NILDE ( Network for Inter-Library Document Exchange) Document Delivery System Silvana Mangiaracina...

NILDE (Network for Inter-Library Document

Exchange)

Document Delivery System

Silvana MangiaracinaNational Research Council (CNR)

Bologna Research Library

Madrid, March 16-17th 20077th meeting of Southern European Libraries’ Consortia (SELL)

7th SELL Meeting Madrid, March 17th 2007 2

NILDE Summary What is Nilde? The software user interface and functionalities A short history…

Nilde Rules and Regulations Nilde as a building block for resource sharing

The growth of the network Inter-disciplinary cooperation Turn-around time Number of exchanges versus turnaround time Methods for supplying documents

Open issues Electronic document delivery in publishers’ licenses DRM or Watermarking? User-authentication DD dangerous for publisher’s investments?

Conclusions On-going developments


What is NILDE?

NILDE (Network Inter-Library Document Exchange) is a Web-based Document Delivery System for libraries and end-users

NILDE allows libraries to: send borrowing requests to a specific lending library manage all the received requests send requested documents in a secure way via

Internet, fax or surface mail archive all transactions, in order to provide statistical

reports automatically calculate performance indicators fill-

rate and turn-around time manage their own user archive


What is NILDE? (cont.) NILDE is dynamically linked to the Italian:

National Serials Catalogue (ACNP) MetaOPAC AZALAI (MAI)

NILDE supports Open URL 0.1 and 1.0 The “User Article Request” web-form may be linked from any

Open URL compliant bibliographic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Scifinder, CSA Illumina, SFX platforms,…) making user requests easier

NILDE supports secure electronic delivery via Internet by means of a file-uploading/Web-server

NILDE figures: 570 libraries 2.200 end-users 100.000 dd requests/year


User Request work-flow via NILDE

Library AUser

Library B

ACNPBibliographic database

NILDE interactions

electronicfaxmail

Document is printed for user

OpenURL 0.1, 1.0


The NILDE software


The NILDE software (cont.)
























A short history of NILDE

1999 BiblioMIME project, funded by CNR for 2 years 2 CNR libraries in Bologna and Parma+ 1 CNR institute (IAT) in Pisa First electronic DD experiments

2001 I workshop “Internet DD and cooperation”, Rome Nilde 1.0 Invitation to all Italian libraries to participate

2003 II workshop “Internet DD and cooperation”, Bologna Nilde 2.0 (new graphics + reports) First time analysis of Italian DD activity (two-years period)

79 provider libraries, 400 requester libraries

2004 NILDE Rules and Regulations


“NILDE aims to promote reciprocal exchanges among libraries and to facilitate the use of homogeneous quality standards, in order to develop inter-library cooperation in Document Delivery services.”

Libraries belonging to NILDE agree to: Supply documents on a reciprocal basis. Facilitate access to their holdings, through their participation in the

Italian Collective Catalogues ACNP,MAI,SBN. Supply documents within 2 days on average and 5 days maximum. Supply documents at no charge and, in the case of heavy usage,

ask for a one-off payment at the end of the year. equally distribute their borrowing requests among all the other

libraries (and send a maximum of 5 requests per week to the same library).

2004 NILDE Rules and Regulations


A short history of NILDE (cont.)

2005 III workshop, “Quality serving cooperation”, Pisa Continuing improvements and customisation of the software Nilde 3.0 (End-Users management + Nilde Users) Not only “software”, but also “libraries network”

2006 NILDE Service start-up Economically sustainable model Annual Nilde costs (€ 60,000) shared among all participants 3 types of subscriptions: “Single library”, “University”, “Project”

2006 IV workshop “DD, Electronic Resources, end-users”, Naples

Round Table with publishers (Elsevier, Jstor, AIP, BioOne) and Italian consortia on DD clauses in electronic licenses

Proposal to constitute the Nilde Libraries Commitee (CBN) 2007 Elections of the 12 CBN members in March 2008 V workshop …… to be held in Bolzano


