Nitin Singhania Harrappan art and Architecture 1. Important Sites Harappa River Ravi Six grannaries Lingam, yoni and mother goddess (Terracotta) dog chasing beer in bronze red stand torso Mohenje Daro Indus river Citadel, great bath and great granaries Bearded priest Dancing girl (bronze) Pashupati seal Post cremation burial Lothal (Manchester of Indus valley) Gujarat, naval trade Chess Konmapak Bead factory (Also at Chunu daro) Dholvira Gujrat Giant water reservoir Stadium and advertisement boards Rakhingadi Harayana Largest site Terracotta bricks Ropar Sutlaj copper axe Balathal and Kalibagan Rajasthan Bangle factory Bones of camel Banawali Harayana Dried Saraswati river Only city with Radial streets Barley grains Alamgirpur UP, Yamuna Wastern most site Blade ans ceramic items
Transcript
Nitin Singhania
Harrappan art and Architecture
1. Important Sites
Harappa
River Ravi Six grannariesLingam, yoni and mother goddess (Terracotta)dog chasing beer in bronze red stand torso
Mohenje Daro
Indus river Citadel, great bath and great granaries Bearded priest Dancing girl (bronze)Pashupati seal Post cremation burial
Gujrat Giant water reservoir Stadium and advertisement boards
Rakhingadi
Harayana Largest siteTerracotta bricks
Ropar
Sutlajcopper axe
Balathal and Kalibagan
RajasthanBangle factory Bones of camel
Banawali
Harayana Dried Saraswati river Only city with Radial streets Barley grains
Alamgirpur
UP, Yamuna Wastern most site Blade ans ceramic items
2. Architecture
City
Rectangular grid pattern of city Dwelling house, public buildings and public baths Burnt mud bricks of standarized dimension and gypsum mortar Uprised citadel and lower cityIn lower parts quarters may be for working class Do not have large monumental structure like temple or palacesLoosely covered advance drainage system
3. Sculpture
Seals
Mostly rectangular seals mostly made up of steatite(other shape as well) [Commercial or communicationpurpose]
Pictorographic script on seals (bidirectional)No evidences of cowUse of seals as Amulets Used for educational purposePashupati seal is Statite seal [Horn headgear surrounded by Elephant, tiger, rhino and buffalo and
antelopes ]Figure and pottery
Compare to bronze terracotta is lessPainted pottery known as red black pottery Wheel made wears Perforated pottery for straining liquid
Ornaments and cloths
Cotton and woolen (Spoon by rich and poor alike)Different hair styles Remember amulets were at right hand always
Mauryan Art and Architecture
1. Court art
Palaces
@ Capital Pataliputra and Kumarhar (Ashoka) Wood principal material
Pillars
Symbol of state or commemorate victoriesPropagate imperial sermon as well Made up of Chunar stand stone (Monolith)Shaft -> Capital -> Abacus -> Final animal Lauria Nandagarh pillar @ Champaran
Satyamev Jayate from Mundaka UpanishdStupa
Vedic tradition Burial mounds Harmika -> Yasti -> Chatri Core made up of unburnt bricks while outer with burnt [Covered with thick layer of plaster]Medhi and Toran decorated with wooden structure The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha
2. Popular art
Caves
Used as Viharas Highly polished finish and decorated gateways
Sculpture
Decorative purpose Related to all three religion All Jain tirthankars associated with Yakshi
Pottery
Northern black polished ware [ Iron Age Indian culture Beginning of metallic money
Post Mauryan (Art of sculpture reached its climax)
1. Rock Cut caves
Chaitya - Prayer hallsVihara - Residential Udyagiri Khandagiri Caves - Odisha, King Kharvela (Jain); Famous for Hathigumpha
inscription (Brahmi script); Ranigupmha caves are double storied Stupas - Shunga dynasty introduced torans (hellenstic influence) Bharhut sculpture - early Indian sculpture of the Shunga period that decorated the
great stupa[Green Schist]
2. Sculpture
Gandhar Mathura Amaravati
Indo Greek Bluish gray standstone
later mud and StuccoMainly Buddhist Kushana Rurals North West frontierBuudha - Spiritual state,
fewer ornaments, half
Indigenously developedRed spotted sand stone All three religion Kushana Rurals Mathura and Kankalitila
(Jain)Buudha - Delighted,
shaven head, Padmasana,
Indigenously developedWhite Marbal Buddhist Satvahana Krishna Godavari
region Narrative art, Jataka
tales
closed eyes, protuberance
tight dress, protuberance
3. Greek Roman Art
Idealistic style of Greeks reflected marble Realism Use of concrete Mural paintings
4. Various Mudras of Buddha
Bhumisparsh
Associated with blue Buddha (AkshobhyaCalling earth witness of truth
Dhyan Mudra
Spritual perfectionUsed by Buddha during final meditation under Bodhi tree
Vitarka Mudra
Teaching and discussion Circle as constant flow of energy
Abhaya Mudra
Used by Buddha immediately after enlightenment Strength and inner security
Dharmachakkra Mudra
Turning wheel of Dharama @ First sermon of Sarnath [Wheel]
Anjali Mudra
Namste For Bodhisatva
Uttarbodhini Mudra
Supreme enlightenment Perfection Shakyamuni buddha (Liberator of Naga)
Varad Mudra
Charity, compassion or granting Karan Mudra
Spiderman Help to remove negative thoughts or sickness
Vajra Mudra
Knowledge Korea and Japan
Gupta age (Golden period of architecture) [Earlier Gupta were Busshist]
1. Architecture
Caves
Ajanta [200 Bc to 650 AD]
BuddhistMural paintings Patronage of Vakataka King Harisena Fresco painting (Tempera)Outline in red and Absence of blue colorMahaparinirvana, Naga King and his consort, Dying princess and flying apsara
Ellora [5-11 Centurry AD]
Buddhist (12), Hindu(17) and Jain(5) Patronage of Rashtrkuta king Krishna IVishvakarma cave (Buddhist)Ravan ki Khai Kailash temple [Sculpture of Ravana shaking Kailash] (Sola Somwar)Dhumar Lena, Rameshwar temple Jain - Indra Sabha and Jaganath Sabha
Bagh Caves [6 th Century AD] - MP; Buddhist [Similar to Ajanta]
Juagadh Caves - Upar Kot (Citadel)
Udyagiri Caves - MP; Varah Structure (Vishnu)
Note : Gupta period Saw decline in Stupas [but Dhamek Stupa @ Sarnath is example]
Sculpture [Saranath school]
Cream colored sand stone lacked neckednessUse of metal decorated halo Sultanganj Buddha
Dashavtar Vishnu temple Devgarh (600 AD) - Vishnu reclining on Seshnag found at
2. Important Edicts
Sohgaura Edicts - Famine relief efforts
Ashokan Edicts
1. First tangible evidences of Buddhism 2. Social and Moral precepts 3. Ashoka - Devanampiyadasi [Inscription @ Maski]
Rummindei pillar edicts - Ashokas visit to Lumbini
Allahabad pillar/ Prayag Prashasti - Conquest of Chandragupta written by Harisena [Other threeAshokan and Jahangir]
