedDetectors,Elba,Italy,22May2006
Koffeman, E.N.,GaseousPixelDetectors,VertexWorkshop2006,Peru-gia,Italy,25September2006
ATLASUpgrade,Seminar,Bonn,Germany,23November2006
Higgsdeeltjespoorloos?,VivaFysica,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,1August2006
Koutsman, A.J.,MuonSoftwareforTwinTubes,ATLASOverviewWeekCERN,Geneva,TheNetherlands,2October2006
Liebig, W.,PreparationoftheATLASinnerdetectortrackreconstruc-tionsoftware,10thTopicalSeminaronInnovativeParticleandRadiationDetectors,Siena,Italy,4October2006
Vulpen, I.B. van,PreparingforfirstphysicsattheLHC,UniversityofFreiburg,Freiburg,Germany,24June2006
TopphysicsduringthefirstLHCruns,ConferenceonPhysicsattheLHC2006,Krakow,Poland,6July2006
Grid
Groep, D.L.,TheDutchGridCertificationAuthority–presentandfuture,6thEUGridPMAPlenarymeeting,Vienna,Austria,15January2006
EGEESecurityOverview,GGF16AuthorizationHereandNowWorkshop,Athens,Greece,15February2006
WebServicesandSOA,VL–eWebServicesInductionEvent,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,21February2006
GridDeploymentandtheNDPF–gastcollege,LargeSystemsAdministra-tion–SNEMaster,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,6March2006
glExecontheWorkerNode–deploymentmodels,EGEE–LCGandOSGJointSecurityPolicyGroup,Geneva,Switzerland,9March2006
FromZerotoIGTFin1800seconds,1stTAGPMAFace–to–Facemeeting,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,27March2006
VleITandtheProof–of–ConceptEnvironment,VL–eWorkshop2006,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,7April2006
TheEUGridPMAandchangestotheClassicAP,GlobalGridForum17,Tokyo,Japan,12May2006
TheEUGridPMAandtheClassicAuthenticationProfilev4.1,2ndTAGPMAF2F,Ottawa,Canada,18July2006
TheGridCertificateProfile,2ndTAGPMAF2F,Ottawa,Canada,19July2006
TheEUGridPMA:astatusoverview,OpenGridForum18,WashingtonDC,USA,13September2006
GridSecurity–anintroduction,GridUserInductionandTutorial,Gronin-gen,TheNetherlands,18September2006
TheEuropeanAAIRoadmap,8thEUGridPMAPlenarymeeting,Karlsruhe,Germany,5October2006
TheGrid:VirtualOrganisationsandtheirsupportviafederations,TERENAAdvancedEuroCAMPmeeting,Malaga,Spain,19October2006
SecurityAuditLogginginMiddleware,9thEuropeanMiddlewareSecurityGroup,Gevena,Switzerland,15November2006
EUGridPMAStatus:UpdatesfromtheEuropeanSideofthePond,3rdTAG-PMAPlenaryMeeting,AustinTX,USA,29November2006
Koeroo, O.A., Glexec+GUMSinteractionandtheVOnamingconcept,ConferenceEGEE‘06,Geneva,Switzerland,27September2006
OSGSecurity:GUMSvs.LCMAPSmapping,9thEuropeanMiddlewareSecurityGroup,Geneva,Switzerland,15November2006
Templon, J.A.,NIKHEFenGridComputing,NIKHEFsitevisitbyDutchMinistryofFinance,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,9May2006
DeploymentRealities,GastcollegeUniversityofAmsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,29June2006
NIKHEFandGridComputing,KodakResearchsitevisittoAmsterdamSci-encePark,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,31October2006
LHCb
Baak, M.A.,SU3breakingeffectsintheSU3determinationoftheampli-tuderatior[D(*)h],CKMWorkshop2006–UniversityofNagoya,Nagoya,Japan,12December2006
Beuzekom, M.G. van,TheLHCbvertexlocator:presentandfuture,theSixthInternational“Hiroshima”Symposium(STD6),Carmel(California),USA,14September2006
Nardulli, J.N.,LHCbTrackingsystemanditsperformance,LakeLouiseWinterInstitute,LakeLouise,Canada,22February2006
B→hh’atLHCb,CKM2006,Nagoya,Japan,15December2006
Raven, G.,b→stransitions:LHCbprospects,FirstWorkshoponTheory–PhenomenologyandExperimentsinHeavyFlavourPhysics,Capri,Italy,31May2006
RareBdecays(attheLHC)asaprobeofb→stransitions,WorkshoponTheFutureofFlavourPhysics,Moscow,Russia,25July2006
Tuning, N.,BerniniMaterie,NWOBessensap–NEMO,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,23May2006
TrackingwiththeLHCbSpectrometer–DetectorPerformanceandTrackReconstruction,IMAGING2006,Stockholm,Sweden,26June2006
Miscellaneous
König, A.,ElementaireDeeltjes,5en6VWO,Raaylandcollege,Venray,TheNetherlands,8March2006
ElementaireDeeltjes,6Gymnasium,StedelijkGymnasium,Nijmegen,TheNetherlands,3July2006
Botje, M.,IntroductiontoBayesianInference,TopicallecturesNIKHEF,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,3June2006
Jong, S.J. de,Stralingengezondheid,DominicusCollege,Nijmegen,TheNetherlands,3April2006
FOMengezondheid,VerenigingbiofysicaenbiotechnologiebijeenkomstaandeVU,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,8September2006
67
FOMengezondheid,FOMRaadvanBestuurvergadering,Utrecht,TheNetherlands,12September2006
Linde, F.L.,Particle&astroparticlephysicsintheNetherlands,TelAvivuniversity,TelAviv,Israel,8January2006
