Nlsiu-prosecution Winning Memorial2010

7/25/2019 Nlsiu-prosecution Winning Memorial2010

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THEINTERNATIONALCRIMINALTRIBUNALFORTIMOSHINE

AT BRIHANE, TIMOSHINE

INTHEAPPEALSCHAMBER

__________________________________________________________________

Criminal Appeal No.______/2010

(Uner Ar!. 2" o# !$e S!a!%!e o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'ana

Alijahan ... Appellan!

).

Prosecutor Re*ponen!

________________________________________________________________________

+ri!!en S%&mi**ion* on Be$al# o# !$e Re*ponen!

Co%n*el #or !$e Re*ponen!


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................2

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES .........................................................................................................................3

STATEMENT OF JURISDICTION ..............................................................................................................7

STATEMENT OF ISSUES ..........................................................................................................................7

STATEMENT OF FACTS ...........................................................................................................................8

SUMMARY OF PLEADINGS .....................................................................................................................9

PLEADINGS ..........................................................................................................................................11

PRAYER ................................................................................................................................................25

2


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INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

International Cases

1. A)i*or Opinion on !$e -eali! an T$rea! or U*e o# N%lear +eapon*, 1 I.C..

Repor!* 22.

2. Colombia ).Peru(Asylum Case 130 I.C.. Repor!* 2.4. E##e! o# A'ar* o# Compen*a!ion Mae & !$e Uni!e Na!ion* Amini*!ra!i)e

Tri&%nal, 513"6 I.C. Repor!* "7.

". 8ren$ Co%r! o# Ca**a!ion, Criminal Tri&%nal, (8e&r%ar 2, 130, B%ll, Crim.

No. 49.

3. -eal Con*e:%ene* #or S!a!e* o# !$e Con!in%e ;re*ene o# So%!$ A#ria in Nami&ia

(So%!$


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24.Prosecutor ). %oran Jelisi, Ca*e No. IT


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"3.Prosecutor). 0ikirica, Ca*e No. IT


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8. an er )er, @;ro*e%!ion an ;%ni*$men! o# !$e Crime o# ?enoie, 24

#ordham 6nt:l -.J.29.9. +illiam S$a&a*, @Ha!e Spee$ in R'ana T$e Roa !o ?enoie, "c%ill -.J.

1"1 (2000.

1!.+illiam S$a&a*, @Na!ional Co%r!* 8inall Bein !o ;ro*e%!e ?enoie, !$e Crimeo# Crime*, 1J. 6nt8l Crim. Just. 4 (2004.

Treatises an Di#ests

1. ANTHON=> AMATO, "he Conce(t o3 Custom in 6nternational -a; (-onon CornellUni)er*i! ;re**, 171.

2. ANTONIO CASSESE, 6nternational Criminal -a; (OJ#or OJ#or Uni)er*i! ;re**,2004.

3. ?ERHAR> +ER-E, Princi(les o3 6nternational Criminal -a; (Ne!$erlan* T.M.C.A**er ;re**, 2003.

4. M. CHERI8BASSIOUNIAN>;ETERMANIKAS, "he -a; o3 6nternational Criminal "ribunal3or the #ormer 7ugoslavia (Ne' =orG Tran*na!ional ;%&li*$er*, 13.

5. MAN8RE> -ACHS, 4ar Crimes5 An Attem(t to !e3ine the 6ssues (-onon S!e)en LSon*, 1"3.

. MICHAE-AKEHURST, A odern 6ntroduction to 6nternational -a; (2n en., -onon?eore Allen L Un'in, 170.

7. ;IETER>ROST, %enocide5 9nited /ations -egislation on 6nternational Criminal -a;9" (13.

8. STEEN RATNER L ASON ABRAMS, Accountability 3or 'uman ights Atrocities in6nternational -a;5 Beyond the /uremburg -egacy4 (17.

9. +I--IAM SCHABAS, %enocide in 6nternational -a;5 "he Crime o3 Crimes 129(Cam&rieCam&rie Uni)er*i! ;re**, 2000$.

Unite Nations Doc"%ents

1. >ra#! Coe o# Crime* Aain*! !$e ;eae an Se%ri! o# ManGin, Repor! o# !$e

In!erna!ional -a' Commi**ion on !$e +orG o# i!* 8or!o. A/31/10 (1.

2. ?eneral A**em&l Re*ol%!ion (1, U.N. >o. (1".

4. T$e C$ar!er o# !$e Uni!e Na!ion*, 1"3.

". UN >o. E/""7.

3. UN >o. E/AC.23/SR.12.. UN >o. E/AC.23/SR.11.

Stat"tes

1. In!erna!ional -a' Commi**ion >ra#! Ar!ile.

2. S!a!%!e o# !$e In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'ana, 1".

Miscellaneo"s

1. R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene o# !$e ICTR.


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STATEMENT OF !URISDICTION

T$e Appellan! $a* approa$e !$i* Hon&le Co%r! %ner Ar!. 2" o# !$e S!a!%!e o# !$e

In!erna!ional Criminal Tri&%nal o# R'ana. T$e Re*ponen! $%m&l *%&mi!* !o !$e

%ri*i!ion o# !$i* Hon&le Co%r!.

STATEMENT OF ISSUES

1. +HETHERTHETRIBUNA-HASURIS>ICTIONTOHEARTHEMATTER

2. +HETHERA-IAHANSRI?HTTO8AIRTRIA-HASBEENIO-ATE>

3. +HETHERTHEEENTSBE8ORE1STANUAR=2003 CANBEA>MITTE>ASEI>ENCE

". +HETHERA-IAHANIS?UI-T=8OR?ENOCI>E

3. +HETHERA-IAHANIS?UI-T=8OR>IRECTAN>;UB-ICINCITEMENTTO?ENOCI>E

. +HETHERA-IAHANIS?UI-T=8ORCONS;IRAC=TOCOMMIT?ENOCI>E

7. +HETHERA-IAHANIS?UI-T=UN>ERTHEOINTCRIMINA-ENTER;RISE>OCTRINE

9. +HETHERA-IAHANISIN>II>UA--=RES;ONSIB-EUN>ERARTIC-E(1 O8THESTATUTE

. +HETHERA-IAHANIS?UI-T=UN>ERTHECOMMAN>RES;ONSIB-E>OCTRINEUN>ERARTIC-E(4

O8THESTATUTE

7


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STATEMENT OF FACTS

Re)a!e, a *!a!e 'i!$in !$e Union o# Timo*$ine $a* a pop%la!ion o# Tilen* an Co!ene*, !'o

ro%p*. T$e *!a!e oa*ionall 'i!ne**e reliio%* on#li!* &e!'een !$e*e !'o ro%p*. In

ano!$er inien! o# reliio%* !en*ion &e!'een Tilen* an Co!ene* %rin 13 !$!o 19!$A%%*!

2003, !$o%*an* o# per*on* 'ere Gille. T$e ma!!er 'a* repor!e !o $a)e &een a re*%l! o# !$e

Gillin o# Be&e Remeee), a Tilen reliio%* leaer alleel & Co!ene* on 1" !$ A%%*!

2003. T$e Cen!re ?o)ernmen! $a !o %*e mili!ar #ore !o re*!ore peae in !$e *!a!e.

A* a re*%l! o# !$e lare *ale ma**are*, Alia$an, !$e C$ie# Mini*!er o# Re)a!e 'a* 'iel

ri!iiDe & !$e meia an loal an lo&al N?O* an $el re*pon*i&le #or !$e *ame. T$e

ma!!er 'a* 'iel e&a!e 'i!$ !$e on*e:%ene o# i! &ein re#erre !o !$e Uni!e Na!ion*

Se%ri! Co%nil ($ereina#!er @SC. T$e SC pa**e a Re*ol%!ion No. 101/0 *e!!in %p a

Tri&%nal #or pro*e%!ion o# per*on* re*pon*i&le #or !$e e)en!*.