Mehrauli iron pillar - Chandrgupta II conquest of Vanga
Kalsi inscription - Ashokas human approach to internal administration
Aihole inscription - First capital of Chalukyas; Defeat of Harsha by Pulakeshin II and Pallavas; Shifting capital to Badami
Temple Architecture
Nagara Style
Nagara School
Panchayatan Presence of assembly halls or MandapNo water tanks Images of Ganga, YamunaNo water tank Upraised platform Do not have elaborated boundary walls Pillared approach Latin Sikhara/ Rekha Prasad - Inward to point Phamsana - Slope upward on straight line Valabhi - Vaulted chamber Sikhara -> Amalak -> Kalash Vertical Plains - Rathas
Odisha School
Exterior wall lavishly decorated Interior walls were plain No use of pillar Sikhara known as Rekha deol Mandapa known as Jagmohan Ground plan is square Boundary wall (Cyclone) ex. Sun temple of Konark
Khajuraho
Chandela rulersBoth interior and exterior walls lavishly decorated Sandstone Garbhgrih -> Mandapa -> Ardh Mandapa Panchayatan style High platform
Solanki Style / Maru Gujara style
Solanki rulers Temple walls devoid of carving Garbhgrih connected to Mandap both internally and externally Torans Step tank known as surya kund wooden carving variety of material Most east facing (Westerlies can kill them)Modhera sun temple
The shrines of the temples were of three kind
Sandhara type (with pradakshinapatha)
Nirandhara type (without pradakshinapatha)Sarvatobhadra (which can be accessed from all sides)
South Indian Style / Pallava
Mahendra group
Temple known as Mandapa Pallava Rock cut temples
Narsimha group (mahabalipuram)
Rock cut with separate Ratha'sBiggest Dharmaraj and smallest Draupadi Dravidian architecture is successor of Dharmaraj Ratha Descent of Ganga and Arjuna's penance or Bhagiratha's penance (Not a painting)Mahishasurmardini Mandapa
Rajsimha group
Real structure temple Shore temple Mahabalipuram
Nandivarman group
Similar to Dravida style
Chola Art / Dravidian Style
High boundary walls without any raised platform Gopuram Panchayatn style Stepped pyramid - Viman [Octagonal crowning element - Sikhara]Only one Viman Tubular tunnel Antarala Water tank Brihadeshwara Temple - Shiva temple of Tanjavur
Chola Sculpture/ Nataraj
Nataraja [Ravan Phadi cave Aihole] (Ardhanari Nateshwar)Damaru - Sound of creation Eternal fire - Destruction Dancing on dwarf - Ignorance and ego of individual Snake - Kundalini power Nimbus of glowing light - time
Other schools
Nayaka School / Madurai school
Prakaram - Huge corridors around garbhgrih largest gopuram (reached its climax)Intricate carvingMeenakshi temple, Madurai
Vesara school
Chalukyan rulers, Rashtrkut rulers and Hoysala rulers Hybridised style Emphasis on Viman and Mandpa Open ambulatory passageway Curvilinear shikhara and square base [Nagara style] Intricate carving, Design of Vimana and terraced shikhara [Dravidian style]Ladkhan temple @ Aihole
Vijayanagara school
Combined feature of Chola, Hoysala, Pandyas, Chalukyas Highly decorated wall Gopurams to all the sides Monolithic rock pillars with mythical creature Yali (Horse)Kalyan Mandapa - Central Mandapa Concept of secular building inside temple Boundaries Lotus Mahal, Vittalsami temple, Virupaksha temple @ Hampi Rock cut idol of Narsimha on shesha @ Hampi
Hoysala school [1050-1300 AD]
Karnataka Belur, Halebid and SringeriMultiple shrine built around central pillared hall Star plan known as Stellate plan [No Panchayat keep Hausala]Soft sope stone (Chlorite schist)Emphasis on decoration through sculptures All chambers had Shikhara Upraised platform known as Jagati wall and stairs in zig zag pattern
Pala and Sena School
Bengal Pala - Buddhist ruler of Mahayan tradition + Sena - Hindu (Hence influence of both religion) curve or sloping roof (like bamboo hut)Burnt bricks and clay known as terracotta bricks tall curving shikhara Both stone and metal Highly lustrous finish of figures
9. NagarjunKonda - Named after Nagarjun of Mahayan Buddhism (AP)
Architecture in medieval India
Features of Indo Islamic or Indo Saracenic
1. Arcuade style replaced traditional trabeat style [Arch and domes]2. Minars 3. Avoided animal or human figures 4. Mortar as cementing agent 5. Speciousness, massiveness and breadth 6. Calligraphy for decoration 7. Arbesque method for decoration (Use of geometrical vegetal ornamentation)8. Symmetry 9. Jali work
10. Use of water 11. Introduced Charbagh style of Gardening 12. Pietra dura technique 13. Foreshortening technique [Inscription appear to be closer than it really is]14. Bricks and black marble used in Bengla school (Continued use of Bengla roofs)
Features of Malawa school/ Pathan school
1. Different colored stone 2. Large windows [European influence]3. Minars were not used 4. Finest speciman of environmental adaption 5. lightly arched pavilions6. artificial reservoir (Known as Baulis)7. Use of batter system (Introduced by Tughalq)8. Rani roopmati pavillion and Hindola Mahal @ Mandu
Features of Junpur school (Sharqui rulers)
1. Avoided minars 2. Bold and forceful character painted on huge screen
Features of Bijapur school
1. 3-arched facade and bulbous dome 2. use of cornices 3. wall decorated by rich carvings 4. ex. Gol Ghumaj of Bijapur
Kashmir architecture
1. karkota dynasty; 2. Trefoil arches 3. Cellular layout and enclosed courtyard 4. Straight edge pyramidal roof 5. Column walls 6. Triangular pediments 7. Relative more number of steps8. Martand sun temple, Anantnag
Not so important but for sake of mental satisfaction
1. Rajput Style - Hanging balcony 2. Delhi - Edwin Lutynes and Herbert Bekar 3. Le Cirbusier - Chandigarh 4. Laurie Bekar - Architect of poor [mass housing concept in Kerala]5. Charles Correa - CP
Painting
PREHISTORIC ROCK PAINTINGS
Upper Palaeolithic Period - linear representations, in green (Dancer) and dark red (Hunters), few washpaintings Mesolithic Period - Smaller in size, hunting scene (wearing simple clothes and ornaments), Women bothnude and clothed, community dance, women grinding and preparing foodChalcolithic Period - Painting reveals association, contact, and mutual exchange of requirements of thecave dwellers of this area with settled agricultural communities of the Malwa plains. Bhimbetka (Vindhya Hills, MP) - hunting, dancing, music, horse and elephant riders, animal fighting,honey collection, decoration of bodies, and other household scenesThe rock shelters on banks of the River Suyal at Lakhudiyar - A long-snouted animal, a fox and amultiple legged lizard, hand-linked dancing human figuresKupgallu, Piklihal and Tekkalkota (Neo lithic) - bulls, elephants, sambhars, gazelles, sheep, goats,horses, stylised humans, tridents, but rarely, vegetal motifs. Chitwa Dongri - Chinese figure riding donkey Other sites - Naringgarh (MP); Jogimara Caves of Chattisgarh, Ghodsar and Kohabaur
