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MAGLEV TRAINSTrains that fly on air.

NITHIN RAJSchl. No. 112113304

M.Tech. Electrical Drives

MANIT, Bhopal

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Overall View

Introduction

Maglev Methods

Science of Maglev

Levitation force

Propulsion force

Lateral Guidance force

Excising Maglev System

Maximum Speed Records

Application Information

Future Expansion

Conclusion

References

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INTRODUCTION Magnetic levitation or maglev is a method by which an object

is suspended above another object with no support other thanmagnetic field.

The electromagnetic force is used to counteract the effects ofthe gravitational force

A substance which is diamagnetic repels a magnetic field

A live frog levitates inside a 32 mm diameter

vertical bore in a magnetic field of about 16

Teslas at The Nijmegen High Field MagnetLaboratory.

Magnetic

Levitation

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MAGLEV METHODS

1. Attraction between an electromagnet and a piece of iron ora magnet, with sensors and active control of the current tothe electromagnet used to maintain some distance betweenthem.

2. Repulsion between an electromagnet and a magnet, withsensors and active control of the current to theelectromagnet used to maintain some distance betweenthem

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SCIENCE OF MAGLEV TRAINS

The basic construction of maglev train depends on threeforces

LEVITATION FORCE

PROPULSION FORCE

LATERAL GUIDENCE FORCE

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LEVITATION FORCE

The levitating force is the upward thrust which lifts thevehicle in the air. This is achieved by the electromagneticlevitation system.

There are 2 types of levitating systems

Electro Magnetic Suspension (EMS) System

Electro Dynamic Suspension (EDS) System

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Electromagnetic Suspension (EMS) System

EMS employs attractive force

In EMS system the electromagnets are attached on theinside bottom of the casing that extend below and thencurves back up to the ferromagnetic rail or track

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The rail is in the shape of T

Levitation is about 1/3 of an inch (1 cm) and keeps the trainlevitated even when its not moving

Embedded guidance magnet keeps the train moving from

side to side. The electromagnet use feedback control to maintain a train

at a constant distance from the track, by controlling theattractive force by varying the current

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Levitation Systems Power Supply

Batteries on the train power the system, and therefore itstill functions without propulsion.

The batteries can levitate the train for 30 minuteswithout any additional energy.

Linear generators in the magnets on board the train usethe motion of the train to recharge the batteries.

Germany developed MAGLEV Train based on similarconcept called Transrapid

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Electrodynamic Suspension System (EDS) System

EDS system uses Repulsive force

The superconducting magnets (SCMs), which do thelevitating of the vehicle

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The track or roadway is either an aluminum guideway or a setof conductive coils

The magnetic field of the superconducting magnets onboardthe maglev vehicle induces an eddy current in the guideway.

The polarity of the eddy current is same as the polarity of theSCMs onboard the vehicle. Repulsion results, "pushing" thevehicle away and thus up from the track.

The gap between vehicle and guideway in the EDS-system isnearly 4 inches (10 cm)

In this EDS system is that maglev trains must roll on rubbertires until they reach a liftoff speed of about 62 mph (100kph). So the wheels has an advantage if a power failurecaused a shutdown of the system.

The EDS system developed by Japan.

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A more advanced EDS system utilizes U shapedguideway

Coils are placed on the wall of U shaped guide way

Here perpendicular lifting is achieved

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Comparison of EDS and EMS

EDS SYSTEM

IT WORKS ON REPULSIONFORCE PRINCPLE

LEVITATING COIL BYSUPER CONDUCTOR

LEVITATION UPTO 10CM

MORE SAFER THANGERMANY VEHICLE

WHEELS ARE USED

EMS SYSTEM

IT WORKS ON ATTRACTIONPRINCPLE

LEVITATING COIL BYELECTROMAGNET

LEVITATION UPTO 1CM

100 TIMES SAFER THANCONVENTIONAL VEHICLE

NO WHEELS

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PROPULSION FORCE

This is a horizontal force which causes the movement oftrain.

It requires 3 parameters.

Large electric power supply

Metal coil lining, a guide way or track.

Large magnet attached under the vehicle

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PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR MOTOR

Maglev vehicles are propelled primarily by one of thefollowing two options:LINEAR SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR(LSM): A linear synchronous

motor (LSM) in which coils in the guideway are excited by a threephase winding to produce a traveling wave at the speed desiredLINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR(LIM): Linear Induction Motor(LIM) in which an electro- magnet underneath the vehicle inducescurrent in an aluminum sheet on the guideway

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PROPULSION OF EMS SYSTEM

For propulsion purposes, there are ferromagnetic statorpackets (with three-phase windings) attached to the guideway.

The stators that are excited are always just in front of themaglev vehicle.

As the stators are excited sequentially, the electromagnetsonboard 'chase' the current forward along the track, providingforward motion, or propulsion.

The EMS-attractive system maglev surfs with its supportmagnets on the alternating magnetic field generated in the

roadway. The created electromagnetic wave is actually a mobile or

traveling electromagnetic wave.

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PROPULSION OF EDS SYSTEM

The coils in the guideway are excited by analternating, three-phase current produces an alternatingmagnetic field, or standing magnetic wave.

