Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes 2008?
Which?What?Who?Where?
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Nobel Prizes 2008?
Which?What?Who?Where?
Nobel prize 2008 in Physiology and Medecine
Nobel prize 2008 in Chemistry
Université de Neuchâtel
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Neier/12/01/20101/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 3
Nobel Prizes 2008?
Which?What?Who?Where?
« for his discovery of humanpapilloma viruses causing cervical
cancer »
« for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP »
« for their discovery of human
immunodeficiency virus »
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Nobel Prizes 2008?
Which?What?Who?Where?
Osamu Shimomura (1928)Woods Hole, MA, USA
Martin Chalfie (1947)Columbia, NY, USA
Roger Y. Tsien (1952)UC San Diego, CA, USA
Harald zur Hausen (1936)Cancer Res.,Heidelberg, GE
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (1947)Institut Pasteur, Paris, FR
Luc Montagnier (1932)Aids foundation, Paris, FR
Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes: Chemistry2007 - Gerhard Ertl, GE« for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces »
2006 - Roger D. Kornberg, USA « for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription »
2005 - Yves Chauvin, FR , Robert H. Grubbs, USA,Richard R. Schrock, USA« for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis »
2004 - Aaron Ciechanover, IS, Avram Hershko, IS, Irwin Rose, USA« for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation »
2003 - Peter Agre, USA, Roderick MacKinnon, USA « for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes »
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Swiss Nobel Prizes2002 - Kurt Wüthrich1996 - Rolf M. Zinkernagel1991 - Richard R. Ernst1987 - J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Müller1986 - Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer1978 - Werner Arber1975 - Vladimir Prelog1957 - Daniel Bovet1952 - Felix Bloch1950 - Tadeus Reichstein1948 - Paul Müller1945 - Wolfgang Pauli1939 - Leopold Ruzicka1937 - Paul Karrer1913 - Alfred Werner
ChemistryMedecineChemistryPhysicsPhysicsMedecineChemistryMedecinePhysicsMedecineMedecinePhysicsChemistryChemistryChemistry
Total in Science: 156 Chemistry5 Medecine (2 chemistry)4 Physics
Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes 2008?
Osamu Shimomura Martin Chalfie Roger Y. Tsien
Born 1928 in Kyoto, Japan. Ph.D. in organic chemistry1960 from NagoyaUniversity, Japan. Professoremeritus at Marine BiologicalLaboratory (MBL), WoodsHole, MA, USA and Boston University Medical School, MA, USA.
Born 1947, grew up in Chicago, IL, USA. Ph.D. in neurobiology 1977 fromHarvard University. William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Biological Sciences atColumbia University, New York, NY, USA, since 1982.
Born 1952 in New York, NY, USA. Ph.D. in physiology 1977 from Cambridge University, UK. Professor at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, since 1989.
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Nobel Prizes 2008?
Osamu Shimomura (1928)Woods Hole, MA, USA
Martin Chalfie (1947)Columbia, NY, USA
Roger Y. Tsien (1952)UC San Diego, CA, USA
Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes 2008?
Osamu Shimomura (1928)Woods Hole, MA, USA
Martin Chalfie (1947)Columbia, NY, USA
Roger Y. Tsien (1952)UC San Diego, CA, USA
Osamu Shimomura first isolated GFP from the jellyfish Aequorea victoriaGFP = green fluorescent protein
Martin Chalfiedemonstrated the value of GFP as a luminous genetictag for various biologicalphenomena. He coloured six individual cells in the transparent roundwormCaenorhabditis elegans .
Roger Y. Tsien extended the colour palette beyond green allowing researchers to givevarious proteins and cellsdifferent colours.
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Nobel Prizes: Chemistry
• 1956 Osamu Shimomura isolates the firstglowing protein from the mollusc Cypridina
• 1961/62 he isolates the protein aequorin from10’000 jellyfish Aequorea victoria
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryFluorescence:
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryFluorescence:
10-7 to 10-5
10-3 to 100 S1 → S0T1 → S0
Non-Radiative Decay
10-3 to 100 T1 → S0Phosphorescence 10-9 to 10-6S1 → S0Fluorescence 10-11 to 10-6S1 → T1Intersystem Crossing
10-12 to 10-10Sn* → Sn
VibrationalRelaxation
10-14 to 10-11Sn → S1Internal Conversion
ca. 10-15
(instantaneous)S0 → SnLight Absorption
(Excitation)
Timescale (sec) Transition Process
Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein:β-sheet barrels (antiparallel)
β-sheets antiparallel
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein:
Chromophorehidden in the protein
Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein:
Chromophorehidden in the protein
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein:
Absorption and emission curves of GFP
Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein:
Green chromophore:Amino acids 65 – 67 (Ser-Tyr-Gly)form spontanously the chromophore
Red chromophore
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein: Process of formation
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein: Use in biology
Chalfie expressed glowing GFP in bacteria first. He then placed the GFP gene behind a switch active in C. elegans’ six touch receptor neurons.a) Injection into the gonads of mature worm (hermaphrodite); b) GFP gene present in the eggs; c) and d) Eggs form individuals with glowing touch receptor neurons!
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein: Use in biology
Glowing GFP in E. coli fused to MinC (= protein responsible for determination of the midpointof bacterial cells for septum formation and cell division).Pictures under the microscope taken every 5 seconds. MinC is oscillating (= minimum time in the middle)
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein: Use in biology
Tsien made made modification = spectral variants of GFP
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein: Use in biology
Tsien made made modification = spectral variants of GFP
Université de Neuchâtel
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein: Use in biology
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Nobel Prizes: ChemistryGreen Fluorescent Protein: Use in biology
Researcher at Harvard University coloured nerve cellsin a mouse’s brain with different GFP-like proteins, which areexpressed differently. This allows to study the way theindividual nerve cells are connected.