On 20!$ Sep!em&er 2007, !$e ;ro*e%!ion #ile an ini!men! $arin Alia$an 'i!$ (i

%enocide under Art. *a> o3 the 0tatute o3 the 6nternational Criminal "ribunal 3or;anda*hereina3ter ?0tatute@>(ii Cons(iracy to commit %enocide under Art. *b> o3 the0tatute (iii !irect and Public 6ncitement to commit %enocide under Art. *c> o3 the0tatute(i)Joint Criminal nter(rise under Art. *> o3 the 0tatute or in the alternative 3or

(lanning, aiding, abetting, instigating and ordering the crimes ()su(erior res(onsibilityunder Art.*=> o3 the 0tatute.T$e oin! Criminal En!erpri*e 'a* allee !o $a)e ompri*eAlia$an, $i* 'i#e =a*$oe, &%*ine**man K.R. >olme, !$e area S%perin!enen! o# ;olie Mr.

Riaro Melena an en, a leaer.

T$e allea!ion* le)elle aain*! Alia$an inl%e (A making inciting s(eeches at a (ublicrally on DthAugust


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SUMMAR& OF PLEADIN'S

() !URISDICTIONAL CHALLEN'ES CANNOT BE BROU'HT BEFORE THE APPEALS CHAMBER OF THE

TRIBUNAL)

%ri*ii!ional $allene* rearin !$e leali! o# !$e e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e Tri&%nal anno!

&e &ro%$! &e#ore !$e Appeal* C$am&er *ine i! i* no! a permi!!e preliminar mo!ion o#

%ri*i!ion %ner R%le 72 (> o# !$e R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene o# !$e ICTR.Al*o, SC

Re*ol%!ion e*!a&li*$in !$e Tri&%nal i* imm%ne #rom %iial re)ie' *ine !$e UN C$ar!er

oe* no! *pei# a o%r! or an o!$er %iial &o '$i$ an eJeri*e *%$ po'er* o# %iial

re)ie'. T$e o!rine o# kom(eten$Fkom(eten$!$o%$ i! allo'* !$e Tri&%nal !o eJamine i!*o'n %ri*i!ion oe* no! i)e i! !$e po'er !o eJamine !$e ompe!ene an leali! o# !$e SC

Re*ol%!ion !o e*!a&li*$ *%$ Tri&%nal*. T$e e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e Tri&%nal & !$e SC

Re*ol%!ion No. 101/0 'a* la'#%l a* !$e SC $a* !$e po'er* !o e*!a&li*$ %iial !ri&%nal*

%ner C$ap!er II o# !$e UN C$ar!er, *pei#iall Ar!."1.

*) THETRIALCHAMBERPROCEEDIN'SDIDNOT+IOLATE THERI'HTSOFTHEACCUSED

T$e Trial C$am&er proeein* i no! )iola!e #air !rial re:%iremen!* %ner Ar!. 1(1 an

Ar!. 20(2 o# !$e ICTR S!a!%!e *ine !$ere $a* &een e:%ali! in !$e !rea!men! o# !$e par!ie*. A*

rear* !$e enial o# permi**ion !o !$e >e#ene !o pro%e 'i!ne**e* in onne!ion 'i!$ Be&e

Remeee)* m%rer, !$e Trial C$am&er r%lin 'a* orre! *ine !$e e)iene 'o%l no!

a&*ol)e !$e Appellan! o# $i* re*pon*i&ili! #or !$e enoie $ene, !$e e)iene laG*

pro&a!i)e )al%e an enial o# permi**ion i* no! )iola!i)e o# Ar!. 20("(e o# !$e S!a!%!e. T$e

enial o# er!i#ia!e o# appeal aain*! !$e Trial C$am&er ei*ion i* al*o no! )iola!i)e o# #air

!rial re:%iremen!* *ine !$e appeal i no! mee! !$e *!anar* #or er!i#ia!ion o# appeal i)enin R%le 74(B o# !$e R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene o# !$e ICTR.

) E+ENTSANTEDATIN'THETEMPORAL!URISDICTIONCANBEADMITTEDASE+IDENCE

Al!$o%$ a $are anno! &e &a*e on rime* !$a! o%rre &e#ore !$e !emporal %ri*i!ion

o# !$e Tri&%nal, *%$ e)en!* an &e ami!!e a* pro&a!i)e e)iene %ner R%le 9(C o# !$e

R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene. T$e Se%ri! Co%nil e&a!e on !$e eJ!en*ion o# !emporal

%ri*i!ion 'a* onl limi!e !o !$e $arin o# rime* an no! !$e e)iene !$a! an &e

pro%e.

-) ALI!AHANIS'UILT&OF'ENOCIDE

?enoie $a* !aGen plae. T$e Co!ene* #orm a reliio%* ro%p or a! !$e )er lea*! a *!a&le

an permanen! ro%p in !$e ee* o# !$e a%*e. A!* %ner A. 2(2(a, an A. 2(2(& o# !$e

S!a!%!e 'ere ommi!!e aain*! !$em 'i!$ !$e *pei#i in!en!ion !o e*!ro !$e ro%p. T$e

Gillin a! illae Peno!ia an Ho%*in Colon MR8 in Ci! >ie' are *pei#i eJample* o#

!$e enoie !$a! o%rre 'i!$ Alia$an on*en! an Gillin in To'n Roin i* an eJample

nea!i)e )iolene '$i$ le! !o enoie. Hene Alia$an i* %il! o# enoie.

.) ALI!AHAN IS'UILT&OFDIRECTANDPUBLICINCITEMENTTO'ENOCIDE.

Ini!emen! i* p%ni*$a&le (er se, e)en '$ere i! i* %n*%e**#%l. No *pei#i a%*a!ionre:%iremen! eJi*!*. Alia$an* *pee$ an o!$er rele)an! *!a!emen!* 'ere p%&li. I! 'a*


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ire! *ine !$e a%iene ra*pe !$e implia!ion o# !$e me**ae i.e. Gillin o# Co!ene*. Hi*

*!a!emen!* inia!e !$a! mens rea an &e imp%!e !o $im. No imminene re:%iremen! eJi*!*in !$e S!a!%!e, '$i$ Alia$an in an e)en! *a!i*#ie. Hene, Alia$an i* %il! o# ire! an

p%&li ini!emen! !o enoie.

/) ALI!AHANIS'UILT&OFCONSPIRAC&TOCOMMIT'ENOCIDE)

Con*pira !o ommi! enoie liGe Ini!emen! i* p%ni*$a&le (er se. All !$a! nee* !o &ee*!a&li*$e i* !$a! !$ere eJi*!e a ommon plan !o ommi! enoie '$i$ an &e in#erre

#rom !$e *e)eral mee!in* '$i$ o%rre an !$e !$eme i! re)ol)e aro%n. 8rom !$e

mee!in* !$a! 'ere $el &e!'een Alia$an, =a*$oe, >olme an Melena, i! an &e in#erre

!$a! Alia$an $a !$e *peial in!en! !o a%*e enoie an in an a*e, mere Gno'lee o# a

ommon plan i* eno%$ !o p%ni*$ #or on*pira !o ommi! enoie.

