Nixon and Vietnam

• Henry Kissinger- Nixon’s National Security advisor

• Vietnamization: Gradual withdraw of U.S. troops = increased efforts of the South Vietnamese to fight the war.

• Continued to bomb N.Vietnam as well as Laos & Cambodia

Nixon & Foreign Policy

• New Federalism- Distribute a portion of Fed. power to state and local Gov.

• Détente: easing Cold War tensions

• Nixon opened foreign policy with China and Soviet Union by visiting them

Nixon’s Puppets

• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)– Illegally wiretapped Democratic Party @

Watergate

• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)– Investigated & compiled documents on

Nixon’s opposition

• Internal Revenue Service (IRS)– Tax audits of antiwar and civil rights

activists.

Watergate: The President’s Men

• H.R. Haldeman: Chief of Staff• John Ehrlichman: Chief Domestic Adv.• John Mitchell: Attorney General• John W. Dean III: Presidential Counsel

Watergate

• Spying on the Democratic National Party

• Cover-up in destroying all evidence of the break-in

• Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein of the Washington Post– Received little American

interest.

Watergate

• Senate investigation• Nixon dismissed his

“inner circle”• John Dean testified that

Nixon was “heavily involved in the cover-up”

• Presidential aide Alexander Butterfield: Nixon taped all conversations– Tapes were key in

revealing what Nixon actually knew

Watergate• Vice President Spiro

Agnew resigned– Nixon appointed House

Minority Leader Gerald Ford as the V.P.

• House Judiciary Committee began looking into impeachment

• Nixon agreed to release “edited tapes”– Court wanted unedited

tapes = Nixon refused– Court had enough

evidence for impeachment

• Tapes finally released on Aug. 5, 1974 / Nixon resigned Aug. 8th

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=i+am+not+a+crook+nixon+cartoon&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&docid=jhk85rteiBGAsM&tbnid=xDQXVXvu4BJJnM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://artblogbybob.blogspot.com/2008/10/raising-hell.html&ei=z7JNU7W8I8utyASPrICoBw&bvm=bv.64764171,d.aWw&psig=AFQjCNFHFAXxqL0SzCAnsCWWxl9REnYQ_A&ust=1397687341043518

Gerald Ford• President Nixon resigned,

then Vice President Spirow Agnew resigned.

• Pardoned Nixon: cost him public support

• Continued discussions with the Soviet Union– Helsinki Accords: Ford

acknowledges Soviet dominance over Eastern Europe

• South Vietnam surrendered to the North in 1975

• Communist take-over of Cambodia

Jimmy Carter• Environmentalist

– presented more than 100 energy conservation measures to Congress

– oil, gas, and automobile states blocked

• Human Rights-Freedoms and liberties guide politics – Moral principles as a guide for US foreign policy– Carter cuts off foreign US support to countries who

tortured their own citizens• Brazil and Argentine

– Détente breakdown

Jimmy Carter

• Pardon of draft evaders– Unconditional pardons

of Vietnam deserters• Camp David Accords-

Israel/Egypt– Carter calmed the

tension between Egypt & Israel. Won Nobel Peace Prize.

Middle East Flash Back!• Post WWI--Ottoman

Empire collapsed– Foreigners controlled region

• Muslim Islamic Religion

–Shia-Ali is rightful heir to Mohammad (founder)

–Sunni-Mohammad died without declaring a successor (majority)

Jews vs. Arabs• Post WWII-95% of misplaced European Jews

wanted to migrate to Palestine (Present day Israel)

– Palestine controlled by Great Britain– Jews launch guerilla warfare on Brits in Palestine/Brits leave

• United Nations creates Jewish state within Palestine– Truman & Stalin recognize new state of Israel

• Arab League (1945)--Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan, and Yemen– Refuse to accept Israel– British arm Arabs against Israel

Israel Imperializes

Israel and Egypt Conflict• Suez Canal---Fr. And Brits own

canal

• Egypt wants to nationalize canal

• Fr., Brits, and Israel team up and attack Egypt

• US (Carter) steps in and negotiates peace– Israel would leave Sanai Peninsula– Egypt would recognize Israel

Middle East Flash Back!• Iran

– 89% Persian Country (Not Arab)– Shia Muslim Region– Post WWII-Iran aligns with US– Shah-King (pro-US)– US gives military aid and mo mo mo– Iran gave US oil=US corporations foothold

• Early 1950s-Prime Minister Mohammad Mosadegh is elected populist PM

• 1953 Coup-– Wants to nationalize oil-US is unhappy

US and Iran• Ayatollah Khomeini

– Muslim leader in Iran that led rebels to overthrow the shah, & follow strict obedience of Qur’an- Islam’s holy book.

• Argo Clip-

• News Clip-

• Causes Breakdown-

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6RGeqNFaQM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8bC1DEYbI4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7RaUQqP_E8

Jimmy Carter• Iran Hostage Crisis

– Diplomatic Crisis

– Iranian revolution supporters took US embassy hostage in Tehran

• 52 Am. Held hostage for 444 days– US held the Shah of Iran

• Revolutionaries wanted him back to put him on trial for crimes he committed against Iranians

– Carter failed at release negotiations• Proved that Carter didn’t have enough

experience in dealing with foreign policy.

http://youtu.be/Q_AHJQiMxIw

Frontline: Showdown with Iran

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/showdown/

Ronald Reagan

• FDR was Reagan’s idol

– Reagan reduced welfare, fought affirmative action programs.

