Nikola Tesla the Problem of Increasing Human Energy

8/7/2019 Nikola Tesla the Problem of Increasing Human Energy

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THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING HUMAN ENERGYWITH SPECIAL REFERENCES TO THE HARNESSING OF THE SUN'S ENERGY.

by Nikola Tesla

CenturyIllustrated Magazine, June 1900

THE ONWA! MO"EMENT O# MAN

THE ENE$% O# THE MO"EMENT

THE THEE WA%& O# IN'EA&IN$ H(MAN ENE$%)

O* all t+e endless ariety o* -+eno.ena /+i+ nature -resents to our senses, t+ere is none t+at *ills our

.inds /it+ greater /onder t+an t+at inoneiably o.-le .oe.ent /+i+, in its entirety, /e designateas +u.an li*e2 Its .ysterious origin is eiled in t+e *oreer i.-enetrable .ist o* t+e -ast, its +arater isrendered ino.-re+ensible by its in*inite intriay, and its destination is +idden in t+e un*at+o.able de-t+so* t+e *uture) W+ene does it o.e3 W+at is it3 W+it+er does it tend3 are t+e great 4uestions /+i+ t+esages o* all ti.es +ae endeaored to ans/er)

Modern siene says5 T+e sun is t+e -ast, t+e eart+ is t+e -resent, t+e .oon is t+e *uture) #ro. aninandesent .ass /e +ae originated, and into a *rozen .ass /e s+all turn) Meriless is t+e la/ o*nature, and ra-idly and irresistibly /e are dra/n to our doo.) 6ord 7elin, in +is -ro*ound .editations,allo/s us only a s+ort s-an o* li*e, so.et+ing like si .illion years, a*ter /+i+ ti.e t+e suns brig+t lig+t/ill +ae eased to s+ine, and its li*e giing +eat /ill +ae ebbed a/ay, and our o/n eart+ /ill be a lu.-o* ie, +urrying on t+roug+ t+e eternal nig+t) 8ut do not let us des-air) T+ere /ill still be le*t u-on it agli..ering s-ark o* li*e, and t+ere /ill be a +ane to kindle a ne/ *ire on so.e distant star) T+is/onder*ul -ossibility see.s, indeed, to eist, udging *ro. :ro*essor !e/ar;s beauti*ul e-eri.ents /it+li4uid air, /+i+ s+o/ t+at ger.s o* organi li*e are not destroyed by old, no .atter +o/ intense2onse4uently t+ey .ay be trans.itted t+roug+ t+e interstellar s-ae) Mean/+ile t+e +eering lig+ts o*siene and art, eer inreasing in intensity, illu.inate our -at+, and .arels t+ey dislose, and t+eenoy.ents t+ey o**er, .ake us .easurably *orget*ul o* t+e gloo.y *uture)

T+oug+ /e .ay neer be able to o.-re+end +u.an li*e, /e kno/ ertainly t+at it is a .oe.ent, o*/+ateer nature it be) T+e eistene o* .oe.ent unaoidably i.-lies a body /+i+ is being .oed anda *ore /+i+ is .oing it) Hene, /+ereer t+ere is li*e, t+ere is a .ass .oed by a *ore) All .ass-ossesses inertia, all *ore tends to -ersist) O/ing to t+is uniersal -ro-erty and ondition, a body, be it atrest or in .otion, tends to re.ain in t+e sa.e state, and a *ore, .ani*esting itsel* any/+ere and t+roug+/+ateer ause, -rodues an e4uialent o--osing *ore, and as an absolute neessity o* t+is it *ollo/st+at eery .oe.ent in nature .ust be r+yt+.ial) 6ong ago t+is si.-le trut+ /as learly -ointed out byHerbert &-ener, /+o arried at it t+roug+ a so.e/+at di**erent -roess o* reasoning) It is borne out ineeryt+ing /e -ereie&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ??@, :+otogra-+ )B

#I$) 1) 8(NIN$ THE NITO$EN O# THE ATMO&:HEE)

Note to #ig) 1)


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W+en /e s-eak o* .an, /e +ae a one-tion o* +u.anity as a /+ole, and be*ore a--lying sienti*i.et+ods to, t+e inestigation o* +is .oe.ent /e .ust ae-t t+is as a -+ysial *at) 8ut an anyonedoubt to=day t+at all t+e .illions o* indiiduals and all t+e innu.erable ty-es and +araters onstitute anentity, a unit3 T+oug+ *ree to t+ink and at, /e are +eld toget+er, like t+e stars in t+e *ir.a.ent, /it+ tiesinse-arable) T+ese ties annot be seen, but /e an *eel t+e.) I ut .ysel* in t+e *inger, and it -ains .e5t+is *inger is a -art o* .e) I see a *riend +urt, and it +urts .e, too5 .y *riend and I are one) And no/ I seestriken do/n an ene.y, a lu.- o* .atter /+i+, o* all t+e lu.-s o* .atter in t+e unierse, I are least *or,and it still griees .e) !oes t+is not -roe t+at ea+ o* us is only -art o* a /+ole3

#or ages t+is idea +as been -rolai.ed in t+e onsu..ately /ise tea+ings o* religion, -robably notalone as a .eans o* insuring -eae and +ar.ony a.ong .en, but as a dee-ly *ounded trut+) T+e8udd+ist e-resses it in one /ay, t+e '+ristian in anot+er, but bot+ say t+e sa.e5 We are all one)Meta-+ysial -roo*s are, +o/eer, not t+e only ones /+i+ /e are able to bring *ort+ in su--ort o* t+isidea) &iene, too, reognizes t+is onnetedness o* se-arate indiiduals, t+oug+ not 4uite in t+e sa.esense as it ad.its t+at t+e suns, -lanets, and .oons o* a onstellation are one body, and t+ere an be nodoubt t+at it /ill be e-eri.entally on*ir.ed in ti.es to o.e, /+en our .eans and .et+ods *orinestigating -sy+ial and ot+er states and -+eno.ena s+all +ae been broug+t to great -er*etion) &till.ore5 t+is one +u.an being lies on and on) T+e indiidual is e-+e.eral, raes and nations o.e and-ass a/ay, but .an re.ains) T+erein lies t+e -ro*ound di**erene bet/een t+e indiidual and t+e /+ole)T+erein, too, is to be *ound t+e -artial e-lanation o* .any o* t+ose .arelous -+eno.ena o* +eredity/+i+ are t+e result o* ountless enturies o* *eeble but -ersistent in*luene)

'oneie, t+en, .an as a .ass urged on by a *ore) T+oug+ t+is .oe.ent is not o* a translatory+arater, i.-lying +ange o* -lae, yet t+e general la/s o* .e+anial .oe.ent are a--liable to it,and t+e energy assoiated /it+ t+is .ass an be .easured, in aordane /it+ /ell=kno/n -rini-les, by+al* t+e -rodut o* t+e .ass /it+ t+e s4uare o* a ertain eloity) &o, *or instane, a annon=ball /+i+ isat rest -ossesses a ertain a.ount o* energy in t+e *or. o* +eat, /+i+ /e .easure in a si.ilar /ay) Wei.agine t+e ball to onsist o* innu.erable .inute -artiles, alled ato.s or .oleules, /+i+ ibrate or/+irl around one anot+er) We deter.ine t+eir .asses and eloities, and *ro. t+e. t+e energy o* ea+ o*t+ese .inute syste.s, and adding t+e. all toget+er, /e get an idea o* t+e total +eat=energy ontained int+e ball, /+i+ is only see.ingly at rest) In t+is -urely t+eoretial esti.ate t+is energy .ay t+en bealulated by .ulti-lying +al* o* t+e total .ass


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!IA$AM a) THE THEE WA%& O# IN'EA&IN$ H(MAN ENE$%)

6et, t+en, in diagra. a, Mre-resent t+e .ass o* .an) T+is .ass is i.-elled in one diretion by a *ore f,/+i+ is resisted by anot+er -artly *ritional and -artly negatie *ore R, ating in a diretion eatlyo--osite, and retarding t+e .oe.ent o* t+e .ass) &u+ an antagonisti *ore is -resent in eery.oe.ent and .ust be taken into onsideration) T+e di**erene bet/een t+ese t/o *ores is t+e e**etie*ore /+i+ i.-arts a eloity Vto t+e .ass Min t+e diretion o* t+e arro/ on t+e line re-resenting t+e

*ore f) In aordane /it+ t+e -reeding, t+e +u.an energy /ill t+en be gien by t+e -rodut D MV

F DMV V, in /+i+ Mis t+e total .ass o* .an in t+e ordinary inter-retation o* t+e ter. C.ass,C and Vis aertain +y-ot+etial eloity, /+i+, in t+e -resent state o* siene, /e are unable eatly to de*ine anddeter.ine) To inrease t+e +u.an energy is, t+ere*ore, e4uialent to inreasing t+is -rodut, and t+ereare, as /ill readily be seen, only t+ree /ays -ossible to attain t+is result, /+i+ are illustrated in t+e aboediagra.) T+e *irst /ay s+o/n in t+e to- *igure, is to inrease t+e .ass Gas indiated by t+e dotted irle,leaing t+e t/o o--osing *ores t+e sa.e) T+e seond /ay is to redue t+e retarding *ore Rto a s.alleralue r, leaing t+e .ass and t+e i.-elling *ore t+e sa.e, as diagra..atially s+o/n in t+e .iddle*igure) T+e t+ird /ay, /+i+ is illustrated in t+e last *igure, is to inrease t+e i.-elling *ore fto a +ig+eralue F, /+ile t+e .ass and t+e retarding *ore Rre.ain unaltered) Eidently *ied li.its eist as regardsinrease o* .ass and redution o* retarding *ore, but t+e i.-elling *ore an be inreased inde*initely)Ea+ o* t+ese t+ree -ossible solutions -resents a di**erent as-et o* t+e .ain -roble. o* inreasing+u.an energy, /+i+ is t+us diided into t+ree distint -roble.s, to be suessiely onsidered)

THE #I&T :O86EM5 HOW TO IN'EA&E THE H(MAN MA&&


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.y ie/s /ere di**erent /+en I /as a student .ysel*) Moderate eerise, insuring t+e rig+t balanebet/een .ind and body, and t+e +ig+est e**iieny o* -er*or.ane, is, o* ourse, a -ri.e re4uire.ent)T+e aboe ea.-le s+o/s t+at t+e .ost i.-ortant result to be attained is t+e eduation, or t+e inrease o*t+e Celoity,C o* t+e .ass ne/ly added)