NILDE: volume di scambi/biblioteche aderenti nel periodo 2001-2006

438

472

551

89

57

7

101199

16936

86450

55987

1762 6850

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Anno

bib

lio

tech

e

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

nu

mer

o s

cam

bi

Biblioteche aderenti Articoli scambiati

Growth of the Network

June 2001- December 2006

Libraries Documents

551 269.184Fulfillement rate

87%


551 subscribing libraries in 2006

Institutions University 70% (388)Health 11% (59)Other 14% (75)CNR 5% (29)

Disciplinary fieldsTechnical-Scientific 42% (229)Biomedical 34% (190)Multidisciplinary 8% (44)Economic-law 7% (40)Literary-historical 7% (38)Architecture 2% (10)

NILDE figures (at 31st Dec. 2006)


Supplied doc.% Requested doc.% University 62% 68%Health 20% 12%CNR 11% 7%Other 7% 12%

Exchanges among libraries within the same institution

46%

6%3%1%

44%

Università

Salute

CNR

Altro

Scambi con altri

Exchanged documents per Institutions in the 5-year period 2001-2005 (total doc. 167.885)


Exchanged documents per disciplinary fields in the 5-year period 2001-2005 (total doc. 167.885)

Supplied doc.% Requested doc.% Suppl.2005 Req. 2005

Biomedical 57% 51% 63% 57% (313 doc./lib.)

Technical-Scientific 34% 38% 29% 33% (155 doc./lib.)

Multidisciplinary 5% 6% Economic-law 4% 3% Literary-historical 1% 2%

Exchanges among libraries within the same discipline

41%

25%

31%

2%1%

Biomedical

Technical-Scientific

Economic-Law

Multidisciplinary

Literary-Historical

Exchanges with other libraries


Comparing turnaround time performances in 2005

472 active libraries exchanged 86.450 documents

Average LENDING turn-around time (no. of days for document supply):

<= 1 day 29% (149 libraries)<= 2 days 23% (120)<= 3 days 10% (54)<= 7 days 10% (52)<= 20 days 4% (22)

> 20 days 2% (9)Not defined 21% (110) accounts for 7% of total borrowings

18% (95) borrowed less than 100 documents and accounts for 3% of total requests

3% (15) borrowed more than 100 documents and accounts for 4% of total requests


Libraries with higher volumes of DD are fasterLibrary distribution, and their corresponding average time as providers, on the basis of their total

number of DD transactions, year 2005 (total of 172.900 requested or supplied documents)

2

16 (3%)

45 (9%)

63 (12%)

99 (19%)

121 (23%)

95 (18% but only 3% of requests)

75 (15%) 2,4

1,2

0,4

4,5

1,8

2,8

1,5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1-100requested

only

1-100 101-200 201-500 501-800 801-1500 1501-3000 >3000

nu

mb

er

of

lib

rari

es

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

total number of provided and requested documents

ave

rag

e t

urn

aro

un

d t

ime

libraries

average turn-around time


Methods for supplying documents in 2005

Preferred methods for supplying documents:

Nilde 25% secure electronic DD Ariel 7% secure electronic DD Fax 35% Surface mail 15% Other 6% Unfilled 12%


Open issue: Electronic DD (EDD)

Electronic DD (EDD) embedded in the Nilde software since Nilde rel. 1.0

Italian Copyright law (Law n. 633 22/4/1941 and following updates) does not allow EDD

EDD permitted only if Publishers allow for it in their licenses However….

Licenses usually lack a clear definition of EDD: “secure dd”, “fax-like system”…

Many publishers allow EDD, providing the pdf document is first printed and then sent to another library (“hard-copy”).

Some publishers allow only for Ariel, but not for any other equivalent system.

Use of Nilde as a means for secure EDD is limited to Italian libraries (publishers do not know what is Nilde)

Negotiated clauses sometimes improve the DD/ILL conditions, however, we have found differences among the clauses negotiated separately by Italian consortia


Common restrictions on DD/ILL clauses(Marta Zaetta, Proc.of the IV Nilde Conf. Naples 2006)

DIGITAL ARTICLE

USED for DD/ILL requests

No restriction

MAY BE

Hard copy printed

SENT by

TRADITIONAL TRANSMISSION (post - fax)

ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSIONInternet

SECURE E-TRANSMISSION

The end-user must receive a print copy Delete after printing

article format

(HC)(NR)

(NR)

(sEDD)(DEL)

(USR-PR)

(TRAD)