0) ALI!AHANIS'UILT&UNDERTHE!OINTCRIMINALENTERPRISEDOCTRINE

Alia$an 'a* a par! o# a oin! riminal en!erpri*e ompri*in o# =a*$oe, >olme an Melena.8rom !$e mee!in* $el &e!'een !$em, i! an &e in#erre !$a! !$e $a a ommon p%rpo*e o#

e*!roin !$e Co!ene reliio%* ro%p an !$e *o%$! !o eJe%!e !$eir plan %pon !$e m%rer

o# Be&e Remeee). Alia$an par!iipa!e in !$i* oin! riminal en!erpri*e !$ro%$ ini!in !$e

p%&li !o !aGe re)ene an re*or! !o )iolene. Hene, Alia$an i* %il! #or enoie %ner

!$e oin! riminal en!erpri*e o!rine. 8%r!$ermore, !$e ire! an #ore*eea&le on*e:%ene o#

!$eir ommon plan 'a* ini!emen!, i)en !$e *ale o# !$e rime an !$e pre)ailin *i!%a!ion*

in Re)a!e. Hene, Alia$an i* %il! #or ire! an p%&li ini!emen! %ner !$e !$ir #orm o#

oin! riminal en!erpri*e.

1) ALI!AHANISINDI+IDUALL&RESPONSIBLEUNDERART) /2($ OFTHESTATUTE

Alia$an i* re*pon*i&le #or plannin, in*!ia!in, orerin, an aiin an a&e!!in rime*.

T$e mens rea re:%iremen! #or all !$e*e moe* o# re*pon*i&ili! i* a'arene** o# !$e *%&*!an!ialliGeli$oo !$a! !$e rime* 'ill &e ommi!!e. Alia$an par!iipa!e in !$e mee!in* &e!'een

=a*$oe, >olme an Melena an in*!ia!e !$e ma**e* a! Be&e Remeee)* #%neral. He

a*Ge $i* par!* o%!$ 'in mem&er* !o *prea !$e iea o# *el#olme, Melena an !$e poliemen an de jurea%!$ori!o)er !$e par!* o%!$ 'in* $ea*. 8%r!$ermore, $e $a eno%$ in#orma!ion a)aila&le 'i!$

$im '$i$ 'o%l $a)e re:%ire $im !o en:%ire #%r!$er in!o !$e on%! o# $i* *%&orina!e*.

He consciouslyinore !$e a**a%l! o# Co!ene* & !$e !'o poliemen. He 'a* in a po*i!ion !op%ni*$ !$em, or a! lea*!, repor! !$e ma!!er !o !$e a%!$ori!ie*. In !$e e)en! !$a! Alia$an i

nei!$er, $e i* re*pon*i&le #or !$e a!* o# $i* *%&orina!e*.

10


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PLEADIN'S

() THETRIBUNALHAS!URISDICTIONTOHEARTHEMATTER

()() !"risictional c4allen#es cannot 5e 5ro"#4t in t4e instant case

1 .1.1 No pro)i*ion #or *%$ a $allene %ner !$e R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene

R%le 72(> o# !$e R%le* o# ;roe%re an E)iene ($ereina#!er @R;E o# !$e In!erna!ional

Criminal Tri&%nal #or R'ana ($ereina#!er @ICTR allo'* $allene* !o %ri*i!ion o# !$e

ICTR onl on !$e ro%n !$a! i! oe* no! re#er !o per*on*, !erri!orie*, !$e perio or an o# !$e

)iola!ion* inia!e in Ar!. 1 !o Ar!. o# !$e ICTR S!a!%!e ($ereina#!er @!$e S!a!%!e. T$ere

i* no pro)i*ion allo'in #or %ri*i!ional $allene rearin !$e ompe!ene o# !$e

Tri&%nal !o pro*e%!e per*on* a%*e o# enoie. T$e Tri&%nal &ein o)erne & !$e R;E,

*%$ %ri*i!ional $allene* are &arre an anno! &e &ro%$! %p &e#ore !$e Appeal*

C$am&er o# !$e Tri&%nal.

1 .1.2. T$e Tri&%nal $a* no po'er !o re)ie' !$e SC Re*ol%!ion No.101/0 e*!a&li*$in i!.

1.1.2.1. T$ere i* no pro)i*ion in !$e UN C$ar!er ($ereina#!er @!$e C$ar!er '$i$ pro)ie*

#or !$e *e!!in %p o# a o%r! or a %iial &o !o re)ie' !$e Re*ol%!ion* pa**e & !$e SC. 1

;o'er* o# %iial re)ie' or appeal o)er !$e ei*ion !aGen & an oran o# !$e UN are no!

i)en !o an o!$er UN oran, inl%in !$e In!erna!ional Co%r! o# %*!ie ($ereina#!er @IC. 2

1.1.2.2. T$e o!rine o# kom(eten$Fkom(eten$an &e %*e & !$e Tri&%nal !o re)ie' !$eleali! o# !$e e*!a&li*$men! o# !$e Tri&%nal. Ho'e)er, !$e o!rine allo'* !$e Tri&%nal onl

!o eJamine an e!ermine i!* o'n %ri*i!ion !$e am&i! o# !$e po'er* i)en !o !$e Tri&%nal

%ner !$e o!rine anno! &e *!re!$e *o #ar a* !o inl%e !$e po'er !o eJamine !$e

ompe!ene an leali! o# !$e Re*ol%!ion o# !$e SC !o e*!a&li*$ *%$ %iial !ri&%nal*. 4No

po'er !o re)ie' !$e leali! o# !$e Tri&%nal $a* &een on#erre !o i! %ner !$e S!a!%!e."

Hene, !$e Tri&%nal learl laG* po'er !o re)ie' !$e SC Re*ol%!ion e*!a&li*$in i!.

()*) T4e esta5lis4%ent o6 t4e Tri5"nal 5y SC Resol"tion No) (7(87/ is la96"l)

1.2 .1. SC $a* po'er* !o e*!a&li*$ %iial !ri&%nal* %ner C$ap!er II o# !$e C$ar!er.

T$e po'er i)en !o !$e SC %ner C$ap!er II o# !$e UN C$ar!er inl%e* !$e po'er !o

e*!a&li*$ %iial !ri&%nal* al*o. S%$ po'er an &e #o%n in Ar!. "1 o# !$e C$ar!er '$i$

allo'* !$e SC !o emplo mea*%re* no! in)ol)in !$e %*e o# arme #ore* #or !$e p%rpo*e* o#

1T$e C$ar!er o# !$e Uni!e Na!ion*, 1"3.2-eal Con*e:%ene* #or S!a!e* o# !$e Con!in%e ;re*ene o# So%!$ A#ria in Nami&ia( So%!$


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main!enane o# in!erna!ional peae an *e%ri!.3 T$e SC eno* )er 'ie i*re!ionar

po'er* in !$e ma!!er o# $oie o# mean* #or *%$ a p%rpo*e.Aorin !o Ar!. 2 o# !$e

C$ar!er, !$e SC al*o $a* !$e po'er !o e*!a&li*$ *%&*iiar oran* inl%in !ri&%nal* #or

arrin o%! i!* #%n!ion*. S%$ a mea*%re & a UN oran $a* &een aep!e & !$e IC. 7

T$ere#ore, !$e SC an )alil e*!a&li*$ %iial !ri&%nal* %ner C$ap!er II o# !$e C$ar!er.*) THETRIALCHAMBERPROCEEDIN'SDIDNOT+IOLATETHERI'HTSOFTHEACCUSEDTOAFAIRTRIAL

ANDARE+ALID

*)( T4e Trial C4a%5er %ae a correct assess%ent o6 all rele:ant e:ience

In)ordi and +erke$, !$e Appeal* C$am&er $el !$a! a #air !rial *$o%l in !$e lea*! i)e !$ea%*e *%##iien! !ime an #aili!ie* #or $i* e#ene %ner oni!ion* '$i$ o no!

i*a)an!ae $im.9Ar!. 20("(e o# !$e S!a!%!e i)e* !$e a%*e !$e ri$! !o $a)e all

'i!ne**e* on $i*/$er &e$al# eJamine. T$e Trial C$am&er ($ereina#!er @TC $ear all

ma!!er* inien!al !o enoie an !ooG %iial no!ie o# Be&e Remeee)* ($ereina#!er@BR m%rer. I!* ei*ion !$a! !$e m%rer nee no! &e on*iere #%r!$er in !$e proeein*

i* orre! a* i! 'o%l no! in an 'a en !$e Appellan!* $an in !$e enoie !$a! o%rre,

a* 'ill &e pro)e *%&*e:%en!l. I! 'o%l a! !$e mo*! &e ano!$er e)en! '$i$ !ooG plae alon

'i!$ !$e enoie &%! 'o%l no! a&*ol)e !$e Appellan! o# $i* re*pon*i&ili!. Hene, !$e

e)iene rearin !$e m%rer i* o# no pro&a!i)e )al%e an enial o# permi**ion !o pro%e

'i!ne**e* oe* no! )iola!e R%le 9(C o# !$e R;E or Ar!. 20("(e o# !$e S!a!%!e.