'onersely, it sarely need be stated t+at eeryt+ing t+at is against t+e tea+ings o* religion and t+e la/so* +ygiene is tending to derease t+e .ass) W+isky, /ine, tea o**ee, tobao, and ot+er su+ sti.ulantsare res-onsible *or t+e s+ortening o* t+e lies o* .any, and oug+t to be used /it+ .oderation) 8ut I do nott+ink t+at rigorous .easures o* su--ression o* +abits *ollo/ed t+roug+ .any generations areo..endable) It is /iser to -rea+ .oderation t+an abstinene) We +ae beo.e austo.ed to t+esesti.ulants, and i* su+ re*or.s are to be e**eted, t+ey .ust be slo/ and gradual) T+ose /+o are deotingt+eir energies to su+ ends ould .ake t+e.seles *ar .ore use*ul by turning t+eir e**orts in ot+erdiretions, as, *or instane, to/ard -roiding -ure /ater)

#or eery -erson /+o -eris+es *ro. t+e e**ets o* a sti.ulant, at least a t+ousand die *ro. t+eonse4uenes o* drinking i.-ure /ater) T+is -reious *luid, /+i+ daily in*uses ne/ li*e into us, is like/iset+e +ie* e+ile t+roug+ /+i+ disease and deat+ enter our bodies) T+e ger.s o* destrution it oneysare ene.ies all t+e .ore terrible as t+ey -er*or. t+eir *atal /ork un-ereied) T+ey seal our doo. /+ile/e lie and enoy) T+e .aority o* -eo-le are so ignorant or areless in drinking /ater, and t+eonse4uenes o* t+is are so disastrous, t+at a -+ilant+ro-ist an sarely use +is e**orts better t+an byendeaoring to enlig+ten t+ose /+o are t+us inuring t+e.seles) 8y syste.ati -uri*iation andsterilization o* t+e drinking /ater t+e +u.an .ass /ould be ery onsiderably inreased) It s+ould be

.ade a rigid rule


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egetables are o* su-erior -+ysi4ue and strengt+) T+ere is no doubt t+at so.e -lant *ood, su+ asoat.eal, is .ore eono.ial t+an .eat, and su-erior to it in regard to bot+ .e+anial and .ental-er*or.ane) &u+ *ood, .oreoer, taes our digestie organs deidedly less, and, in .aking us .oreontented and soiable, -rodues an a.ount o* good di**iult to esti.ate) In ie/ o* t+ese *ats eerye**ort s+ould be .ade to sto- t+e /anton and ruel slaug+ter o* ani.als, /+i+ .ust be destrutie to our.orals) To *ree ourseles *ro. ani.al instints and a--etites, /+i+ kee- us do/n, /e s+ould begin at t+eery root *ro. /+i+ /e s-ring5 /e s+ould e**et a radial re*or. in t+e +arater o* t+e *ood)

T+ere see.s to be no philosophical neessity *or *ood) We an oneie o* organized beings liing/it+out nouris+.ent, and deriing all t+e energy t+ey need *or t+e -er*or.ane o* t+eir li*e *untions *ro.t+e a.bient .ediu.) In a rystal /e +ae t+e lear eidene o* t+e eistene o* a *or.atie li*e=-rini-le,and t+oug+ /e annot understand t+e li*e o* a rystal, it is none t+e less a liing being) T+ere .ay be,besides rystals, ot+er su+ indiidualized, .aterial syste.s o* beings, -er+a-s o* gaseous onstitution,or o.-osed o* substane still .ore tenuous) In ie/ o* t+is -ossibility,


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T+e *irst adane /as .ade in asertaining t+at t+e +e.ial atiity o* t+e dis+arge /as eryonsiderably inreased by using urrents o* etre.ely +ig+ *re4ueny or rate o* ibration) T+is /as ani.-ortant i.-roe.ent, but -ratial onsiderations soon set a de*inite li.it to t+e -rogress in t+isdiretion) Net, t+e e**ets o* t+e eletrial -ressure o* t+e urrent i.-ulses, o* t+eir /ae=*or. and ot+er+arateristi *eatures, /ere inestigated) T+en t+e in*luene o* t+e at.os-+eri -ressure andte.-erature and o* t+e -resene o* /ater and ot+er bodies /as studied, and t+us t+e best onditions *orausing t+e .ost intense +e.ial ation o* t+e dis+arge and seuring t+e +ig+est e**iieny o* t+e-roess /ere gradually asertained) Naturally, t+e i.-roe.ents /ere not 4uik in o.ing2 still, little bylittle, I adaned) T+e *la.e gre/ larger and larger, and its oidizing ation gre/ .ore intense) #ro. an

insigni*iant brus+=dis+arge a *e/ in+es long it deelo-ed into a .arelous eletrial -+eno.enon, aroaring blaze, deouring t+e nitrogen o* t+e at.os-+ere and .easuring sity or seenty *eet aross) T+usslo/ly, al.ost i.-ere-tibly, -ossibility bea.e ao.-lis+.ent) All is not yet done, by any .eans, but to/+at a degree .y e**orts +ae been re/arded an idea .ay be gained *ro. an ins-etion o* #ig) 1 G-)1K, /+i+, /it+ its title, is sel* e-lanatory) T+e *la.e=like dis+arge isible is -rodued by t+e intanseeletrial osillations /+i+ -ass t+roug+ t+e oil s+o/n, and iolently agitate t+e eletri*ied .oleules o*t+e air) 8y t+is .eans a strong a**inity is reated bet/een t+e t/o nor.ally indi**erent onstituents o* t+eat.os-+ere, and t+ey o.bine readily, een i* no *urt+er -roision is .ade *or intensi*ying t+e +e.ialation o* t+e dis+arge) In t+e .anu*ature o* nitrogen o.-ounds by t+is .et+od, o* ourse, eery-ossible .eans bearing u-on t+e intensity o* t+is ation and t+e e**iieny o* t+e -roess /ill be takenadantage o*, and, besides, s-eial arrange.ents /ill be -roided *or t+e *iation o* t+e o.-ounds*or.ed, as t+ey are generally unstable, t+e nitrogen beo.ing again inert a*ter a little la-se o* ti.e) &tea.is a si.-le and e**etie .eans *or *iing -er.anently t+e o.-ounds) T+e result illustrated .akes it

-ratiable to oidize t+e at.os-+eri nitrogen in unli.ited 4uantities, .erely by t+e use o* +ea-.e+anial -o/er and si.-le eletrial a--aratus) In t+is .anner .any o.-ounds o* nitrogen .ay be.anu*atured all oer t+e /orld, at a s.all ost, and in any desired a.ount, and by .eans o* t+eseo.-ounds t+e soil an be *ertilized and its -rodutieness inde*initely inreased) An abundane o* +ea-and +ealt+*ul *ood, not arti*iial, but su+ as /e are austo.ed to, .ay t+us be obtained) T+is ne/ andine+austible soure o* *ood=su--ly /ill be o* inalulable bene*it to .ankind, *or it /ill enor.ouslyontribute to t+e inrease o* t+e +u.an .ass, and t+us add i..ensely to +u.an energy) &oon, I +o-e,t+e /orld /ill see t+e beginning o* an industry /+i+, in ti.e to o.e, /ill, I beliee, be in i.-ortane netto t+at i* iron)

THE &E'ON! :O86EM5 HOW TO E!('E THE #O'E ETA!IN$ THE H(MAN MA&&


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.oney daily re4uired *or t+e .aintenane o* ar.ies and /ar a--aratus, re-resenting eer so .u+ o*+u.an energy, all t+e e**ort uselessly s-ent in t+e -rodution o* ar.s and i.-le.ents o* destrution, t+eloss o* li*e and t+e *ostering o* a barbarous s-irit, /e are a--alled at t+e inesti.able loss to .ankind/+i+ t+e eistene o* t+ese de-lorable onditions .ust inole) W+at an /e do to o.bat best t+isgreat eil3

6a/ and order absolutely re4uire t+e .aintenane o* organized *ore) No o..unity an eist and-ros-er /it+out rigid disi-line) Eery ountry .ust be able to de*end itsel*, s+ould t+e neessity arise)T+e onditions o* to=day are not t+e result o* yesterday, and a radial +ange annot be e**eted to=.orro/) I* t+e nations /ould at one disar., it is .ore t+an likely t+at a state o* t+ings /orse t+an /aritsel* /ould *ollo/) (niersal -eae is a beauti*ul drea., but not at one realizable) We +ae seen reentlyt+at een t+e nobel e**ort o* t+e .an inested /it+ t+e greatest /orldly -o/er +as been irtually /it+oute**et) And no /onder, *or t+e establis+.ent o* uniersal -eae is, *or t+e ti.e being, a -+ysiali.-ossibility) War is a negatie *ore, and annot be turned in a -ositie diretion /it+out -assing t+roug+,t+e inter.ediate -+ases) It is a -roble. o* .aking a /+eel, rotating one /ay, turn in t+e o--osite diretion/it+out slo/ing it do/n, sto--ing it, and s-eeding it u- again t+e ot+er /ay)

It +as been argued t+at t+e -er*etion o* guns o* great destrutie -o/er /ill sto- /ar*are) &o I .ysel*t+oug+t *or a long ti.e, but no/ I beliee t+is to be a -ro*ound .istake) &u+ deelo-.ents /ill greatly.odi*y, but not arrest it) On t+e ontrary, I t+ink t+at eery ne/ ar. t+at is inented, eery ne/ de-arturet+at is .ade in t+is diretion, .erely inites ne/ talent and skill, engages ne/ e**ort, o**ers ne/ inentie,and so only gies a *res+ i.-etus to *urt+er deelo-.ent) T+ink o* t+e disoery o* gun=-o/der) 'an /e

oneie o* any .ore radial de-arture t+an /as e**eted by t+is innoation3 6et us i.agine ourselesliing in t+at -eriod5 /ould /e not +ae t+oug+t t+en t+at /ar*are /as at an end, /+en t+e ar.or o* t+eknig+t bea.e an obet o* ridiule, /+en bodily strengt+ and skill, .eaning so .u+ be*ore, bea.e o*o.-aratiely little alue3 %et gun-o/der did not sto- /ar*are5 4uite t+e o--osite


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As regards t+e seurity o* a ountry against *oreign inasion, it is interesting to note t+at it de-ends onlyon t+e relatie, and not t+e absolute, nu.ber o* t+e indiiduals or .agnitude o* t+e *ores, and t+at, i*eery ountry s+ould redue t+e /ar=*ore in t+e sa.e ratio, t+e seurity /ould re.ain unaltered) Aninternational agree.ent /it+ t+e obet o* reduing to a .ini.u. t+e /ar=*ore /+i+, in ie/ o* t+e-resent still i.-er*et eduation o* t+e .asses, is absolutely indis-ensable, /ould, t+ere*ore, see. to bet+e *irst rational ste- to take to/ard di.inis+ing t+e *ore retarding +u.an .oe.ent)