Mural Paintings in India
Ajanta Caves painting
Fresco or Tempera style Each female figure with unique hairstyle Even animals and birds with emotions Jataka stories Outline red ochre Vajrpani (protector and guide)Padmapani (Avlokitesvara) [Buddha's compassion]Manjusri (manifestation of Buddha's wisdom) Dying princes, Shibi JatakMatri Poshaka Jatak [Un grateful person and elephant ]
Ellora caves
Limited to Kailash templeLater paintings in Gujarati style
Bagh caves
Close to Ajanta (MP)More secular in nature Rang Mahal
Armamalai Cave Paintings (TN)
Jain Tales of Astathik Palakas (Deities protecting 8 corner)
Sitavansal Cave paintings (TN)
Jain Close resemblance to Ajanta Theme - Jain Samavasarana (preaching hall)Central theme - A pond with lotus
Ravan Chaya rock shelter - Odisha; Royal hunting lodge
Lepakshi paintings (AP)
Veerbhadra temple walls Complete absence of primary color Outlined with black color Decline in quality Religious theme based on Ramayan and Mahabharata
Jogimara caves
Rock cut theater of Sitabenga Love stories in Brahmi script
Murals at Badami caves
Earliest surviving Hindu paintings Four armed Brahma on his swan
Miniature Paintings [Red lead paint]
Pala School
Palm leaf or Vellum paper Sinous line and subdued tones Rarely find group paintings Prominent painters - Dhimman and Vitapala
Apbhramsa School
Gujarat and Mewar regionEarlier Jain and in later period Vaishnavite Dominated by Jain iconographyGita Govind and secular love Earlier palm leaf later paperFish shaped bulging eyes, pointed nose and double chin Females enlarged hip and breast Ex. Kalpsutra and Kalkacharya katha
Miniature art during Delhi Sultanate
Nimatnama - book on cookery by Nasir Shah Lodi Khuldar style
Miniature art during Mughal [Mughal made only miniature paintings]
Features
Glorifying ruler hunting scene, historical events and court Use of brilliant colors Foreshortening technique
Bizad made Mughal family tree [Babur]
Akbar
Tutinama [Abdus Samad and Mir Sayad Ali]Formal department known as Tasvir Khana Indian influence and use of 3D figureHamzanama, Anvar i Suhail and Gulistan of Sadi
Jahangir
Jahangir was naturalist but emphasis bringing naturalism to portrait Decorated margins Own private workshop [Zebra and Turkey cock]Animal fable Ayar i Danish was illustrated
Shah Jahn
Artificial elements Reduced liveliness European influence Use of charcole and pencil High use of gold and silver Painting changed a lot in style
Regional school of art
Mewar School
Ranthambore and Chittorgarh Important painter Shahibdin Tamasha Painting
Kishangarh school
Sawant Singh and his Bani Thani Romance and Bhakti between Radha Krishn Nihal Chand
Bundi School
Bundi + Kota = Hadoti Krishna Bhakti paintings of local vegetation Sky in different color with red ribbon
Amber Jaipur school of painting
Also called as Dhundar school Folk styled wall paintings Sawai Pratap Singh created Surat Khana Bhagwat Puran, Ramayana and Ragamala
Marwar school
Colorful cloth man Singh patronizedShiv puran, Panchtantra, Natacharitra, etc
Chaurapanchasika - 50 verses written by a Kashmiri Pandit Bilhana in the 11th century. ['Kulhadar' group ofpaintings]
Pahari school
Basholi school
Expressive face big eyes with lotus petals shaped Use of primary color Painting on clothingContrast of color borrowed from Malwa paintings Gita Govind and Ramayana
Kangara school
Evolved in GulerLove scene of Krishna Nal Damyanti Twelve month a famous group of painting
Ragmala paintings - Amalgamation of art, poetry and classical music
Miniature in South India
Tanjore
Decorative Created on glass and board instead of cloths Brilliant colors Liberal use of gold leaf Use of gemstone Smiling Krishna Patronage of Sarfoji Maharaj
Maysore paintings
Hindu god and goddesses Two or more figure with one dominating Use of gesso paste [Zinc oxide and Arabic gum]Muted color to counteract background
Modern Painting
Company painting
Use of water color Lord Wellesley and Lord Impey patronized Painting of exotic flora fauna of India
Bazar paintings
No Indian influence Copy greek roman statue
Painted religious theme but only natural figures
Folk Paintings
Madhubani/Mithila
Terai region Regious motif Symbolic painting like fish depicts good luck Painted on wall with rice paste Trees, animal used to fill gaps No sjading2D painting with double line borderBold use of color Exaggerated faces Mostly done by Women GI Tag
Pattachitra
Odisha On ClothNo use of pencil or charcol (By Brush)Inspired from Jaganath and Vaishnav cult On palm leaf known as talapattachitra
Patua Art
Bengal Religious stories
Kalighat paintings
By rural migrants watercolors Originally religious note now social sentiments Satirical paintings
Paitkar paintings
Jharkhand Scroll paintings Theme - Post death
Kalamkari
Use of sharp pointed bamboo On cotton fabric Vegetables dye Hindu mythology
Warali paintings
Gujarat - Maharashtra border Ritualistic paintings Palaghat (godess of fertility) is drawn Gum + Rice Base - Mud + Cow dung
Thangka paintings
Sikkim Buddhism Cotton CanvasColors have own significance
Manjusha/Angika paintings/Snake painting
BiharOn boxes of jute and paper
Phad painting
Rajsthan Long piece of cloth called phad
Cheriyal scroll painting
Nakshi art of TelanganaBalladeer community GI tag
Pithora Paintings
Gujarat and MPSpecial occasionAnimals and horses
Saura Painting
Saura tribe of Odisha Wall mural
Indian Music
Prelims Fact
Seven holed flute and Ravanhatha from IVS site All seven notes of Raga Kharaharpriya found in descending order in Sam VedaGandharvveda upveda of Samveda Veena mentioned in Aitareya Aranyaka Jaimini Brahmanna speakes about dance and music Kasitaki Brahmanna - Art = dance + Vocal + instrumental music Bharat's Natyshastra Vatsyayana’s Nyaya Bhasya a classic commentary on the Nyaya Sutra. Sarangdeva - Sangeet Ratnakar Brihaddeshi by Matanga Sangeet Makaranda composed by NandaSwarmela Kalanidhi written by Ramamatya Chaturdandi Prakashika written by Venkatmakhin
Hindustani
Dhrupad
Mentioned in Natyashastra Reached its zenith in period of Akbar Poetic form
