Nokia BSS

Nokia Base Station SubsystemDescription

dn9761682Issue 6-1 en

# Nokia CorporationNokia Proprietary and Confidential

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2003330Nokia BSC S10.5 ED, Vers. 2, ProductDocumentation

The information in this documentation is subject to change without notice and describes only theproduct defined in the introduction of this documentation. This documentation is intended for theuse of Nokia's customers only for the purposes of the agreement under which the documentationis submitted, and no part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or means without theprior written permission of Nokia. The documentation has been prepared to be used byprofessional and properly trained personnel, and the customer assumes full responsibility whenusing it. Nokia welcomes customer comments as part of the process of continuous developmentand improvement of the documentation.

The information or statements given in this documentation concerning the suitability, capacity, orperformance of the mentioned hardware or software products cannot be considered binding butshall be defined in the agreement made between Nokia and the customer. However, Nokia hasmade all reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructions contained in the documentation areadequate and free of material errors and omissions. Nokia will, if necessary, explain issueswhich may not be covered by the documentation.

Nokia's liability for any errors in the documentation is limited to the documentary correction oferrors. NOKIA WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FOR ERRORS IN THISDOCUMENTATION OR FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL(INCLUDING MONETARY LOSSES), that might arise from the use of this documentation or theinformation in it.

This documentation and the product it describes are considered protected by copyrightaccording to the applicable laws.

NOKIA logo is a registered trademark of Nokia Corporation.

Other product names mentioned in this documentation may be trademarks of their respectivecompanies, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.

Copyright © Nokia Corporation 2003. All rights reserved.

2 (85) # Nokia CorporationNokia Proprietary and Confidential


Nokia Base Station Subsystem Description

Contents

Contents 3

Summary of changes 7

1 Overview to Nokia Base Station Subsystem 15

2 GSM network architecture 172.1 Advantages of Nokia Base Station Subsystem 182.2 Benefits of having Nokia Base Station Subsystem and Network Switching

System (NSS) 19

3 Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements 213.1 Nokia Base Station Controller 213.2 Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer 243.3 Nokia Base Station 253.3.1 Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station 253.3.2 Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station 283.3.3 Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station 293.3.4 Nokia ConnectSite 100 Base Station 303.4 Nokia Base Station Subsystem cellular transmission 303.4.1 Base station transmission 313.4.2 Nokia microwave radios 313.4.3 Nokia cross-connect nodes 323.4.4 Optical line equipment 333.4.5 Copper line equipment 343.5 Nokia NetAct" framework for network and service management 343.5.1 Nokia NetAct" functionality for network and service management 363.5.2 Nokia NetAct" architecture 383.5.3 Nokia NetAct" Planner 393.6 Nokia power supply systems & site support systems 40

4 Nokia Base Station Subsystem solutions 434.1 BSS outdoor coverage 434.1.1 Nokia UltraSite Solution 434.1.2 Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) 444.1.3 Masthead Amplifier 444.1.4 Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement 444.1.5 Extended cell 454.1.6 Masthead BTS 464.2 Nokia Base Station Subsystem outdoor capacity 464.2.1 Extended GSM band 464.2.2 Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping solution (IFH) 464.2.3 Dual Band solution 484.2.4 Advanced Multilayer Handling 494.2.5 Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band 504.2.6 Common BCCH Control 504.2.7 Multi BCF Control 504.3 BSS indoor solutions 51



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Contents

4.3.1 Signal distribution systems 514.4 Nokia Base Station Subsystem data 534.4.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data, HSCSD 534.4.2 General Packet Radio Service, GPRS 534.4.3 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE 544.4.4 Dynamic Abis Allocation 564.4.5 Support of PCCCH/PBCCH 574.4.6 Priority class based quality of service 584.5 Advanced features of Nokia Base Station Subsystem 594.5.1 GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover 594.5.2 Nokia mPosition" Solution 614.5.3 Automated Planning 624.5.4 Voice Coding 624.5.5 Acoustic Echo Canceller 624.5.6 Tandem Free Operation (TFO) 624.5.7 Noise Suppression (NS) 634.5.8 Wireless Priority Service in BSC 63

5 Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs andGPRS Core networks 65

6 Nokia Base Station Subsystem interfaces 676.1 A interface 686.2 Ater interface 686.3 Abis interface 686.4 Radio interface 686.5 Q3 interface 686.6 Q1 interface 696.7 Gb interface 696.8 User interface 69

7 GSM system security 717.1 Call security 717.2 Operation and Maintenance security 71

8 Nokia professional services 738.1 Optimised Deployment for early market entry 738.2 Total support for complete system offering 758.3 Nokia Removal Service Family 75

9 GSM network operation 779.1 Network Management 779.2 Network Operation and Maintenance Services 78

10 Nokia Base Station Subsystem quality 7910.1 Equipment 7910.2 Software 8010.3 Documentation 8010.4 Operation 8010.5 Services 81




11 Nokia Base Station Subsystem and environment 8311.1 DX 200 Packages 8411.2 Recycling 8411.3 Environmentally sensitive materials 85



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Contents




Summary of changes

Summary of changes

Changes between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest documentissue contains all changes made to previous issues.

Changes made between issues 6V and 6

ConnectSite

nformation on ConnectSite 10 and ConnectSite 100 added.

Changes made between issues 5 and 6

New frequency pair 800/1800 added.

Gb over IP

Information on the feature removed.

GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover

Text updated to S10.5 level.

Wireless Priority Service in BSC

Information on the feature added.

Dual Band Solution

Information on GSM/EDGE 800/1800 Dual Band added.

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE

Text updated to S10.5 ED level.

Dynamic Abis Allocation

Text updated to S10.5 ED level.

BSC3i

Text modified.

Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station

Extended Cell removed from being as a supporting feature.



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Summary of changes

Nokia microwave radios

Text updated.

Extended Cell

Coverage corrected from 65 km to 70 km.

Common BCCH Control

Text updated.

GSM/EDGE 800/1900 Common BCCH

Chapter removed.

Locationing

Feature name changed to Nokia mPosition" Solution.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRSCore networks

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) replaced by 3GPP.

Nokia UltraSIte Optima Outdoor

Removed under Nokia power supply systems and site support systems.

Nokia InSite Base Station

Information removed.

Nokia Talk-family Base Stations


Nokia power supply systems and site support systems

Information on Nokia Extratalk II/II+ removed.

Nokia Site Packaging





Operations support system, Nokia NetAct"

Title changed as: Nokia NetAct" framework for network and servicemanagement. Text partially updated.


Changes made between issues 1 and 2 removed from Summary of Changes.

BSS indoor solutions

The whole section updated. Figure 'Nokia Indoor solutions' replaced by a newpicture.

Base Station Controller

Picture of the Base Station Controller replaced with a new one.

Transcoder Submultiplexer

Picture of the Transcoder Submultiplexer removed.

Common BCCH

Title complemented with a word 'Control'

Multi BCF

Title complemented with a word 'Control'


Chapter on Nokia UltraSite Optima added.

Booster BTS

Chapter on Booster BTS removed.

Technical information tables

of Nokia Citytalk, Intratalk and Flexitalk Base Stations removed.

Nokia cross-connect nodes

Text partially updated.



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Summary of changes

Network planning tools

Title changed to Nokia NetAct" Planner.

GSM-WCDMA Interworking

Feature added.

GSM/EDGE 800/1900 Common BCCH

Chapter added.

BSC3i

Chapter added.

Gb over IP

Feature added.

Dual Band GSM 900 / 1800 and 800 / 1900

Information added.


STM-1 capacity removed.

Nokia UltraSite Optima Indoor

Information omitted.

Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement

Figure about ICE modified.

Voice coding

Information updated.


The document has been revised throughout to comply with the latestdocumentation standards.




Nokia cross-connect nodes

Information about Nokia BSS Abis transport added. Modified information ofMetroHub added.

Masthead BTS

Nokia MetroSite EDGE added

Optical line equipment

Information changed

Network Management System

Title removed and renamed as Operations support system, Nokia NetAct. Thewhole chapter is updated by new Nokia NetAct information. Nokia Network DataWarehouse, Nokia Configuration Data Warehouse and Implementation removed.

Planning tools

Title changed toNetwork planning tools. The whole chapted removed andreplaced by new Nokia NetAct information.

Section Nokia PrimeSite Base Station and Nokia PrimeSite for indoors

Removed as well as all references to Nokia PrimeSite

Appendix A, Technical Information

removed

Chapter Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements, section Base StationController

Added Table 1.Technical information of normal capacity BSC2, and Table 2.Technical information of large capacity BSC2 from the removed Appendix A.

Chapter Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements, section TranscoderSubmultiplexer

Added Table 3. Technical information of TSCM2 from the removed Appendix A.

Chapter Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements, section Nokia Talk-familyBase Stations, Citytalk

Added table 4. Nokia Citytalk Base Station from the removed Appendix A.



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Summary of changes

Chapter Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE

Added

Chapter Nokia UltraSite Solution

EDGE added.

Chapter Nokia UltraSite GSM Base Station

BTS name changed to Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station everywhere it ismentioned. Smart Radio Concept (SRC) added to replace Booster BTS.

Chapter Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC)

Added

Chapter Dynamic Hotspot

removed

All references to Nokia NMS changed to Nokia NetAct.


Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station's output power changed from 63 Watts (48dBm) to 28.2 Watts (44.5 dBm) due to SRC. Booster removed from this chapter.SRC added and the extra coverage it provides added.

Packages

DX 200 added to the title. Text updated.


Text updated concerning radio indoor units.Nokia UltraSite and WCDMA BaseStations added. Mention about rural areas deleted.

Advanced features

Sections for Locationing and Automated Planning added.

Intelligent Underlay-Overlay

Title changed to Intelligent Frequency Hopping. Subsections IntelligentUnderlay-Overlay and Frequency Hopping changed as topics under the main title.




Documentation

Mention about paper documentation removed

Dynamic Abis Allocation

Chapter added

Support of PCCCH/PBCCH

Chapter added

Priority class based quality of service

Chapter added.