#ortunately, t+e eisting onditions annot ontinue inde*initely, *or a ne/ ele.ent is beginning to assertitsel*) A +ange *or t+e better is e.inent, and I s+all no/ endeaor to s+o/ /+at, aording to .y ideas,/ill be t+e *irst adane to/ard t+e establis+.ent o* -eae*ul relations bet/een nations, and by /+at.eans it /ill eentually be ao.-lis+ed)

6et us go bak to t+e early beginning, /+en t+e la/ o* t+e stronger /as t+e only la/) T+e lig+t o* reason/as not yet kindled, and t+e /eak /as entirely at t+e .ery o* t+e strong) T+e /eak indiidual t+en beganto learn +o/ to de*end +i.sel*) He .ade use o* a lub, stone, s-ear, sling, or bo/ and arro/, and in t+eourse o* ti.e, instead o* -+ysial strengt+, intelligene bea.e t+e +ie* deiding *ator in t+e battle) T+e/ild +arater /as gradually so*tened by t+e a/akening o* noble senti.ents, and so, i.-ere-tibly, a*terages o* ontinued -rogress, /e +ae o.e *ro. t+e brutal *ig+t o* t+e unreasoning ani.al to /+at /e allt+e Ciilized /ar*areC o* to=day, in /+i+ t+e o.batants s+ake +ands, talk in a *riendly /ay, and s.okeigars in t+e entr;ates, ready to engage again in deadly on*lit at a signal) 6et -essi.ists say /+at t+eylike, +ere is an absolute eidene o* great and grati*ying adane)

8ut no/, /+at is t+e net -+ase in t+is eolution3 Not -eae as yet, by any .eans) T+e net +ange/+i+ s+ould naturally *ollo/ *ro. .odern deelo-.ents s+ould be t+e ontinuous di.inution o* t+enu.ber o* indiiduals engaged in battle) T+e a--aratus /ill be one o* s-ei*ially great -o/er, but only a*e/ indiiduals /ill be re4uired to o-erate it) T+is eolution /ill bring .ore and .ore into -ro.inene a.a+ine or .e+anis. /it+ t+e *e/est indiiduals as an ele.ent o* /ar*are, and t+e absolutelyunaoidable onse4uene o* t+is /ill be t+e abandon.ent o* large, lu.sy, slo/ly .oing, andun.anageable units) $reatest -ossible s-eed and .ai.u. rate o* energy=deliery by t+e /ar a--aratus/ill be t+e .ain obet) T+e loss o* li*e /ill beo.e s.aller and s.aller, and *inally, t+e nu.ber o* t+eindiiduals ontinuously di.inis+ing, .erely .a+ines /ill .eet in a ontest /it+out blood=s+ed, t+enations being si.-ly interested, a.bitious s-etators) W+en t+is +a--y ondition is realized, -eae /ill beassured) 8ut, no .atter to /+at degree o* -er*etion ra-id=*ire guns, +ig+=-o/er annon, e-losie-roetiles, tor-edo=boats, or ot+er i.-le.ents o* /ar .ay be broug+t, no .atter +o/ destrutie t+ey.ay be .ade, t+at ondition an neer be rea+ed t+roug+ any su+ deelo-.ent) All su+ i.-le.ents

re4uire .en *or t+eir o-eration2 .en are indis-ensable -arts o* t+e .a+inery) T+eir obet is to kill and todestroy) T+eir -o/er resides in t+eir a-aity *or doing eil) &o long as .en .eet in battle, t+ere /ill bebloods+ed) 8loods+ed /ill eer kee- u- barbarous -assion) To break t+is *iere s-irit, a radial de-arture.ust be .ade, an entirely ne/ -rini-le .ust be introdued, so.et+ing t+at neer eisted be*ore in/ar*are


9/29

be*ore .y eyes I +ad seen so.et+ing t+at re.inded .e o* it) In t+e *irst instanes I t+oug+t t+is to be-urely aidental, but soon I onined .ysel* t+at it /as not so) A isual i.-ression, onsiously orunonsiously reeied, inariably -reeded t+e a--earane o* t+e i.age) $radually t+e desire arose in.e to *ind out, eery ti.e, /+at aused t+e i.ages to a--ear, and t+e satis*ation o* t+is desire soonbea.e a neessity) T+e net obseration I .ade /as t+at, ust as t+ese i.ages *ollo/ed as a result o*so.et+ing I +ad seen, so also t+e t+oug+ts /+i+ I oneied /ere suggested in like .anner) Again, Ie-eriened t+e sa.e desire to loate t+e i.age /+i+ aused t+e t+oug+t, and t+is sear+ *or t+eoriginal isual i.-ression soon gre/ to be a seond nature) Mt .ind bea.e auto.ati, as it /ere, and int+e ourse o* years o* ontinued, al.ost unonsious -er*or.ane, I a4uired t+e ability o* loating eery

ti.e and, as a rule, instantly t+e isual i.-ression /+i+ started t+e t+oug+t) Nor is t+is all) It /as not longbe*ore I /as a/are t+at also all .y .oe.ents /ere -ro.-ted in t+e sa.e /ay, and so, sear+ing,obsering, and eri*ying ontinuously, year by year, I +ae, by eery t+oug+t and eery at o* .ine,de.onstrated, and do so daily, to .y absolute satis*ation, t+at I a. an auto.aton endo/ed /it+ -o/er o*.oe.ent, /+i+ .erely res-onds to eternal sti.uli beating u-on .y sense organs, and t+inks and atsand .oes aordingly) I re.e.ber only one or t/o ases in all .y li*e in /+i+ I /as unable to loate t+e*irst i.-ression /+i+ -ro.-ted a .oe.ent or a t+oug+t, or een a drea.)

#I$) ) THE #I&T :A'TI'A6 TE6A(TOMATON)A .a+ine +aing all t+e bodily or translatory .oe.ents and t+e o-erations o* t+e interior .e+anis. ontrolled *ro. a distane /it+out

/ires) T+e re/less boat s+o/n in t+e -+otogra-+ ontains its o/n .otie -o/er, -ro-elling and steering .a+inery, and nu.erous ot+eraessories, all o* /+i+ are ontrolled by trans.itting *ro. a distane, /it+out /ires, eletrial osillations to a iruit arried by t+e boat and

adusted to res-ond only to t+ese osillations)

Wit+ t+ese e-erienes it /as only natural t+at, long ago, I oneied t+e idea o* onstruting anauto.aton /+i+ /ould .e+anially re-resent .e, and /+i+ /ould res-ond, as I do .ysel*, but, o*ourse, in a .u+ .ore -ri.itie .anner, to eternal in*luenes) &u+ an auto.aton eidently +ad to +ae.otie -o/er, organs *or loo.otion, diretie organs, and one or .ore sensitie organs so ada-ted as tobe eited by eternal sti.uli) T+is .a+ine /ould, I reasoned, -er*or. its .oe.ents in t+e .anner o* aliing being, *or it /ould +ae all t+e +ie* .e+anial +arateristis or ele.ents o* t+e sa.e) T+ere /asstill t+e a-aity *or gro/t+, -ro-agation, and, aboe all, t+e .ind /+i+ /ould be /anting to .ake t+e.odel o.-lete) 8ut gro/t+ /as not neessary in t+is ase, sine a .a+ine ould be .anu*atured *ullgro/n, so to s-eak) As to t+e a-aity *or -ro-agation, it ould like/ise be le*t out o* onsideration, *or int+e .e+anial .odel it .erely signi*ied a -roess o* .anu*ature) W+et+er t+e auto.ation be o* *les+and bone, or o* /ood and steel, it .attered little, -roided it ould -er*or. all t+e duties re4uired o* it likean intelligent being) To do so, it +ad to +ae an ele.ent orres-onding to t+e .ind, /+i+ /ould e**et t+e

ontrol o* all its .oe.ents and o-erations, and ause it to at, in any un*oreseen ase t+at .ig+t -resentitsel*, /it+ kno/ledge, reason, udg.ent, and e-eriene) 8ut t+is ele.ent I ould easily e.body in it byoneying to it .y o/n intelligene, .y o/n understanding) &o t+is inention /as eoled, and so a ne/art a.e into eistene, *or /+i+ t+e na.e Ctelauto.atisC +as been suggested, /+i+ .eans t+e art o*ontrolling t+e .oe.ents and o-erations o* distant auto.atons) T+is -rini-le eidently /as a--liable toany kind o* .a+ine t+at .oes on land or in t+e /ater or in t+e air) In a--lying it -ratially *or t+e *irstti.e, I seleted a boat Gsee #ig) ) A storage battery -laed /it+in it *urnis+ed t+e .otie -o/er) T+e-ro-eller, drien by a .otor, re-resented t+e loo.otie organs) T+e rudder, ontrolled by anot+er .otorlike/ise drien by t+e battery, took t+e -lae o* t+e diretie organs) As to t+e sensitie organ, obiouslyt+e *irst t+oug+t /as to utilize a deie res-onsie to rays o* lig+t, like a seleniu. ell, to re-resent t+e+u.an eye) 8ut u-on loser in4uiry I *ound t+at, o/ing to e-eri.ental and ot+er di**iulties, no t+oroug+ly


10/29

satis*atory ontrol o* t+e auto.aton ould be e**eted by lig+t, radiant +eat, +ertzian radiations, or by raysin general, t+at is, disturbanes /+i+ -ass in straig+t lines t+roug+ s-ae) One o* t+e reasons /as t+atany obstale o.ing bet/een t+e o-erator and t+e distant auto.aton /ould -lae it beyond +is ontrol)