*)* T4e enial o6 certi6icate o6 a;;eal to t4e acc"se oes not :itiate t4e trial

;roceein#s

In!erlo%!or appeal* on *%$ ei*ion* o# !$e TC on mo!ion* #ile & par!ie* %ner R%le

74(A o# !$e R;E are enerall no! permi!!e %nle** !$e TC er!i#ie* !$a! !$e on*iera!ion o#

!$e ma!!er mi$! *ini#ian!l a##e! !$e #air an *pee on%! o# proeein* or $a)e a

&earin on !$e o%!ome o# !$e !rial.I! $a* &een pro)e a&o)e !$a! !$e m%rer o# BR 'a* no!

rele)an! !o !$e on%! o# !$e proeein* nei!$er 'o%l i! a##e! !$e !rial* o%!ome. Sine

BR* m%rer i* no! rele)an! !o !$e on%! o# !$e proeein*, a enial o# permi**ion !o

appeal 'o%l no! )iola!e !$e ri$! !o appeal *ine !$e mo!ion o# appeal i no! mee! !$e

*!anar* #or er!i#ia!ion.10

Hene, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$ere $a* &een no )iola!ion o# !$e ri$! o# !$e #air !rial %aran!ee

!o !$e a%*e an !$a! !$e Trial C$am&er proeein* are )ali.

) E+ENTSANTEDATIN'THETRIBUNAL


13/25

Uner R%le 9C o# !$e R%le* o# proe%re an E)iene, !$e Tri&%nal an ami! anye)iene !$a! i* o# pro&a!i)e )al%e. I! i* *%&mi!!e e)en!* !$a! o%rre prior !o 1*!an%ar

2003 an al*o &e !aGen in!o oniDane a* !$ere i* a i*!in!ion &e!'een !$e elemen!* o# a

rime an !$e e)iene o# !$eir eJi*!ene11an i! i* !$e #ormer !$a! *$o%l #all 'i!$in !$e

pre*ri&e !emporal %ri*i!ion. T$e SC e&a!e on eJ!enin !$e %ri*i!ion 'a* onlrearin !$e chargingo# a rime an no! !$e e)iene !$a! an &e ami!!e !o pro)e !$a!rime.12E)iene !$a! lari#ie* a i)en on!eJ! an e*!a&li*$e* !$e elemen!* o# a rime an &e

ami!!e.14

Hene, !$e 14 mee!in* !$a! o%rre &e#ore 2003 an &e !aGen in!o on*iera!ion !o pro)e

!$e eJi*!ene o# !$e areemen! !$a! 'a* mae in !$e 2 mee!in* in 2003 (Allea!ion* H !o -.

T$e areemen! o# ealin *!ronl 'i!$ !$e Co!ene* !$a! 'a* rea$e a! !$e mee!in in

Allea!ion ? an onl &e *ai !o $a)e onl%e in 2003.

-) ALI!AHANIS'UILT&OF'ENOCIDE

-)() T4e clas4es t4at occ"rre in Re:ate constit"te as 'enocie

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! enoie i o%r in Re)a!e a* !$e Co!ene* are a pro!e!e reliio%*

ro%p %ner !$e Ar!. 2(2 o# !$e S!a!%!e 2-)()($, !$e a!* en%mera!e in Ar!. 2(2 o# !$e S!a!%!e

'ere ommi!!e2-)()*$'i!$ !$e in!en! !o e*!ro !$e ro%p a* *%$ 2-)()$.

".1.1 Co!ene* are a pro!e!e ro%p %ner !$e S!a!%!e.

A reliio%* ro%p i* e#ine a* a ro%p o# people '$o *$are !$e *ame reliio%* &elie#* an

pra!ie*.1"Ar!. 2 o# !$e S!a!%!e learl pro)ie* pro!e!ion !o a reliio%* ro%p.13 In !$e

pre*en! a*e, !$e Co!ene* an Tilen* $a a $i*!or o# reliio%* !en*ion an meia repor!*inia!e !$a! !$e *ai la*$e* 'ere a re*%l! o# !$e Gillin o# a Tilen reliio%* leaer.1Some

o# !$e la*$e*, a* $a* &een pro)e in !$e TC !o &e a!* o# enoie, !ooG plae aro%n !$e

Co!ene ;raer $all (8a!*$ee! Allea!ion B ($ereina#!er @Allea!ion B. All !$i* learl

inia!e* !$a! !$e Co!ene* *$are reliio%* &elie# an pra!ie. Hene, Co!ene* on*!i!%!e a

reliio%* ro%p.

Arguendo!$e Co!ene* o no! on*!i!%!e a reliio%* ro%p, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e #orm a*!a&le an permanen! ro%p. InAkayesu, !$e ICTR $a i##i%l! la**i#in !$e T%!*i* an!$ere#ore $el !$a! !$e ?enoie Con)en!ion, on '$i$ !$e S!a!%!e i* &a*e, in!ene !o

pro!e! all *!a&le an permanen! ro%p*.17

T$e ICTR rea*one !$a! !$e travauH inia!e11Separa!e Opinion o# %e S$a$a&%een on !$e >ei*ion on In!erlo%!or Appeal, /ahimana et al. ).

Prosecutor, Ca*e No. ICTR 7e#ene Mo!ion On Ami**i&ili! o# Allea!ion* O%!*ie !$e Temporal%ri*i!ion o# !$e Tri&%nal, Ca*e No. ICTR


14/25

!$a! poli!ial ro%p* 'ere eJl%e a* !$e 'ere no! *!a&le.19T$%*, a!* en%mera!e in Ar!. 2

o# !$e S!a!%!e, in!ene !o e*!ro a ro%p o# people no! eJpre**l men!ione in !$e

e#ini!ion, &%! '$i$ i* in*!i!%!ional, 'o%l on*!i!%!e enoie.1T$e Co!ene* on*!i!%!e a

ro%p '$i$ i* in*!i!%!ional an no! %n*!a&le on#orm !o !$i* e#ini!ion a* mem&er*$ip i*

permanen! an in)ol%n!ar.Arguendo !$e ro%p i* no! an objectively*!a&le an permanen! ro%p, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! a*%&e!i)e *!anar m%*! &e applie an onep!* o# rae, e!. m%*! &e looGe a! in !$e

pre)alen! poli!ial, *oial an %l!%ral on!eJ!.20. T$e ro%p m%*! &e perei)e a* a pro!e!e

ro%p & i!* mem&er* !$em*el)e* or & !$e a%*e. 21In !$e in*!an! a*e, i! i* lear !$a! !$ere

eJi*!* a i)ie in pop%la!ion on !$e &a*i* o# !$i* ien!i! 'i!$ Re)a!e $a)in a maori! o#

Tilen pop%la!ion an !$ere &ein la*$e* &e!'een !$e !'o ro%p* &ea%*e o# reliio%*

!en*ion,22 in )ario%* *pee$e* !$e Co!ene ro%p $a* &een reoniDe a* a *!a&le an

permanen! ro%p (Allea!ion* A, E, ?, an H !o -, !$ere &ein a!!aG* in an aro%n !$e

Co!ene ;raer Hall (Allea!ion B, an !$e people ien!i#in !$em*el)e* a* Co!ene* in #ron!o# !$e polie (Allea!ion C. I! an !$ere#ore, &e rea*ona&l in#erre !$a! !$e ro%p 'a*

perei)e a* a pro!e!e ro%p & &o!$ i!* mem&er* an !$e a%*e, '$i$ !$e 'an!e !o

e*!ro. T$%*, Co!ene* are learl a pro!e!e ro%p %ner !$e S!a!%!e.