Common BCCH

Chapter added

Multi BCF

Chapter added

Network administration and maintenance

removed

Indoor solutions

GSM Intranet Office removed

Nokia power supply systems & site support systems

Information of the chapter updated: Nokia BBU1900, Nokia PSSS6600, NokiaSSS1100 Indoor, Nokia PSSS2200 and Nokia Extratalk Mini removed, NokiaEmpower 1900/1900E, Nokia Empower 1100/1100E added.

Chapter Microcell

removed

GSM 800 / 1900

References to ANSI added.



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Summary of changes

Chapter Base Station Controller

Information on normal capacity BSC removed, high capacity BSC added.




1 Overview to Nokia Base StationSubsystem

Base Station Subsystem Description describes Nokia solution for Base StationSubsystem (BSS) of GSM network in BSS10.5 level. The aim of this descriptionis to give a general overview of the parts and operations of Nokia BSS. Also otheroperational entities and services related to the BSS are described.

In this description the abbreviation GSM represents GSM 800, GSM 900, GSM1800 and GSM 1900 systems. Also GSM 800 / 1900, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM800 / 1800 for Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station and for Nokia MetroSiteEDGE Base Station are presented.

Nokia Base Station Subsystem consists of base station controller (BSC),transcoder submultiplexer (TCSM), base station (BTS), cellular transmission(CT), power systems, antenna line, the network service and management system(Nokia NetAct) and network planning. In this document, the general networkelement names are used for Nokia equipment.

Nokia is capable of providing the complete BSS network comprising of:

. Radio network elements: BSC and wide range of BTSs.

. Integrated cellular transmission including short- and long-haul microwaveradios, copper-based transmission and PDH cross-connection. For opticaltransmission there is a full SDH product family from Marconi.

. Integrated and stand-alone power systems, battery backup and site supportsolutions

. Management of all the above with Nokia NetAct network service andmanagement system.

. Full range of antenna line elements

. GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover feature, which enables theinterworking between the 2G and 3G networks.



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Overview to Nokia Base Station Subsystem

Related topics:

. GSM Network architecture

. Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements

. Nokia Base Station Subsystem solutions

. Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRSCore networks

. Nokia Base Station Subsystem interfaces

. GSM system security

. Nokia professional services

. GSM network operation

. Nokia Base Station Subsystem quality

. Nokia Base Station Subsystem and environment




2 GSM network architecture

GSM network is functionally divided into three elements. Base StationSubsystem (BSS) is one of the main functional elements of the GSM network.The other elements in the GSM network are network switching system (NSS),GPRS core network to SGSN and the network service and managementsubsystem (Nokia NetAct).

The main function of the BSS is to connect the mobile subscriber's mobile station(MS) to the GSM network and through it to the mobile switching centre (MSC),to GPRS core network, serving GPRS support node (SGSN). The BSS also takescare of the mobility management of the cellular network including, for example,handover management and various measurements.

Figure 1. Nokia Base Station Subsystem in the GSM network

Nokia NetAct

MS

BSS

BTS

BTS

BTS

SGSN

MSC TCSM2 BSC



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GSM network architecture

2.1 Advantages of Nokia Base Station Subsystem

Nokia's high capacity Base Station Subsystem is based on a fully integratedsystem approach. Therefore Nokia offers a unique system solution with built-inintelligence and flexibility. The use of advanced features with the greatestpotential for capacity, coverage and quality result in the maximum performanceof the GSM network.

The Nokia BSS comprises a number of base stations (BTS), base stationcontrollers (BSC), transcoder submultiplexers (TCSM), power systems, antennaline and cellular transmission (CT). The Nokia BSC and TCSM have beendesigned to allow a flexible locationing within the GSM network. For example,the TCSM can be co-located on the same site with the BSC or with the MSC toeconomise transmission costs.

The modular design of Nokia equipment has many advantages. It makes theupgrades of hardware and software easier causing minimal disturbance to thenetwork. The modularity also makes Nokia equipment easily expandable. Due tothe modularity, the size of Nokia BSC, Nokia TCSM and Nokia BTS is relativelysmall and compact. The small-sized equipment is easy to place enabling fast roll-out.

Nokia equipment conforms to the GSM specifications. Nokia Statement ofCompliance describes in more detail how Nokia equipment corresponds to theGSM specifications.

The individual network elements of the BSS are linked together with cellulartransmission (CT) or leased line connection. Nokia integrated transmissionsolution provides an automatic path protection by the formation of loops withsecure radio links. The base station integrated cross connection functionalityreduces the transmission costs between the BTSs and BSCs.

Providing high quality services to end users is also enabled by the capability offull mobile services availability by protecting the BTS against mains voltagebreaks and keeping services running. The Nokia power systems have beenspecified, tested and optimised to secure the Nokia BTS site element functions,ensuring safe DC distribution for BTSs and LTEs.

The prerequisites for the availability of the BSS network elements are simplicityand speed of the servicing procedures, such as fault repair time. In Nokia BSSthis is guaranteed in many ways. Built-in redundancy functionalities and efficientsupervision functionalities minimise the time spent in maintenance. In addition,reliable network elements and automatic fault detection and recovery procedurescause less need for site visits. As a result, the network maintenance is moreeconomical.




Nokia Network Planning System aids the operator to plan the network to be ascost-effective as possible. The network service and management system (NokiaNetAct) provides the means to implement and modify the plans to the network.

Nokia Customer Operations provides planning, implementation, training andtechnical support services as a part of complete Nokia BSS system solution.

2.2 Benefits of having Nokia Base Station Subsystemand Network Switching System (NSS)

There are several benefits of having both Nokia Base Station Subsystem and NSSin the same GSM network. For example, Nokia NetAct can handle the wholeNokia GSM network and Nokia GPRS Core network resulting in operational costreduction and overall cost-efficiency. All Nokia network elements are alsocompatible with each other and their features are designed to support each other.This becomes more and more important with the advanced GSM features, such asdata services. For more information on network interworking, see Nokia BaseStation Subsystem Compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks.

Substantial savings can be made when using Nokia equipment throughout thenetwork for several reasons. Firstly, common components and spare parts can beused in several Nokia equipment. Secondly, uniformed platforms and softwaredecrease the efforts in employee training and make the network easier to operate.Thirdly, the Nokia network is very flexible in operations and planning asexpansions are made only when needed. The network investments are also madeonly according to real requirements.

The Nokia network also saves in site costs. For example, the site usage isoptimised by small sites due to compact Nokia equipment. Due to many systemsolutions that enhance the coverage and capacity of traditional BSS sites withNokia equipment, less sites are needed.



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GSM network architecture




3 Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements

Nokia Base Station Subsystem consists of base station controller (BSC),transcoder submultiplexer (TCSM), base station (BTS), cellular transmission(CT), the network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) and networkplanning.

3.1 Nokia Base Station Controller

Based on Nokia's long experience in cellular networks, the Nokia Base StationController (BSC) is designed for efficient use of radio resources, easy operabilityand maintainability. It is also designed to gather and convey comprehensiveinformation about the quality of service. Moreover, it is cost-efficient and hashigh capacity. Nokia Base Station Controller is a stable, mature product, whichhas field-proven high reliability. One major feature of Nokia Base StationController is also field-proven multivendor functionality.

Nokia BSC provides a connection between the MSC, the BTSs, and the SGSN.

The main function of the BSC is to control and manage the BSS and the radiochannels. It transfers signalling information to and from the mobiles and manageshandovers between the cells.

BSC3i

Nokia High Capacity Base Station Controller BSC3i is a new solution for theevolving GSM markets. The maximum circuit handling capacity of BSC3i is 660TRX, 3920 Erl. BSC3i is compact with only one cabinet design and modular inorder to enable easy expansion. It has a built-in IP connectivity for enhancedfeature support with IP based interfaces. It uses transmission and radio resourcesefficiently in order to enable a flexible traffic mix between voice and data. It has aswift fault detection and hot standby units to allow minimal system downtime.

BSC3i is based on BSC S10.5 software. It includes the same features as BSC,BSC2i and BSC2E/A products.



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Nokia Base Station Subsystem elements

Figure 2. Nokia Base Station Controller, BSC3i

For more information, see BSC3i .

BSC2i

Nokia Base Station Controller, DX 200 BSC2i, is a digital switching product forGSM networks. Nokia BSC belongs to the DX 200 Switching System ProductFamily. The DX 200 Switching System Product Family is based on a FaultTolerant Computing Platform, which constitutes a base for a Switching Platform.

Figure 3. Nokia base station controller, DX 200 BSCi, BSC2i




Nokia Base Station Controller is easily expandable. The modular architecture ofthe DX 200 Switching System Product Family and the use of the latest hardwarecomponents enable the expanding. In the design of Nokia Base Station Controllergreat attention has been paid to the reliability of operation.

The distributed architecture of Nokia Base Station Controller is implemented by amultiprocessor system. In a multiprocessor system the data processing capacity isdivided among several computer units, each of which have a microcomputer oftheir own. For example, call handling capacity depends on the number of callcontrol computer units. By adding more call control computer units the capacityof Nokia base station controller can be easily increased.

In the BSS, Nokia Base Station Controller is a stand-alone network element. It isconnected to the surrounding network elements with standard PCM interfaces.This offers flexibility and cost-efficiency in transmission. Nokia Base StationController has an X.25 and a LAN connection to Nokia NetAct called Q3interface. The Q3 interface is used for data transfer between Nokia Base StationController and Nokia NetAct.

For further information on Nokia base station controller, see High Capacity BaseStation Controller, BSC2i, BSCi.

High capacity BSCi and BSC2i

TRX number (max.) 512, or 256

512 (ANSI)

FR , or HR

FR (ANSI)

Erl 3040

Size (height x width x depth) 2200 mm x 1200 mm x 500 mm

2020 mm x 1200 mm x 500 mm(ANSI)

two racks

Power consumption max. 620 W

max. 595 W (ANSI)

BSC3i

TRX number (max.) 660

330

FR

HR

Erl 3920

Size (height x width x depth) 2000 mm x 900 mm x 600 mm one rack



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Power consumption 1700 W

3.2 Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer

Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer, DX 200 TCSM2, is used on the A interfacebetween the BSC and the MSC to enable full use of network capacity. NokiaTranscoder Submultiplexer performs transcoder functions in the base stationsubsystem and provides a submultiplexing scheme that is used between thetranscoder and the BSC.

Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer units are functional units of the BSC, but canbe located either at the BSC or MSC site. Submultiplexing is used between theBSC and TCSM to reduce transmission costs. When Nokia TranscoderSubmultiplexer is located at the MSC site, the reduction is greatest.Submultiplexing also reduces the amount of pulse code modulation (PCM) linesneeded between the MSC and the BSC sites.

Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer converts the 64 kbit/s traffic channels arrivingfrom the MSC into 16 kbit/s or 8 kbit/s channels and multiplexes these channelsto fit the PCM line time slots going towards the BSC. The same principle inreverse applies in the other direction (from the BSC to the MSC).

Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer performs speech coding according to thespeech compression methods mentioned in GSM specifications. It also supportsFull Rate (FR), Half Rate (HR) and Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) codecs. AlsoNokia features Acoustic Echo Canceller (AEC), Noise Suppression (NS) andAdaptive Gain Control can be used in Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer tofurther improve network speech quality for mobile subscribers.

The modular architecture of the DX 200 Switching System Product Familyenables the easy expandability of Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer. Its capacitydepends on the number of equipped plug-in units.

Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer supports downloading of the entire softwarefrom the BSC or a PC via the Visual Display Unit (VDU) interface. The operationand maintenance functions of Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer are also co-ordinated with the BSC.

A standard rack can house eight Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer units, whichmay belong to different BSSs. Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer units that handlethe A interface of one BSC usually fit into one rack.

For further information on Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer, see FunctionalDescription of the TCSM2 .




TCSM2

Table 1. Technical information of TCSM2

TCH number (max.) 960 (FR)

1680 (HR)


Power consumption 360W (FR)

940W (HR)

3.3 Nokia Base Station

The base station (BTS) is connected to the base station controller (BSC) via theAbis interface and to the mobile stations (MS) via the Radio interface. The BTSconnects the mobile subscriber's mobile station to the GSM network throughRadio interface and performs the radio functions of the BSS.

Nokia offers a great variety of base station types for indoors and outdoors fordifferent climatic or other environmental conditions. Micro base station solutionsfor capacity enhancements and coverage extension are also available.

All Nokia BTSs are fully controllable from Nokia NetAct and the BSC site with aremote connection. Their software can also be downloaded either from the BSCor through the BSC from Nokia NetAct. The Man-Machine Interface (MMI), orSite Wizard enable commissioning, fast fault localisation, and efficient testinglocally at the BTS site using the MMI and a service terminal, or remotely fromthe BSC over the Abis interface.

3.3.1 Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station

Triple-mode Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station is a compact highcapacity base station for multiple standards. Combinations of GSM, EDGE andWCDMA configurations can exist in the same cabinet. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station supports GSM/EDGE on 800, 900, 1800 and 1900 MHzfrequency bands and it also has capability for 900/1800, 800/1800 and 800/1900dual bands. Additionally, Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Indoor canhost WCDMA carriers. Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station supports sectoredand omni configurations.



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Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Indoor and Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Outdoor cabinets can house up to 12 GSM/EDGE TRXs, orthey can be configured to hold up to 6 GSM/EDGE TRXs and an integratedbattery backup system, IBBU. Additionally, without IBBU Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Indoor and Outdoor can house up to 6 GSM TRXs and 6WCDMA carriers. A 1-6 TRX Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station MidiIndoor and Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Midi Outdoor are alsoavailable.

Figure 4. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Indoor

Figure 5. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station Outdoor




Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station is optimised for high capacity andwide coverage macrocellular applications. The number of sites is reduced,seamless voice and data coverage area is provided, and high call quality ismaintained due to an improved link budget.

The extremely wide coverage area built by Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE BaseStation, with 44.5 dBm (28.2 Watts), provides a wide service area per site and alarge user base coverage. With Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) NokiaUltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station provides even up to 5 dB extra coverage .

Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station provides high capacity with reducednumber of BTS cabinets and sites. It is a compact, high capacity voice and dataBTS, containing up to 12 TRXs per BTS cabinet. Cabinets can be chained forlarge configurations up to 108 TRXs in 9 BTS cabinets.

Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station can also be used in cases where theexpansion of existing Talk-family sites is needed. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGEBase Station can be placed side by side with the Talk-family sites and can beintegrated into a Talk-family site as an extension cabinet.

With the versatile Nokia UltraSite transmission options, the most suitabletransmission media can be used. Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station canhouse up to 4 transmission units. The supported transmission medias aremicrowave radios (Nokia FlexiHopper Microwave Radio and NokiaMetroHopper Radio), and wire line (E1/T1). For optical transmission a separateSDH ADM or TM multiplexer can be used.

Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station provides full data support withHSCSD and GPRS and EGDE compatibility, with simple plug-in unitextensions. Nokia's soft capacity features, such as Intelligent Frequency Hopping,are fully supported. Supported are also the advanced coverage enhancing featuressuch as Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement (ICE), and Nokia Smart RadioConcept (SRC) options.



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Table 2. Technical information of Nokia UltraSite EDGE Base Station

TRX number 1 to 12 per cabinet

108 TRXs per site

36 TRXs per sector

can be divided between differentbands

1 to 6 sectors per cabinetcombining by-pass and widebandcombining 2:1

1 to 3 sectors per cabinet withwideband combining 4:1

1 to 2 sectors per cabinet withremote tune combining

1 sector can have 1 to 12 TRXs


1800mm x 600 mm x 570 mm

1180 mm x 600 mm 570 mm

1320 mm x 770 mm x 750 mm

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BaseStation Outdoor

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BaseStation Indoor

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BaseStation Midi Indoor

Nokia UltraSite EDGE BaseStation Midi Outdoor

3.3.2 Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station

Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station is designed for dense microcellularapplications and for coverage in fill-in applications. It is a high capacity basestation with four transceivers in a single cabinet. Nokia EDGE MetroSite BaseStation has support for dual band systems.

Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station is a compact BTS with a pleasantappearance for blending easily into almost any environment. Both the size andthe appearance make site acquisition easier for the operator. Nokia EDGEMetroSite Base Station's ability to be deployed vertically or horizontally alsofacilitates installation in locations that previously were unsuitable. In addition totraditional sites, potential location for Nokia GSM/EDGE MetroSite Base Stationinclude billboards, bus stops and lamp posts.

Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station supports many Nokia capacity solutions,such as Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping Solution. Nokia EDGE MetroSiteBase Station also supports data features, such as High Speed Circuit SwitchedData, GPRS and EDGE (EGPRS). For transmission Nokia EDGE MetroSiteBase Station can house the indoor unit of Nokia MetroHopper Radio and NokiaFlexiHopper Microwave Radio, or leased line connection.




Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station

Table 3. Technical information of Nokia EDGE MetroSite Base Station

TRX number 1 to 4

can be divided between GSM 900,GSM 1800, GSM 800 / 1900

1 to 4 sectors

1 sector can have 1 to 4 TRXs

Size (height x width x depth) 871 mm x 310 mm x 215 mm and954 mm with a cable cover

Power consumption 200 W

max. < 410 W

output power 5W

optionally 10W for 900 and 1800

3.3.3 Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station

The Nokia ConnectSite 10 base station is a complete, all-climate BTS for theGSM 900 and 1800 frequency bands. GSM 800 and 1900 bands and upgrading toEDGE will be available in later releases.

ConnectSite 10 BTS can contain between one and four transceivers (TRXs) inomni or sectored configuration. Mast, pole and wall installations are supported. AConnectSite 10 BTS cabinet can accommodate up to four 10W transceiver units.Not all transceiver units need to be installed in the cabinet when setting up thesite, but additional TRXs may be installed later when the demand for capacitygrows. These installations can be carried out without interrupting the BTSservice. Moreover, with chaining it up to 12 TRX, Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTScompact size and integrated system elements help achieve fast rollout.

A Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTS with two or more TRXs can be configured to usefrequency hopping and receiver diversity, which adds to the quality of calls goingthrough Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station.

The flexible radio transmission solution of the Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTSenables a reliable transmission connection for distances from a few kilometres toover 50 kilometres by using the Nokia FlexiHopper microwave radio.

To ensure an uninterrupted power supply to the Nokia ConnectSite 10 BTS,battery backup can be provided externally by the Nokia MetroSite BatteryBackup.

The fast start-up and quick integration into the network enable substantial savingsto the the network operator. Furthermore, operational costs are low as the BTSmanagement can be carried out remotely from the OSS.



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3.3.4 Nokia ConnectSite 100 Base Station

The Nokia ConnectSite 100 is a compact, high-capacity Base Station for GSMand EDGE networks. It can host 12 GSM/EDGE TRXs in a single cabinet andfeatures an improved link budget that achieves a wide area of voice and datacoverage. Nokia ConnectSite 100 supports configurations of up to 4+4+4 TRXsper cabinet and the BTS can be used in GSM 900 or 1800 systems. GSM 800 and1900 will be available in later releases.The BTS is available in both Indoor andOutdoor versions.

Nokia ConnectSite 100 BTS uses the Site Concept Approach based on standardinstallation environments by using standard site constructions and gives clearguidelines for network planning, and minimises variation in customer specificinstallation environments by defining optimal construction solutions. Thefollowing site solutions are available for ConnectSite 100.

. Urban capacity site, rooftop

. Urban capacity site, mast

. Rural coverage site

In addition to basic functionality, five optional software packages are availablefor the Nokia ConnectSite 100 Base Station:

. Capacity enhancement, including synthesised, freeform and basebandhopping.

. Operability enhancement, including external alarm control and TX/RXantenna supervision.

. Coverage enhancement, including Smart Radio Concept.

. GPRS functionality

. EDGE functionality

3.4 Nokia Base Station Subsystem cellulartransmission

Cellular transmission system interconnects the network components: basestations, base station controllers, and mobile switches.




3.4.1 Base station transmission

Nokia BTSs contain a highly integrated cross-connection unit that plays anintegral part in the GSM transmission line. The BTS can operate as a transmissionrelay, cross-connect, and add-and-drop multiplexer offering a wide range ofdifferent branching, grooming, and add-and-drop functions. The add-and-dropfunctions range from 2 Mbit/s level down to 8kbit/s level. Multidrop function canbe used in BTS chains or in loops where several BTSs are connected on a single 2Mbit/s line.

The BTS transmission equipment can be managed from Nokia NetAct integratednetwork management system, which simplifies network maintenance andoperation.