Anot+er reason /as t+at t+e sensitie deie re-resenting t+e eye /ould +ae to be in a de*inite -osition/it+ res-et to t+e distant ontrolling a--aratus, and t+is neessity /ould i.-ose great li.itations in t+eontrol) &till anot+er and ery i.-ortant reason /as t+at, in using rays, it /ould be di**iult, i* noti.-ossible, to gie to t+e auto.aton indiidual *eatures or +arateristis distinguis+ing it *ro. ot+er.a+ines o* t+is kind) Eidently t+e auto.aton s+ould res-ond only to an indiidual all, as a -ersonres-onds to a na.e) &u+ onsiderations led .e to onlude t+at t+e sensitie deie o* t+e .a+ine

s+ould orres-ond to t+e ear rat+er t+an t+e eye o* a +u.an being, *or in t+is ase its ations ould beontrolled irres-etie o* interening obstales, regardless o* its -osition relatie to t+e distant ontrollinga--aratus, and, last, but not least, it /ould re.ain dea* and unres-onsie, like a *ait+*ul serant, to allalls but t+at o* its .aster) T+ese re4uire.ents .ade it i.-eratie to use, in t+e ontrol o* t+e auto.aton,instead o* lig+t or ot+er rays, /aes or disturbanes /+i+ -ro-agate in all diretions t+roug+ s-ae, likesound, or /+i+ *ollo/ a -at+ o* least resistane, +o/eer ured) I attained t+e result ai.ed at by .eanso* an eletri iruit -laed /it+in t+e boat, and adusted, or Ctuned,C eatly to eletrial ibrations o* t+e-ro-er kind trans.itted to it *ro. a distant Celetrial osillator)C T+is iruit, in res-onding, +o/eer *eebly,to t+e trans.itted ibrations, a**eted .agnets and ot+er ontrianes, t+roug+ t+e .ediu. o* /+i+ /ereontrolled t+e .oe.ents o* t+e -ro-eller and rudder, and also t+e o-erations o* nu.erous ot+era--lianes)

8y t+e si.-le .eans desribed t+e kno/ledge, e-eriene, udg.ent


11/29

.a+ines /it+out .en and /it+out loss o* li*e


12/29

energy) W+en /e reognize t+is, /e annot +el- /ondering +o/ -ro*oundly /ise and sienti*i and +o/i..ensely -ratial t+e '+ristian religion is, and in /+at a .arked ontrast it stands in t+is res-et toot+er religions) It is un.istakably t+e result o* -ratial e-eri.ent and sienti*i obseration /+i+ +aeetended t+roug+ t+e ages, /+ile ot+er religions see. to be t+e outo.e o* .erely abstrat reasoning)Work, untiring e**ort, use*ul and au.ulatie, /it+ -eriods o* rest and reu-eration ai.ing at +ig+ere**iieny, is its +ie* and eer=reurring o..and) T+us /e are ins-ired bot+ by '+ristianity and &ieneto do our ut.ost to/ard inreasing t+e -er*or.ane o* .ankind) T+is .ost i.-ortant o* +u.an -roble.s Is+all no/ s-ei*ially onsider)

THE &O('E O# H(MAN ENE$%


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a.ount o* +eat=energy) 8ut a old eletrolyti -roess o* .anu*ature is t+e ideal solution, and on t+is I+ae -laed .y +o-e)

T+e absolutely unaoidable onse4uene o* t+e adane.ent o* t+e alu.iniu. industry /ill be t+eanni+ilation o* t+e o--er industry) T+ey annot eist and -ros-er toget+er, and t+e latter is doo.edbeyond any +o-e o* reoery) Een no/ it is +ea-er to oney an eletri urrent t+roug+ alu.iniu./ires t+an t+roug+ o--er /ires2 alu.iniu. astings ost less, and in .any do.esti and ot+er useso--er +as no +ane o* suess*ully o.-eting) A *urt+er .aterial redution o* t+e -rie o* alu.iniu.annot but be *atal to o--er) 8ut t+e -rogress o* t+e *or.er /ill not go on un+eked, *or, as it eer+a--ens in su+ ases, t+e larger industry /ill absorb t+e s.aller one5 t+e giant o--er interests /illontrol t+e -yg.y alu.iniu. interests, and t+e slo/=-aing o--er /ill redue t+e liely gait o* alu.iniu.)T+is /ill only delay, not aoid t+e i.-ending atastro-+e)

Alu.iniu., +o/eer, /ill not sto- at do/ning o--er) 8e*ore .any years +ae -assed it /ill be engagedin a *iere struggle /it+ iron, and in t+e latter it /ill *ind an adersary not easy to on4uer) T+e issue o* t+eontest /ill largely de-end on /+et+er iron s+all be indis-ensable in eletri .a+inery) T+is t+e *uturealone an deide) T+e .agnetis. as e+ibited in iron is an isolated -+eno.enon in nature) W+at it is t+at.akes t+is .etal be+ae so radially di**erent *ro. all ot+er .aterials in t+is res-et +as not yet beenasertained, t+oug+ .any t+eories +ae been suggested) As regards .agnetis., t+e .oleules o* t+earious bodies be+ae like +ollo/ bea.s -artly *illed /it+ a +eay *luid and balaned in t+e .iddle in t+e.anner o* a see=sa/) Eidently so.e disturbing in*luene eists in nature /+i+ auses ea+ .oleule,like su+ a bea., to tilt eit+er one or t+e ot+er /ay) I* t+e .oleules are tilted one /ay, t+e body is

.agneti2 i* t+ey are tilted t+e ot+er /ay, t+e body is non=.agneti2 but bot+ -ositions are stable, as t+ey/ould be in t+e ase o* t+e +ollo/ bea., o/ing to t+e rus+ o* t+e *luid to t+e lo/er end) No/, t+e/onder*ul t+ing is t+at t+e .oleules o* all kno/n bodies /ent one /ay, /+ile t+ose o* iron /ent t+e ot+er/ay) T+is .etal, it /ould see., +as an origin entirely di**erent *ro. t+at o* t+e rest o* t+e globe) It is +ig+lyi.-robable t+at /e s+all disoer so.e ot+er and +ea-er .aterial /+i+ /ill e4ual or sur-ass iron in.agneti 4ualities)

(nless /e s+ould .ake a radial de-arture in t+e +arater o* t+e eletri urrents e.-loyed, iron /ill beindis-ensable) %et t+e adantages it o**ers are only a--arent) &o long as /e use *eeble .agneti *ores itis by *ar su-erior to any ot+er .aterial2 but i* /e *ind /ays o* -roduing great .agneti *ores, t+an betterresults /ill be obtainable /it+out it) In *at, I +ae already -rodued eletri trans*or.ers in /+i+ no ironis e.-loyed, and /+i+ are a-able o* -er*or.ing ten ti.es as .u+ /ork -er -ound o* /eig+t as t+oseo* iron) T+is result is attained by using eletri urrents o* a ery +ig+ rate o* ibration, -rodued in noel

/ays, instead o* t+e ordinary urrents no/ e.-loyed in t+e industries) I +ae also sueeded in o-eratingeletri .otors /it+out iron by su+ ra-idly ibrating urrents, but t+e results, so *ar, +ae been in*erior tot+ose obtained /it+ ordinary .otors onstruted o* iron, alt+oug+ t+eoretially t+e *or.er s+ould bea-able o* -er*or.ing ino.-arably .ore /ork -er unit o* /eig+t t+an t+e latter) 8ut t+e see.inglyinsu-erable di**iulties /+i+ are no/ in t+e /ay .ay be oero.e in t+e end, and t+en iron /ill be donea/ay /it+, and all eletri .a+inery /ill be .anu*atured o* alu.iniu., in all -robability, at -riesridiulously lo/) T+is /ould be a seere, i* not *atal, blo/ to iron) In .any ot+er bran+es o* industry, ass+i-=building, or /+ereer lig+tness o* struture is re4uired, t+e -rogress o* t+e ne/ .etal /ill be .u+4uiker) #or su+ uses it is e.inently suitable, and is sure to su-ersede iron sooner or later) It is +ig+ly-robable t+at in t+e ourse o* ti.e /e s+all be able to gie it .any o* t+ose 4ualities /+i+ .ake iron soaluable)

W+ile it is i.-ossible to tell /+en t+is industrial reolution /ill be onsu..ated, t+ere an be no doubt

t+at t+e *uture belongs to alu.iniu., and t+at in ti.es to o.e it /ill be t+e +ie* .eans o* inreasing+u.an -er*or.ane) It +as in t+is res-et a-aities greater by *ar t+an t+ose o* any ot+er .etal) I s+ouldesti.ate its iilizing -oteny at *ully one +undred ti.es t+at o* iron) T+is esti.ate, t+oug+ it .ay astonis+,is not at all eaggerated) #irst o* all, /e .ust re.e.ber t+at t+ere is t+irty ti.es as .u+ alu.iniu. asiron in bulk, aailable *or t+e uses o* .an) T+is in itsel* o**ers great -ossibilities) T+en, again, t+e ne/.etal is .u+ .ore easily /orkable, /+i+ adds to its alue) In .any o* its -ro-erties it -artakes o* t+e+arater o* a -reious .etal, /+i+ gies it additional /ort+) Its eletri ondutiity, /+i+, *or a gien/eig+t, is greater t+an t+at o* any ot+er .etal, /ould be alone su**iient to .ake it one o* t+e .osti.-ortant *ators in *uture +u.an -rogress) Its etre.e lig+tness .akes it *ar .ore easy to trans-ort t+eobets .anu*atured) 8y irtue o* t+is -ro-erty it /ill reolutionize naal onstrution, and in *ailitatingtrans-ort and trael it /ill add enor.ously to t+e use*ul -er*or.ane o* .ankind) 8ut its greatest iilizing


16/29

-ro-erty /ill be, I beliee, in arial trael, /+i+ is sure to be broug+t about by .eans o* it) Telegra-+iinstru.ents /ill slo/ly enlig+ten t+e barbarian) Eletri .otors and la.-s /ill do it .ore 4uikly, but4uiker t+an anyt+ing else t+e *lying=.a+ine /ill do it) 8y rendering trael ideally easy it /ill be t+e best.eans *or uni*ying t+e +eterogeneous ele.ents o* +u.anity) As t+e *irst ste- to/ard t+is realization /es+ould -rodue a lig+ter storage=battery or get .ore energy *ro. oal)

E##OT& TOWA! O8TAININ$ MOE ENE$% #OM 'OA6


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generate eletriity *or industrial uses in dyna.os drien by gas engines) T+e o..erial suess o* su+a -lant is largely de-endent u-on t+e -rodution o* gas=engines o* great no.inal +orse=-o/er, /+i+,

udging *ro. t+e keen atiity in t+is *ield /ill soon be *ort+o.ing) Instead o* onsu.ing oal diretly, asusual, gas s+ould be .anu*atured *ro. it and burned to eono.ize energy)