".1.2 A!* li*!e in Ar!. 2 o# !$e S!a!%!e 'ere ommi!!e aain*! !$e Co!ene*

T$e p$*ial a!* '$i$ on*!i!%!e enoie inl%e, inter alia, Gillin mem&er* o# !$e ro%p(Ar!. 2(2(a an a%*in *erio%* &oil or men!al $arm !o !$e mem&er* (Ar!. 2(2(&. In !$e

Gillin* !$a! !ooG plae in Re)a!e, 0Q o# !$e people Gille 'ere Co!ene*,24aro%n 300 o#

'$i$ 'ere Gille near !$e Co!ene ;raer Hall (Allea!ion B. T$e a**a%l! & !$e poliemen

on Co!ene* (Allea!ion C ome* 'i!$in Ar!. 2(2(& a* i! $a* &een $el !$a! illeal a**a%l!

& !$e polie '$i$ lea* !o ea!$ on*!i!%!e* *erio%* &oil $arm. T$%*, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a!

a!* o# enoie !ooG plae in Re)a!e.

".1.4 T$ere 'a* in!en!ion !o e*!ro !$e ro%p, a* *%$

T$e meanin o# !$e p$ra*e @a* *%$ i* !$e re:%iremen! !$a! in!en! m%*! &e ire!e against!$e ro%p.2"T$e mo!i)e &e$in *%$ in!en! i* irrele)an!, 23a* i* al*o inia!e & !$e travauH

19SCHABAS2000,su(ra no!e 1", AT141.1an er )er , @;ro*e%!ion an ;%ni*$men! o# !$e Crime o# ?enoie, 24 8OR>HAMINTF--.. 29.20)ayishema and u$idanaProsecutor). %eorgesutaganda, Ca*e No. ICTRROST

, %enocide5 9nited /ations -egislation on 6nternationalCriminal -a; 9" (13 M. CHERI8BASSIOUNIAN>;ETERMANIKAS, "he -a; o3 6nternational Criminal "ribunal3or the #ormer 7ugoslavia 239 (13.

1"


15/25

o# !$e ?enoie Con)en!ion.2In !$e in*!an! a*e, !$e *pei#i in!en! !o ommi! enoie an

&e in#erre #rom !$e #a! !$a! !$e Co!ene ;raer Hall 'a* !are!e (Allea!ion B, people

&elonin !o !$e Co!ene ro%p 'ere !or!%re & !$e polie (Allea!ion C an Co!ene* 'ere

ien!i#ie a* enemie* o# *!a!e an 'ere &ein !are!e (Allea!ion 8.

Arguendo i# !$e 'or* a* *%$ are !aGen !o impl a mo!i)e re:%iremen!, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a!!$i* re:%iremen! i* *a!i*#ie in !$e pre*en! a*e. T$e ICTR $el !$a! i# in!en! i* !o e*!ro !$e

ro%p on !$e ro%n* o# !$eir ien!i! an !$e actus reuso# enoie i* omple!e, !$enenoie an &e *ai !o $a)e !aGen plae.27T$e Gillin* in illae Peno!ia on 13!$A%%*!,

2003 'ere an a! o# enoie (Allea!ion B. T$ere o%l $a)e &een no o!$er rea*on !o Gill

$ilren. +$en !$e polie a**a%l!e !$e #i#!een Co!ene*, no rea*on 'a* i)en !o !$em '$i$

inia!e* mo!i)e !o a%*e $arm !o !$e people &ea%*e o# !$eir ien!i! (Allea!ion C. Same

$ol* !r%e #or !$e inien! '$i$ o%rre on !$e ni$! o# 1 !$A%%*!, 2003 a! Ho%*in

Colon MR8 in Ci! >ie' a* !$ere o%l $a)e &een no o!$er rea*on !o a!!aG !$e *er)an! o#

Mr. a* >e#eren!iale (Allea!ion 8. All o# !$i* onl%*i)el pro)e* !$a! !$ere 'a* mo!i)ean *pei#i in!en! !o a%*e enoie.

One #%r!$er re:%iremen! !o pro)e !$e mens rea #or ?enoie i* !$a! !$e in!en! m%*! &e !oe*!ro !$e ro%p a* a '$ole, or a! lea*! a *%&*!an!ial par!. 29T$e a!%al n%m&er o# people

Gille i* irrele)an! eJep! in*o#ar a* e!erminin !$e in!en!ion, a* i! i* 'iel aep!e !$a!

!$e Gillin o# a *inle per*on an on*!i!%!e enoie in !$e e)en! !$a! in!en! an &e

emon*!ra!e.2Sine all !$e re:%iremen!* %ner Ar!. 2 o# !$e S!a!%!e are *a!i*#ie, i! an &e

*ai !$a! enoie i o%r in Re)a!e.

-)*) Ali=a4an ca"se t4e #enocie

Ar!. 4 o# !$e ?enoie Con)en!ion eal* 'i!$ riminal par!iipa!ion an pro)ie* #or lia&ili!

o# ini)i%al. T$e *ai riminal a!* or !$e actus reus an &e e*!a&li*$e & ei!$er an a! o#ommi**ion or an a! o# omi**ion.40 T$i* priniple applie* !o all !$e a!* o# enoie

en%mera!e in !$e Ar!. 2 o# !$e S!a!%!e. T$e a! o# omi**ion $a* &een re#erre !o a*

Nea!i)e iolene.41+$en a per*on o# a%!$ori! i no! !aGe *!ep* !o pro!e! $ilren '$o

$a *%r)i)e !$e ma**are a! a $o*pi!al, '$i$ re*%l!e in ea!$ o# !$e $ilren, !$e inien!

'a* $el !o &e an a! o# nea!i)e )iolene.42 In !$e in*!an! a*e, !$e #a! !$a! Alia$an i

no! in!er#ere '$en !$e !'o poliemen 'ere a**a%l!in !$e Co!ene* (Allea!ion C learl

*$o'* nea!i)e )iolene on Alia$an* par!. Al*o ini!in people !o a%*e enoie, '$i$

'a* pra!ie & Alia$an, :%ali#ie* a* actus reus.44In !$e rall (Allea!ion A, &o!$ Alia$anan =a*$oe %*e *!ron 'or* ini!in people !o $arm !$e Co!ene*, *%&*e:%en! !o '$i$

2UN >o. E/AC.23/SR.11 UN >o. E/AC.23/SR.12.27Akayesu.29SCHABAS2000,su(ra no!e 1", a! 241 0ee also,Akayesu 0ee also, Prosecutor ).0eman$a, Ca*e No.ICTRiane Oren!li$er, @CriminaliDin Ha!e Spee$ in !$e Cr%i&le o# Trial ;ro*e%!or ).Na$imana, 21Am. 9. 6nt8l -. ev. 337 (200. 0ee alsoANTHON= >AMATO, "he Conce(t o3 Custom in6nternational -a; (-onon Cornell Uni)er*i! ;re**, 171 Asylum Case (Colombia ). Peru, 130 I.C..Repor!* 2 Mi$ael AGe$%r*!, @C%*!om a* a So%re o# In!erna!ional -a', "7Brit. 7.B. 6nt8l -. 1 (17"