3.4.2 Nokia microwave radios

Nokia microwave radios are so called split-mount equipment having a microwavepart and antenna mounted outdoors, the solution being always the same, and abase band functionality mounted indoors. Indoor solution can be either integratedor standalone. Outdoor and indoor parts are interconnected with a single coaxialcable, the Nokia Flexbus.

The indoor units of Nokia PDH microwave radios, the Nokia FlexiHoppermicrowave radio and Nokia MetroHopper radio are integrated into NokiaUltraSite GSM/EDGE Base Station, Nokia GSM/EDGE MetroSite Base Stationand Nokia Talk-family base stations as plug-in units that fit directly to the basestation cabinet.

Standalone TDM crossconnect node Nokia MetroHub also provides housing forthese plug-in indoor units with Flexbus interfaces for Nokia FlexiHopper andNokia MetroHopper microwave radios.

A 19" rack mountable standalone indoor unit, FIU 19, provides a separate E1access, to MetroHopper and FlexiHopper microwave radios, if a standalonetransmission solution is required.

The indoor unit of Nokia SDH radio, the PowerHopper, needs a separate 19"installation space as well as the external third party SDH multiplexer whichprovides the E1 access to the STM-1input of the radio.

Nokia microwave radios can be centrally managed by Nokia NetAct.



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Nokia FlexiHopper microwave radio

The Nokia FlexiHopper PDH microwave radio family includes models for 7, 8,13, 15, 18, 23, 26 and 38GHz frequency bands. The radio transport capacity of allNokia FlexiHopper frequency variants is 2x2, 4x2, 8x2 or 16x2 Mbit/s. This canbe selected by using the node manager or the network management system(Nokia NetAct) without any hardware changes. Nokia FlexiHopper radios useforward error correction (FEC) and interleaving to improve signal quality whichmake them an ideal media of transporting E1 traffic carrying the Abis interface.

Nokia MetroHopper radio

The capacity of Nokia MetroHopper PDH radio is 4 x 2 Mbit/s. It uses the 58GHz-frequency band, which does not require co-ordinated frequency planningand thus minimises the approval and planning procedure. The 58 GHz band hasthe unique natural characteristic of additional oxygen absorption. This attenuationlimits feasible hop lengths to less than 800m (depending on climate conditions).Nokia MetroHopper is an optimal solution for GSM/WCDMA microcellularaccess.

Nokia PowerHopper

Nokia PowerHopper is an SDH radio that provides STM-1 (155 Mbit/s)transmission capacity. It consists of an outdoor unit and an 19" rack mountablestand-alone indoor unit. The interconnection between these two is made by usinga single coaxial cable that also feeds power to the outdoor unit. The STM-1interface of the indoor unit can be connected directly to the STM-1 interface of anexternal SDH add/dropp multiplexer which can provide various smaller capacityinterfaces to be transported over STM-1. The Nokia PowerHopper SDHmicrowave radio is available for 7, 8, 15, 18, 23, 26 and 38 GHz frequencybands. Protection method against equipment faults is 1+1 HSB.

3.4.3 Nokia cross-connect nodes

Nokia BSS Abis transport is based on the PDH technology. The main aspect ofimplementing the BSS transport network is that the BSC ET port allocation meetsthe desired BTS and that BSC synchronisation can be delivered through thenetwork to the BTSs. The transport network capacity optimisation andmanagement is done by using cross connection devices. Nokia BTSs provideinbuilt cross connection and grooming functionalities for capacity optimisationand traffic (loop) protection. Nokia BSC supports Nokia Q1 managed DN2 andMetroHub and provides the polling functionality also for other network elementsthat are not polled by the BTS. The loop protection functionality of MetroHuband DN2 match with Nokia BTSs, which are usually used as loop sleves. Other




standard PDH cross connection devices, for example, MartisDXX family, can beused as transparent PDH layers. Transparent layers refer to devices that providethe bit stream and synchronisation, but which Nokia BSS does not specificallysupport.

Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node is a dynamic 2 Mbit/s digital cross-connect,which is developed especially to support radio link based BSS transportnetworks. Its main traffic protection feature is the loop protection. The MetroHubprovides a flexible, expandable and cost-effective solution for the purposesrequired by a GSM/EDGE operator. The maximum cross connection capacity ofthe MetroHub is 56 x 2 Mbit/s with switching granularity of 8 kbit/s. MetroHubhas integrated transmission interfaces for E1, T1 and Flexbus. The Nokia Flexbusis an optimised interface for Nokia FlexiHopper and MetroHopper radio linkproducts. Every UltraSIte GSM/EDGE contains a �virtual�MetroHub, which canbe utilised for decentralised traffic collection, media change and grooming. Thisis helpful especially when network configurations evolve towards WCDMA.

Nokia DN2 is a dynamic 2 Mbit/s digital cross-connect, which also has add-and-drop, primary multiplexing, and various protection features. The DN2 provides arack-based alternative for MetroHub. The maximum interface capacity of theDN2 is 40 x 2 Mbit/s circuits. When the capacity exceeds the limit, multipleDN2s can be used. Switching granularity of Nokia DN2 is 8 kbit/s.

Nokia SXC T is a high capacity PDH cross-connect device with up to 1904 x 2Mbit/s capacity and 64 kbit/s switching granularity. SXC T can be used as areplacement for a digital distribution frame, or for various PDH traffic routingpurposes.

3.4.4 Optical line equipment

If there is a need for SDH transmission for capacity reasons and there are fibersavailable, Nokia recommends world leading SDH and DWDM (DenseWavelength Division Multiplexing) equipment from Marconi to be used in theMobile Networks. The collaboration supports Marconi in developing theseproducts towards the Mobile Networks requirements with the help of Nokia.

By working together on the transmission layer 1 issues in partnership modeensures that both companies understand the specific needs of mobile networks.This enables the companies to offer the most efficient solution in this area.

Marconi's comprehensive product portfolio extends from modem size compactaccess SDH to terabit DWDM systems.



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3.4.5 Copper line equipment

Capacities of up to 2 Mbit/s can be transmitted through copper pair cables fordistances up to several kilometres using HDSL baseband modems. This is aneconomical solution in the access network, especially if existing copper cablescan be used.

3.5 Nokia NetAct" framework for network and servicemanagement

Nokia NetAct" is a network and service management framework that addressesthe operator's challenges to handle more network elements, larger networks,greater complexity and explosive growth in traffic and data expected in futurenetworks. In an increasingly multivendor, multiservice and multitechnologyenvironment it is even more important to have a single OSS system at thecontrols. Openness, efficiency, modularity and scalability are key issues of NokiaNetAct. Nokia NetAct provides a pre-integrated management solution that can betaken into use quickly and cost-efficiently. This reduces the operator's time-to-market and allows them to focus on doing their core business.

The same evolving Nokia NetAct will also support all existing and futurenetwork technologies and related services thus providing a secured growth pathtowards IP-based networks.

Nokia NetAct consists of functionality areas, such as Monitor and Reporter thatprovide management capabilities grouped together according to the mostrelevant operator processes. A unified mediation and adaptation layer is theinterface towards different types of networks and network elements. It hides thenetwork complexity and allows easy inter-operability with various technologiesand 3rd party systems.

The cornerstones of the Nokia NetAct management solution are:

. The entire network can be accessed and viewed with one system, NokiaNetAct. A clear view of the network and QoS indicators is alwaysavailable.

. Open interfaces - to enable easier integration integration and to allowoperators to build the most suitable solution for their needs.

. Modularity and flexibility of architecture.




Figure 6. Nokia NetAct manages different network technologies



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3.5.1 Nokia NetAct" functionality for network and service management

Figure 7. Nokia NetAct framework

The functionality areas of Nokia NetAct provide management functionality that isavailable network-wide. The adaptation layer interfaces the managed network andprovides services for higher-level systems.

The purpose of Nokia NetAct Planner is to provide the best possible structure fora network, taking into consideration coverage, capacity and quality requirements.An advanced tool set is provided for planning, for example, radio andtransmission networks and microwave links. The close co-operation betweenNetAct Planner, other Nokia NetAct areas and radio network elements enablesfluent interworking and reduces significantly the effort in transferring informationbetween applications.

Workflow Manager

Reporter

Administration

3rd party tools

Network

Unified Mediationand Adaptation

Service QualityManager

Monitor

Planner

Commonnetwork topology

CommonWEB GUI

ConfigurationProvisioning

Nokia NetAct Framework

Rating Charging




Nokia NetAct Configurator and Provisioning covers management functionalityfor both radio access packet core networks. The objective of Radio AccessConfigurator is to provide full support for network roll-out, expansion andoptimisation. Network-wide configuration management is an optimal solution forplan manipulation and regional border area handling, for example automatedhandling of inter-regional dependencies. Optimizer is provided for statistical and/or network-wide optimisation of the managed network in order to deliveroptimum performance and quality targets set by the operator. It offers detailedanalysis methods and effective algorithms for solving performance problems in2G, 3G and multi-technology networks. Packet Core Configurator allows acontrolled and secure access to the packet data services, ensuring the agreedquality of service. Packet Core Configurator provides means for Access Pointprovisioning in the packet core network.

Nokia NetAct Monitor provides a set of tools for pre-processing, storing anddisplaying real-time alarm and performance information from the network. Aconstant visibility of the network status enables efficient fault detection andanalysis. The same monitoring tools can flexibly be used for regional and globalmonitoring needs. Nokia NetAct Traffica complements the monitoring solutionby allowing the operator to monitor both quality of service and quality ofnetwork. By providing end-user specific information about successful andunsuccessful call attempts, NetAct Traffica is a versatile application for variousoperator processes.

Nokia NetAct Service Quality Manager enables the operator to work in aproactive manner by showing the impact of network problems on end-userservice, such as SMS or WAP. Service Quality Manager can calculate and displayservice levels, prioritise fault investigation, provide customer care informationand track important customer segments. All service relevant information that isavailable in the operator environment can be collected. With monitoring packagesoperators can, for example, monitor 3G services.

With Nokia NetAct Reporter a network-wide view of network and serviceperformance is always available. Operators can analyse and interpret data comingfrom multiple sources. Raw data becomes meaningful information that isvisualised in various textual and graphical reports accessible via web. Thesereports can reflect a variety of aspects, such as QoS or traffic profiles. A dedicatedglobal database is able to store performance data for various vendors, as well.Long-term data can be displayed in trend reports.