Otherrestrictions

transmissionc) Ariel and its equivalent

b) Ariel, Prospero, DocUtrans

a) Ariel


A comparison of DD/ILL clauses

(NR) No DD/ILL restrictions (sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (TRAD) Traditional transmission (post or fax)

(NR) No DD/ILL restrictions (NR) No Restriction on article format (HC) Hard Copy

(sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (TRAD) Only traditional transmission (post or fax)

(NR) No DD/ILL restrictions (NR) No Restriction on article format

BioOne: “Provide Interlibrary Loan” Wiley: “may transmit such material in hard copy or

electronically” ACS: “A User may obtain a copy of an article in PDF format

and trasmit it by mail, fax, or electronic transmission” Science: “may supply single copies of articles by electronic

transmission for ILL purposes” (HC) Hard Copy

(sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (TRAD) Only traditional transmission (post or fax)

Comparison of 12 publisher policies and negotiated licenses with respect to DD/ILL clauses

Restrictions on Article format (NR) No Restriction on article format

BioOne: “Provide Interlibrary Loan” Wiley: “may transmit such material in hard copy or

electronically” ACS: “A User may obtain a copy of an article in PDF format and

transmit it by mail, fax, or electronic transmission” Science: “may supply single copies of articles by electronic

transmission for ILL purposes” (HC) Hard Copy

Jstor: “only printed Materials, and not electronic copies of such Materials, may be used in ILL”

IEEE: “use a printed article for ILL”


A comparison of DD/ILL clauses (cont.)

(sEDD) Secure transmission (fax-based services) (HC) Hard Copy

Springer: “use the electronic version to print a copy that may be sent via post, fax, or fax-based services (e.g. Ariel or Prospero)”

AIP: “a hard copy printed from the electronic file may be supplied by mail or fax or secure transmission using Ariel or its equivalent”

Blackwell: “supply by post, fax or secure electronic transmission using Ariel or its equivalent a single paper copy of an electronic original of an individual document”

(TRAD) Traditional transmission (post or fax) Elsevier: “the article is printed by Subscriber and mailed or

faxed” IOP: “not use the electronic form of any publication for ILL except

that ILL may be made by mailing or faxing articles that have been downloaded printed in hard copy”

Nature: “reproduce single copies of individual articles from the Licensed Material in hard copy print form for distribution without charge in hard copy form (but not electronically)”


A comparison of DD/ILL clauses (cont.)

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X

X X X X x X X X X

X X X X

X X


Remarks : The electronic environment does not fundamentally change

the concept of fair use but libraries need to know what control they have over the product they are purchasing.

Publishers should explain why and how the electronic issue may be dangerous for their investments.

DD/ILL clauses should be standardized and clearly written in order to explain, for example, what "secure EDD" or "fax-like systems" mean.

Consortia should work together toward national agreements. Librarians should become more interested and actively

participate in license agreement negotiations.

(cit. Marta Zaetta, Proc.of the IV Nilde Conf. Naples 2006)

Electronic DD in licenses (cont.)



Actions: Constitute the “Nilde Team-Work on Electronic Licenses” Work together the 3 Italian Consortia CILEA-CIBER-CIPE:

to involve librarians in the issue to improve communication among libraries, consortia and

publishers about ILL/DD to obtain publisher recognition with respect to Nilde as a

fax-like system or as a secure EDD software Nilde Help-Licenses database

http://nilde.bo.cnr.it/index.php?st=105 Easy to use for libraries

First Italian contracts that allow the use of Nilde software as a secure EDD system:

Kluwer, Casalini.




Open issue: copyright protection (Cosimo Alfarano and Silvana Mangiaracina, Proc.of the IV Nilde Conf. Naples 2006)

Biggest DD providers (British Library, CISTI, SUBITO), after negotiations with publishers, are implementing secure EDD based on Digital Rights Management Systems (DRM).