8ut all su+ i.-roe.ents annot be .ore t+an -assing -+ases in t+e eolution to/ard so.et+ing *ar.ore -er*et, *or ulti.ately /e .ust sueed in obtaining eletriity *ro. oal in a .ore diret /ay,inoling no great loss o* +eat=energy) W+et+er oal an be oidized by a old -roess is still a 4uestion)Its o.bination /it+ oygen al/ays inoles +eat, and /+et+er t+e energy o* t+e o.bination o* t+earbon /it+ anot+er ele.ent an be turned diretly into eletrial energy +as not yet been deter.ined)(nder ertain onditions nitri aid /ill burn t+e arbon, generating an eletri urrent, but t+e solutiondoes not re.ain old) Ot+er .eans o* oidizing oal +ae been -ro-osed, but t+ey +ae o**ered no-ro.ise o* leading to an e**iient -roess) My o/n lak o* suess +as been o.-lete, t+oug+ -er+a-snot 4uite so o.-lete as t+at o* so.e /+o +ae C-er*etedC t+e old=oal battery) T+is -roble. isessentially one *or t+e +e.ist to sole) It is not *or t+e -+ysiist, /+o deter.ines all +is results inadane, so t+at, /+en t+e e-eri.ent is tried, it annot *ail) '+e.istry, t+oug+ a -ositie siene, doesnot yet ad.it o* a solution by su+ -ositie .et+ods as t+ose /+i+ are aailable in t+e treat.ent o* .any-+ysial -roble.s) T+e result, i* -ossible, /ill be arried at t+roug+ -atent trying rat+er t+an t+roug+dedution or alulation) T+e ti.e /ill soon o.e, +o/eer, /+en t+e +e.ist /ill be able to *ollo/ aourse learly .a--ed out be*ore+and, and /+en t+e -roess o* +is arriing at a desired result /ill be-urely onstrutie) T+e old=oal battery /ould gie a great i.-etus to eletrial deelo-.ent2 it /ouldlead ery s+ortly to a -ratial *lying=.a+ine, and /ould enor.ously en+ane t+e introdution o* t+e

auto.obile) 8ut t+ese and .any ot+er -roble.s /ill be better soled, and in a .ore sienti*i .anner, bya lig+t storage battery)

ENE$% #OM THE ME!I(M


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so.e e**iient .et+od o* utilizing t+e energy o* t+e rays) T+e only rational /ay kno/n to .e at t+e ti.e/+en I began t+e study o* t+is subet /as to e.-loy so.e kind o* +eat= or t+er.odyna.i=engine, drienby a olatile *luid ea-orate in a boiler by t+e +eat o* t+e rays) 8ut loser inestigation o* t+is .et+od, andalulation, s+o/ed t+at, not/it+standing t+e a--arently ast a.ount o* energy reeied *ro. t+e sun;srays, only a s.all *ration o* t+at energy ould be atually utilized in t+is .anner) #urt+er.ore, t+e energysu--lied t+roug+ t+e sun;s radiations is -eriodial, and t+e sa.e li.itations as in t+e use o* t+e /ind.ill I*ound to eist +ere also) A*ter a long study o* t+is .ode o* obtaining .otie -o/er *ro. t+e sun, taking intoaount t+e neessarily large bulk o* t+e boiler, t+e lo/ e**iieny o* t+e +eat=engine, t+e additional ost o*storing t+e energy and ot+er dra/baks, I a.e to t+e onlusion t+at t+e Csolar engine,C a *e/ instanes

ee-ted, ould not be industrially e-loited /it+ suess)

Anot+er /ay o* getting .otie -o/er *ro. t+e .ediu. /it+out onsu.ing any .aterial /ould be to utilizet+e +eat ontained in t+e eart+, t+e /ater, or t+e air *or driing an engine) It is a /ell=kno/n *at t+at t+einterior -ortions o* t+e globe are ery +ot, t+e te.-erature rising, as obserations s+o/, /it+ t+e a--roa+to t+e enter at t+e rate o* a--roi.ately 1 degree ') *or eery +undred *eet o* de-t+) T+e di**iulties o*sinking s+a*ts and -laing boilers at de-t+s o*, say, t/ele t+ousand *eet, orres-onding to an inrease inte.-erature o* about 10 degrees '), are not insu-erable, and /e ould ertainly aail ourseles in t+is/ay o* t+e internal +eat o* t+e globe) In *at, it /ould not be neessary to go to any de-t+ at all in order toderie energy *ro. t+e stored terrestrial +eat) T+e su-er*iial layers o* t+e eart+ and t+e air strata lose tot+e sa.e are at a te.-erature su**iiently +ig+ to ea-orate so.e etre.ely olatile substanes, /+i+/e .ig+t use in our boilers instead o* /ater) T+ere is no doubt t+at a essel .ig+t be -ro-elled on t+eoean by an engine drien by su+ a olatile *luid, no ot+er energy being used but t+e +eat abstrated

*ro. t+e /ater) 8ut t+e a.ount o* -o/er /+i+ ould be obtained in t+is .anner /ould be, /it+out *urt+er-roision, ery s.all)

Eletriity -rodued by natural auses is anot+er soure o* energy /+i+ .ig+t be rendered aailable)6ig+tning dis+arges inole great a.ounts o* eletrial energy, /+i+ /e ould utilize by trans*or.ingand storing it) &o.e years ago I .ade kno/n a .et+od o* eletrial trans*or.ation /+i+ renders t+e *irst-art o* t+is task easy, but t+e storing o* t+e energy o* lig+tning dis+arges /ill be di**iult to ao.-lis+) Itis /ell kno/n, *urt+er.ore, t+at eletri urrents irulate onstantly t+roug+ t+e eart+, and t+at t+ereeists bet/een t+e eart+ and any air stratu. a di**erene o* eletrial -ressure, /+i+ aries in -ro-ortionto t+e +eig+t)

In reent e-eri.ents I +ae disoered t/o noel *ats o* i.-ortane in t+is onnetion) One o* t+ese*ats is t+at an eletri urrent is generated in a /ire etending *ro. t+e ground to a great +eig+t by t+e

aial, and -robably also by t+e translatory, .oe.ent o* t+e eart+) No a--reiable urrent, +o/eer, /ill*lo/ ontinuously in t+e /ire unless t+e eletriity is allo/ed to leak out into t+e air) Its esa-e is greatly*ailitated by -roiding at t+e eleated end o* t+e /ire a onduting ter.inal o* great sur*ae, /it+ .anys+ar- edges or -oints) We are t+us enabled to get a ontinuous su--ly o* eletrial energy by .erelysu--orting a /ire at a +eig+t, but, un*ortunately, t+e a.ount o* eletriity /+i+ an be so obtained iss.all)

T+e seond *at /+i+ I +ae asertained is t+at t+e u--er air strata are -er.anently +arged /it+eletriity o--osite to t+at o* t+e eart+) &o, at least, I +ae inter-reted .y obserations, *ro. /+i+ ita--ears t+at t+e eart+, /it+ its adaent insulating and outer onduting enelo-e, onstitutes a +ig+ly+arged eletrial ondenser ontaining, in all -robability, a great a.ount o* eletrial energy /+i+ .ig+tbe turned to t+e uses o* .an, i* it /ere -ossible to rea+ /it+ a /ire to great altitudes)

It is -ossible, and een -robable, t+at t+ere /ill be, in ti.e, ot+er resoures o* energy o-ened u-, o* /+i+/e +ae no kno/ledge no/) We .ay een *ind /ays o* a--lying *ores su+ as .agnetis. or graity *ordriing .a+inery /it+out using any ot+er .eans) &u+ realizations, t+oug+ +ig+ly i.-robable, are noti.-ossible) An ea.-le /ill best oney an idea o* /+at /e an +o-e to attain and /+at /e an neerattain) I.agine a disk o* so.e +o.ogeneous .aterial turned -er*etly true and arranged to turn in*ritionless bearings on a +orizontal s+a*t aboe t+e ground) T+is disk, being under t+e aboe onditions-er*etly balaned, /ould rest in any -osition) No/, it is -ossible t+at /e .ay learn +o/ to .ake su+ adisk rotate ontinuously and -er*or. /ork by t+e *ore o* graity /it+out any *urt+er e**ort on our -art2 butit is -er*etly i.-ossible *or t+e disk to turn and to do /ork /it+out any *ore *ro. t+e outside) I* it ould doso, it /ould be /+at is designated sienti*ially as a C-er-etuu. .obile,C a .a+ine reating its o/n.otie -o/er) To .ake t+e disk rotate by t+e *ore o* graity /e +ae only to inent a sreen against t+is


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*ore) 8y su+ a sreen /e ould -reent t+is *ore *ro. ating on one +al* o* t+e disk, and t+e rotation o*t+e latter /ould *ollo/) At least, /e annot deny su+ a -ossibility until /e kno/ eatly t+e nature o* t+e*ore o* graity) &u--ose t+at t+is *ore /ere due to a .oe.ent o.-arable to t+at o* a strea. o* air-assing *ro. aboe to/ard t+e enter o* t+e eart+) T+e e**et o* su+ a strea. u-on bot+ +ales o* t+edisk /ould be e4ual, and t+e latter /ould not rotate ordinarily2 but i* one +al* s+ould be guarded by a -latearresting t+e .oe.ent, t+en it /ould turn)

A !E:AT(E #OM 7NOWN METHO!&a ylindrialB enlosure T, as illustrated in diagra. b, su+ t+at energy ould not betrans*erred aross it ee-t t+roug+ a +annel or -at+ O, and t+at, by so.e .eans or ot+er, in t+is


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enlosure a .ediu. /ere .aintained /+i+ /ould +ae little energy, and t+at on t+e outer side o* t+esa.e t+ere /ould be t+e ordinary a.bient .ediu. /it+ .u+ energy) (nder t+ese assu.-tions t+eenergy /ould *lo/ t+roug+ t+e -at+ O, as indiated by t+e arro/, and .ig+t t+en be onerted on its-assage into so.e ot+er *or. o* energy) T+e 4uestion /as, 'ould su+ a ondition be attained3 'ould /e-rodue arti*iially su+ a CsinkC *or t+e energy o* t+e a.bient .ediu. to *lo/ in3 &u--ose t+at anetre.ely lo/ te.-erature ould be .aintained by so.e -roess in a gien s-ae2 t+e surrounding.ediu. /ould t+en be o.-elled to gie o** +eat, /+i+ ould be onerted into .e+anial or ot+er *or.o* energy, and utilized) 8y realizing su+ a -lan, /e s+ould be enabled to get at any -oint o* t+e globe aontinuous su--ly o* energy, day and nig+t) More t+an t+is, reasoning in t+e abstrat, it /ould see.