Nokia NetAct Administrator incorporates a centralised place for carrying outnetwork-wide administrative tasks, such as system security, system capacity,backups and management of hardware and software configurations of networkelements. Inventory Manager is able to handle both active network elements andpassive parts, such as spares and racks.



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NetAct Workflow Manager is a workflow management solution that bridges thenetwork and service monitoring process to workflow and workforce managementfunctionality. This helps operators automate their business processes within andbetween different groups. Furthermore, it is used to assign and track the necessarytasks along the service assurance process.

Nokia NetAct Rating and Charging functionality enables access and contentcharging of mobile data services like WAP and SMS. This feature is managedthrough interfaces to Nokia Charging Gateway (CG) and Nokia Charging Center(NCC). CG collects and preprocesses GPRS or 3G access CDRs from the packetcore network. These and the content SDRs gathered from the WAP gateway,SMSC and the various application servers are then rated and charged by NCC.Ability to perform In Advance Credit Check and barring or unbarring access andusage of high value data services provide additional support for controllingprepaid subscriptions. Processed postpaid records are forwarded to a customercare and billing system for billing, whereas prepaid records are handled by aprepaid billing platform like the Nokia mCreate.

The future converging network technologies require faster end-to-endmanagement capabilities with different technology infrastructures. To meet theseneeds, the open interfaces of Nokia NetAct allow efficient integration of various3rd party tools.

3.5.2 Nokia NetAct" architecture

Nokia NetAct consists of a common core, a number of functionality areas andthird party tools that interface with each other via a common messaging bus. Thecore includes for example, a common network model, network topology andstandard interfaces. Centralised servers are high-end machines with enoughcapacity to handle the necessary number of interactive users. The UnifiedMediation and Adaptation layer provides scalability for the whole system.

Hardware solution

The hardware solution of Nokia NetAct is built of one or more server clusters andoperator seats. Regional clusters manage a specific region, while global clustersare intended for centralised network management tasks. When distributing theoperations between regional and national management centres, the regional serverclusters and third party management systems are connected to the global clustervia a Data Communication Network (DCN). In the OSS3 releases the hardwaresetup contains the following:

. High-availability servers (HP-UX)

. Application servers (Windows and HP-UX)

. Operator seats




. Storage Area Network (SAN) with disk array

. DCN backbone

3.5.3 Nokia NetAct" Planner

Nokia NetAct Planner is an integrated set of tools for planning voice and data forboth radio and transmission networks. It is part of Nokia NetAct Framework.

Nokia NetAct Radio Planner provides planning for all types of GSM radionetworks. It includes planning of both real time and non-real time services thatsupport the network evolution path from GSM to GPRS and ultimately nextgeneration EDGE technologies.

WCDMA Planner is designed for WCDMA radio network planning. Thisplanning system is part of the Nokia WCDMA system solution and has beendeveloped in co-operation with both Nokia and a leading planning tool supplierthus enabling the latest WCDMA technology utilisation. In addition to high-quality radio network planning functionality, WCDMA Planner offers anevolutionary approach to planning and optimising networks based on data servicerequirements.

Nokia NetAct Link Planner provides efficient and flexible microwave linkplanning. It gives an advanced solution for line-of-sight checking, link frequencyallocation, interference analysis, logical routing, link performance, and qualitycalculation.

Nokia NetAct Transmission Planner enables planning of the transmission anddatacom network, including dimensioning and network architecture comparisons.It covers 2G and 3G Cellular, ATM/IP, and PSTN networks.

Nokia NetAct Quality Planner for field measurement analysis is an intelligentsoftware package that provides automated detail and trend analysis of test mobilemeasurement files. It also produces diagnostic reports to resolve radio networkproblems.

Nokia NetAct Rollout Planner is a site acquisition and project process trackingtool for network roll-out and expansion projects, providing full visibility ofproject milestones, progress and productivity.

Nokia NetAct Planner runs on the PC/Windows platform using Oracle 8database.



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3.6 Nokia power supply systems & site supportsystems

Nokia's power supply systems provide essential battery backup and site supportfunctions for a variety of GSM and WCDMA base station configurations,including indoor and outdoor versions. In addition, the Nokia Site SupportSystem also provides space for transmission and customer equipment. PSM(Power System Management) is the remote management of the BBUs (BatteryBack-Up Units) and SSSs (Site Support Systems) from Nokia NetAct. The PSMprovides network operators with real time information on power supply status,the option to control the power supply remotely, and to maximise the electricalefficiency of the batteries and charging system. This enables more reliableinformation on the power supplies, and thus, fewer service visits.

Nokia MetroSite Battery Back-up Unit, Outdoor and Indoor

Nokia MetroSite Battery Back-up Unit (BBU) is developed and designedspecifically for Nokia MetroSite solutions and functions as an offline UPS. Itsupports Nokia MetroSite Base Station, Nokia ConnectSite 10 Base Station andNokia MetroHub Transmission Node. On the outside the product looks the sameas Nokia MetroSite Base Station and Nokia MetroHub Transmission Node.Nokia MetroSite BBU is a smart outdoor BBU with versatile mounting options.Small size and pre-installed units and ready factory set system configurationsenable fast roll-outs. The maximum output power is 800W with up to 16Ahbattery capacity.

Nokia UltraSite Support range

The Nokia UltraSite Support Outdoor battery back-up and site support systemsare one of the major components in the Nokia UltraSite offering. The NokiaUltraSite power systems ensure continuous operation of the network by providinguninterrupted power supply to the site.

The Nokia UltraSite Support systems are designed with a high degree of inbuiltenvironmental protection. It operates in a wide temperature range and has a fullyEMC protected cabinet and modules. The UltraSite Support uses the same cabinetdesign as the UltraSite Base Stations which harmonizes the site requirements. Thehigh power density minimises the required foot print and allows site expansionsfor new generation services.

The Nokia UltraSite Support consists of the compact cabinet, a preconfiguredpower distribution unit, an intelligent controller, high power rectifiers andoperator equipment space. For extended backup, an extension cabinet can beadded.




Operation of the Nokia UltraSite Support systems is carried out through NokiaPower System Management (PSM). Remote operation through Nokia NetActprovides substantial savings in operational expenditures.

Nokia UltraSite Support BBU, Outdoor

The Nokia UltraSite Support is a state of the art solution for supporting NokiaUltraSite applications from low capacity road sites to high capacity urban sites.Due to its modular design, Nokia UltraSite Support has the flexibility to enablevariable applications.

The maximum output power is 15,6 kW with up to 368 Ah battery capacity withthe basic cabinet and the extension cabinet. The cabinet facilitates up to 12 pcs of1300W rectifiers and 10 HUs for customer equipment. The Power SystemManagement's functionality is integrated into the cabinet controller unit (CCUA).

Nokia UltraSite Support Optima and Support Supreme Site SupportSystems, Outdoor

Nokia Optima and Supreme site support systems support Nokia UltraSiteWCDMA BTSs and in co-siting, Nokia UltraSite GSM/EDGE BTSs and Talk-family of base stations. The modular systems use the same cabinet design as theNokia WCDMA base station and consist of a Site Support cabinet with rectifiers,a cabinet controller unit, a power distribution unit, batteries and integratedcustomer equipment space. Configuration specifically for the customerequipment space enables up to 11 HU in Optima and up to 18 HU in Supremebasic cabinets. The extension cabinet provides additional space for up to 21 HUin Optima and up to 35 HU in the Supreme extension cabinet.

The maximum configuration of Support Optima and Support Supreme consist ofa basic site support cabinet, 1st battery extension cabinet, 2nd battery extensioncabinet and LTE extension cabinet. The maximum output power of SupportOptima is up to 7,8 kW with up to 552 Ah battery capacity. Support Suprememaximum output power is up to 15,6 kW with up to 736 Ah battery capacity. Thesystems have Power System Management (PSM) functionality integrated into thecabinet controller unit (CCUA). The Nokia Empower battery back-up is theindoor variant for Nokia UltraSite Support Optima.

Nokia Empower range

The Nokia Empower 1100 and 1900 series are battery back-up systems for IndoorNokia UltraSite (GMS, EDGE, and WCDMA) and Intratalk base stations. Themodular system consists of the cabinet with space for rectifiers, the cabinetcontroller unit, distribution and other mechanics and either an integrated batterycompartment or a separate battery rack. The Nokia Empower BBUs are operatedwith the Nokia Power System Management (PSM) through the Nokia NetworkManagement System (NMS or Nokia NetAct).



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Nokia Empower 1100�14

The high capacity Nokia Empower 1100�14 indoor BBU supports Nokia BTSand BSC (RNC) sites in all areas from high capacity urban sites to rural areas.The latest technology is used to fulfill the special requirements of macro-cellularsites. The small foot print solution provides an output power up to 15,4 kW withup to 465 Ah battery capacity. There are several optional features available andthe PSM functionality is integrated for advances remote real-time systemmanagement.

Nokia Power System Management

One of the key elements in providing high quality services is the ability toprovide uninterrupted power supply to a base station site. To achieve constant andcost-effective network operation, a well-designed power supply with commonmanagement of other site elements is essential. Periodic checking requires sitevisits which can be minimised by operating Nokia power supplies through theNokia Power System Management (PSM) and the Nokia network managementsystem (NMS/Nokia NetAct).

Nokia NetAct is the operational and maintenance part of the network and isneeded to control the whole network. A network operator measures and maintainsthe network quality and services offered through the network managementsystem.

Nokia PSM provides network operators with reliable real-time information aboutpower supply status providing maximum electrical efficiency of the batteries andthe charging system, substantial reductions in service visits and accuratepreventive maintenance to eliminate unnecessary site visits such as changingbatteries for a reason other than their age.

PSM transfers power supply data to NetAct via the Q1 bus and the PSMMannode manager provides a graphical user interface for the management of theNokia power supply systems. The user can perform commissioning andmaintenance tasks on Nokia power systems also locally at the site. The defaultcommissioning values are stored and edited in a database. The PSMMan has allthe same functions which can be accessed remotely from the Nokia NetAct siteand also locally at the site. In the third method, PSMMan is used remotely via amodem link connection to Nokia NetAct and PSM, for example from home.