Sections of the guideway are excited sequentially, withthe excited section being immediately in front of the

maglev vehicle. Superconducting magnets onboard the maglev vehicle

are attracted to the section of the guideway immediatelyahead of it, pulling the vehicle forward.

Then, when the vehicle is directly overhead, thedirection of the current (and thus the polarity) of the

particular guideway segment is changed. During the fraction of a section in which the polarity is

being changed, there is effectively neither an attractivenor repulsive interaction

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But once the change in polarity occurs, and while thefront of the vehicle is moving forward to the next excitedportion of the guideway, a repulsive force is created,pushing the vehicle from behind.

The EDS-repulsive drive system is a "pull-neutral-thenpush system

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Only the section of the track where the train is travelingis needed to be electrified.

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BRAKING

Braking is done by reversing the magnetic field.

Some trains also have air flaps, like airplanes, to slowdown, as well as wheels that extend downward oroutward to the guideway for emergency braking in the

unlikely event that everything else fails.

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LATERAL GUIDING FORCE

Guidance or steering refers to the sideward forces thatare required to make the vehicle follow the guideway.The necessary forces are supplied in an exactlyanalogous fashion to the suspension forces, either

attractive or repulsive. The same magnets on board thevehicle, which supply lift, can be used concurrently forguidance or separate guidance magnets can be used

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EXISTING MAGLEV SYSTEMS

Testing tracks

1.San Diego, USA2.Emsland, Germany:

3.JR-Maglev, Japan:4.Southwest Jiaotong University, China

Operational systems servicing the public

1.Shanghai Maglev Train:

2.Linimo (Tobu Kyuryo Line, Japan) :3.Daejeon, South Korea

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MAXIMUM SPEED RECORDS1971 - West Germany - Prinzipfahrzeug - 90km/h1971 - West Germany - TR-02 - 164km/h1972 - Japan - ML100 - 60km/h - (manned)1973 - West Germany - TR04 250km/h manned)

1975 - West Germany - Komet - 401.3km/h by steam rocketpropulsion. (Unmanned)1978 - Japan-307.8km/h by Supporting Rockets propulsion,

made in Nissan. (Unmanned)1978 - Japan - HSST02 - 110km/h (manned)1979 - Japan - ML500 - 517km/h (unmanned) It succeeds in

operation over 500km/h for the first time in the world.1987 - West Germany - TR06 - 406km/h (manned)1987 - Japan - MLU001 - 400.8km/h (manned)

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MAXIMUM SPEED RECORDS cont..

1988 - West Germany - TR-06 - 412.6km/h (manned)

1989 - West Germany - TR-07 - 436km/h (manned)

1993 - Germany - TR-07 - 450km/h (manned)

1994 - Japan - MLU002N-431km/h (unmanned)

1997 - Japan - MLX01 - 531km/h (manned)1997 - Japan - MLX01 - 550km/h (unmanned)

1999 - Japan - MLX01 - 548km/h (unmanned)

1999 - Japan - MLX01 - 552km/h (manned/Five formation).Guinness authorization.

2003 - Germany - TR-08 - 501km/h (manned)2003 - Japan - MLX01 - 581km/h (manned/Three

formation). Guinness authorization

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APPLICATION INFORMATION

SafetyMaintenanceEconomic EfficiencyEnvironment

ComfortNoiseAccidents In Japan test train was completely consumed in a fire. On August 11, 2006 a fire broke out on the Shanghai

commercial Transrapid, shortly after leaving the terminal.

On September 22, 2006 an elevated Transrapid train collidedwith a maintenance vehicle on a test run in Lathen (LowerSaxony / north-western Germany). Twenty-three people werekilled and ten were injured

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FUTURE EXPANSIONS

In the far future Maglev technology are hoped to be usedto transport vast volumes of water to far regions at agreater speed eliminating droughts.

Far more, space is an open door to maglev trains to

propel space shuttle and cargo into space at a lowercost. Artists illustration of StarTram, a magneticallylevitated low-pressure tube, which can guide spacecraftinto the upper atmosphere.

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FUTURE EXPANSIONS cont.

Scientists hope future technologies can get the train tooperate at a 1000km/h, since theoretically the speedlimit is limitless. But still its a long way to go.

Toshiba Elevator and Building Systems Corp. havedeveloped the worlds first elevators controlled bymagnetic levitation available in 2008.Using maglevtechnology capable of suspending objects in mid-airthrough the combination of magnetic attraction and

repulsion they promise quieter and more comfortabletravel at up to 300m per-minute.

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CONCLUSION

Its no longer science fiction, maglev trains are thenew way of transportation in the near future, just someobstacles are in the way, but with some researchesnothing is impossible. With no engine, no wheels, no

pollution, new source of energy, floating on air, theconcept has taken tens of years to develop, just recentlyits true capacities has been realized. Competing planeswith speed, boats with efficiency, traditional trains withsafety, and cars with comfort, it seems like it isn't a fairfight...

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REFERENCES

www.howstuffswork.com

www.21stcenturyscience.com

www.wikipedia.org www.american_almanc.tripod.com

http://www.howstuffswork.com/http://www.21stcenturyscience.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.american_almanc.tripod.com/http://www.american_almanc.tripod.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.21stcenturyscience.com/http://www.howstuffswork.com/

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Thank You..

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Questions????