Hoge–EnergieFysica,HetBakenParkLyceum,Almere,TheNetherlands,14February2006
Uitdagendefysischevragen&Nederlandsekeuzes,BezoekalgemeenbestuurNWOaanCERN,Geneva,Switzerland,2March2006
Hoge–EnergieFysica,NIKHEF–CERNmasterclass,Amsterdam,TheNeth-erlands,14March2006
Hoge–EnergieFysica,ChristelijkLyceumVeenendaal,Veenendaal,TheNetherlands,20April2006
Elementaryparticles,TheaterAdhoc,Arnhem,TheNetherlands,21May2006Waarbestaanweuit?,LanceringNWOstrategie,DenHaag,TheNether-lands,22May2006
CosmicraysintheclassroomGIREPconference2006,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,21August2006(Astro)deeltjesfysica,Maagdenhuislezing,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,11September2006
HetBerninimysterie,NIKHEFopendag,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,21October2006
Metzger, W.J.,Bose–EinsteinCorrelationsine+e–Annihilation:Introduc-tionandRecentL3ResultsonparametrizationandReconstructionoftheSourceFunction,XXXVIInternationalSymposiumonMultiparticleDynamics,Paraty,Brazil,3September2006
RecentL3ResultsonParametrizationofBECine+e–AnnihilationandRe-constructionoftheSourceFunction,IIWorkshoponParticleCorrelationsandFemtoscopy,SaoPaulo,Brazil,10September2006
RecentL3ResultsonParametrizationofBECine+e–AnnihilationandReconstructionoftheSourceFunction,XIInternationalWorkshoponCorrelationandFluctuationinMultiparticleProduction,Hangzhou,China,22November2006
SomeAspectsofStatisticalandDataAnalysis,HuazhongNormalUniver-sity,Wuhan,China,29November2006
SomeAspectsofParticlePhysics,PhysicsDepartment,UniversityofGeosciences,Wuhan,China,30November2006
Ordonez, G.,MuonIDwithCalorimetry,BNDGraduateSchool,BadHon-nef,Germany,10September2006
Tanczós, I.C.,HiSPARC,VivaFysica!2006UvA,Amsterdam,TheNether-lands,19January2006
HiSPARC–CRSP’062ndWorkshoponCosmicRaysinSchoolProjects,Lisbon,Portugal,9September2006
Vreeswijk, M.,PracticumineenStudio–Classroomcollege,Practicumd-agUniversiteitAntwerpen,Antwerpen,Belgium,10February2006
A‘studio–classroom’courseelectromagnetism,Fysica2006,Leiden,TheNetherlands,28April2006
A‘studio–classroom’courseelectromagnetism,GIREPconference2006,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,21August2006
Wolf, E. de,Beta–wetenschapindepraktijk,UniversiteitvanAmsterdamPZ–dag,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,30May2006
Theory
Arrizabalaga, A.,Finitetemperaturebrokenφ4theoryfromthe2πEffec-tiveAction,QNP06,Madrid,Spain,7June2006
Bakker, B.L.G.,Light–FrontDynamics:OpportunitiesandChallenges,UniversityofBratislava,Bratislava,Slovakia,1February2006
TheBoxdiagraminYukawatheory.,TNTSeminar–NCStateUniversity,Raleigh,USA,23May2006
Boer, D.,QCDspinphysics–atheoreticaloverview,WorkshoponRHICPhysicsintheContextofStandardModel,BrookhavenNationalLabora-tory,USA,23June2006
Gluonsaturationeffectsonsinglespinasymmetries,Internationalwork-shoponRHICSpinPhysics,RIKEN,Japan,30September2006
Gluonsaturationeffectsonsinglespinasymmetries,17thInternationalSpinPhysicsSymposiumSPIN2006,Kyoto,Japan,6October2006
Bomhof, C.J.,UniversalityofSingleSpinAsymmetriesinHardProcesses,2ndWorkshopontheQCDStructureoftheNucleon,Frascati,Italy,15June2006
SiversEffectAsymmetriesinHadron–HadronCollisions,InternationalWorkshoponRHICSpinPhysics,WakoSaitama,Japan,29September2006
SiversEffectAsymmetriesinHadron–HadronCollisions,17thInternationalSpinPhysicsSymposium(SPIN2006),Kyoto,Japan,3October2006
Fuster, A.,Supergravityandstringtheory,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax,Canada,7March2006
HigherdimensionalVSIspacetimesandsupergravity,EleventhMarcelGrossmannMeetingonGeneralRelativity,Berlin,Germany,28July2006
Gmeiner, F.,CalibratedcyclesandT–duality,RTNnetworkconference2006,Naples,Italy,13October2006
GxG–structuresandcalibratedcycles,UniversityofAmsterdam,Amster-dam,TheNetherlands,31October2006
PhysicalbackgroundofSeiberg–Wittentheory,FreieUniversität,Berlin,Germany,2December2006
Introductiontogeneralisedgeometryandsomeapplicationsinstringtheory,NIKHEF,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,6December2006
Holten, J.W. van,KosmischeStraling,HiSPARCscholierensymposium,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,20March2006
GravitationalWaves,Nijmegen‘06SchoolofAstro-ParticlePhysics,Nijmegen,TheNetherlands,29August2006
Laenen, E.,ParticlesintheSkyandUnderground,IcelandicPhysicalSociety,Reykjavik,Iceland,6January2006
ResummationandHighEnergyScattering,InstituteforMathematicalSciences,Chennai,India,21February2006
Theoryofheavyflavorproduction,RingbergworkshoponPerspectivesinHeavyFlavorPhysics,Ringberg,Germany,3October2006
ResummationinQCD,RingbergworkshoponPerspectivesinHeavyFlavorPhysics,Ringberg,Germany,4October2006