4 Nokia Base Station Subsystem solutions

Nokia has developed advanced solutions, which solve both the initial roll-outneeds and the future capacity needs in a cost-effective manner. Thus, Nokia isable to support operator business in years to come.

Nokia BSS supports the advanced new features, not only capacity coverage andcost-efficiency, but also the operator service needs.

4.1 BSS outdoor coverage

The coverage need varies a lot depending on the environment. Nokia offers anumber of solutions for the BSS to enhance the outdoor coverage of the GSMnetwork. Nokia coverage extension solutions are most applicable in suburban andrural areas. The complete Nokia BSS solution for coverage building includesplanning services and tools, implementation services and products, andoptimising services.

4.1.1 Nokia UltraSite Solution

In order to provide high quality solutions for the support of multimedia services, ahigh capacity macrocellular network is needed. There must be enough capacityfor both voice and data traffic and, more importantly, there must be ability tocarry higher data loads per each time slot. Additionally high traffic capacityrequirements in urban environments and wide coverage in rural areas setchallenges for macrocellular networks. Nokia UltraSite provides a solution forthese challenges.

Nokia UltraSite is a complete macrocellular solution for GSM networks. Itprovides the operators with the needed high traffic and transmission capacityalong with wide cell ranges. Nokia UltraSite provides a platform that can be usedfor years to come, for both voice and data.

Nokia UltraSite has been designed in such a way that it not only provides theplatform for data features, but also provides the operator with virtually unlimitedcapacity for cell and site extensions.



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Nokia Base Station Subsystem solutions

4.1.2 Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC)

The unique Nokia Smart Radio Concept (SRC) optimises the radio linkperformance to bring significant improvements to existing coverage and Qualityof Services, as well as increasing capacity by boosting EDGE data rates in NokiaUltraSite EDGE Base Station and Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Station. They canreach to a 50 percent improvement in voice and data coverage; to a 40 percentincrease in data throughput, and to a 40 percent higher network data capacity.Uplink and downlink performance increases can also be achieved independentlywith the following features:

. Intelligent Downlink Diversity (IDD)

. 2�way Uplink Diversity (2UD) with Interference Rejection Combining(IRC)

. 4�way Uplink Diversity (4UD) with IRC

. High gain Mast Head Amplifier (MHA)

4.1.3 Masthead Amplifier

Masthead Amplifiers (MHA) provide a cost-effective and efficient way toenhance coverage. They can also be used to enhance the receive path with othercoverage extension solutions.

Depending on the actual network uplink/downlink balance, the MHA allows anMS to use lower transmitting power. The benefits obtained by lower transmittingpower are increased battery call time in the mobile station and increased cell size,especially if the MHA is used together with booster or Smart Radio Concept.

Simple implementation, high reliability and low maintenance are also among thebenefits related to the MHAs. An additional advantage is that by using the MHAit is possible to use cheaper antenna feeder cables without affecting theperformance of a site.

4.1.4 Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement

Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement (ICE) is designed to be used inlocations where it is necessary to cover as large an area as possible with one cell.Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement provides an advanced solution forreduced infrastructure cost, capacity increase, higher network quality and betterfrequency management. It affects the outer areas of a cell providing goodcoverage and capacity for the entire cell. Call handling capacity is also improvedwith the Nokia Intelligent Coverage Enhancement feature.




When using dual duplexing combined with the bypass configuration the TRXscan be divided to coverage and capacity cells with a totally overlapping servicearea.

Figure 8. The principle of ICE

4.1.5 Extended cell

Nokia extended cell solution provides an economical way to extend the coveragefrom the normal GSM range (35 km) up to 70 km. It is excellent in rural areaswith low population and special coverage situations, such as in the archipelagos.Nokia extended cell solution is also useful when there are environmentalrestrictions to build new sites.

Nokia implementation of extended cell is based on two TRXs. One TRX servesthe normal area and the other TRX (E-TRX) serves the extended area. The mainbenefit of Nokia extended cell solution is that by doubling the range of a cellthere is less need for additional sites. Reducing the number of new sites results insubstantial savings when building the network.

CapacityCoverage

Coverage

Capacity



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4.1.6 Masthead BTS

Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Station has been designed to support extremetemperatures allowing flexibility for choosing the location of the BTS. It can beinstalled outdoors on a pole, on the top of a building or in a mast. When installedon a mast Nokia MetroSite EDGE Base Station gives larger cell range to minimalRF-cable losses. The high RF performance of Nokia MetroSite EDGE BaseStations provide good coverage for better call success rate, good quality andreduced dropped call rate. All these characteristics reflect the perceived quality ofthe radio network and directly affect customer satisfaction.

4.2 Nokia Base Station Subsystem outdoor capacity

Nokia offers a number of solutions for the BSS to enhance outdoor capacity ofthe GSM network. With cost-efficient capacity planning and implementation therevenue of the operator increases.

4.2.1 Extended GSM band

In some countries it may be possible to allocate extra frequency band for GSM900. For a GSM operator the extension band can represent the most cost-effectiveway to add capacity to the network, if all other standard GSM spectra is used.

In Nokia the extension band and regular band frequencies can be configured inthe same cell with the aid of Common BCCH feature. For more information, seeCommon BCCH Control in BSC .

4.2.2 Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping solution (IFH)

Nokia BSS supports all hopping schemes (radio frequency, baseband, cyclic andrandom) and frequency planning methods. Nokia Frequency Hopping Solutioncan be combined with Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution resulting inNokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping Solution (IFH). Nokia IntelligentFrequency Hopping Solution brings the benefits of Frequency Hopping toIntelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution networks, supporting even higher trafficrequirements.

Downlink power control (DL PC) with variable step size and discontinuoustransmission as optimisation techniques improve the performances of IFH andFH.




Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay solution (IUO)

Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution (IUO) is a powerful means to getthe most out of the existing GSM network. With Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution the capacity of the radio network can be enhanced by as muchas 40% without increasing the number of sites. Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution also improves the network quality by minimising the number ofdropped calls and congestion in the network. Because of its capacity andcoverage enhancing features, Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution offersbetter network performance in city centres and traffic hotspots.

Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution implements a two-layer networkstructure, where one layer provides seamless coverage and the other highcapacity. The benefits of Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution arecapacity gain, quality gain or reduction in sites. The operator can emphasise anyof these benefits by means of network planning.

The capacity gain is achieved by using the existing frequency band in a moreeffective way. By continuously monitoring the co- and adjacent channelinterference and saving the call to less interfered frequency, the network quality isimproved. No additional sites are required for the implementation of NokiaIntelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution, on the contrary, the number of sitesneeded for the same capacity and quality as without Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution is smaller � only the number of the TRXs is greater.

Nokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution supports rapid implementation; itmay take as little as one to three months to implement the whole Nokia IntelligentUnderlay-Overlay Solution.

All the other capacity enhancement features can be used simultaneously withNokia Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Solution. This gives an ultimate possibility tocombine the benefits of several capacity enhancement features and thus multiplythe capacity gain.

For more information, see Intelligent Underlay-Overlay.

Frequency Hopping

Frequency Hopping (FH) is another powerful means to maximise the capacity ofthe existing GSM networks. With Nokia Frequency Hopping Solution,remarkable capacity may be gained without increasing the number of sites,because frequencies can be reused more efficiently.

By reducing interference, Nokia Frequency Hopping Solution also improves thelink quality between the base station and the mobile station. The improvementresults in better call quality.



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Frequency Hopping Solution provides Frequency Diversity gain, which furtherenhances the cell coverage and quality.

For more information, see Frequency Hopping.

Back to Overview to Nokia Base Station Subsystem.

4.2.3 Dual Band solution

Nokia Dual Band solution gives an opportunity to expand the existing network byan additional bandwidth.

The main benefits of implementing a dual band network are capacity gain, qualitygain, more efficient coverage, and additional roaming traffic.

The capacity gain is achieved by additional frequency allocation. Higher callquality is achieved by using the larger number of frequencies provided by the twobands and thus reducing the interference level. Also the frequency separationbetween the two bands causes less interference and improves quality gain. Theuse of both frequency bandwidths with their different behaviour in differentenvironments results in more efficient coverage. By providing a dual bandservice, operators have the possibility to gain additional roaming traffic, becausethey can reach both dual band mobile stations.

The combination of the two bands allows the mobile subscriber with a dual bandmobile to have the benefit of a wide coverage and improved service availability.

All Nokia network elements support dual band operation without any speciallimitations. With Nokia equipment the implementation and expansion of a dualband network is flexible.

Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM 800 / 1900

The Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900/1800 and 800/1900 NetworkOperation features provide means to manage traffic between GSM 800 and GSM1800, GSM 900 and GSM 1800 and between GSM 800 and GSM 1900frequency bands.

. One BSC is able to handle GSM 800 and GSM 1800, GSM 900 and GSM1800, and GSM 800 and GSM 1900 cells, which can be set as neighbourcells.

. A handover is possible between the cells of a different band.




. There is no common BCCH and cell identity, so there is no need to have asingle cell serving these different frequencies. There is also no need forspecific support of intra-cell handover between the bands.

. The frequency hopping between bands is not required (see ETR 366.1997.) and therefore it is not supported.

. The BSC supports the extension of the GSM 900 frequencies. Theextended GSM 900 (EGSM 900) functionality is implemented as a genericfeature. In other words, a handover between PGSM 900 and EGSM 900frequency bands is a generic feature. Optional dual band means thehandovers between GSM 900 and GSM 1800 and GSM 800 and GSM1900 frequency bands.

Extended GSM 900 frequencies are supported as separate cells in the BSC.

The Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM 800 / 1900 NetworkOperation are optional features in the BSC. The support of EGSM 900 band is ageneric functionality.

The Dual Band GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 900 / 1800 and GSM 800 / 1900parameter affects the interface to Nokia NetAct.

For more information, see Dual Band Network Operation .

4.2.4 Advanced Multilayer Handling

Nokia Advanced Multilayer Handling (AMH) concept is useful especially in dualband (GSM 800 / 1800, GSM 800 / 1900 and GSM 900 / GSM 1800),microcellular, or multi layer networks. It provides the operator both withimproved quality and capacity.