Nilde is looking for a way to: protect copyright/license rights guarantee user rights to freely use documents within

the legal, copyright and licensing framework Two different approaches:

Copy protection: copy control or prevention (DRM) Copyright protection: document tracking and

verification

Naples, 2006-05-18 IV Nilde Conference 38

Copy protection

Inhibition of actions to prevent unlawful operations

documents readable by specific software use of specific formats for documents limits on the number of times documents can be

read, copied, printed, and where it can be done

(technical implementation: DRM systems)


Users are innocent until proven guilty

document looks and feels the same as before protection was applied

document can be read by anyone users can use document like unprotected copies (ie:

read, copy, print)

Copyright protection


Watermarking

the most commonly used copyright protection technology

embeds information into the original document


Watermarking (cont.)

information is not removable without destroying the document itself

information is verifiable at any moment


Watermarking in NILDE

Objectives: Test the use of watermarking in DD Build a web-service that :

transforms a pdf into an “image pdf” (such as that obtained using a scanner) – simulates hard-copy process

embeds a watermark into the hard-copied pdf The SEDD hard-copy module is being tested at:

http://nilde.bo.cnr.it/index.php?st=200 The SEDD watermark module by the end of 2007 The SEDD modules will be released under

Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) License


The future: Watermarking in NILDE

User’s

Library

User

NILDE interactions

User requests a document to his library


Requesting Library

UserProvider Library

NILDE interactions

Full-text document

User’s library looks for document and requests it to a provider library




Requesting Library


NILDE interactions

Requested document is sent to requesting library via NILDE electronic transaction.

NILDE: Transforms full-text document in images (hard-copy) Embeds watermark information (ID of user, provider and requesting

library, current date) Sends watermarked document to requesting library and deletes it

Watermarked Document withUserIDReqLibraryIDProvLibraryIDCurrentDate



Requesting Library


NILDE interactions

Watermarked Document withUserIDReqLibraryIDProvLibraryIDCurrentDate

Requesting (user’s) library sends the watermarked document to its user


NILDE University A

University B

Open issue: User-authentication


Open issue: User-authentication

Shibboleth: International standard Many information providers already enabled:

CSA, Elsevier, Libris, Jstor,Ebsco, D-Space,… Open Source software Framework for Authentication, Authorization and Single-

Sign-On

NILDE rel 3.1 is a Shibboleth enabled Service Provider

2nd GARR Workshop on Authentication & Authorization Infrastructure “Federated Authentication and Digital Libraries”, Rome, March 6th 2007


Open issue: is DD dangerous for publisher’s investments?

A first analysis ….DD activity performed by 551 libraries in 2006

Documents requested in 2006 (total 100.644)

13%

87%

NOT ACNP requests

ACNP requests

Only ACNP requests have been analyzed


Number of requested titles in 2006: 11.107 Average number of requests per each title: 7,9

Distribution of titles per their usage (that is, per number of DD

requests). Total number of titles: 11.107

50%

40%

10%

# titles requested 1 or 2 times

# titles requested between 3 and19 times

# titles requested >= 20 times

Open issue: is DD dangerous for publisher’s investments?


Open issue: is DD dangerous for publisher’s investments? (cont.)

There are 1.157 titles (10%) that have been requested >= 20 times

These 1.157 titles accounts for 47.440 requested documents (54% of the total number of requests)

However, only 2.2 is the average number of requests made by a same library.

……DD data gathered from NILDE show that the use

of DD as a surrogate for subscriptions is negligible


Conclusions: On-going developments

Nilde 4.0 will be released end of 2007 Nilde 4.0 features:

Multilingual support. A software like user-interface. Improved user control over its own data and operations. Personal bibliographical reference manager for end-

users. Federated end-user authentication via Shibboleth. SEDD, hard-copy + watermark. Compliance with W3C guidelines for an accessible web. Use of cutting edge web technologies: MySql 5, PHP 5,

XHTML 1.0 , CSS2, Ajax. Presentation at IFLA DD&ILL conference Oct.2007


Nilde team and contactsSilvana Mangiaracina

Project coordinator and Project [email protected]

Patrizia SalamoneLibraries Help-desk

[email protected]

Marta ZaettaTechnical Help-desk and training

[email protected]

Cosimo Alfarano (SEDD), Enrico Beghelli (ref.manager), Daniele De Matteis (graphic design), Giacomo Tenaglia (Shibboleth), Alessandro Tugnoli

(sw&db design), Marta Zaetta (sw&db design)Software development

Info to subscribe:[email protected]

http://nilde.bo.cnr.it, http://nildeutenti.bo.cnr.it

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