QCDResummationandHadronColliders,UniversityofTexas,AustinTX,USA,10October2006
QCDResummationandHadronColliders,UniversityofRochester,Ro-chesterNY,USA,7November2006
Topquarkphysics,UniversityofTorino,Turin,Italy,5December2006
Motylinski, P.M.,MC@NLOAndSingleTopProduction,ATLASTopMeet-ing,CERN,Geneva,Switzerland,23March2006
Mulders, P.J.,Hoevindenelementairedeeltjeshunweg,OpdeHoogte,TheHague,TheNetherlands,5April2006and12October2006
Universalityofsinglespinasymmetriesinhardprocesses,DIS2006,Tsu-kuba,Japan,22April2006
68
Singlespinasymmetriesinppscattering,WorkshoponObservablesinppInteractionsandtheirRelevancetoQCD,Trento,Italy,4July2006
TheNobelprizeinPhysics2006,ColloquiumVrijeUniversiteit,Amster-dam,TheNetherlands,4October2006
TimereversaloddphenomenainQuantumChromodynamics,UniversityofOldenburg,Oldenburg,Germany,9November2006
GeneralremarksonAngularMomentum,INFN,Trieste,Italy,23Novem-ber2006
TheoreticalandExperimentalChallengesofSemi–InclusiveDeepInelas-ticScattering,WorkshoponInclusiveandSemi–InclusiveSpinPhysicswithHighLuminosityandLargeAcceptance–TJNAF,NewportNews,USA,14December2006
Postma, M.,Dovortonsform?,RencontresdeMoriond:Contentsandstructureoftheuniverse,LaThuile,Italy,20March2006
CombiningD–terminflationandmodulistabilization,BenasqueWork-shoponModernCosmology,Benasque,Italy,9August2006
Dovortonsform?30yearsofcosmicstrings,LorentzCenter,Leiden,TheNetherlands,6September2006
DensityperturbationsinSUSYhybridinflationwithcosmicstrings,Gali-leoGalileiInstitute,Florence,Italy,25October2006
Schellekens, A.N.,BeyondtheStandardModel,AIO–SchoolTHEF(10lectures),Zeist,TheNetherlands,23January2006
SightseeingintheLandscape,WorkshopBeyondtheStandardModel,BadHonnef,Germany,13March2006
SightseeingintheLandscape,EcolePolytechnique,Paris,France,26April2006SightseeingintheLandscape,LandelijkSeminariumTHEF,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,19May2006
SightseeingintheLandscape,WorkshoponStringVacuaandtheLand-scape,Trieste,Italy,31May2006
SightseeingintheLandscape,Strings2006ShanghaiWorkshop,Shang-hai,China,14June2006
RCFTOrientifoldsandStandardModelRealizations,StringPhenomenol-ogy2006,SantaBarbara,USA,29August2006
SightseeingintheLandscape,ChalmersUniversity,Goteborg,Sweden,3October2006
SightseeingintheLandscape,MaxPlanckInstituteforGravitationalPhys-ics,Golm,Germany,26October2006
BeyondtheStandardModel(4lectures),NIKHEF,Amsterdam,TheNeth-erlands,16November2006
SightseeingintheLandscape,LondonTriangleSeminar,London,UnitedKingdom,13December2006
Vermaseren, J.A.M.,RecentDevelopmentsinFORM,LoopsandLegs2006,Eisenach,Germany,24April2006
PerturbativeFieldTheoryandFORM,NIKHEF,Amsterdam,TheNether-lands,22September2006
ThewhyandhowofthreeloopQCD,DESY,Zeuthen,Germany,30No-vember2006
ThemathematicsofFeynmandiagrams,UniversityofEindhoven,Eind-hoven,TheNetherlands,13December2006
Detector R&D
Chefdeville, M.A.,Thepixelreadoutofgaseousdetector,Thirdsympo-siumonlargeTPCforlowenergyrareeventdetection,Paris,France,12December2006AnintegratedMicromegasdetectorandaprototypeCMOSpixelreadoutchip,IEEE–NSSConference,SanDiego,USA,29October2006
Graaf, H. van der,NewdevelopmentsinintegratedMGPDs,ageingandprotection,Workshop‘Micro–patternGasDetectors:statusandperspec-tives’,CERN,Geneva,Switzerland,20January2006
GridPix:anIntegratedReadoutSystemforGaseousDetectorswithaPixelchipasAnode,Imaging2006,Stockholm,Sweden,30June2006
DischargeProtectionandAgeingofMicromegasPixelDetectors,IEEE–NSSConference,SanDiego,USA,29October2006
Gromov, V.V.,PrototypeoftheFront–endCircuitfortheGOSSIP(GasOnSlimmedSiliconPixel)Chipinthe0.13µmCMOSTechnology.,Inst.deFisicaCorpuscularandUniversityofValencia,Valencia,Spain,28Septem-ber2006
Schrader, J.H.R.,Wirelineequalizationusingpulse–widthmodulation,IEEECustomIntegratedCircuitsConf.,SanJose,USA,10September2006
Timmermans, J.,SiliconpixelreadoutforaTPC,VancouverLinearCol-liderWorkshop,Vancouver,Canada,20July2006
DirectreadoutofgaseousdetectorswithtiledCMOSpixelcircuits,10thTopicalSeminaronInnovativeParticleandRadiationDetectors,Siena,Italy,2October2006
RecentdevelopmentsfordigitalTPCreadout,InternationalLinearCol-lider(ILC–ECFA)Workshop,Valencia,Spain,8November2006
ZEUS
Grigorescu, G.,HeavyFlavourProductioninepCollisions,13thInterna-tionalQCDConference,Montpellier,France,3July2006
Keramidas, A.,Heavyflavourproductioninepcollisions,XXXVIInter-nationalSymposiumonMultiparticleDynamics,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,2September2006
Koffeman, E.N.,ExperiencewiththeZEUSvertexdetector,VertexWork-shop2006,Perugia,Italy,25September2006
Figure1.HarryvanderGraaf,givinganoverviewofdetectorR&DattheNIKHEFJamboree.