The AMH redistributes traffic to the appropriate layer or frequency bandaccording to the prevailing load of the network. Therefore, the AMH can relievethe load of the congested cells and balance the traffic over the network.

With the AMH the operator can direct the traffic to use only overlay networkduring low traffic periods. Thus any additional handovers between two layers areavoided producing more trunking gain. Moreover, the AMH is able to redistributethe traffic from congested regular layer to other cells, selecting the best mobileand cell combination, which is likely to survive and give good quality on the newcell.

In general, by using Nokia AMH, operators can move the capacity betweendifferent layers according to prevailing traffic.



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4.2.5 Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band

The Direct Access to Desired Layer/Band (DADL/B) directs the traffic to lowerlayer cells in call setup phase. For example, if the call is set up in a macrocell orGSM 900 cell, when the call is established, it is handed over to lower layermicrocell or GSM 1800 cell whenever possible. This functionality reduces thenumber of unnecessary TCH reservations in macro cells and thus provides moretrunking efficiency in the network. For more information, see Direct Access toDesired Layer / Band .

4.2.6 Common BCCH Control

The Common BCCH Control feature allows the integration of resources fromdifferent frequency bands into one cell. TRXs of different frequency bands can beconfigured in the same cell by letting them share a common BCCH that has beenallocated from one frequency band used in the cell.

The feature enhances the functionality of a cell to offer service to multibandmobile terminals in all the frequency bands which they support. The featureprovides improved trunking gain, tighter reuse of non-BCCH carriers, betterquality due to the decrease in the number of handovers, and improved spectralefficiency.

A common BCCH of a cell is configured in only one of the bands of operationwhen resources across all bands are co-located and synchronized.

Common BCCH Control utilises the segment architecture. TRXs of differentfrequency bands are gathered as different BTSs within a cell and a cell of thiskind is called a segment.

For more information, see Common BCCH Control in BSC.

4.2.7 Multi BCF Control

Multi BCF Control feature allows the combination of several BTSs into onelogical cell, allowing the operator to increase the capacity of a cell whilemaintaining the maximum spectral efficiency. The feature increases the cellcapacity for Nokia Talk-family BTSs to 24 TRXs and for Nokia UltraSite EDGEBTSs to 36 TRXs while requiring no extra BCCH. Multi BCF also provides apath for site expansion from Nokia Talk-family to Nokia UltraSite EDGE BTSand therefore an evolution path to EDGE services.




The operator can arrange base stations so that TRXs in different base stations(operating on the same frequency band) can serve the same cell with a singleBCCH. At the base station site, the operator makes some installations, forexample, synchronisation is needed between the base stations. At the BSC, theoperator uses a new SEGMENT (SEG) object where operator sets all BTSobjects sharing the same BCCH. For more information, see Multi BCF Control inBSC .

4.3 BSS indoor solutions

Nokia has the complete system solution for indoor networks. Nokia can offerplanning services and tools, a range of BTSs and signal distribution methods thatenable the operator to choose the best solution for each environment. The BSCfunctions for optimal traffic management between layers and the networkmonitoring capability of the network service and management system (NokiaNetAct) help to guarantee excellent system performance. Nokia services help toensure fast and efficient implementation and care of an indoor solution.

Figure 9. Nokia's complete indoor solution

4.3.1 Signal distribution systems

There are several signal distribution methods available for indoor solutions fordifferent buildings and different needs (capacity, building footprint, ease ofrollout, ease of customer care). To fulfill all these needs Nokia offers threedifferent indoor radio access solutions:



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. Pico BTS � Nokia InSite

. Optical RF distribution � Nokia InLite

. Distributed Antenna System � Nokia DAS

APP

The APP is initiated with an easy-to-use tool - Nokia InSite Wizard - forplanning, commissioning, integration and verification. One person can integrateNokia InSite Base Stations into the network during one site visit.

This is made possible by:

. Nokia Autoconfiguration for Abis transmission

. Frequency allocation for Nokia InSite Base Station: scanning for andselecting a frequency free of interference

. BTS parametrisation according to the predefined indoor-specific parametersets

. Fully automatic detection and creation of handover neighbours

. Tools for coverage and performance verification

In addition, the Channel Finder (CF) feature is available for maintaining goodquality in the office. It is triggered by changes in the surrounding network and ithelps to react to changes before indoor quality decreases.

Nokia Distributed Antenna System

Nokia Distributed Antenna System (DAS) is typically used to cover buildingswith a need for dedicated indoor capacity and coverage. Typical applications for aDAS are office buildings, hotels, factories and public buildings such as shoppingmalls, airports and railway stations.

DAS connects to a sector from an outdoor BTS, or, if the capacity demand issufficient, a dedicated indoor BTS. The RF signal is distributed to severalantennas by using RF signal splitters/couplers.

DAS is easy to operate. Once the distribution network is in place it is easy to addcapacity just by increasing the number of transceivers. The limitations of the sizeof the distribution network i.e. losses in cables and power splitters, must be takeninto account. The installation of thick RF cables may also cause additional work.




Hybrid solutions

Hybrid solution comes feasible if there is a need, for instance, to add capacitylocally. For example, in high rise buildings the basic indoor solution is done byusing Nokia InLite. If a corporate uses only mobiles, the traffic may increaseconsiderably in one floor. In this situation Nokia InSite BTS can be a verysensible solution to add capacity. Interferences are very limited and it is easier tofind the clean frequency. Naturally the heavy user subscribers get the perfectcoverage and quality at the same time. Hybrid combinations can be Nokia InLiteand Nokia InSite or Nokia DAS and Nokia InSite.

4.4 Nokia Base Station Subsystem data

Nokia provides efficient solutions for data transmission.

4.4.1 High Speed Circuit Switched Data, HSCSD

GSM system supports maximum 9.6 kbit/s user data rate with a single time slot.There is also an accelerated user data rate of 14.4 kbit/s. The 14.4 kbit/s dataservice can be combined with High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD).

The HSCSD provides accelerated data rates for subscriber applications. Currenttrend shows increased demand for high data rate applications, such as the WorldWide Web (WWW), file transfer and facsimile. Nokia is actively participating infuture data developments and services, such as GERAN (GSM/EDGE RadioAccess network completely 3G) standardisations.

Fore more information, see HSCSD and 14.4 kbit/s Data Services in BSC.

4.4.2 General Packet Radio Service, GPRS

Nokia offers a total end-to-end General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) solution inNokia GPRS system including GPRS core, network management and charginggateway with high capacity, scalability and carrier class availability. As a part ofGPRS system release 1, Nokia offers GPRS support in BSS with powerful radioresource management algorithms, optimised BSS network topology andtransmission solutions to ensure optimal investment to operators and highcapacity and quality service for end users. GPRS is a major step forward inmobile data. It gives customers the benefits of continuously connected and instantIP connectivity on-the-move. GPRS provides the possibility of being chargedonly for transferred data and a more efficient use of limited air interfaceresources.



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All Nokia BTSs support GPRS release 1 (channel coding schemes CS-1 and CS-2) without any hardware changes. BSC requires new Packet Control Units (PCU)to be installed in each BCSU unit to support GPRS.

GPRS provides packet radio access for a GSM mobile. The benefit of GPRS isthat it can use the same resources as circuit-switched connections by sharing theoverhead capacity. This means that one mobile uses the resources only for a shortperiod of time, that is, when it is sending or receiving data. The sharing ofresources together with a very fast method of reserving radio channels makes theair interface usage even more efficient.

For more information, see GPRS in BSC .

4.4.3 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution, EDGE

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) is an optional feature. EDGEincreases the data capabilities of GSM networks towards 3rd generation services.With the new modulation, EDGE increases the air interface data throughput onaverage triple-fold compared to today's GSM and boosts both circuit switchedand packet switched services. In S10.5 ED, EDGE comprises EGPRS only.

EDGE is being specified in such a way that it enhances the throughput per timeslot triple-fold. In EGPRS, the maximum standardised data rate per time slottriples and the peak throughput, with eight time slots in the radio interface, is upto 473 kbit/s.

Increasing the data rates is made possible by a linear higher order modulation, an8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying), in addition to the existing GMSK (GaussianMinimum Shift Keying). An 8-PSK signal is able to carry three bits permodulated symbol over the radio path, while a GMSK signal carries only one bitper symbol. The carrier symbol rate (270.833 ksym/s) of a standard GSM is keptthe same for an 8-PSK, and the burst length is identical to the current GMSKusing the same 200 k carrier spacing.

The new air interface modulation enables the handling of a lot higher data rates.Transceiver units in the base station need to be EDGE-capable. These transceiverunits simultaneously also support current GMSK modulation since themodulation choice can be made per time slot. Also, new mobile terminals arerequired. However, as an add-on functionality in the GSM network, EDGE doesnot entail any new network elements.

Benefits of EDGE:




. Migration to wireless multimedia services :

The operator can increase data revenues by offering a completely new typeof services to end-users.

. Improved end user satisfaction:

Increased data capacity and higher data throughput decrease responsetimes for all data services, thus keeping the end users satisfied andconnected.

. Potentially lower price per bit:

Lower cost of data capacity for high-speed data applications gives theoperator flexibility in pricing.

. Fast network implementation

EDGE does not require new network elements. EDGE capability can beintroduced incrementally to the network.

. Optimised network investment as GSM enhancement.

Flexible data capacity deployment where needed.



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Figure 10. EDGE builds on the existing GSM network

For more information, see GPRS in BSC.

4.4.4 Dynamic Abis Allocation

Dynamic Abis is an optional feature in BSS10.5 ED and is included in EGPRSoptionality. Dynamic Abis is needed in optimising the use of Abis transmissioncapacity.

Dynamic Abis needs to be used once EDGE is introduced in the network.