-ossible to ause a 4uik irulation o* t+e .ediu., and t+us dra/ t+e energy at a ery ra-id rate)

Here, t+en, /as an idea /+i+, i* realizable, a**orded a +a--y solution o* t+e -roble. o* getting energy*ro. t+e .ediu.) 8ut /as it realizable3 I onined .ysel* t+at it /as so in a nu.ber o* /ays, o* /+i+one is t+e *ollo/ing) As regards +eat, /e are at a +ig+ leel, /+i+ .ay be re-resented by t+e sur*ae o* a.ountain lake onsiderably aboe t+e sea, t+e leel o* /+i+ .ay .ark t+e absolute zero o* te.-eratureeisting in t+e interstellar s-ae) Heat, like /ater, *lo/s *ro. +ig+ to lo/ leel, and, onse4uently, ust as/e an let t+e /ater o* t+e lake run do/n to t+e sea, so /e are able to let +eat *ro. t+e eart+;s sur*aetrael u- into t+e old region aboe) Heat, like /ater, an -er*or. /ork in *lo/ing do/n, and i* /e +ad anydoubt as to /+et+er /e ould derie energy *ro. t+e .ediu. by .eans o* a t+er.o-ile, as be*oredesribed, it /ould be dis-elled by t+is analogue) 8ut an /e -rodue old in a gien -ortion o* t+e s-aeand ause t+e +eat to *lo/ in ontinually3 To reate su+ a Csink,C or Cold +ole,C as /e .ig+t say, in t+e.ediu., /ould be e4uialent to -roduing in t+e lake a s-ae eit+er e.-ty or *illed /it+ so.et+ing .u+

lig+ter t+an /ater) T+is /e ould do by -laing in t+e lake a tank, and -u.-ing all t+e /ater out o* t+elatter) We kno/, t+en, t+at t+e /ater, i* allo/ed to *lo/ bak into t+e tank, /ould, t+eoretially, be able to-er*or. eatly t+e sa.e a.ount o* /ork /+i+ /as used in -u.-ing it out, but not a bit .ore)'onse4uently not+ing ould be gained in t+is double o-eration o* *irst raising t+e /ater and t+en letting it*all do/n) T+is /ould .ean t+at it is i.-ossible to reate su+ a sink in t+e .ediu.) 8ut let us re*let a.o.ent) Heat, t+oug+ *ollo/ing ertain general la/s o* .e+anis, like a *luid, is not su+2 it is energy/+i+ .ay be onerted into ot+er *or.s o* energy as it -asses *ro. a +ig+ to a lo/ leel) To .ake our.e+anial analogy o.-lete and true, /e .ust, t+ere*ore, assu.e t+at t+e /ater, in its -assage into t+etank, is onerted into so.et+ing else, /+i+ .ay be taken out o* it /it+out using any, or by using erylittle, -o/er) #or ea.-le, i* +eat be re-resented in t+is analogue by t+e /ater o* t+e lake, t+e oygen and+ydrogen o.-osing t+e /ater .ay illustrate ot+er *or.s o* energy into /+i+ t+e +eat is trans*or.ed in-assing *ro. +ot to old) I* t+e -roess o* +eat trans*or.ation /ere absolutely -er*et, no +eat at all /ouldarrie at t+e lo/ leel, sine all o* it /ould be onerted into ot+er *or.s o* energy) 'orres-onding to t+is

ideal ase, all t+e /ater *lo/ing into t+e tank /ould be deo.-osed into oygen and +ydrogen be*orerea+ing t+e botto., and t+e result /ould be t+at /ater /ould ontinually *lo/ in, and yet t+e tank /ouldre.ain entirely e.-ty, t+e gases *or.ed esa-ing) We /ould t+us -rodue, by e-ending initially a ertaina.ount o* /ork to reate a sink *or t+e +eat or, res-etiely, t+e /ater to *lo/ in, a ondition enabling us toget any a.ount o* energy /it+out *urt+er e**ort) T+is /ould be an ideal /ay o* obtaining .otie -o/er) Wedo not kno/ o* any su+ absolutely -er*et -roess o* +eat=onersion, and onse4uently so.e +eat /illgenerally rea+ t+e lo/ leel, /+i+ .eans to say, in our .e+anial analogue, t+at so.e /ater /ill arrieat t+e botto. o* t+e tank, and a gradual and slo/ *illing o* t+e latter /ill take -lae, neessitatingontinuous -u.-ing out) 8ut eidently t+ere /ill be less to -u.- out t+an *lo/s in, or, in ot+er /ords, lessenergy /ill be needed to .aintain t+e initial ondition t+an is deelo-ed by t+e *all, and t+is is to say t+atso.e energy /ill be gained *ro. t+e .ediu.) W+at is not onerted in *lo/ing do/n an ust be raised u-/it+ its o/n energy, and /+at is onerted is lear gain) T+us t+e irtue o* t+e -rini-le I +ae disoeredresides /+olly in t+e onersion o* t+e energy on t+e do/n/ard *lo/)

#I&T E##OT& TO :O!('E THE &E6#=A'TIN$ EN$INE


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onlusion I rea+ed, I t+ink, in t+e latter -art o* 1?, /+en I /as in :aris, and it /as at a ti.e /+en .y.ind /as being .ore and .ore do.inated by an inention /+i+ I +ad eoled during t+e -reeding year,and /+i+ +as sine beo.e kno/n under t+e na.e o* t+e Crotating .agneti *ield)C !uring t+e *e/ years/+i+ *ollo/ed I elaborated *urt+er t+e -lan I +ad i.agined, and studied t+e /orking onditions, but .adelittle +ead/ay) T+e o..erial introdution in t+is ountry o* t+e inention be*ore re*erred to re4uired .osto* .y energies until 19, /+en I again took u- t+e idea o* t+e sel*=ating .a+ine) A loser inestigationo* t+e -rini-les inoled, and alulation, no/ s+o/ed t+at t+e result I ai.ed at ould not be rea+ed in a-ratial .anner by ordinary .a+inery, as I +ad in t+e beginning e-eted) T+is led .e, as a net ste-,to t+e study o* a ty-e o* engine generally designated as Cturbine,C /+i+ at *irst see.ed to o**er better

+anes *or a realization o* t+e idea) &oon I *ound, +o/eer, t+at t+e turbine, too, /as unsuitable) 8ut .yonlusions s+o/ed t+at i* an engine o* a -euliar kind ould be broug+t to a +ig+ degree o* -er*etion,t+e -lan I +ad oneied /as realizable, and I resoled to -roeed /it+ t+e deelo-.ent o* su+ anengine, t+e -ri.ary obet o* /+i+ /as to seure t+e greatest eono.y o* trans*or.ation o* +eat into.e+anial energy) A +arateristi *eature o* t+e engine /as t+at t+e /ork=-er*or.ing -iston /as notonneted /it+ anyt+ing else, but /as -er*etly *ree to ibrate at an enor.ous rate) T+e .e+anialdi**iulties enountered in t+e onstrution o* t+is engine /ere greater t+an I +ad antii-ated, and I .adeslo/ -rogress) T+is /ork /as ontinued until early in 19, /+en I /ent to 6ondon, /+ere I sa/ :ro*essor!e/ar;s ad.irable e-eri.ents /it+ li4ue*ied gases) Ot+ers +ad li4ue*ied gases be*ore, and notablyOzle/ski and :itet +ad -er*or.ed reditable early e-eri.ents in t+is line, but t+ere /as su+ a igorabout t+e /ork o* !e/ar t+at een t+e old a--eared ne/) His e-eri.ents s+o/ed, t+oug+ in a /aydi**erent *ro. t+at I +ad i.agined, t+at it /as -ossible to rea+ a ery lo/ te.-erature by trans*or.ing+eat into .e+anial /ork, and I returned, dee-ly i.-ressed /it+ /+at I +ad seen, and .ore t+an eer

onined t+at .y -lan /as -ratiable) T+e /ork te.-orarily interru-ted /as taken u- ane/, and soon I+ad in a *air state o* -er*etion t+e engine /+i+ I +ae na.ed Ct+e .e+anial osillator)C In t+is .a+ineI sueeded in doing a/ay /it+ all -akings, ales, and lubriation, and in -roduing so ra-id a ibrationo* t+e -iston t+at s+a*ts o* toug+ steel, *astened to t+e sa.e and ibrated longitudinally, /ere tornasunder) 8y o.bining t+is engine /it+ a dyna.o o* s-eial design I -rodued a +ig+ly e**iient eletrialgenerator, inaluable in .easure.ents and deter.inations o* -+ysial 4uantities on aount o* t+eunarying rate o* osillation obtainable by its .eans) I e+ibited seeral ty-es o* t+is .a+ine, na.edC.e+anial and eletrial osillator,C be*ore t+e Eletrial 'ongress at t+e World;s #air in '+iago duringt+e su..er o* 19?, in a leture /+i+, on aount o* ot+er -ressing /ork, I /as unable to -re-are *or-ubliation) On t+at oasion I e-osed t+e -rini-les o* t+e .e+anial osillator, but t+e original -ur-oseo* t+is .a+ine is e-lained +ere *or t+e *irst ti.e)

In t+e -roess, as I +ad -ri.arily oneied it, *or t+e utilization o* t+e energy o* t+e a.bient .ediu.,

t+ere /ere *ie essential ele.ents in o.bination, and ea+ o* t+ese +ad to be ne/ly designed and-er*eted, as no su+ .a+ines eisted) T+e .e+anial osillator /as t+e *irst ele.ent o* t+iso.bination, and +aing -er*eted t+is, I turned to t+e net, /+i+ /as an air=o.-ressor o* a design inertain res-ets rese.bling t+at o* t+e .e+anial osillator) &i.ilar di**iulties in t+e onstrution /ereagain enountered, but t+e /ork /as -us+ed igorously, and at t+e lose o* 19@ I +ad o.-leted t+eset/o ele.ents o* t+e o.bination, and t+us -rodued an a--aratus *or o.-ressing air, irtually to anydesired -ressure, ino.-arably si.-ler, s.aller, and .ore e**iient t+an t+e ordinary) I /as ust beginning/ork on t+e t+ird ele.ent, /+i+ toget+er /it+ t+e *irst t/o /ould gie a re*rigerating .a+ine o*ee-tional e**iieny and si.-liity, /+en a .is*ortune be*ell .e in t+e burning o* .y laboratory, /+i+ri--led .y labors and delayed .e) &+ortly a*ter/ard !r) 'arl 6inde announed t+e li4ue*ation o* air by asel*=ooling -roess, de.onstrating t+at it /as -ratiable to -roeed /it+ t+e ooling until li4ue*ation o*t+e air took -lae) T+is /as t+e only e-eri.ental -roo* /+i+ I /as still /anting t+at energy /asobtainable *ro. t+e .ediu. in t+e .anner onte.-lated by .e)