69
NIKHEF Jamboree 2006Monday 18 December 2006
09:30 Welcome(FrankLinde)09:35 LHCstatus(JosEngelen,CERN)10:00 ATLAS(StanBentvelsen) •ATLASoverview(WouterVerkerke) •TrackerandTrackingforATLAS(WolfgangLiebig) •StatusoftheATLASmuonspectrometer (ZdenkovanKesteren)11:30D0(StanBentvelsen) •D0(SijbranddeJong) •TopmassmeasurementinD0(PieterHouben)12:00 Theory(EricLaenen) •Atooltostudymatterinextremeconditions: The2PIeffectiveaction(AlejandroArrizabalaga) •MC@NLOandsingletopproduction(PatrickMotylinski)14:15 DarkMatter:ShapingCosmicStructure(invited) (RienvandeWeygaert,RUG)15:30 AstroParticlePhysics(GerardvanderSteenhoven) •Introduction(GerardvanderSteenhoven) •FirstmuontracksinAntares(RonaldBruijn) •KM3NeT(ElsdeWolf) •PierreAugerObservatory(CharlesTimmermans) •StatusofVirgo(ThomasBauer)
Tuesday 19 December 2006
09:30 LHCb&Babar(MarcelMerk) •Overview(MarcelMerk) •TheAdventoftheVertexLocator(EddyJans) •FirstverticesintheVertexLocator(ArasPapadelis) •Trackingwitharealisticdetectorgeometry(EdwinBos)11:15 Grid(JeffTemplon)11:35 ALICESTAR(PaulKuijer) •Introduction(RaimondSnellings) •NeutralmesonsanddirectphotonsinSTAR (MartijnRusscher) •ALICEoverview(IngridKraus) •ALICESSDstatus(StephanePlumeri)14:00 HERMES •TransverseTargetSpinAsymmetryinExlusiveρ0Production (JeroenDreschler)14:20 ZEUS(GabrielGrigorescu)14:40 MasterProject-HiSparc(LuciedeNooij)14:55 NWOvisitatie(LeoWiggers)15:45 R&D(HarryvanderGraaf)16:05 LHCupgrade(NigelHessey)16:35 Summarytalk(FrankLinde)
Figure2.IngridKraus,givinganoverviewoftheALICEexperimentattheNIKHEFJamboree.
72
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73
In2006thefundingofNIKHEFhasincreasedwithabouthalfamil-lioneuro,particularlythroughtheuniversities:per2006twotheorygroups(attheVrijeUniversiteitandattheRadboudUniversiteit)havejoinedtheNIKHEFcollaboration.Theinstitute’sfundingfromFOMisnowatthelevelof11,8M€,includingpartialcompensationfor ‘SoestVI’ (FOM’sstrategydocumentfortheyears2005–2010,whichencompassesafurtherreductionofNIKHEF’sbasebudget).AsinthepreviousyearNIKHEFhassucceededin2006inbalancingthisdownwardtrendwithexternal (mostlynon-structural) fund-ingforatotalof4,2M€.Theseexternalsourcesconsistoffeesfromcustomers of the Internet Exchange housing facility (1.45 M€),rentalincome(0.5M€)andprojectfundingfromvarioussources(FOM, NWO, SENTER, EU, etc.). This funding will continue to beneeded in order for NIKHEF to at least maintain its current levelofactivities.
The number of employees within the NIKHEF collaboration hasdecreasedin2006from255ftetoabout248fte,largelyduetore-tirementofpersonnelandendingcontractsoftemporary(mainlytechnical)staff.Weobserveaslowincreaseoftemporaryscientificstaff(PhDstudentsandpostdocs)topreparefortheanalysisphaseoftheLHCexperiments.
Fromtheexpensesin200627%wasconsumedbytheATLASpro-gram, 22% by LHCb and 11% by ALICE, in total 60% for the LHCexperiments.TheHERAexperimentsarenowcomingtoanend,representingonly3%oftheexpenses.Astroparticlephysicsactivi-tieshaveincreasedto8%,duetoNIKHEF’sparticipationintheEUfunded‘KM3NeT’-project.
Funding
0
5,000
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25,000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
k€
Additional funding (projects, third parties)UniversitiesFOM support university groupsFOM-institute SAF/NIKHEF
Employees
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100
150
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
fte
temporary technical and support sta�permanent technical and support sta�PhD studentspostdocspermanent scienti�c sta�
Funding 2006: 20.5 M€
57%
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Direct expenses 2006: 16.6 M€(indirect expenses: 3.9 M€)
1%
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ATLAS
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Theory
Astroparticle physics
R&D & technology
AMS-IX and lease activities*
* This includes a reservation for the planned upgrade of the AMS-IX facility
Funding and Expenses
74
Membership of Councils and Committees as of 31-12-2006