Precise and overt elaboration of Raga Starts with Alap Includes Sanskrit syllables Performed by duo Tanpura and pakhwaj Tansen [Invented Raga Todi which was sung in early morning] Dagari Gharana, Darbhanga Gharana, Talwandi Gharana Bettiah Gharana and Darbhanga school Dhrupad known as Haveli style
Khayal
Amir Khusro short song Khayal composition is known as Bandish [Romantic in nature]Use of taan, Alap is given less room Bada Khayal (Slow) and Chota Khayal (Faste)Gwalior Gharana, Kirana Gharana, Agra Gharana/ Rangeela Gharana, Patial Gharana
Tarana Style
Structure consist of mainly melody Uses many word that are sung at fast tempo
Semi classical style + Fusion
Thumari
Either romantic or devotional Inspired by Bhakti movement Hindi or Awadhi or Braj bhasha dilect Usually sung in female voice Purbi Thumari (Slow tempo) and Punjabi Thumari (fast tempo)
Tappa
Folk song of camel rider of NW IndiaGreat use of very quick turn of phrase
Gazal
Poetic form that consist of rythyming couplets Amir Khusro Traditionally deals with love specifically unconditional Influence of Islamic mysticism
Bhajan
Bhakti movement Singing hymns
Shabad
Sikhism (Sung in gurudwaras)Guru Nanak and his disciple responsible for developmentMentioned in Adi Granth Sahib [Granth Sahib has teaching of 13 Saint]
Qawwali
In praise of Allah Composed in single Raga
Tempo gradually builts up Amir Khusro (Disputed)
Haveli Sangeet - Rajsthan and Gujarath; Pushtimarg Sampraday
Carnatic Music
Music is kirti based Focus on lyrical quality Parts - Pallavi -> Anu Pallavi -> Varnam (Reveals Raga; sung at begining) -> Rangmalika (Concluding part)Free rhythm with Mridingam called as Thanam Ragam do not have Mridingam
Difference between Carnatic and Hindustani
Hindustani Carnatic
1. Arab, Persian and Afghan 2. Scope of improvisation 3. Several substyle 4. Instruments equally important 5. Adhere to time 6. Tabala, Sarangi, Sitar and Santoor 7. Flute and Violin8. Less raga
1. Indigenous 2. No scope of improvisation 3. Only one style 4. More importance to vocal music 5. Do not adhere to time 6. Veena, Mridingam and Mandolin7. Flute and Violin8. More Raga
Folk Music
Baul
Not just music but religion in BengalSufi songs exemplified by songs of KabirPreach mysticism
Wanawan - Kashmir, wedding
Pandavani - Bhima as hero; Chattisgarh
Alha - MP; heroic ballad song
Panihari - Rajsthan; about women fetching water
Ovi - Maharashtra and Goa
Pai song - MP; sung during festivals [Saira dance performed on this music]
Maand - Rjasthan; glory of Rajput rulers
Khongjom Parv - Manipur; narration of battle of Khngjom
Bhavgeet
Close to GazalSung on slower pitch Karnataka and Maharashtra
Mando
Goa
Indian + Western blend Guitar, Violin and ghumot drum [Goa's heritage instrument]Skin of monitor lizard is one of the key components of the Ghumot [Hence earlier banned now skin ofgoat]
Kolanalu/Kolattam - Dandiya of South (AP, Katnataka and TN)
Pankhida - sung by the peasants of Rajasthan while doing work in the fields
Musical Instrument
Awanadh Vadya - percussion instrument Sushir Vadya - Wind instrument Ghana Vadya - like Jhanj and Tal Tata Vadya - string instruments
Indian dance forms
Prelims facts
Community dancing at BhimbetakaFirst formal mention in Bharata's Natya Shastra [Complete Art]Brahma created fifth Veda Natya veda
Indian Classical Dance form [8 as per Sangit Natak academy] [Ministry of culture - 8+ Chuhu]
Bharatnatyam
Tamilnadu Oldest among all Bhav + Rag + Tal Solo Also known as Dashiattam (Devdasi)Rukhminidevi ArandaleReferred as fire dance Equal emphasis on Tandav and Lasya Ekacharya Lasyam style [Role play]Also known as Tanjore natyam [Tanjore quartet of Chinia, Poniah, Vadivelu and Shivnandam]Yamini Krishnamurti famous proponent Elements Alarippu [blessings of god; rhythmic syllables]Jatiswaram [No expression only poses]Shadam [dramatic element with expressed words; Praise the glory of god]Varnam [dance + Emotion; Important part of performance; Sync with tal]Padam [Music becomes light dance become emotional] Jawali [Short love lyrics performed at faster tempo]Thillana [Concluding stage with pure exuberant dance]
Kuchipudi
Group of actors going from village to village Andhra Pradesh [Domination of male Brahmin]Stories of Bhagavt Purana New practice of Solo recitals and female participation
Involves difficult foot movement Predominance of Sringarrasa Principal character introduce itself with Daaru [small composition of dance and song]Dance + Drama performance [performer may combine role of singer]Both Lasya and Tandava element Balasarsvati and Ragini Devi revived this dance form Radha Reddy and Krishn Reddy famous proponent Elements Manduk Shabdam - story of frog Tarangam - balancing on edge of brass plate Jal chitr Nrityam - draws picture on the floor with toes Sollakath or Patakshara - Nritta part (Devoid of expression)Kavutvams - Nritya part
Kathakali
Kerala Folk dance Ramanattam and Krishnattam became basis of Kathakali All male performance Open air theater Elaborate facial make up Minimal use of props Color has significance [Example red as evil and green as nobility]Representation of eternal conflict between good and evil Language - Manipravalam [Sanskrit + Malyalam]Representation of Rasa through movements of eye and eyebrows Chendda and Maddala marks beginning and end of Kathakali recital Symolise element of sky Called as Ballad of east Revived by VN Menon Rita Ganguly and Gopinath famous proponent
Mohiniattam
Dance of beautiful women Solo dance of Kerala Revived by VN Menon and Kalyani Amma Combines grace and elegance of Bharatnatyam with vigour of Kathakali Footwork if gentle Feminine dance of VishnuLasya aspect is dominant Costume is white or off white Elements of air symbolized through Mohiniattam Atavakul or Atavus is collection of forty basic dance movement Madhura Amma, Jayapradha Menon are famous proponent
Odissi
Udyagiri Khandgiri caves provide some earliest example Primarily practiced by Maharis and patronized by Kharvela Nartala is variant of this dance Similar to Bharatnatyam Tribhanga position is innate to Odissi Chowk posture depicts muscularityUnique representation of gracefulness, sensuality and beauty Also known as Mobile sculpture Elements
Mangalacharan - flower is offered to mother earthBatu Nritya - Tribhanga + Chowk posture Pallavi - facial expression Tharijham - Pure dance before conclusion Concluding Item - Moksha (joyous movement signify liberation) or Trikhand Majura (take leave from godand audiance)