17/25

Barayag;i$a and /ge$e, !$e a%*e mae a *imilar *pee$ an 'a* on)i!e #or ire! anp%&li ini!emen!."4I! 'a* $el !$a! e)en i# !$ere i* !$ere i* no eJplii! all #or !$e ea!$ o#

!$e ro%p, !$e !e*! *$o%l &e '$e!$er !$e a%iene ra*pe !$e implia!ion o# !$e

me**ae."" In /ahimana, Barayag;i$a and /ge$e, !$e a%*e %*e !$e p$ra*e @le!F*

eJ!ermina!e !$em liGe ra!*, an i! 'a* $el !$a! e)en !$o%$ !$ere 'a* no ire! re#erene !o!$e !are!e ro%p, !$e a%iene i in #a! ra*pe !$e implia!ion o# !$e me**ae. In !$e

#%neral #or Be&e Remee), Alia$an a*Ge !$e a%iene !o rea! !o !$e Gillin @liGe a man

'i!$ la!er *!a!emen! $e mae !o $i* 'i#e, '$i$ 'a* o)er $ear & mem&er* o# a%iene

'$ere $e *ai @*ome!ime* !$e onl *ol%!ion i* !o eJ!ermina!e !$em liGe ra!* (Allea!ion A.

Alia$an a*Ge !$e 3 $ea* o# $i* poli!ial par! o%!$ 'in @!o eal *!ronl 'i!$ !$e @an!i. ?i)en !$e reliio%* an poli!ial on!eJ!, i! i* inonei)a&le

!$a! !$e larel !$e a%iene o%l $a)e #aile !o ra*p !$e #a! !$a! :%i!e *impl, !$i* 'a* a

reliion


18/25

e*peiall a#!er !$e ea!$ o# Be&e Remeee). T$%*, Alia$an i* %il! o# ire! an p%&li

ini!emen!.

/) ALI!AHANIS'UILT&OFCONSPIRAC&TOCOMMIT'ENOCIDE

/)( T4ere e>ists an a#ree%ent ";on a co%%on ;lan, 5et9een Ali=a4an an ot4ers, to

co%%it #enocie)

Ar!. 4(& o# !$e ?enoie Con)en!ion elare* on*pira !o ommi! enoie a* a rime.

T$e Trial C$am&er inusema $o'e)er, e#ine on*pira a* an areemen! &e!'een !'o ormore per*on* !o ommi! !$e rime o# enoie an !$e eJi*!ene o# !$e areemen! i* *ai !o

&e !$e e#inin elemen! o# !$e rime o# on*pira."E)en !$o%$ an areemen! nee* !o &e

e*!a&li*$e,30no prepara!or a!31or #ormal or eJpre** areemen!32nee* !o &e e*!a&li*$e !o

on)i! a per*on #or on*pira !o ommi! enoie.348%r!$ermore, on*pira $a* &een

pro)e !o &e an in$oa!e o##ene.

In !$e pre*en! a*e, !$ere *eem* !o &e a lear *em&lane o# eJi*!ene o# plan !o ommi!enoie. Alia$an an o!$er a%*e in !$e ma!!er $a &een par! !o *e)eral mee!in* &e#ore

an %rin 2003, !$e !$eme o# '$i$ 'a* !o on)er! Re)a!e in!o a Tilen S!a!e (Allea!ion* H

!o -. All !$e mem&er* in !$e mee!in aree %pon !$e !$eme an al*o aree %pon !$e #a!

!$a! @*!ron a!ion* 'ere neee !o maGe i! $appen (Allea!ion H !o -. Clearl !$ere 'a*

an eJi*!ene o# areemen! on a ommon plan a* ir%m*!an!ial e)iene o# a ommon plan or

on*pira i* *%##iien! in *%$ a*e*.3" Allea!ion ? learl *$o'* !$a! !$ere 'a* an

areemen! !o eal *!ronl 'i!$ !$e Co!ene*.

/)* T4e e>istence o6 ol"s s;ecialis o6 #enocie 4as alreay 5een esta5lis4e)

A* ar%e earlier, Alia$an $a !$e dolus s(ecialis !o ommi! enoie. Arguendo mereGno'lee o# a ommon plan i* eno%$ !o p%ni*$ #or on*pira !o ommi! enoie.33In

/ahimana, Barayag;i$a and /ge$e, i! 'a* $el !$a!, @Cons(iracy to commit genocide canbe com(rised o3 individuals acting in an institutional ca(acity as ;ell as or eveninde(endently o3 their (ersonal links ;ith each other. 6nstitutional coordination can 3orm thebasis o3 a cons(iracy among those individuals ;ho control the institutions that are engagedin coordinated action.3T$e Trial C$am&er ame !o !$i* onl%*ion on !$e #a! !$a! a%*ein !$e *ai a*e on*io%*l in!era!e 'i!$ ea$ o!$er, %*in !$e in*!i!%!ion* !$e on!rolle

!o promo!e a oin! aena, '$i$ 'a* !$e !are!in o# !$e T%!*i pop%la!ion #or e*!r%!ion.

T$ere 'a* p%&li pre*en!a!ion o# !$i* *$are p%rpo*e an oorina!ion o# e##or!* !o realiDe

"usema 0ee also Prosecutor ). /takirutimana, Ca*e No. ICTR


19/25

!$eir ommon oal.37T$i* i* *imilar !o !$e pre*en! a*e. 8ir*!, Alia$an 'a* pre*en! in !$e

mee!in o# 41*!>eem&er 200", '$ere Mr. Riaro Melena laime !$a! *!ri! mea*%re* 'ere

neee !o &e aop!e !o eal 'i!$ Co!ene* an $e la!er on ommi!!e enoie aain*! !$e

Co!ene*. T$%* learl Alia$an $a Gno'lee o# !$e ommon plan. Seonl, !$e

#re:%en o# !$e mee!in* inia!e* e*!a&li*$men! o# an in*!i!%!ion 'i!$ a *$are p%rpo*e !orealiDe !$e ommon oal o# ommi!!in enoie. T$%*, Alia$an an &e $el lia&le #or

on*pira !o ommi! enoie.

0) ALI!AHAN?ASPARTOFA!OINTCRIMINALENTERPRISE

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! !$e re:%i*i!e actus reus(0)( an mens rea(0)* #or CE #or enoie are#%l#ille $ere an Alia$an i* %il! %ner !$e CE o!rine. 8%r!$ermore, Alia$an i* al*o

re*pon*i&le #or ire! an p%&li ini!emen! !o ommi! enoie %ner !$e CE o!rine (0).

0)( Ali=a4an ;artici;ate in 6"rt4erance o6 t4e co%%on ;"r;ose o6 t4e !CE)

I! i* e*!a&li*$e !$a! !$e actus reuso# CE ompri*e* o# pl%rali! o# per*on*, !$e eJi*!ene o#a ommon e*in or p%rpo*e an par!iipa!ion in !$e ommon e*in @involving the

(er(etration o3 one o3 the crimes (rovided 3or in the 0tatute.39T$e per*on* nee no! &eorani*e in a mili!ar, poli!ial or amini*!ra!i)e *!r%!%re.3An eJpre** areemen! i* no!

re:%ire an ma &e in#erre.0;ar!iipa!ion i* &roal e#ine, ma &e ire! or inire!1

an i! i* *%##iien! !$a! !$e e#enan! a**i*!e in !$e rime an no! nee**ar !$a! $e $im*el#

perpe!ra!e !$e Gillin.2 T$e le)el o# par!iipa!ion nee no! &e *%&*!an!ial.4 I! i* no!

nee**ar !o *$o' !$a! !$e o##en*e 'o%l $a)e o%rre &%! #or !$e a%*e* par!iipa!ion,

&%! i! m%*! #orm a linG in !$e $ain o# a%*a!ion."