• Big government was bad.

• Military = good

• Purpose of foreign policy = defeat communism

• Slash taxes

• $$ to freedom fighters in 3rd world countries fighting communism

• 41% increase in defense spending

• Pledged to build 17,000 new nukes

Reagan: Iran Contra • Spring 1985• Israel give Iran

American weapons in exchange for American hostages in Lebanon– U.S. would then

resupply Israel– ***Trading weapons for

hostages

• NSC Staffer: Oliver North

• Reaganomics- strategy to give federal money to big business in hopes that it would trickle down to society.

• Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars)- a strategy Reagan wanted to develop to keep Americans safe from enemy missiles.

Ronald Reagan• “Just Say No”-

Advertising Campaign to discourage kids from recreational drugs

• AIDS-disease of human immune system

• Sandra Day O’Connor- first woman appointed into Supreme Court.

http://youtu.be/9Ih4tBBiPTc

http://youtu.be/60pAYxVdl04

http://youtu.be/qyXFN4ocN_o

Russian Relations• Mikhail Gorbachev: Soviet President

– Wanted to greatly improve Soviet relations w/the rest of the world

– Transform the economy

– Glasnost- Openness

– Perestrokia- gov. restructuring

• INF Treaty: Agreement that the U.S. and Soviets would destroy 4% of their nuclear arsenal

– 1st time ever that a treaty of this magnitude has been put into place

– Allowed monitoring of the destruction of the nukes

• Not a Reagan victory but a gift by Gorbachev

Collapse of the Soviet Union

• Fall of the Berlin Wall

Communism Continues in China

• Economic reform in early 80s• Gov’t loosened grip small businesses

and price control• Students demanded freedom of

speech• April 1989-Tiananmen Square

– Student pro-democracy movement demonstration in Beijing

– Premier Li Peng ordered military to slaughter protesters

• Totalitarianism- Poltical system, gov’t has total control

US as a World PowerUnit 9

•

http://youtu.be/DhFR_TRNdbI

George H. Bush

• Bush built on Reagan’s legacy and promised “Read my lips: no new taxes” in his acceptance speech at the Republican Convention.

George H. Bush• Persian Gulf War

– 1980s, Iran/Iraq War– Saddam Hussein- Iraqi

dictator• Huge war debt• Claims oil-rich nation of Kuwait

– Aug. 2, 1990-Iraq invades Kuwait

– Iraq wants Saudi Arabia too• Would control ½ of worlds oil

fields

George H. Bush• Operation Desert Storm

– Bush organized international coalition against Iraq aggression

– Congress and UN support

– Norman Schwarzkopf- commander in chief during Desert Storms.

George H. Bush

• January 16, 1991-Massive air assault

• February 23, 1991-Ground assault

• Feb. 28, 1991-Bush announces Cease-fire

• Kuwait was liberated & Operation Desert Storm was over

http://youtu.be/l2TQ8a4LK3A

George H. Bush

• Bush was 89% popular after Gulf War in 1991

• Nation hit recession and Bush’s approval rating dropped to 40%

• Bush had no clear strategy to end recession and creating jobs

Bill ClintonDemocrat

• H. Ross Perot-3rd party candidate; TX billionaire

– Federal budget deficit #1 problem

• Clinton wins-b/c moderate & plan to strengthen nation’s weak economy

http://youtu.be/i_1oZCdWo4w

Bill Clinton• Domestic Front

– Health Care Reform: Hillary Clinton-1st lady

– Reduced Federal deficit• Why? = booming economy

– Reformed welfare

– NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement• Adds Mexico to free trade zone with US and Canada• Strengthens all 3 economies• Cons-American jobs go to Mexico where wages are lower

– Contract w/America• Drafted by Newt Gingrich-Republican Congressman who hated Clinton• 10 Promises Rep. gave to win control of Congress• 1994- Voters gave Rep. control• Clinton clashes with Rep. controlled Congress

• Clinton caught lying under oath about affair with White House Intern

• Impeached but served the rest of his term.

Advanced TechnologyGroup Activity

• Brainstorm inventions that could improve our society.