Manipuri
Mythlogical origin to celestial dance of Shiv Parvati Trace its origin in Lai Haroba festival Advent of Vaishnavism -> Krishna Became central theme Performed generally by females Emphasis on devotion and not sensuality Faces are covered with thin veil [Facial expression has lesser importance]Both Tandava and Lasya with emphasis on Lasya Nag Bandh Mudra - 8 shape body Ras leela is recurring theme Thang-Ta and Sankirtan influenced by Manipuri dance Famous proponenet - Ranjana and Darshana
Kathaka
Traditional dance of UP Influenced by Persian costume Only classical dance with muslim influence and Hindustani music [CCRT]Gharana system - Lucknow, Jaipur, Raigarh, BanarasUse of intricate footwork Famous proponent - Birju Maharaj and Damyanti Joshi Elements Ananda - Introductory item Thaat - soft and varied movement Todas and Tukadas - Small piece of rythm Jugalbandi - Competitive play between dancer and table playerPadhant - Dancer recites complicated bol Tarana - Pure rhythmic movement before end Kramalaya - Concluding piece comprising of fast footwork Geet bhav - Dance without any music or chanting [Outline mythological episodes]
Sattriya
Introduced by Vaishnav Saint ShankaradevaAssam Finds mention in Natya Shastra Devotional aspect of dance and mythological stories of Vishnu Performed in group by male monk known as Bhokots Songs are compositions of Shankardeva [Borgeeta]Strict rules wrt hand gestures and foot work Male wore Dhoti and Turban Female wore traditional Assami Jewelry
Folk dance of India
Chhau
Vigourous martial movement to narrate mythological stories
Sarp Nritya or Mayur Nrittya Saraikella Chhau (Jharkhand); Mayurbhanj Chhau (Odissa); Purulia Chhau (W Bengal)Mayurbhanj artist do not wear mask UNESCO intangible cultural heritage
Tarangamela
Goa Rainbow like costume Performed on Dussehra or Holi
Ghoomar - Bhil women of Rajsthan
Kalbelia
Rajsthan Been is music instument Costume and movement similar to serpents UNESCO intangible cultural heritage
Charba - Himachal Pradesh
Giddha - Female part of Bhangara
Raslila - UP
Dadra - UP
Jawara - MP; harvest season [Balancing bucket of Jawara]
Mataki - Women of Malwa region (solo)
Gaur Maria - Bison horn Maria tribe of Chattisgarh
Alkap - Jharkhand and W Bengal; performed by troops
Biraha - Portray pain of women but performed by men
Jat-jatin - Bihar [Love and quarrel of married couple]
Jhumar - Harvest dance of Jharkhand and Odissa [janani Jhumar and Mardana Jhumar]
Dand Jatra - Odisha [Social harmony and brotherhood]
Bihu - Assam
Thang ta - Manipur
Rangma/Bamboo dance - War dance of Nagas
Singhi Chham - Sikkim [Pay tribute to Kanchanganga pick]
Kummi - Tamilnadu and Kerala; performed by women during pongal [Absence of music]
Mayilattam - Peacock dance of young girls of Kerala and TN
Burrakatha - AP
Buttu Bommalu - AP
Kaikotikalli - Kerala during Onam
Padayani - Martial dance of Kerala [Huge mask]
Kolkali - Parichakali
Kerala and Lakshdweep Use of mock weapons
start slowly and built up the tempo
Bootha Aradhane - Karnataka
Pata Kunitha - Religious dance of Mysore but popular in all religion [Men]
Chakyar Koothu - Kerala; performer dresses himself as snake
Karma Naach - Chota Nagpur Plateau
Raut Naach - Chattisgarh
Dumhal - J&K by Wattal tribe
Cheraw - Mizoram
Dalkhai - Odisha
Koothu/Therukoothu - Tamil Nadu. Only men take part in even female roles are played by the men folk.
Indian theaters
Classical Sanskrit theater
Sariputraprakarana - Ashvaghosha Mricchakatika - Sudraka first to introduce essence of conflict Kalidasa - Malvikagnimitra, Vikromovrvashi and Shakuntalam Kalidasa was unparalleled in portrayal of conflict between desire and duty Mahavircharitra - Bhavabhuti Mudrarakshak - VihsakaduttaRatnavali - Harashvardhan Always had happy ending Two storeyed stages (Upper half to display celestial part)Mask were not used Curtains were used Rigid Koothiyattam/ Koodiyattam - Oldest; Kerala; Chakyar and Nambiar caste; Sanskrit, Prakrit and Malyalam
Folk theater
Mudiyettu - Ritual theater of Kerala; battle between Goddess Kali and demon Darika; Performed in villagetemples; Ankia Nat - One act play of Assam; use of mask ; shankardeva Bhuta - KarnatakaBhavai - Gujarat and Rajsthan; romantic Daskathia - Odisha;Garoda - Gujarat; romance Kariyila - Himachal; open air theater Maach - MP; Nautanki - Mentioned in Abul Fazl's Ain e Akbari Oja Pali - Assam Swang - Punjab, Haryana Villu Pattu - Bow song; Deccan Bhand Pather - J&KBhaona - Assam Dashavatar - Kokan Naqal or Bhand - Punjab
Yakshgana - KArnataka and AP; dance drama; Single artist [Tal Madddale is predexessor]Burra Katha - APPagati Veshaalu -Telangana; Role playing actBayalata - Karnataka; open air theater ; Love of Radha Krishn Theyyam - Kerala [Same practice in Karnataka known as Bhuta and Bhuta Kola]Krishna Attam - KeralaKuruvanji - Tamilnadu; Classical Tamil Songs; dance ballet form
Martial Art
Kalariyapatu - KeralaSilambam - Tamil Nadu Thang Ta and Sarit Sarak - Manipur Cheibi Gad ga - Manipur Pari Khanda - Bihar Thooda - Himachal Gatka - Punjab Inbuan wrestling - Mizoram Kuttu Varisai - TN Raibenshe - WB
Kathputali - Rajsthan; absence of legKundehi - Odisha; long skirt; more joint more flexibility Gombeyatta - Karnataka; More than one puppeteer Bomlaattam - TN; Rod and string; largest and heaviest
Shadow
Togalu Bombeyatta - Karnataka; Variation of puppet size based on social status Ravanchahya - Odisha; deer skin; No joints Tholu Bommalata - AP; mythological tales
Glove
Pavakoothu - Kerala; influence of Kathakali dance
Rod
Yampuri - Bihar; without any joint Putul Nachh - Bengal, Odisha, Assam region; three joints
Indian Handicraft
1. Mention of spectacles in Vyasyogcharitra 2. Bandhej technique - Tie and Dye 3. Laharia - Jaipur and Jodhpur 4. Batik Technique - MP& WB; [Molten wax] 5. Tanchoi weaving - Came from China to Surat 6. Jamdani - W Bengal (Weave Muslin) 7. Filigree work - Technique used by silver jewelry artist [Knitted silver ornament of Odisha Gunchi]8. Dokra casting - Lost wax method 9. Marori work - Metal work of Rajsthan