T$e aena o# mee!in* $el &e!'een Alia$an, =a*$oe, >olme an Melena (Allea!ion ?

'a* !o eal *!ri!l 'i!$ !$e Co!ene*. Upon !$e ea!$ o# BR, !$e *o%$! !o a$ie)e !$eir

oal an alle #or a!ion aain*! !$e Co!ene* (Allea!ion* A, > an E. T$e onl rea*ona&le

in#erene !$a! an &e ra'n #rom !$e*e #a!* i* !$a! !$e $a !$e ommon p%rpo*e o#

e*!roin !$e Co!ene reliio%* ro%p.

Are**in a rall on 13!$A%%*!, 2003, Alia$an *ai !$a! BR* ea!$ *$o%l &e @dealt ;ithsternly (Allea!ion A. Immeia!el #ollo'in !$i* *pee$, '$ere $e 'a* $ear !ellin=a*$oe !$a! *ome!ime* !$e onl *ol%!ion i* !o @eHterminate them like rats, >olme le anarme ro%p !o illae Peno!ia '$ere aro%n 300 Co!ene* 'ere Gille. 8%r!$ermore,

Alia$an & no! in!err%p!in '$en 13 Co!ene* 'ere &ein a**a%l!e & poliemen, $elpe in

#%r!$erane o# !$e ommon p%rpo*e. T$%*, Alia$an plae a *%&*!an!ial role in !$e Gillin*

an 'a* an impor!an! par! o# !$e $ain o# a%*a!ion.

37/ahimana A((eal.39 Prosecutor ). )rnojelac, Ca*e No. IT


20/25

0)* Ali=a4an ;ossesse t4e re@"isite mens rea

To &e $el %il! %ner !$e #ir*! #orm o# CE, !$e a%*e m%*! $a)e !$e *$are in!en!3an

'$ere !$e rime re:%ire* *peial in!en!, !$e a%*e m%*! al*o $a)e !$a! *peial in!en!.A*

ar%e a&o)e, Alia$an i no! in!er)ene '$en $i* 'i#e 'a* maGin !$e *pee$ allin #or

a!ion aain*! Co!ene*. 8%r!$ermore, $e a*Ge !$e o%!$ 'in* $ea* !o *prea !$e iea o#*el#olme eie !o eal *!ernl 'i!$ !$e Co!ene* an maGe

Re)a!e a Tilen *!a!e. T$e oppor!%ni! !o i)e e##e! !o !$i* plan 'a* realiDe '$en BR 'a*

31asiljevi.)voka A((eal.7)rnojelac.9Prosecutor).Blaki, Ca*e No. IT


21/25

m%rere. In li$! o# !$e #a! !$a! #i)e la*$e* $a alrea o%rre &e!'een !$e !'o reliio%*

ro%p* in Re)a!e in !$e pa*!, i! an &e *ai &eon rea*ona&le o%&! !$a! Alia$an 'a* a'are

o# !$e liGeli$oo o# !$e rime o# enoie &ein ommi!!e a* a on*e:%ene o# !$e plan !$a!

!$e $a #orm%la!e.

1)* Ali=a4an insti#ate t4e ;eo;le to co%%it #enocie

T$e actus reus #or in*!ia!ion i* promp!in ano!$er per*on !o ommi! an o##ene !$a! i*a!%all ommi!!e.72Al!$o%$ !$e in*!ia!in a! nee no! &e asina Iua non#or !$e rime !oo%r, a a%*al rela!ion nee* !o &e *$o'n &e!'een !$e in*!ia!ion an !$e p$*ial

perpe!ra!ion o# !$e a!.74T$e a%*e m%*! *%&*!an!iall on!ri&%!e !o !$e ommi**ion o# !$e

rime !$ro%$ !$e in*!ia!in a! an m%*! &e a'are o# !$e liGeli$oo !$a! rime ma &e

ommi!!e in perpe!ra!ion o# !$a! in*!ia!ion.7"Ho'e)er, in*!ia!ion nee no! &e ire! an

p%&li.73

In !$e immeia!e a#!erma!$ o# BR* &r%!al m%rer, Alia$an* *!a!emen!* in $i* p%&liare**< @'o; do ;e react...!o ;e sim(ly stand and ;atch...4hat ;ould a man do...!o 6need to tell you7< on!ri&%!e *%&*!an!iall !o !$e enoie !$a! o%rre. T$e a%*alrela!ion an &e a*er!aine #rom !$e #a! !$a! !$e Gillin* !ooG plae immeia!el a#!er $i*

*pee$. ?i)en !$e ir%m*!ane* in '$i$ $e mae !$e *!a!emen!*, Gno'lee an &e

a!!ri&%!e !o $i* in*!ia!in a!.

1) Ali=a4an is res;onsi5le 6or orerin# t4e cri%es

Orerin re:%ire* a per*on in po*i!ion o# a%!$ori! in*!r%!in ano!$er !o ommi! an

o##ene.77 I! oe* no! re:%ire a #ormal *%perior


22/25

ommi! ini!e people !o enoie (Ar!. 2(4( '$en $e a*Ge !$em !o *prea !$e me**ae

an implii!l orere Melena !o ommi! enoie (Ar!. 2(4(& a* $e *pei#iall a*Ge $im

!o &e pre*en! a! !$e rall a! =%)Gone riGe! *!ai%m. T$e #a! !$a! !$e o%!$ 'in $ea*

orani*e !$e mee!in !o *prea !$e me**ae an !$a! Melena le a ro%p o# 40 o%!$ 'in

mem&er* !o i)e e##e! !o !$e enoie !$a! $appene *$o'* !$a! !$ere ;asa a%*al rela!ion&e!'een Alia$an* orer* an !$e *%&*e:%en! rime.

Alia$an Gne' !$a! BR $a &een Gille in an area !$a! 'a* $ome !o a lare Co!ene

omm%ni! an $e i!e $i* Gillin a* an eJample o# an a!!aG !$a! 'a* %ner'a aain*! !$e

@ri$! mine people. Hene, i! an &e in#erre !$a! $e 'a* a'are !$a! enemie* 'o%l in

all pro&a&ili! &e on*!r%e a* Co!ene* an $i* par!* o%!$ 'in $ea* 'o%l ompl

'i!$ $i* orer. I! i*, !$ere#ore, *%&mi!!e !$a! Alia$an i* re*pon*i&le #or orerin !$e rime*.

1)- Ali=a4an is res;onsi5le 6or aiin# an a5ettin# #enocie

I! i* e*!a&li*$e !$a! ei!$er aiin ora&e!!in *%##ie* !o pro)e re*pon*i&ili! %ner Ar!. (1an !$a! i! i* no! nee**ar !o pro)e &o!$.94T$e actus reus o# aiin an a&e!!in ma &eperpe!ra!e !$ro%$ an omi**ion, i# !$a! omi**ion o%ple 'i!$ !$e re:%i*i!e mens rea$a aei*i)e e##e! on !$e ommi**ion o# !$e rime.9"An appro)in *pe!a!or ma &e lia&le i# $e

i* $el in *%$ re*pe! & !$e perpe!ra!or* !$a! $i* pre*ene eno%rae* !$em in !$eir

on%!.93T$e mens rea#or aiin an a&e!!in enoie i* no! *peial in!en! o# !$e a&e!!or&%! Gno'lee o# !$e in!en! o# !$e perpe!ra!or o# !$e rime.9

I! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! Alia$an, !$ro%$ an omi**ion & no! in!er#erin in !$e in!erroa!ion an

a**a%l! o# 13 Co!ene* & !$e poliemen (Allea!ion C aie an a&e!!e enoie. Al!$o%$

!$e poliemen $a *!ar!e !$e a**a%l! &e#ore !$e realiDe !$a! Alia$an 'a* pre*en! a! !$e*ene, i! i* e*!a&li*$e !$a! a a%*al linG i* no! re:%ire an !$a! *%&*!an!ial e##e! i* *%##iien!