NIKHEF BoardS.WendelaarBonga(RU)K.Chang(FOM)K.vanderToorn(UvA)T.Sminia(VU)R.vanKooten(UU)J.deKleuver(secretary,FOM)R.Griessen(chair,FOM,VU)
Scientific Advisory Committee NIKHEFR.Cashmore(Oxford,BrasenoseCollege)J.Dainton(chair,Liverpool,LiverpoolUniversity)M.Spiro(Paris,IN2P3)S.Bethke(München,Max-Planck-InstitutfürPhysik)T.Hebbeker(Aachen,RWTHAachen)C.deClercq(Brussel,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel)Y.Karyotakis(AnnecyleVieux,LAPP)
Wetenschappelijke Advies Raad NIKHEFS.BentvelsenJ.vandenBrandH.vanderGraafN.deGrootM.deJongP.deJongS.deJongE.KoffemanE.LaenenF.LindeM.Merk(chair)T.PeitzmannA.vanRijn(secretary)G.vanderSteenhovenJ.TemplonR.Timmermans(Groningen,KVI)
NIKHEF Works CouncilH.BoerRookhuizen(chair)L.Wiggers(vicechair)G.Venekamp(secretary)M.Limper(vicesecretary)J.DokterR.KluitJ.KokM.RietC.RijksenI.vanVulpen
FOM BoardJ.EngelenS.deJong
Contactcommissie in CERN aangelegenhedenS.BentvelsenJ.vandenBrandS.deJong(secretary)R.Kamermans
R.KleissF.LindeT.Peitzmann
Stichting Hoge-Energie FysicaF.Linde(chair)A.vanRijn(treasurer)J.vandenBrandR.KleissT.Peitzmann
Stichting PhysicaG.vanderSteenhoven
Stichting Conferenties en Zomerscholen over de KernfysicaP.MuldersG.vanderSteenhoven
Onderwijscommissie van de Onderzoekschool Sub-atomaire FysicaT.BauerS.BentvelsenJ.vandenBrandT.vanEgdom(personnel)B.vanEijkN.deGroot(chair)J.vanHoltenS.deJongM.Kesgin(secretary)J.KochE.LaenenF.LindeM.MerkP.MuldersT.PeitzmanneitzmannG.vanderSteenhoven
The European Committee for Future Accelerators (ECFA)F.Linde(restrictedECFA)S.deJongR.KamermansT.Peitzmann
Program Review Committee DESY, HamburgJ.Timmermans
CERN Large Hadron Collider CommitteeS.deJong
CERN SPS CommitteeP.Kooijman
Nuclear Physics European CollaborationT.Peitzmann
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Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso Scientific Com-mittee, L’AquilaF.Linde
Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati Scientific Committee, FrascatiF.Linde
European Physical Society High Energy Physics BoardF.Linde
Steering Committee Institute for Particle Physics Phenomenology, DurhamN.deGroot
Scientific Advisory Committee Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft Gravitational Wave PhysicsJ.vanHolten
European Science FoundationR.Kamermans
CERN Council Strategy GroupS.deJongF.Linde
European Science Foundation Physical and Engineer-ing Sciences UnitR.Kamermans
Development and Commissioning of LOFAR for As-tronomy Review CommitteeG.vanderSteenhoven
International Grid Trust FederationD.Groep
European Policy Management Authority for Grid AuthenticationD.Groep(chair)
GridKa Overview Board, KarlsruheK.Bos
Open Grid ForumD.Groep(areadirectorsecurity)
Vereniging Gridforum NederlandA.vanRijn(treasurer)
Scientific Advisory Committee Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft Hadronen PhysikJ.Koch
Astroparticle Physics European CoordinationF.Linde(steeringcommittee)G.vanderSteenhoven
Committee for Astroparticle Physics in the NetherlandsS.deJongF.LindeP.MuldersG.vanderSteenhoven(chair)
Board of Computer Algebra NederlandJ.Vermaseren
Wetenschappelijke Adviescommissie KVI, GroningenG.vanderSteenhoven
NWO Bestuur Exacte WetenschappenR.Kamermans
Adviescommissie FOM/v programmaE.deWolf(chair)
NNV BoardG.vanderSteenhoven(treasurer)P.Mulders(secretary)E.deWolf
NNV Sectie HE.KoffemanP.Kluit
NNV Sectie Onderwijs en CommunicatieS.deJong(vicechair)
Redactie Nederlands Tijdschrift voor NatuurkundeS.deJongP.Mulders
Program Advisory Committee Gesellschaft fur Schwe-rionenforschung, DarmstadtT.Peitzmann
KNAW Raad voor Natuur- en SterrenkundeF.LindeT.Peitzmann
Worldwide LHC Computing Grid Management BoardJ.Templon
European Particle Physics Outreach GroupG.Zegers
InterActionsA.vandenBergen
Stichting Quality Assurance Netherlands Universities Evaluation Committee Liberal Arts and SciencesN.deGroot
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PersonnelExperimental physicists