10. Tarkashi - Metal work of Rajsthan 11. Koftagiri - Rajsthan; Inlaying light metal on dark side 12. Manoti Art - Decorating articles with camel skin [Bikaner]13. Wood work of Kashmir - Acchedar, Khatamband and Azlipinjara 14. Ambari hathi - made up of ponki wood [Kodapalli, AP]15. Applique or Pipli work - Embroidery work of Pipali village of Odisha 16. Phulkari - Embroidery work; Punjab, Haryana and Delhi 17. Bagh - Use silk thread to embroider on green cloth 18. Gota - Use of gold thread as embroider 19. Chikankari - Embroidery work of Lucknow 20. Karchobi - Embroidery work of Rajasthan 21. Kashida - Kashmir 22. Himroo shawls - Aurangabad 23. Chamba rumals - HP 24. Kanthas - WB & Odisha; layer of old piece of cloth stitched together 25. Phaneks - shawl of Manipur 26. Kasauti - Embroidery work of Karnataka [hand made of Chalukyan period]
Religion in India
Hinduism
Smartism - Based on teachings of Purana
Shrautism - Ultra orthodox; Purv Mimasa school
Shaivism
Siddhas
Nagpanthi
Lingayat
Dashnami Sanyasi - Advait Vedanta tradition [Disciples of Adi Shankaracharya]
Aghori
Siddharas - TN; Perfection through Rasayana [Founder of Varmam - Martial art of self defense and medicaltreatment]
Samkhya
Kapil Muni Dnyanyog
Dualism or dvaitvad Knowledge can be attained through Pratyaksh, Anuman and Shabd Prakriti and Purush are basis of reality and are different
Yoga
Salvation by meditation and physical application of yogic technique Yogsutra of Patanjali [200 BC]Yoga can help if one believes in god as guide, mentor and teacher
Nyay School
Technique of logical thinking to achieve salvationAcquiring real knowledge can only led to salvation Founded by Gautama [Wrote Nyay Sutra]Inference, hearing and anology Creation of universe through God's hand
Vaisheshikha school
Believes in physicality of universe Kanad Universe created by five main element Believe in god and consider him guiding principle Laws of Karma guide the universeBelieves in salvation
Mimansa
reasoning, interpretation and application Analysis of text Samhita and Brahman Veda's contain eternal truth [All knowledge]Salvation by performing ritualsCycle of life and death Assistance of priest Sutra's of Jaimini has Mimansa philosophySabas Swami and Kumarila Bhatta
Vedanta
Philosophies of life as elaborated in Upnishadha Brahmsutra and Badryana forms basis of philosophyBrahma is reality anything else is Maya Equalize Atma and Brahma Knowledge of selfShankarachrya and Ramanujan Advait Vedanata Theory of Karma and Punarjanm
Charvak School/ Lokayat
Brishpati Mention in Ved and Brihadarnakya upanishadhMaterialistic view to achieve salvation Denied existence of supernatural or divine power Denied existence of Brahma and God Eat, drink and make mercy Do not consider ether as essential element
Ajivika
Founded by Makkhali Gosala [500 BC] Niyati of absolute determinism Everything is predecided, No use of Karma Simple life without cloth and material possession Opposed Buddhism and Jainism Atheist Rejected Authority of VedaBelieved in existence of Atma Bindusara was follower Savathi was center of Ajivika [UP]Barabar caves
Ajnana
Radical skepticism Impossible to attain knowledge about nature Rival of Jainism and Buddhism Ignorance is best
Buddhism
Basics
563 BC Buddhas father King Suddodhana of Sakyan kingdom Buddha born on Vaishakhi pornima Married to princes Yashodhara and had son Rahul Horse Kanthaka and Charioteer Channa At the age of 35 on his birthday attained Nirvana under pipal tree @ GayaFirst sermon @ Deer park Sarnath [Dharm Chakr Pravartan]Mahaparinirvan @ Kushinagar (UP) Contemporary of Bimbisara and Ajatshatru of haryanka dynasty
Early Buddhist School
Sthavir Nikaya - Mahisasaka, Sarvastivada, Sankrantika, Sautrantika, Dharmguptaka, Vatasiputriya,Dharmottariya, Bhadryaniya, Sanggarika and Samittiya Mahasamghika - Gokulika, Prajnaptivada, Bahusrutiya, Ekavyavharika, Caitika Other Sect - Hemavatika, Rajgiriya, Siddhatthaka, Pubbaseliya, Aparaseliya and Aprararajgirika
Three Jewels (Triratn)
Buddha - Enlighten one Dhamma - Teaching of BuddhaSangh - The monastic order [Initiated by Buddha]
Four Major Noble Truth
Dukkha - Suffering Samudaya - Origin of suffering [Desire]Nirodha - cessation of sufferingMagga - path to cessation of suffering
Noble eightfold path
Right speech Right actionRight livehoodRight effort and self control
Right mindfulness Right meditation Right thoughts Right understanding and avoid superstition
Philosophy
Middle path describe the character of eightfold path which led to liberationReject authenticity of VedaRejects concept of Soul [ Anatta (“non-self” or “substanceless” or anatman) ]
Tripitaka
Pali language After death of Buddha The third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Final versionof Tripitakas was completed (Moggaliputta Tissa presided) Vinaya - Upali (Rule of order for Buddhist)Sutta - Ananda (Buddha's Sermon)Abhidhamma - Mahakashyap (Buddhist Philosophy)
Hinyan
Original preaching of BuddhaOrthodox school Did not believe in idol worship Individual salvation Sub Sect - Sthavirvada and Thervada Use of Pali language Ashoka patronised
Mahayan
Believes in heavenliness of Buddh and Bodhisattva Ultimate goal spiritual upliftment Believe in idol worship Bodhisatva is result of Mahayan school Also called as Bodhisatvayana Universal liberation Boddhisatva seeks complete enlightenment [Called as Samyaksambuddha]Mahyan text - Lotus Sutra and Mahavansa Six perfection - Dan, Shil, Santi, Virya, Dhyan and Prajna Sanksrit language Kanishka of Kushana dynasty said to be founder
Bodhisatva in Mahayan Buddhism
Buddha in his previous birth was Bodhisattva Bodhisatva is one who has generated spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood By passing 10 grounds or Bhumis he became enlightened one Avlokitisvara/Padmpani/Lokesara - listener of world cries; Also found in female formVajrpani - Protector around Buddha; [Power of five Tathgatha - Vairocana, Akshobhya, Amitabha,Ratnsabhava and Amoghsiddhi]Manjusri - Protector around Buddha; Sword in hand; Male; Associated with wisdom of Buddha Samantbhadra - Meditation; Along with Manjusri and Buddha forms Shakymuni trinity Ksitigarbha - Buddhist monk; took vow not to attain enlightenment till hell is emptied Maitreya - Future Buddha; Laughing Buddha Akasagarbha - Associated with element of space Tara - Associated only with Vajrayan Buddhism; Virtues of success in work and achievements
Vasudhara - Associated with wealth and prosperity; Nepal Skanda - Guardian of Buddhist teaching and Viharas Sitatapatra - Female; protector against supernatural danger; Both Mahayan and Vajryana
Theravada Buddhism