__________________________________• Design it-What does it look like?• How much?—Cost, public or private?• Purpose- What social problem does your invention

solve?• What affect or impact will your invention have on

society?—Could it lead to other forms of advanced society?

http://youtu.be/Kg4nHNQrKrs http://youtu.be/uQ1MquE-skg

1990s Technology Boom• High-Tech Industries take over

– NASDAQ-National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System

• Technology-dominated stock index on Wall Street

– Bill Gates-Microsoft– Dotcoms-high-tech business nickname– 1990s, Internet-international network

• instant text, images & sound

– Telecommute-work out of home office

• Genetic Engineering-artificial changing of molecular biology of organisms cells to alter an organism

• Entertainment Engineering

http://youtu.be/ppILwXwsMng

http://youtu.be/1wK1Ixr-UmM

Economic/Cultural Imperialism

• Globalization-Intnt’l integration– Interchange of world views, products, ideas – Advances in Transportation &

telecommunications

• European Union-Eco. & political union– EU goals:

• Free movement of people, goods and services

Crime and Terrorism

1993- Waco, Texas Stand off•Religious group suspected of weapons violations•51 day standoff with FBI•Fire broke out killing 76 men, women, and children•6 FBI agents were killed

1995 Oklahoma City Bombing•Domestic terrorist bomb attack on federal building• 168 people died from blast

•Gulf War Veteran, Timothy McVeigh found guilty and sentenced to death

•Motivated by 1993 Waco Siege•Timed attack to coincide with Waco anniversary

http://youtu.be/qPIADtCY9f8

Crime and Terrorism

• 1993 World Trade Center Bombing– Truck Bomb– Terrorists demanding US end aid and relations with Israel

• 1999-Columbine HS, Colorado– 2 senior students murdered 12 students and 1 teacher,

and then shot themselves– Motivation: wanted to rival the Oklahoma City Bombing– Sparked debate over Gun Laws, bullying in schools, and

influence of violent video games– Increased school security

George W. Bush

• 2000 Presidential Race– Democrat Al Gore- Clinton’s VP– Republican George W. Bush-

Gov. of TX

• Election Confusion– Recount in Florida-faulty

counting machines– Supreme Court stops recount

• Bush Wins

George W. Bush

• Sept. 11, 2001- Terrorist Attacks– Hijacked commercial jets struck twin towers of World

Trade Center in NYC-Symbol of American finance– Pentagon hit – 3000 killed

• Islamic Fundamentalism- Militant ideology demanding political action

– Goal: Revive theoretical relevance of Islam in the modern world

– Theory and praxis go hand in hand

• Al Qaeda- militant Islamist organization

– Founded by Osama bin Laden

– Suicide attacks, simultaneous bombings of different targets

– Members-Training camps Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq or Sudan

George W. Bush

• Response to 9/11 attacks

• Patriot Act:-Domestic security against terrorism

-Surveillance procedures

-Anti-money-laundering to prevent terrorism

-Border security

-Victims of terrorism

-Terrorism Criminal Law

-Improved Intelligence

George W. Bush• 2001 Invasion of Afghanistan

– US/NATO Goal:1. Dismantle al Qaeda

2. Remove Taliban from political power

– Taliban-Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan Islamic

•Strict Islamic Law•Brutal treatment of women•Aided al Qaeda

– Oct. 7, 2001-US & UK launched Operation Enduring Freedom

•Drove Taliban from power•Built military bases in major cities

– May 2011- Osama bin Laden found and killed– 3 weeks later, NATO plans exit strategy

Afghanistan War Today– Resurgences-2008, reported Taliban rebuilds

• Suicide bombings increase by the Taliban

– Taliban and allies responsible for Afghan Civilian Causalities

• 2010-75% / 2011-80% / 2012-80%

– Drug Trade Funds War• Taliban controlled 96% of Afghan’s poppy fields;

Opium= largest source of revenue

– 2014: Withdrawal continues and the insurgency increases

Weapons of Mass Destruction and the 2003 Invasion of Iraq

• Iraqi President Saddam Hussein believed to have weapons of mass destruction that threatened world peace.

• President Bush invades Iraq in 2003 to search

National Disasters2005, Hurricane Katrina-Deadliest and costliest disaster in US history

• 1,833 ppl died in New Orleans• Bush Adm. raised $105 billion for

repairs and reconstruction• Criticism of government response

– Local govt responsible for 1st response– Fed govt steps in when locals exhausted all

resources– Bush Admin didn’t step in until it was too

late.» Government delayed response to

flooding of New Orleans

The Great Recession

– 2007 Housing Market collapsed • Home values had been going up and up, then bubble

burst• Millions of homeowners stopped paying their

mortgage loans• Banks stopped lending money• Unemployment rate started rising

– George W. Bush’s administration response• Government rescued businesses that were “too big to

fail”– Loan to banks, automakers, and companies

2008 Presidential Election

– Republican John McCain- 72 yr. old Vietnam navy pilot

• Captured and tortured for 5 years in POW camp

– Democratic choices:• 1. Hillary Clinton-Twice elected senator

from NY– Would be 1st woman president

• 2. Barack Obama-Senator from Illinois– Would be 1st black president

• Democrats chose Barack Obama

Barack Obama•Response to Great Recession

Economic stimulusoAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009oTax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010o‘Obamacare’

•Domestic Relations2010-Republicans regained control of House of Representatives2011-Budget Control Act2012-American Taxpayer Relief Act

Polarization

•Modern Elections and PolarizationPolarization--Political attitudes to ideological extremes1992-3rd party candidates

oEx. H. Ross Perot v. Clinton2000-Electoral v. Popular vote

oEx. Al Gore v. George Bush2008-Great Recession

–Ex. Barack Obama’s Left view on strengthening the economy