Amoraal,drs.J.M FOM B-PhysicsAnastasoaie,mevr.drs.C.M. FOM-RU ATLAS/D0Ancu,drs.L.S. RU ATLAS/D0Baak,drs.M.A. FOM B-PhysicsBai,mevr.drs.Y. FOM ALICEBauer,dr.T.S. FOM B-PhysicsBenedosso,mevr.drs.F. UU ALICEBentvelsen,prof.dr.S.C.M. UvA ATLAS/D0Berg,drs.P.J.vanden FOM ATLAS/D0Blok,dr.H.P. GST HERMESBobbink,dr.G.J. FOM ATLAS/D0Boer,dr.F.W.N. GST OtherProjectsBos,drs.E. FOM B-PhysicsBos,dr.K. FOM OtherProjectsBotje,dr.M.A.J. FOM ALICEBouwhuis,mevr.dr.M.C. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsBraidot,drs.E. FOM-UU ALICEBrand,prof.dr.ing.J.F.J.vanden VU B-PhysicsBruijn,drs.R. UvA AstroparticlePhysicsBruinsma,ir.P.J.T. GST OtherProjectsBulten,dr.H.J. VU B-PhysicsChefdeville,drs.M.A. FOM OtherProjectsColijn,dr.A.P. UvA ATLAS/D0Colle,dr.J.J.H.C. GST HiSPARCColnard,mevr.drs.C.M.M. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsCoppens,mevr.drs.J.M.S. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsCornelissen,drs.T.G. FOM ATLAS/D0Dantzig,dr.R.van GST OtherProjectsDecowski,dr.M.P. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsDemey,drs.M. GST HERMESDjordjevic,drs.M. GST ATLAS/D0Doxiadis,drs.A.D. FOM ATLAS/D0Dreschler,drs.J. FOM HERMESDuinker,prof.dr.P. GST OtherProjectsEijk,prof.dr.ing.B.van FOM ATLAS/D0Eijndhoven,dr.N.van UU ALICEEldik,dipl.phys.N.van FOM ATLAS/D0Engelen,prof.dr.J.J. UvA OtherProjectsEnnes,drs.P. FOM ATLAS/D0FerreiraMontenegro,mevr.drs.J. GST OtherProjectsFilthaut,dr.F. RU ATLAS/D0Galea,mevr.drs.C.F. FOM ATLAS/D0Gosselink,ir.M. FOM ATLAS/D0Graaf,dr.ir.H.vander FOM ATLAS/D0Grebenyuk,drs.O. FOM ALICEGrigorescu,drs.G.T. FOM ZEUSGroep,dr.D.L. FOM OtherProjectsGroot,prof.dr.N.de RU ATLAS/D0Harmsma,ir.S. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsHartjes,dr.F.G. FOM ATLAS/D0Hegeman,ir.J.G. UT ATLAS/D0Heijne,dr.ir.E.H.M. GST OtherProjectsHerzberger,prof.dr.L.O. GST OtherProjectsHesselink,dr.W.H.A. GST HERMESHessey,dr.N.P. FOM ATLAS/D0Hoogland,prof.dr.W. GST OtherProjectsHouben,drs.P.W.H. FOM ATLAS/D0
Hulsbergen,dr.W. GST B-PhysicsIgonkina,mevr.dr.O.B. GST ATLAS/D0Ivan,ir.C.G. FOM-UU ALICEJans,dr.E. FOM B-PhysicsJansen,drs.E. FOM ATLAS/D0Jansen,ir.F.M. FOM B-PhysicsJong,prof.dr.S.J.de RU ATLAS/D0Jong,prof.dr.M.de FOM AstroparticlePhysicsJong,dr.ir.P.J.de FOM ATLAS/D0Kamermans,prof.dr.R. FOM-UU ALICEKeramidas,drs.A.A. FOM ZEUSKesteren,drs.Z.van UvA ATLAS/D0Ketel,dr.T.J. FOM-VU B-PhysicsKirby,dr.M.H. FOM-RU ATLAS/D0Klok,drs.P.F. FOM-RU OtherProjectsKlous,dr.S. FOM ATLAS/D0Kluit,dr.drs.P.M. FOM ATLAS/D0Koetsveld,drs.F. FOM-RU ATLAS/D0Koffeman,mevr.prof.dr.ir.E.N. FOM ATLAS/D0Kolk,mevr.drs.ing.N.vander FOM ALICEKoenig,dr.A.C. RU ATLAS/D0Konijn,dr.J. GST OtherProjectsKooijman,prof.dr.P.M. UvA AstroparticlePhysicsKoutsman,drs.A.J. FOM ATLAS/D0Kraaij,drs.E.E.vander FOM ATLAS/D0Kraus,mevr.dr.I.C. FOM ALICEKuijer,dr.P.G. FOM ALICELaan,dr.J.B.vander FOM OtherProjectsLapikás,dr.L. FOM HERMESLi,drs.Z. RU OtherProjectsLiebig,dr.W. FOM ATLAS/D0Liempt,drs.F.J.P.van FOM HiSPARCLim,ir.G.M.A. UvA AstroparticlePhysicsLimper,mevr.drs.M. UvA ATLAS/D0Linde,prof.dr.F.L. FOM DirectorateLingeman,dr.E.W.A. GST OtherProjectsLysebetten,mevr.dr.A.Van FOM B-PhysicsMagrath,mevr.MScC.A. UvA ATLAS/D0Mangano,dr.S. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsMassaro,dr.G.G.G. FOM ATLAS/D0M'charek,mevr.drs.B. VU B-PhysicsMerk,prof.dr.M.H.M. FOM B-PhysicsMetzger,dr.W. GST OtherProjectsMiddelkoop,prof.dr.G. GST OtherProjectsNardulli,drs.J. FOM-VU B-PhysicsNat,drs.P.B.vander FOM HERMESNooren,dr.ir.G.J.L. FOM-UU ALICEOrdonezSanz,drs.G. RU ATLAS/D0Papadelis,drs.E.A. FOM B-PhysicsPeitzmann,prof.dr.T. UU ALICEPellegrino,dr.A. FOM B-PhysicsPetrovic,mevr.dr.J. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsPlumeri,dr.S. FOM-UU ALICEPree,drs.T.A.du FOM B-PhysicsPresani,mevr.drs.E. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsPutten,drs.S.vander FOM AstroparticlePhysicsRaven,dr.H.G. VU B-PhysicsRens,ir.B.A.P.van GST AstroparticlePhysicsReischl,drs.A.J. GST HERMESRijpstra,mevr.drs.M. FOM ATLAS/D0Rodrigues,dr.E.M. FOM B-PhysicsRusscher,drs.M.J. FOM-UU ALICE