Elder monks Use the Buddha's teaching preserved in Pali Canon Ultimate goal is cessation of Klesha Samata and Vipassana are integral part of Eight fold path Vibhajjavada (Teaching of analysis)Vissudhimarg (path of purification)Seven stages of purification Pali is sacred language
Vajrayan Buddhism
Influenced by HinduismMain deity is tara Based on Mahayan philophy Tantra, Mantra and Yantra Mantra is easy path than six perfection
Prominent personalities of Buddhism
Sariputta - Chief disciple of Buddha Mahmogollana - Chief disciple Ananda - Listen to Buddha's teaching most Anuruddha, Upali, Ananthpindaka, Subhuti and Jivaka Nagasena - Answere question of Meander I [Recorded in Milind Panho, It is not written by singleperson] Nagarjun - Madhymaka school of Mahayan Vasubandhu - Proponent of Mahayan school; [Sarvastivada and Sautrantika school]Buddhaghosha - Theravada; Famous for Vissudhimarg Padmsabhava - Second Buddha Atisa - Bengali Dalai Lama - yellow hat school of Buddhism
Buddhist literature
Jataka - Previous birth of Buddha Therigatha - anthology of poems in the Pali language by Buddhist women nuns Buddhacharitra - Ashwaghosha Mahavamsa - Pali; Account of various kingdoms of South Asia Mahavastu - Mixed Pali, Sanskrit and Prakrit; Lalitvistara Sutra - Mahayan text; Stories associated with life of Buddha till first Sermon Bodhi Vamsa - Upatissa Mahavibhasa Shastra - Mahayan [Non buddhist philosophy as well Abhidharmmokshha - Vasubandhu Vissudhimagg - Buddhghosha
Miscellaneous
Pavarana - confession by Buddhist monks of their offences committed during their stay in themonasteries during the rainy seasonSarvastivadin sect of Buddhism believes that all things exist, and exist continuously, in the past and thefuture as well as in the present.Pure Land Buddhism - belief that we will never have a world which is not corrupt, so we must strive forre-birth in another plane, referred to as the "Pure Land". [Mahayana tradition in East Asia]
Jainism
Basics
Jina means conqueror Mahavira 24th and last tirthankar Mahavira born @ Kundalgarm (Vaishali) to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala [Jnatrika clan]@ Pava near Patana he found Kevalya Vardhaman also known as Jitendriya, Nirgrantha, Mahavir
Jain Philosophy
Believe in existence of soul [Even in non living things]world is created and maintained by universal soul Rejects authority of Veda Anekvedanta is fundamental doctrine [ultimate truth and reality is complex and has multiple aspecthence exist non absolutism]Swadhyay Paramam Tap - Penance washes away all the blemishes and purges the soul of all karmicmatter. Syadvada/Saptabhangi - System of seven aspects of predicationNayavada - System of seven aspects of predication; Theory of standpoints, or ways of approaching anobject of observation or study All natural supernatural things are made up of seven elements [Jiva, Ajiva, Asrava, Bandha, Samvara,nirjara and moksha]Two type of existence Astikaya (Physical shape) and Anastakiya (No physical shape)Everything that has substance is called dharma Substance is eternal and unchangeable but attributes keep changing
Three Jewels
Right belief Right Knowledge Right Conduct
Five Constrains/Anuvrata
Satya Ahimsa Asteya Aparigrah Beahmacharya [Propounded by Mahavira]
Eight symbols under Jainism
Swastika - peaceNandyavartya - large swastik with 9 end pointBhadrasana - Throne sanctified by Jaina's feetShrivasta - Mark on Jain's chest (Purity of soul)Darpana - Mirror which reflects inner selfMinayugala - Couple of fish (Conquest of sexual desire)Vardhamanaka - shallow dish [signify increase in wealth, due and merit]Kalasha - signify water
Digambara
Mula Sangh - Original community
Bispanthi, Terapanthi and Taranpanthi - Modern Bispanth - Worship tirthankara as well as yaksh and Yakshini; Bhattarakas are dharmguru [Puja, Aratiand Prasad] Terapanthi - Oppose Bhattarakas and worship only tirthankars; Worship idols with ashtadravya [Butreplace flower with dry fruits] Complete nudity [Female monks wear unstiched white sarees called as Aryikas]Follow five constrains Bhadrabahu and Chandrgupta Earliest record in Prakrit written Suttapahuda and KundaKunda Women cant be tirthankar Women cant achieve moksha
Shvetambar
Sthanakvasi - praying to saint than idol [Wear Muhpatti]Mulsangh - keep idols at temple [Do not wear Muhpatti] Terapanth - praying to saint than idol [Wear Muhpatti]
Popular practices of Jainism
Sallekhana - Fasting to death Pratikraman - repent for their sin
Jain Literature
Jain literature is written in Ardhmagadhi Agamas - Ardhamagadhi Prakrit texts containing the teachings of Mahavira [Shvetambar] Acharanga Sutra - Oldest Agama Sutrkirtanga - Code of Jain mocks Prasanvyakaranani - Description of Sin Uttaradhyayana Sutta - Written in prakrit; Explains how queen Kamlawati persuaded her husband torenounce world Basavanna was initially a Jaina and a minister in the court of the Kalachuri dynasty king Bijjala I Jain literature - Acarangasutra, Sutrakritanga, Brihatkalpasutra Bhadrabahu - Uvasaggharamstotra and Kalp Sutra [biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras,] [Kalp Sutrasame name for manual of Hindu religious practice]Acharya Kunkund - Samaysara and Niyamsara Samant Bhadra - Ratna Karanda Sravakchara (Life of Jain hosuehold) and Aptamimansa Naltiyar - Tamil text written by jain mocks Tattvaratha Sutra - Umasvati; Sanskrit Jinsena - Wrote Mahapurana and Harivanshpurana [Digambar]
Islam
Hadith - Teachings of Muhammad Hadith and Sunnah forms basic law of Sharia Four major school of law in Islam - Hanafi, Shafei, Maliki and HambaliJumma Namaz is community Namaz Zakat as charity
Sikhism
Guru Arjun Dev - Bhai Gurudas compiled Adi Granth Sahib [Gurumukhi Script] Guru HarGovind - Two sword as symbol of Sikhism [Bhakti + Shakti]; Constructed Akal TakhtGuru Govind Singh - Last guru; Started Khalasa; 5K [Kachacha, Kesha,Kangha, Kirpan, Kara]Sahajdhari Sikh - Nankpanthi, Bhalla's and Udasis After Furu Govind Singh Gurun Granth Sahib is Guru
Fairs and Festivals
1. Sag Dawa - Sikkim; Buddhist 2. Lossong Festival - Sikkim new year; Harvest season []Locally brewed wine Chhang]3. Bihu - Assam new year 4. Hornbill festival - Nagaland 5. Kharchi puja - Tripura 6. Cheiraoba Festival - Manipur new year 7. Wangala festival - Post harvest; Garo tribe 8. Kang Chingba - Manipur 9. Sekrenyi festival - Angami tribe of Nagaland
10. Lui Ngai Ni festival - Nagaland 11. Dree festival - Apatani tribe of Arunachal Pradesh 12. Sarhul - New year of tribals of Jharkhand 13. Chapchar kutis - Mizoram.