!o pro)e %il!.97 InAleksovski,i! 'a* $el !$a! !$e a&*ene o# an o&e!ion & !$e a%*e'$en $e 'a* pre*en! a! !$e *i!e o# mi*!rea!men! o# e!aine** 'o%l &e on*!r%e a* a *in o#

*%ppor! an eno%raemen!.99I! an &e rea*ona&l in#erre !$a! & no! in!er#erin, Alia$an

pro)ie moral *%ppor! an !$ere&, !ai! appro)al !o !$e !'o poliemen, '$i$ $a* &een

$el !o &e aiin an a&e!!in !$e rime.9?i)en !$a! !$e poliemen *!oppe !$eir a!* %pon

*eein Alia$an a! !$e *ene o# rime inia!e* !$a! & no! in!er#erin, $e on!ri&%!e

substantially!o !$e ommi**ion o# !$e rime.

3) ALI!AHAN ISRESPONSIBLEFORTHECRIMESUNDERART) /2$ UNDERTHEDOCTRINEOFCOMMANDRESPONSIBILIT&

In orer #or a per*on !o &e $el riminall re*pon*i&le %ner Ar!. (4 o# !$e S!a!%!e, !$e

#ollo'in elemen!* m%*! &e e*!a&li*$e0 !$a! !$ere eJi*!e a *%perior


23/25

rela!ion*$ip in !$e na!%re o# i)ilian omman (3)( !$a! !$e *%perior Gne', or $a rea*on !o

Gno', !$a! $i* *%&orina!e* 'ere ommi!!in, or 'ere a&o%! !o ommi! rime* ( 3)* an !$a!

!$e *%perior #aile !o !aGe all nee**ar an rea*ona&le mea*%re* 'i!$in $i* po'er !o pre)en!

or repre** !$eir ommi**ion or !o p%ni*$ !$e perpe!ra!or* o# !$e rime (3).

3)( T4ere e>iste a s";eriors"5orinate relations4i; 5et9een Ali=a4an an Dol%e,Melena an ot4er ;olice%en

Al!$o%$ inAkayesu, !$e ICTR Trial C$am&er *ai !$a! !$e applia&ili! o# !$e ommanre*pon*i&ili! ($ereina#!er @CR o!rine in !$e a*e o# i)ilian leaer* remain*

on!en!io%*,1 !$e ICT= Appeal* C$am&er in Celebici$el !$a! !$e o!rine %no%&!eleJ!en* !o &o!$ i)ilian an mili!ar ommaner*2 an !$e %rren! &e*! e)iene o#

%*!omar in!erna!ional la' on CR i* !$e Celebicia*e.4

I! i* 'ell e*!a&li*$e !$a! !$e !e*! %*e #or e!erminin *%perior +ER-E, Princi(les o3 6nternational Criminal -a; 141 (Ne!$erlan* T.M.C. A**er ;re**, 2003

/ahimanaK Blaki A((eal Celebici A((eal.3Prosecutor ). )ajelijeli, Ca*e No. ICTR


24/25

poliemen.

3)*) Ali=a4an ne9 or 4a reason to no9 t4at 4is s"5orinates 9ere co%%ittin# t4e

cri%es

T$e Celebici TC $el !$a! !$e *%perior anno! remain 'il#%ll &lin !o !$e a!* o# $i**%&orina!e*. T$e *%perior 'ill &e $el re*pon*i&le i# $e $a *ome a!%al in#orma!ion '$i$

in#orme o# !$e rime.101In !$e in*!an! a*e, Alia$an $a a prominen! *!a!%* a* !$e C$ie#

Mini*!er o# Re)a!e, i!*el# a rele)an! #a!or in e!erminin '$e!$er or no! $e *$o%l $a)e

Gno'n a&o%! !$e rime* o# $i* *%&orina!e*.102

E)en i# i! i* onee !$a! !o e*!a&li*$ CR, !$e o!rine oe* no! re:%ire a ommaner !o

a!i)el *eeG o%! in#orma!ion a&o%! !$e a!i)i!ie* o# $i* *%&orina!e*, '$a! i! oe* re:%ire i*

!$a! in !$e e)en! !$a! !$ere i* in#orma!ion a)aila&le !o !$e ommaner !$a! 'o%l p%! $im on

no!ie a&o%! !$e rime* ommi!!e & $i* *%&orina!e*,104 an i# $e #ail* !o !aGe a!ion,

riminal lia&ili! 'o%l &e a!!ra!e. I! i* impor!an! !o no!e !$a! *%$ in#orma!ion need notpro)ies(eci3ic in#orma!ion a&o%! !$e o##ene* !$a! ma &e ommi!!e.10"Alia$an 'a* *eena* mo)in a'a #rom illae Peno!ia, '$ere !$e Gillin* !ooG plae (Allea!ion B an '$en

Co!ene* 'ere &ein a**a%l!e & !$e poliemen '$ile in!erroa!ion, $e consciouslyinore!$eir a!* an on!in%e !o o&*er)e.

T$e mee!in a! !$e =%)Gone CriGe! S!ai%m in Ci! >ie' an !$e !alG !o a!ion &ein !aGen

aain*! !$e enem 'a* in#orma!ion oo eno%$ #or Alia$an !o in#er !$a! an a!!aG 'a*

&ein planne an !$a! >olme, Melena an !$e poliemen 'ere a&o%! !o ommi! rime* or

$a ommi!!e rime*.

3)) Ali=a4an 6aile to tae all necessary %eas"res to ;re:ent t4e co%%ission o6 cri%e

5y 4is s"5orinates

Uner Ar!. (4 o# !$e S!a!%!e, i# !$e *%perior i* a'are o# !$e impenin or on


25/25

Hene, i! i* *%&mi!!e !$a! Alia$an i* re*pon*i&le #or !$e rime* ommi!!e & $i*

*%&orina!e* %ner !$e Ar!. (4 o# !$e S!a!%!e.

PRA&ER

+$ere#ore in li$! o# !$e i**%e* rai*e, ar%men!* a)ane an a%!$ori!ie* i!e, i! i*

$%m&l prae !$a! !$i* Hon&le Co%r! ma

>elare !$a! i! $a* !$e %ri*i!ion !o $ear !$i* ma!!er.

>elare !$a! !$e a%*e* ri$! !o #air !rial $a* no! &een )iola!e.

>elare !$a! e)iene !$a! an!ea!e* !$e !emporal %ri*i!ion o# !$e !ri&%nal an &e

ami!!e

>elare !$a! !$e a%*e i* %il! o# enoie, ire! an p%&li ini!emen! !oenoie an on*pira !o ommi! enoie.

>elare !$a! !$e a%*e i* re*pon*i&le %ner !$e CE o!rine an !$a! in !$e

al!erna!i)e, $e i* ini)i%all re*pon*i&le #or plannin, in*!ia!in, orerin an

aiin an a&e!!in enoie.

>elare !$a! !$e a%*e i* %il! %ner !$e CR o!rine.

An pa** an o!$er orer !$a! !$i* Hon&le Co%r! ma eem #i! in !$e in!ere*!* o# %*!ie.

All o# '$i$ i* $%m&l prae,

Co%n*el #or !$e Re*ponen!.

23

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