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Schrader,ir.J.H.R. GST OtherProjectsSimili,drs.E.L. FOM-UU ALICESimioni,drs.E. FOM-VU B-PhysicsSnellings,dr.R.J.M. FOM ALICESnippe,ir.Q.H.C. FOM OtherProjectsSnoek,mevr.drs.H.L. FOM B-PhysicsSnuverink,ir.J. FOM ATLAS/D0Steenhoven,prof.dr.G.vander FOM AstroparticlePhysicsSteijger,dr.J.J.M. FOM HERMESTanczos,mevr.dr.I.C. FOM HiSPARCTemplon,dr.J.A. FOM OtherProjectsTimmermans,dr.C.W.J.P. FOM ATLAS/D0Timmermans,dr.J.J.M. FOM OtherProjectsToet,dr.D.Z. GST OtherProjectsTomasek,ing.L. GST OtherProjectsTuning,dr.N. FOM-VU B-PhysicsVankov,drs.P.H. FOM B-PhysicsVerkerke,dr.W. FOM ATLAS/D0Vermeulen,dr.ir.J.C. UvA ATLAS/D0Visschers,dr.J.L. FOM OtherProjectsVreeswijk,dr.M. UvA ATLAS/D0Vries,dr.H.de FOM B-PhysicsVulpen,dr.I.B.van FOM ATLAS/D0Vykydal,drs.Z. GST OtherProjectsWang,drs.Q. RU OtherProjectsWiggers,dr.L.W. FOM B-PhysicsWijnker,drs.G.P.J.C. FOM AstroparticlePhysicsWittHuberts,prof.dr.P.K.A.de GST AstroparticlePhysicsWolf,mevr.dr.E.de UvA AstroparticlePhysicsYbelesSmit,drs.G.V. FOM B-PhysicsZupan,drs.M. FOM B-Physics
Theoretical physicists
Arrizabalaga,dr.A. FOMBeenakker,dr.W.J.P. RUBoer,dr.D. VUBomhof,drs.C. FOM-VUBoomsma,MSc.J.K. VUDijkstra,drs.T.P.T. GSTFuster,mevr.drs.A. FOMGaemers,prof.dr.K.J.F. UvAGato-Rivera,mevr.dr.B. GSTGmeiner,dr.F.K. FOMHolten,prof.dr.J.W.van FOMKleiss,prof.dr.R.H.P. RUKoch,prof.dr.J.H. FOMKoekoek,drs.G. VUKoers,drs.H.B.J. UvALaenen,prof.dr.E.L.M.P. FOMMotylinski,MSc.P. FOMMulders,prof.dr.P.J.G. VUPostma,mevr.dr.M.E.J. FOMRijken,dr.T.A. RUSchellekens,prof.dr.A.N.J.J. FOMVeltman,prof.dr.M.J.G. GSTVermaseren,dr.J.A.M. FOMWessels,drs.E. FOM-VUWhite,dr.C.D. FOMWit,prof.dr.B.Q.P.J.de UU
Computer Technology Group
Akker,T.G.M.vanden FOMBlokzijl,dr.R. GSTBoterenbrood,ir.H. FOMDamen,ing.A.C.M. FOMDeurzen,dr.P.A.J.van GSTDok,drs.D.H.van FOMGeerts,M.L. FOMHarapan,drs.D. FOMHart,ing.R.G.K. FOMHeubers,ing.W.P.J. FOMHuyser,K. FOMKan,A.C.van FOM/RijnhuizenKeijser,drs.J.J. FOMKoeroo,ing.O.A. FOMKuipers,drs.P. FOMLeeuwen,drs.W.M.van GSTMichielse,dr.ir.P.H. GSTOudolf,J.D. QUADOSchimmel,ing.A. FOMStarink,dr.R. FOMTierie,mevr.J.J.E. FOMVenekamp,drs.G.M. FOMWijk,R.F.van FOM
Electronics Technology Group
Berkien,A.W.M. FOMBeuzekom,dr.ing.M.G.van FOMFransen,J.P.A.M. FOMGotink,G.W. FOMGroen,P.J.M.de FOMGroenstege,ing.H.L. FOMGromov,drs.V. FOM
Figure1.Nobelprizelaureateprof.TiniVeltman(left)handsoverthefirstprizeoftheFOMcompetition‘Winthefuture’toMarcKea(right).Techni-cianHenkGroenstegeandTUDelftstudentMarcKea-whobothworkatNIKHEF-wonwiththeirproject‘RasClic:anewseismograph’.
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Haas,ing.A.P.J.de FOMHeine,ing.E. FOMHogenbirk,ing.J.J. FOMJansen,L.W.A. FOMJansweijer,ing.P.P.M. FOMKieft,ing.G.N.M. FOMKluit,ing.R. FOMKoopstra,J. UvAKruijer,A.H. FOMKuijt,ing.J.J. FOMMos,ing.S. FOMPeek,ing.H.Z. FOMReen,A.T.H.van FOMSchipper,ing.J.D. FOMSluijk,ing.T.G.B.W. FOMStolte,J. FOMTimmer,P.F. FOMTona,Y. FOMVerkooijen,ing.J.C. FOMVink,ing.W.E.W. FOMZwart,ing.A.N.M. FOMZwart,F.de FOM
Mechanical Engineering Group
Arink,R.P.J. GSTBand,ing.H.A. FOMBoerRookhuizen,ing.H. FOMBuskop,ir.J.J.F. FOMDoets,M. FOMKlöpping,ir.R. FOMKorporaal,A. FOMKraan,ing.M.J. FOMMunneke,ing.B. FOMSchuijlenburg,ing.H.W.A. FOMThobe,P.H. FOMVerlaat,ing.B.A. FOM
Mechanical Workshop
Berbee,ing.E.M. FOMBoer,R.P.de FOMBrouwer,G.R. FOMBuis,R. FOMCeelie,L. UvAHomma,J. FOMJaspers,M.J.F. UvAJohn,D. FOMKok,J.W. FOMKuilman,W.C. FOMLeguyt,R. FOMMul,F.A. FOM-VUOverbeek,M.G.van FOMPetten,O.R.van FOMRietmeijer,A.A. FOMRoeland,E. FOMRoevekamp,J.C.D.F. UvA
Management and Administration
Barneveld,mevr.K.M.van FOMBerg,A.vanden FOM
Bergen,mevr.A.M.vanden FOMBulten,F. FOMDekker,mevr.C.E. FOMDokter,J.H.G. FOMEchtelt,ing.H.J.B.van FOMEgdom,T.van FOMFaassen,mevr.N.F. FOMGreven-VanBeusekom,mevr.E.C.L. FOMHeuvel,mevr.G.A.vanden FOMKerkhoff,mevr.E.H.M.van FOMKesgin-Boonstra,mevr.drs.M.J. FOMKleinsmiede-vanDongen,mevr.T.W.J.zur FOMLangenhorst,A. FOMLemaire-Vonk,mevr.M.C. FOMMors,A.G.S. FOMPancar,M. FOMRem,drs.ing.N. FOMRijksen,C. FOMRijn,drs.A.J.van FOMSchram-Post,mevr.E.C. FOMSpelt,ing.J.B. FOMVervoort,ing.M.B.H.J. FOMVreeken,D. QUADOWerneke,ing.P.J.M. FOMWilligen,E.van FOMWitlox,ing.A.M FOMWoortmann,E.P. FOMYilmaz,E. QUADOZegers,mevr.drs.G.E. FOM