Literature
Prelims facts
Brahmi script and Kharoshti script was decipher by James princep
Veda
Rigved
1200 BCOrganized in 10 books known as Mandalas Focus on wordly prosperity and natural beauty Each Mandala contains several Suktas or Hymns Particularly dedicated to Indra
Yajurved
Rites and Mantras of sacrifice [Ritual Veda] Two major Samhita - Krishna/Vajasaney & Shukla/Taittiriya
Samved
Melody or song book of chant
Atharveda
Known as BrahmvedaComposed by Atharva and Angira Treatment of several ailments [Black magic & white magic]Speculation on changes in universe Everyday issues
Vedanga - To fully understood veda it is necessary to read Vedanga; Example Panini's Ashtadhyayi
Commentaries on particular Veda Instruction to conduct rituals Each Veda has its Brahmanna
Aryankas - Describe rituals and sacrifice involved in Veda
Upanishadha
Sit down neat the teacher [Guru shishya parmapara]Last part of Veda [Vedanta]Abstract and philosophical problem 108 Upnishadha called Muktika canon Kathopanishad - the conversation between Nachiketa and Yamraj (God of death) Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam - Mahponishadh.
Mahabharat - Ved Vyas
Ramayan - Valmiki
Purana
Gupta age Panchtantra - Vishnu Sharma HItopadesh - Naryan Pandit [He was also mathematician]
Important Books
Ashvghosha - Buddhacharitra Kalhan - Rajatarangini Somdeva - Katha Sarit Sagar Charak - Charak SAmhita (Book on medicine); Mention of genetics; Three dosha Sushruta - Sushruta Samhita (Book on surgery); Plastic surgery Madhava - Madhava Nidana (Book on pathology)Sharangadhar (1300 AD) - Sharngadhar Samhita; Use of opium and urine examination Varamihira - Pancha-Siddhantika (Book on astrology); Brihat Samhita (book on wide ranging subjectslike planetary movements, geology, architecture, etc.)Aryabhatta - Aryabhatiya (Book on astronomy and mathematics)Lagdhacharya - Book on astrologyPingala - Book on Mathematics; Binary numbers [A treatise on music named "Chhandahshastra"]Bhaskara - Siddhanta Shiromani Barani - Tarik e Firuz Shahi Babar - Tuzuk I Babari Gulbadan Begum - Humayun Nama Abul Fazal - Ain e Akbari and Akbarnama Abul Hamid Lahori - Patashahnama (Shahajan) Pruthiviraj Raso - First Hindi book Tulsidas - Ramcharitrmanas Ilango Adigal - Silappadikaram (Malyalam ; kanagi's revenge) Ibn Batuta's Arabic book - Rihla (Moroccan traveler came to India in regime of Muhmad Tughlaq)
Poetry
Kalidasa - Kumar Sambhav, Raghuvamsa, Meghadut, Ritusamhara Harisena - In praise of Samudrgupta Ashvghosha - Saundarananda Amir Khusro - Diwan (Persian), Nuh Sipihar and Mansnavi Duwal Rani Khizr Khan Malik Muhamad Jayasi - Padmavat Jafar Zatalli - Kulliyat(Collection of Verses)Mirza Galib - Diwan (Urdu) Iqbal - Bang i Dara (Saree Jahn se Acha) Mirabai - Bihari Satsai Raskhan (approx. 1558–1628) - Hindi poet who was both a Muslim and follower of Lord Krishna. [PremVatika poems] Ibrahim Adil Shah II - Kitab-i-Nauras, a collection of songs in praise of Hindu deities and Muslim saints
Science and Technology
Budhayana (600 BC) - Sulavsutra ; Mention of pi and Pythagoras theorem Apastamba - Acute angle, Obtuse angle and right angle Aryabhatta (500 AD) - Earth is round and rotate on its own axis; Value of pi; Area of triangle; Calculation ofeclipse Brahmgupta (700 AD) - Brahmsputa Siddhantika; Zero as a number; negative numberMahaviracharya (900 AD) - Ganit Sar Sangraha; LCM Bhaskaracharya (1200AD) - Siddhant Shiromani [Leelavati, Beejganit, Goladhyay, Grahganit]; Chakrawatmethod to solve algebraic equation Nilkantha Somasutvan - Tantrsamagrah [Trignometry] Atreya and Agnivesa (800 BC) - Ayurveda Unani system - Came to India by Greece; [Firdausu Hikmat written by Ali bin Rabban] Nagarjun - Rasratnakar Casting of canon mentioned in Tujuk e Babari Varahmihira - Brihat Samhita; Gupta age; Geolohy, Hydrology and ecology
Calender
Solar - 29 Feb Lunar - Adhik mass after 2.5 years Vikram Samvat (56 BC) - King Vikramaditya; Lunar; Difference of 11 days with solar year Saka Samvat (758 AD) - King Shalivahan; Both Solar and Lunar; Begins 22 March except in leap year;365 Days Hijari calendar (622 AD) - Lunar; 354 Days Georgian - Solar; 365 days 6 hours Saka calendar is national calendar
Coins
Indo greek Coins - Detail information of Monarch (With image); Greek and Pali written in Kharoshti script;Greek god and godsessSatvahana coins - Used lead; prakrit; Figure of elephant, horse, lion or Chaitya Chalukyan coins - One side blank other with image of temple or lion and legends Pandyan coins - Fish important symbol Turkish/ Delhi Sultanate Coin - No image of issuing monarch Illahi coins - To propagate Din Illahi
Prominent foreign traveler of India
UNESCO Intangible Heritage site in India
1. Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana (UP)2. Tradition of Vedic chanting 3. Kutiyatta or Kodiyattam, Sanskrit theatre 4. Ramman, religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas.5. Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala [War between Kali and Darika]6. Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan7. Chhau dance8. Buddhist chanting of Ladakh9. Sankirtana, ritual singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur
10. Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab11. Yoga12. Nawrouz 13. Kumbh Mela