T+e li4ue*ation o* air by a sel*=ooling -roess /as not, as -o-ularly belieed, an aidental disoery,but a sienti*i result /+i+ ould not +ae been delayed .u+ longer, and /+i+, in all -robability, ouldnot +ae esa-ed !e/ar) T+is *asinating adane, I beliee, is largely due to t+e -o/er*ul /ork o* t+isgreat &ot+.an) Neert+eless, 6inde;s is an i..ortal a+iee.ent) T+e .anu*ature o* li4uid air +asbeen arried on *or *our years in $er.any, on a sale .u+ larger t+an in any ot+er ountry, and t+isstrange -rodut +as been a--lied *or a ariety o* -ur-oses) Mu+ /as e-eted o* it in t+e beginning, butso *ar it +as been an industrial ignis *atuus) 8y t+e use o* su+ .a+inery as I a. -er*eting, its ost /ill-robably be greatly lessened, but een t+en its o..erial suess /ill be 4uestionable) W+en, used as are*rigerant it is uneono.ial, as its te.-erature is unneessarily lo/) It is as e-ensie to .aintain abody at a ery lo/ te.-erature as it is to kee- it ery +ot2 it takes oal to kee- air old) In oygen


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.anu*ature it annot yet o.-ete /it+ t+e eletrolyti .et+od) #or use as an e-losie it is unsuitable,beause its lo/ te.-erature again onde.ns it to a s.all e**iieny, and *or .otie=-o/er -ur-oses itsost is still by *ar too +ig+) It is o* interest to note, +o/eer, t+at in driing an engine by li4uid air a ertaina.ount o* energy .ay be gained *ro. t+e engine, or, stated ot+er/ise, *ro. t+e a.bient .ediu. /+i+kee-s t+e engine /ar., ea+ t/o +undred -ounds o* iron=asting o* t+e latter ontributing energy at t+erate o* about one e**etie +orse-o/er during one +our) 8ut t+is gain o* t+e onsu.er is o**set by an e4ualloss o* t+e -roduer)

Mu+ o* t+is task on /+i+ I +ae labored so long re.ains to be done) A nu.ber o* .e+anial details arestill to be -er*eted and so.e di**iulties o* a di**erent nature to be .astered, and I annot +o-e to-rodue a sel*=ating .a+ine deriing energy *ro. t+e a.bient .ediu. *or a long ti.e yet, een i* all .ye-etations s+ould .aterialize) Many iru.stanes +ae ourred /+i+ +ae retarded .y /ork o* late,but *or seeral reasons t+e delay /as bene*iial)

One o* t+ese reasons /as t+at I +ad a.-le ti.e to onsider /+at t+e ulti.ate -ossibilities o* t+isdeelo-.ent .ig+t be) I /orked *or a long ti.e *ully onined t+at t+e -ratial realization o* t+is .et+odo* obtaining energy *ro. t+e sun /ould be o* inalulable industrial alue, but t+e ontinued study o* t+esubet reealed t+e *at t+at /+ile it /ill be o..erially -ro*itable i* .y e-etations are /ell *ounded, it/ill not be so to an etraordinary degree)

!I&'O"E% O# (NE:E'TE! :O:ETIE& O# THE ATMO&:HEE


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t+at e-eri.ent, to trans.it t+roug+ .y body /it+ su+ urrents t+e entire eletrial energy o* t+edyna.os no/ /orking at Niagara&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ?K0, :+otogra-+ "III)B#I$) ?) E:EIMENT TO I66(&TATE THE &(::6%IN$ O# E6E'TI'A6 ENE$% THO($H A

&IN$6E WIE WITHO(T ET(NAn ordinary inandesent la.-, onneted /it+ one or bot+ o* its ter.inals to t+e /ire *or.ing t+e u--er *ree end o* t+e oil s+o/n in t+e-+otogra-+, is lig+ted by eletrial ibrations oneyed to it t+roug+ t+e oil *ro. an eletrial osillator, /+i+ is /orked only to one *i*t+ o*

one -er ent) o* its *ull a-aity)

T+e -+otogra-+ s+o/n in #ig) ? illustrates, as its title e-lains, an atual trans.ission o* t+is kind e**eted/it+ a--aratus used in ot+er e-eri.ents +ere desribed) To /+at a degree t+e a--lianes +ae been-er*eted sine .y *irst de.onstrations early in 191 be*ore a sienti*i soiety, /+en .y a--aratus /asbarely a-able o* lig+ting one la.- G/+i+ result /as onsidered /onder*ul, /ill a--ear /+en I state t+at I+ae no/ no di**iulty in lig+ting in t+is .anner *our or *ie +undred la.-s, and ould lig+t .any .ore) In

*at, t+ere is no li.it to t+e a.ount o* energy /+i+ .ay in t+is /ay be su--lied to o-erate any kind o*eletrial deie)

>&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ?Q@, :+otogra-+ "I)B#I$) @) E:EIMENT TO I66(&TATE THE TAN&MI&&ION O# E6E'TI'A6 ENE$% THO($H

THE EATH WITHO(T WIE)T+e oil s+o/n in t+e -+otogra-+ +as its lo/er end or ter.inal onneted to t+e ground, and is eatly attuned to t+e ibrations o* a distanteletrial osillator) T+e la.- lig+ted is in an inde-endent /ire loo-, energized by indution *ro. t+e oil eited by t+e eletrial ibrations

trans.itted to it t+roug+ t+e ground *ro. t+e osillator, /+i+ is /orked only to *ie -er ent) o* its *ull a-aity)

A*ter de.onstrating t+e -ratiability o* t+is .et+od o* trans.ission, t+e t+oug+t naturally ourred to .eto use t+e eart+ as a ondutor, t+us dis-ensing /it+ all /ires) W+ateer eletriity .ay be, it is a *at t+atit be+aes like an ino.-ressible *luid, and t+e eart+ .ay be looked u-on as an i..ense reseroir o*eletriity, /+i+, I t+oug+t, ould be disturbed e**etiely by a -ro-erly designed eletrial .a+ine)

Aordingly, .y net e**orts /ere direted to/ard -er*eting a s-eial a--aratus /+i+ /ould be +ig+lye**etie in reating a disturbane o* eletriity in t+e eart+) T+e -rogress in t+is ne/ diretion /asneessarily ery slo/ and t+e /ork disouraging, until I *inally sueeded in -er*eting a noel kind o*trans*or.er or indution=oil, -artiularly suited *or t+is s-eial -ur-ose) T+at it is -ratiable, in t+is.anner, not only to trans.it .inute a.ounts o* eletrial energy *or o-erating deliate eletrial deies,as I onte.-lated at *irst, but also eletrial energy in a--reiable 4uantities, /ill a--ear *ro. anins-etion o* #ig) @, /+i+ illustrates an atual e-eri.ent o* t+is kind -er*or.ed /it+ t+e sa.e a--aratus)T+e result obtained /as all t+e .ore re.arkable as t+e to- end o* t+e oil /as not onneted to a /ire or-late *or .agni*ying t+e e**et)


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CWIE6E&&C TE6E$A:H%&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ?K, :+otogra-+ ")B#I$) Q) :HOTO$A:HI' "IEW O# THE 'OI6& E&:ON!IN$ TO E6E'TI'A6 O&'I66ATION&)

T+e -iture s+o/s a nu.ber o* oils , di**erently attuned and res-onding to t+e ibrations trans.itted to t+e. t+roug+ t+e eart+ *ro. aneletrial osillator) T+e large oil on t+e rig+t, dis+arging strongly, is tuned to t+e *unda.ental ibration, /+i+ is *i*ty t+ousand -er seond2t+e t/o larger ertial oils to t/ie t+at nu.ber2 t+e s.aller /+ite /ire oil to *our ti.es t+at nu.ber, and t+e re.aining s.all oils to +ig+er

tones) T+e ibrations -rodued by t+e osillator /ere so intense t+at t+ey a**eted -ere-tibly a s.all oil tuned to t+e t/enty=sit+ +ig+ertone)

T+e eat attune.ent o* t+e t/o iruits seures great adantages, and, in *at, it is essential in t+e-ratial use o* t+e syste.) In t+is res-et .any -o-ular errors eist, and, as a rule, in t+e te+nialre-orts on t+is subet iruits and a--lianes are desribed as a**ording t+ese adantages /+en *ro.


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t+eir ery nature it is eident t+at t+is is i.-ossible) In order to attain t+e best results it is essential t+at t+elengt+ o* ea+ /ire or iruit, *ro. t+e ground onnetion to t+e to-, s+ould be e4ual to one 4uarter o* t+e/ae=lengt+ o* t+e eletrial ibration in t+e /ire, or else e4ual to t+at lengt+ .ulti-lied by an odd nu.ber)Wit+out t+e obseration o* t+is rule it is irtually i.-ossible to -reent t+e inter*erene and insure t+e-riay o* .essages) T+erein lies t+e seret o* tuning) To obtain t+e .ost satis*atory results it is,+o/eer, neessary to resort to eletrial ibrations o* lo/ -it+) T+e Hertzian s-ark a--aratus, usedgenerally by e-eri.enters, /+i+ -rodues osillations o* a ery +ig+ rate, -er.its no e**etie tuning,and slig+t disturbanes are su**iient to render an e+ange o* .essages i.-ratiable) 8ut sienti*iallydesigned, e**iient a--lianes allo/ nearly -er*et adust.ent) An e-eri.ent -er*or.ed /it+ t+e

i.-roed a--aratus re-eatedly re*erred to, and intended to oney an idea o* t+is *eature, is illustrated in#ig) Q, /+i+ is su**iiently e-lained by its note)

&ine I desribed t+ese si.-le -rini-les o* telegra-+y /it+out /ires I +ae +ad *re4uent oasion to notet+at t+e idential *eatures and ele.ents +ae been used, in t+e eident belie* t+at t+e signals are beingtrans.itted to onsiderable distane by CHertzianC radiations) T+is is only one o* .any .isa--re+ensionsto /+i+ t+e inestigations o* t+e la.ented -+ysiist +ae gien rise) About t+irty=t+ree years ago Ma/ell,*ollo/ing u- a suggestie e-eri.ent .ade by #araday in 1@Q, eoled an ideally si.-le t+eory /+i+inti.ately onneted lig+t, radiant +eat, and eletrial -+eno.ena, inter-reting t+e. as being all due toibrations o* a +y-ot+etial *luid o* inoneiable tenuity, alled t+e et+er) No e-eri.ental eri*iation /asarried at until Hertz, at t+e suggestion o* Hel.+oltz, undertook a series o* e-eri.ents to t+is e**et)Hertz -roeeded /it+ etraordinary ingenuity and insig+t, but deoted little energy to t+e -er*etion o* +isold=*as+ioned a--aratus) T+e onse4uene /as t+at +e *ailed to obsere t+e i.-ortant *untion /+i+ t+e

air -layed in +is e-eri.ents, and /+i+ I subse4uently disoered) e-eating +is e-eri.ents andrea+ing di**erent results, I entured to -oint out t+is oersig+t) T+e strengt+ o* t+e -roo*s broug+t *or/ardby Hertz in su--ort o* Ma/ell;s t+eory resided in t+e orret esti.ate o* t+e rates o* ibration o* t+eiruits +e used) 8ut I asertained t+at +e ould not +ae obtained t+e rates +e t+oug+t +e /as getting)T+e ibrations /it+ idential a--aratus +e e.-loyed are, as a rule, .u+ slo/er, t+is being due to t+e-resene o* air, /+i+ -rodues a da.-ening e**et u-on a ra-idly ibrating eletri iruit o* +ig+-ressure, as a *luid does u-on a ibrating tuning=*ork) I +ae, +o/eer, disoered sine t+at ti.e ot+erauses o* error, and I +ae long ago eased to look u-on +is results as being an e-eri.ental eri*iationo* t+e -oetial one-tions o* Ma/ell) T+e /ork o* t+e great $er.an -+ysiist +as ated as an i..ensesti.ulus to onte.-orary eletrial resear+, but it +as like/ise, in a .easure, by its *asination,-aralyzed t+e sienti*i .ind, and t+us +a.-ered inde-endent in4uiry) Eery ne/ -+eno.enon /+i+ /asdisoered /as .ade to *it t+e t+eory, and so ery o*ten t+e trut+ +as been unonsiously distorted)