Apprentices in 2006
Aaij,R.J.M. ATLAS/D0AdelhartToorop,R.de TheoryBlankers,T. AstroparticlePhysicsBlom,M.R. AstroparticlePhysicsBos,mevr.E.M. OtherProjectsBosma,M.J. OtherProjectsCohen,S. B-PhysicsCottini,N. AstroparticlePhysicsDerkx,X.C.B.L. TheoryDernier,M.J.L. ElectronicsTechnologyEbeling,R.P. AstroparticlePhysicsEgmond,E.van MechanicalEngineeringElbers,M.C. ZEUSEvangelatou,D. OtherProjectsFransen,M. ATLAS/D0Geer,R.vander ATLAS/D0Grange,Y.G. AstroparticlePhysicsHartman,J. OtherProjectsHeijden,B.W.vander ElectronicsTechnologyHervy,W. PersonnelDepartmentHessels,C. ElectronicsTechnologyHessey,M.S. ATLAS/D0Holten,E.F.van HiSPARCJong,R.A.de ComputerTechnologyKappel,M.F.J.van TheoryKea,M.J. ATLAS/D0Keune,A. B-PhysicsKhafaji,SalarAl ATLAS/D0Klerks,E.P. ATLAS/D0Klomp,M. ElectronicsTechnology
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Kok,mevr.M. ATLAS/D0Kok,M.O.de TheoryKoot,M.R. ComputerTechnologyKuijken,mevr.I. OtherProjectsLascaris,E. TheoryLeerdam,J.van ATLAS/D0Meeroeksom,mevr.Sudatip TechnicalFacilitiesMeester,S. AstroparticlePhysicsMous,I.V.N. OtherProjectsMussche,I. OtherProjectsNederveen,M.B. ATLAS/D0Nooij,mevr.L.de B-PhysicsOsei,B. ElectronicsTechnologyPlas,B.A.vander ZEUSPoel,E.F.vander ATLAS/D0Pottelberghe,M.J.M.Lvan ATLAS/D0Ruckstuhl,mevr.N.M. ATLAS/D0Scholten,S. B-PhysicsSchuurmans,D. MechanicalEngineeringSpaargaren,B. ComputerTechnologyTil,S.van OtherProjectsTorresCelis,mevr.P.C. ATLAS/D0Tsiakiris,M. OtherProjectsVersloot,T.W. B-PhysicsWatson,E.R.R. TechnicalFacilitiesWitteveen,mevr.M.L.M. OtherProjectsZebeda,G. TechnicalFacilities
They left us
Apeldoorn,dr.G.W.van B-PhysicsArink,R.P.J. MechanicalEngineeringAtehortuaEscobar,mevr.B.E. MechanicalWorkshopBeek,R.M.van MechanicalWorkshopBeumer,H. MechanicalWorkshopBlokzijl,dr.R. ComputerTechnologyBrantjes,R.N. OtherProjects
Bron,M. MechanicalWorkshopCaron,dr.S. ATLAS/D0Chen,M. B-PhysicsCornelissen,drs.T.G. ATLAS/D0Dijkstra,drs.T.P.T. TheoryDjordjevic,drs.M. OtherProjectsDuisters,ing.C.H. MechanicalEngineeringGeer,R.vander ATLAS/D0GrootNibbelink,dr.S. TheoryHeijden,B.W.vander ElectronicsTechnologyHenze,E. MechanicalWorkshopHeutenik,B. ElectronicsTechnologyHorvathy,dr.P. TheoryJansen,F.M. MechanicalWorkshopKaan,ir.A.P. B-PhysicsKop,A. MechanicalWorkshopLascaris,E. HiSPARCLavrentyev,V. ElectronicsTechnologyLosekoot,mevr.G. ATLAS/D0Michalowski,dr.J.J. B-PhysicsMischke,dr.A. ALICEMuijs,mevr.dr.A.J.M. ATLAS/D0Nawrot,dr.A. B-PhysicsNovak,drs.T. OtherProjectsOtto,J. ElectronicsTechnologyPeters-Muellenberg,mevr.A.G.H. MechanicalWorkshopReischl,dipl.phys.A.J. HERMESRens,dr.ir.B.A.P.van AstroparticlePhysicsReus,D.P. ElectronicsTechnologySbrizzi,dr.A. B-PhysicsSchrader,ir.J.H.R. OtherProjectsSilva-Marcos,dr.J. TheorySluijk-Bark,mevr.M.H. ElectronicsTechnologyStoffelen,N. MechanicalWorkshopSuerink,T.C.H. OtherProjectsThomasson,P.B. MechanicalWorkshopTiecke,dr.H.G.J.M. ZEUSTorresCelis,mevr.P.C. MechanicalWorkshopVisser,J. StaffVries,drs.G.de AstroparticlePhysicsWapstra,prof.dr.A.H. GST✝4-12-2006Willemse,M.A. MechanicalWorkshopZajac,R. B-PhysicsZeng,M. B-Physics
Award Winners
WimBeenakker Teacheroftheyear,RadboudUniv.NijmegenMiekeBouwhuis NederlandsTijdschriftvoorNatuurkunde-1stprizeHarryvanderGraafScienceParkCompetition‘NieuweIdeëen’-3rdprizeHenkGroenstege FOM60competition‘Winthefuture’-1stprizeHenkGroenstege ScienceParkCompetition‘NieuweIdeëen’-3rdprizeMarcKea FOM60competition‘Winthefuture’-1stprizeJustusKoch TeacherAward2006,Natuurw.Studiever.AmsterdamJustusKoch TeacherAward2006,Fac.ofSciences,Univ.vanAmsterdamAntonelloSbrizzi VanCoeverdenAdrianistichtingResearchAwardBartVerlaat FOM60competition‘Winthefuture’-2ndprizeJosVermaseren HumboldtResearchAwardJanVisschers ScienceParkCompetition‘NieuweIdeëen’-3rdprize
Figure2.WimBeenakkerproudlyshowshis‘TeacheroftheYear’award.