W+en I adaned t+is syste. o* telegra-+y, .y .ind /as do.inated by t+e idea o* e**etingo..uniation to any distane t+roug+ t+e eart+ or enironing .ediu., t+e -ratial onsu..ation o*/+i+ I onsidered o* transendent i.-ortane, +ie*ly on aount o* t+e .oral e**et /+i+ it ould not *ailto -rodue uniersally) As t+e *irst e**ort to t+is end I -ro-osed at t+at ti.e, to e.-loy relay=stations /it+tuned iruits, in t+e +o-e o* .aking t+us -ratiable signaling oer ast distanes, een /it+ a--aratus o*ery .oderate -o/er t+en at .y o..and) I /as on*ident, +o/eer, t+at /it+ -ro-erly designed.a+inery signals ould be trans.itted to any -oint o* t+e globe, no .atter /+at t+e distane, /it+out t+eneessity o* using su+ inter.ediate stations) I gained t+is onition t+roug+ t+e disoery o* a singulareletrial -+eno.enon, /+i+ I desribed early in 19, in letures I deliered be*ore so.e sienti*isoieties abroad, and /+i+ I +ae alled a Crotating brus+)C T+is is a bundle o* lig+t /+i+ is *or.ed,under ertain onditions, in a auu.=bulb, and /+i+ is o* a sensitieness to .agneti and eletriin*luenes bordering, so to s-eak, on t+e su-ernatural) T+is lig+t=bundle is ra-idly rotated by t+e eart+;s.agnetis. as .any as t/enty t+ousand ti.es -re seond, t+e rotation in t+ese -arts being o--osite to

/+at it /ould be in t+e sout+ern +e.is-+ere, /+ile in t+e region o* t+e .agneti e4uator it s+ould notrotate at all) In its .ost sensitie state, /+i+ is di**iult to obtain, it is res-onsie to eletri or .agnetiin*luenes to an inredible degree) T+e .ere sti**ening o* t+e .usles o* t+e ar. and onse4uent slig+teletrial +ange in t+e body o* an obserer standing at so.e distane *ro. it, /ill -ere-tibly a**et it)W+en in t+is +ig+ly sensitie state it is a-able o* indiating t+e slig+test .agneti and eletri +angestaking -lae in t+e eart+) T+e obseration o* t+is /onder*ul -+eno.enon i.-ressed .e strongly t+ato..uniation at any distane ould be easily e**eted by its .eans, -roided t+at a--aratus ould be-er*eted a-able o* -roduing an eletri or .agneti +ange o* state, +o/eer s.all, in t+e terrestrialglobe or enironing .ediu.)


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!E"E6O:MENT O# A NEW :IN'I:6E&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ?@@, :+otogra-+ "II)B#I$) ) E:EIMENT TO I66(&TATE AN IN!('TI"E E##E'T O# AN E6E'TI'A6 O&'I66ATO O#

$EAT :OWE)T+e -+otogra-+ s+o/s t+ree ordinary inandesent la.-s lig+ted to *ull andle=-o/er by urrents indued in a loal loo- onsisting o* a

single /ire *or.ing a s4uare o* *i*ty *eet ea+ side, /+i+ inludes t+e la.-s, and /+i+ is at a distane o* one +undred *eet *ro. t+e -ri.aryiruit energized by t+e osillator) T+e loo- like/ise inludes an eletrial ondenser, and is eatly attuned to t+e ibrations o* t+e osillator,

/+i+ is /orked at less t+an * ie -erent o* its total a-aity)

>&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ??Q, :+otogra-+ I)B#I$) ) E:EIMENT TO I66(&TATE THE 'A:A'IT% O# THE O&'I66ATO #O :O!('IN$

E6E'TI'A6 E:6O&ION& O# $EAT :OWE)Note to #ig) )


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>&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ?90, :+otogra-+ 6II)B#I$) 9) E:EIMENT TO I66(&TATE THE 'A:A'IT% ON THE O&'I66ATO #O 'EATIN$ A

$EAT E6E'TI'A6 MO"EMENT)T+e ball s+o/n in t+e -+otogra-+, oered /it+ a -olis+ed .etalli oating o* t/enty s4uare *eet o* sur*ae, re-resents a large reseroir o*

eletriity, and t+e inerted tin -an underneat+, /it+ a s+ar- ri., a big o-ening t+roug+ /+i+ t+e eletriity an esa-e be*ore *illing t+ereseroir) T+e 4uantity o* eletriity set in .oe.ent is so great t+at, alt+oug+ .ost o* it esa-es t+roug+ t+e ri. o* t+e -an or o-ening

-roided, t+e ball or reseroir is neert+eless alternately e.-tied and *illed to oer=*lo/ing Gas is eident *ro. t+e dis+arge esa-ing on t+eto- o* t+e ball one +undred and *i*ty t+ousand ti.es -er seond)

>&ee Nikola Tesla: Colorado Springs Notes, -age ??, :+otogra-+ I)B

#I$) 10) :HOTO$A:HI' "IEW O# AN E:EIMENT TO I66(&TATE AN E##E'T O# ANE6E'TI'A6 O&'I66ATO !E6I"EIN$ ENE$% AT A ATE O# &E"ENT%=#I"E THO(&AN!

HO&E=:OWE)T+e dis+arge, reating a strong dra*t o/ing to t+e +eating o* t+e air, is arried u-/ard t+roug+ t+e o-en roo* o* t+e building) T+e greatest/idt+ aross is nearly seenty *eet) T+e -ressure is oer t/ele .illion olts, and t+e urrent alternates one +undred and t+irty t+ousand

ti.es -er seond)

Ho/eer etraordinary t+e results s+o/n .ay a--ear, t+ey are but tri*ling o.-ared /it+ t+ose /+i+ areattainable by a--aratus designed on t+ese sa.e -rini-les) I +ae -rodued eletrial dis+arges t+eatual -at+ o* /+i+, *ro. end to end, /as -robably .ore t+an one +undred *eet long2 but it /ould not bedi**iult to rea+ lengt+s one +undred ti.es as great) I +ae -rodued eletrial .oe.ents ourring att+e rate o* a--roi.ately one +undred t+ousand +orse=-o/er, but rates o* one, *ie, or ten .illion +orse=-o/er are easily -ratiable) In t+ese e-eri.ents e**ets /ere deelo-ed ino.-arably greater t+an anyeer -rodued by +u.an agenies, and yet t+ese results are but an e.bryo o* /+at is to be)

T+at o..uniation /it+out /ires to any -oint o* t+e globe is -ratiable /it+ su+ a--aratus /ould needno de.onstration, but t+roug+ a disoery /+i+ I .ade I obtained absolute ertitude) :o-ularlye-lained, it is eatly t+is5 W+en /e raise t+e oie and +ear an e+o in re-ly, /e kno/ t+at t+e sound o*t+e oie .ust +ae rea+ed a distant /all, or boundary, and .ust +ae been re*leted *ro. t+e sa.e)Eatly as t+e sound, so an eletrial /ae is re*leted, and t+e sa.e eidene /+i+ is a**orded by ane+o is o**ered by an eletrial -+eno.enon kno/n as a CstationaryC /ae


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e**et on one o* t+ese -lanets in t+is noel .anner, na.ely, by disturbing t+e eletrial ondition o* t+eeart+, is beyond any doubt) T+is /ay o* e**eting su+ o..uniation is, +o/eer, essentially di**erent*ro. all ot+ers /+i+ +ae so *ar been -ro-osed by sienti*i .en) In all t+e -reious instanes only a.inute *ration o* t+e total energy rea+ing t+e -lanet


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#ro. t+at .o.ent /+en it /as obsered t+at, ontrary to t+e establis+ed o-inion, lo/ and easilyaessible strata o* t+e at.os-+ere are a-able o* onduting eletriity, t+e trans.ission o* eletrialenergy /it+out /ires +as beo.e a rational task o* t+e engineer, and one sur-assing all ot+ers ini.-ortane) Its -ratial onsu..ation /ould .ean t+at energy /ould be aailable *or t+e uses o* .an atany -oint o* t+e globe, not in s.all a.ounts su+ as .ig+t be deried *ro. t+e a.bient .ediu. bysuitable .a+inery, but in 4uantities irtually unli.ited, *ro. /ater*alls) E-ort o* -o/er /ould t+enbeo.e t+e +ie* soure o* ino.e *or .any +a--ily situated ountries, as t+e (nited &tates, 'anada,'entral and &out+ A.eria, &/itzerland, and &/eden) Men ould settle do/n eery/+ere, *ertilize andirrigate t+e soil /it+ little e**ort, and onert barren deserts into gardens, and t+us t+e entire globe ould

be trans*or.ed and .ade a *itter abode *or .ankind) It is +ig+ly -robable t+at i* t+ere are intelligent beingson Mars t+ey +ae long ago realized t+is ery idea, /+i+ /ould e-lain t+e +anges on its sur*ae notedby astrono.ers) T+e at.os-+ere on t+at -lanet, being o* onsiderably s.aller density t+an t+at o* t+eeart+, /ould .ake t+e task .u+ .ore easy)

It is -robable t+at /e s+all soon +ae a sel*=ating +eat=engine a-able o* deriing .oderate a.ounts o*energy *ro. t+e a.bient .ediu.) T+ere is also a -ossibility

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Nikola Tesla the Problem of Increasing Human Energy

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