As the Abis interface transmission requirement varies a lot depending on theMCS used in EGPRS connections, it is sensible to share common transmissionresources between several traffic channels. Dynamic Abis makes it possible todefine a common transmission resource (Dynamic Abis Pool) for EDGE-capableTRXs that are situated in the same Abis ETPCM. The transmission capacity forsignalling links and the basic transmission capacity (16 kbit/s) for every radiotimeslot is allocated fixedly from the Abis ETPCM. The Dynamic Abis Poolresource is used as an additional transmission capacity for EGPRS call when the

MSC

Gn

GGSN

GbA

BTS

OSS

EDGE capableterminal,GSM compatible

GSM/EDGE coverage

BTS

Nokia UltraSite EDGEBTS Nokia MetroSiteEDGE BTS GSMcompatible

A-bis

EDGE functionality innetwork elements

8.6.0-

0

More capacity ininterfaces to supporthigher data usage

and higher user rates




fixedly allocated Abis transmission capacity is not enough for the MCS used.Normal GPRS calls with CS2 also need additional transmission capacity from theDynamic Abis Pool when allocated to EGPRS territory, that is, when EDGE-capable TRXs are configured to use Dynamic Abis.

Dynamic Abis cannot be used together with the ISDN Abis, because DynamicAbis pool timeslots cannot be connected via ISDN connections.

(E)GPRS utilizing the Dynamic Abis does not work with Satellite Abis due todelays in the satellite connections. Therefore there is no point in using DynamicAbis with Satellite Abis.

For information on Dynamic Abis dependencies, see BSS10, BSS10.5 andBSS10.5 ED dependencies in GSM/EDGE Feature Description.

4.4.5 Support of PCCCH/PBCCH

This feature brings dedicated CCCH capacity for (E)GPRS services.

PCCCH comprises logical channels for packet common control signalling. Thefollowing common control channels are available:

PRACH is used by an MS to initiate uplink transfer for sending data orsignalling information. Packet Access burst and Extended Packet Access burstare used on PRACH.

PPCH is used to page an MS prior to downlink packet transfer. PPCH usespaging groups in order to allow usage of DRX mode. PPCH can be used forpaging of both circuit switched and packet data services. The paging for circuitswitched services on PPCH is applicable for class A and B GPRS MSs inNetwork operation mode I.

PAGCH is used in the packet transfer establishment phase to send resourceassignment to an MS prior to packet transfer.

PBCCH broadcasts packet data specific System Information (for example C31and C32 cell selection criteria). C31/C32 are used to direct the GPRS traffic onthe cells which can serve EGPRS to CS traffic most efficiently and free ofinterference. C31/C32 apply in cells using PBCCH/PCCCH, otherwise existingC1/C2 are used.

If PBCCH is not allocated, the packet data specific system information isbroadcast on BCCH .



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Note

PCCCH/PBCCH are mapped to an own timeslot.

Figure 11. Support of PCCCH/PBCCH

4.4.6 Priority class based quality of service

At a system level the concept of 'Priority class' is introduced. This is based oncombinations of GPRS Delay class and GPRS Precedence class values. Packetswill be evenly scattered within (E)GPRS territory between different time slots.After that packets having higher 'Priority' are sent before the packets havinglower 'Priority'.

Currently all TBFs (GPRS calls) have the same priority. All users and allapplications have the same service level. The needs of different applications differand mechanisms having separate service levels are required. ETSI specificationsdefine QoS functionality, which gives a possibility to differentiate TBFs by delay,throughput and priority. Priority Based Scheduling is introduced as a first steptowards QoS. With Priority Based Scheduling operator can give users differentpriorities. Higher priority users will get better service than lower priority users.There will be no extra blocking to any user, only the experienced service qualitychanges.

Common Channels

BCCH/CCCH PBCCH/PCCCH

PBCCH PPCH PDTCH PAGCH PRACH




4.5 Advanced features of Nokia Base StationSubsystem

In addition to the other advanced solutions, Nokia provides many more BSSfeatures for various purposes. This list is not exhaustive, but mentions only a fewmain features.

For more information, see GSM/EDGE Feature Description.

4.5.1 GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover

The GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover feature enables the BSC to send theWCDMA related idle state parameters both on the BCCH and on the PBCCH todual mode GSM/WCDMA mobiles which are camped on a GSM cell in an idlestate or in a packet idle mode. If the PBCCH is not provided by the GSMnetwork, all WCDMA capable dual mode mobiles use the WCDMA related idlestate parameters received from the BCCH.

The dual mode GSM/WCDMA mobiles are divided into two separate categoriesaccording to the GPRS capabilities: GPRS and non-GPRS capable mobiles.There are both common and category-specific operator parameters for theadjustment of mobile functionality in the idle state, packet idle mode, dedicatedstate and packet transfer mode.

For the BSC radio network parameter handling, this means that most of theWCDMA related idle state parameters are applicable for all mobiles. However,the operator is also able to define the GPRS capability specific neighbourWCDMA cell measuring and re-selection threshold values for the WCDMAcapable mobiles.

GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover (ISHO) is an optional feature. It isalways active if the operator has deployed it in the GSM network.



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Figure 12. GSM-WCDMA RAN network architecture

The GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover feature enables mobile controlledinter-system cell re-selections for the WCDMA capable dual mode mobiles from:

. GSM to WCDMA RAN in idle state

. GPRS to WCDMA RAN in packet idle mode

. GPRS to WCDMA RAN in packet transfer mode for PS connections

Mobile controlled inter-system cell re-selections towards WCDMA RAN arealways initiated due to dowlink signal quality reasons. The dual mode mobilesmake inter-system cell re-selection attempt decisions according to the WCDMArelated idle state parameters, neighbour cell measurements and inter-system cellre-selection algorithms.

GSM BSS Gb

Abis

Network Architecture

BTS

BTS

PSTN/ISDN

lub

WBTS

WBTS

WCDMA RAN

lu

WBTS

WBTS

A

RNC

lur

MSC/VLR GMSC

SGSN

3G-SGSN GGSN IPNETWORKS

HLR SCP

RNC

BSC

Dual modeUE




The ISHO feature also enables BSC controlled inter-system handovers from theGSM BSS to WCDMA RAN for circuit switched (CS) connections during whichdual mode WCDMA mobile is in a dedicated state.

The ISHO feature enables the BSC receive all incoming inter-system handovers(that is, from the WCDMA RAN) and inter-system cell re-selections.

Network controlled inter-system cell re-selection for packet switched (PS)connections is not supported in the first phase (S10.5) of ISHO implementation.

Benefits of GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover:

. When the networks overlap, handovers from GSM BSS to WCDMA RANcan be made in order to release traffic load in the GSM system.

. Handovers from WCDMA RAN to GSM BSS can be made in order for theoperator to provide a seamless coverage in areas where WCDMA RAN isnot available. The handover extends the radio network coverage.

. Due to the inter-system handover, seamless continuity of speechconnections and certain data services between WCDMA RAN and GSMnetworks are available for all dual mode subscribers. Dual mode mobilessupport both GSM and WCDMA systems. In addition to this, dual modemobiles may also support GPRS.

Both the circuit switched (handover and mobile cell re-selection) and packetswitched (mobile cell re-selection) modes are supported.

For more information, see GSM-WCDMA Inter-System Handover.

4.5.2 Nokia mPosition" Solution

The purpose of the optional feature Nokia mPosition" Solution in the BSC is tolocate subscriber and/or valid mobile equipment or to send assistance data to theMS.

Nokia mPosition" Solution can be used to locate emergency calls moreaccurately than when based on cell identity alone. It can also be used forcommercial purposes. The MS user may enjoy different services provided byexternal applications via LCS Client. The user can, for example, request thelocation of a nearest restaurant. Also the operator may use MS locationinformation for a better network performance, for example, hotspot positioning orfinding dropped calls.

For more information, see Location Services .



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4.5.3 Automated Planning

This feature enables improving the network quality and helps planning aneffective network. It also helps the frequency planning by establishing a moreaccurate interference matrix and assists in neigbour cell planning. For moreinformation, see Statistical Support for Automated Planning.

4.5.4 Voice Coding

Nokia Transcoders (TCMS2) support GSM Fullrate, GSM Halfrate, EnhancedFullrate (EFR) as well as Adaptive Multirate (AMR) speech coding.

4.5.5 Acoustic Echo Canceller

On the mobile station (MS) side, voice coming from the earpiece of the MS ispicked up by the microphone, that is, there is an acoustic echo travelling by airand along the body of the MS. According to the GSM specifications, the mobileshould have a built-in echo suppressor or canceller. However, some mobiles arenot capable of removing the acoustic echo sufficiently and the subscriber maysometimes hear mobile originated echo. The Acoustic Echo Canceller (AEC) isaimed to remove acoustic echo on the network side. Nokia TranscoderSubmultiplexer performs the AEC.

For more information, see TCSM2 Functionalities

4.5.6 Tandem Free Operation (TFO)

The primary objective of Tandem Free Operation (TFO) is to improve the speechquality in mobile to mobile calls by avoiding double transcoding. By using TFO,speech is transported in its compressed form across the network(s), whichminimises the number of transcodings that are done. Subjective tests performedby ETSI show significant gain in the subjective quality for all speech codecs (FR,EFR, and HR).

Tandem free should apply to mobile to mobile calls independently, regardless ofwhether the mobiles are located within the same PLMN network or in differentnetworks. Tandem free can be established if the same speech codec � forexample, EFR - is used on both mobile calls. It applies to all existing codecs (FR,HR, and EFR) if the same codec is used on both mobile calls. Nokia TranscoderSubmultiplexer performs the TFO.

For more information, see TCSM2 Functionalities .




4.5.7 Noise Suppression (NS)

When activated, the noise suppression algorithm processes the uplink and/ordownlink speech samples in order to reduce the background noise level duringspeech calls. This feature can be activated separately for each speech codec (FR/HR/EFR/AMR) and transmission direction (uplink/downlink) using TCSM2MMI. The level of noise suppression can also be adjusted.

The noise suppression algorithm continuously estimates the background noisepower spectrum based on input speech samples and voice activity detection. Thespeech signal power spectrum is then modified based on the background noiseestimate and additional constraints. This results in increased subjective qualityand intelligibility in adverse conditions, with no perceptible degradation in cleanspeech.

The tuning of the noise suppression level is optimised to avoid degradation intandem situations, for example, when noise suppression is implemented in boththe mobile station and the transcoder, or both transcoders, in a mobile-to-mobilecall.

The main benefits of the feature are:

. Nokia Noise Suppression improves voice quality by removing thebackground noise and thus increasing the end-user satisfaction

. Compatible with all FR/EFR/HR codecs and AEC feature, easy to manage

. Only a software upgrade, easy to implement

For more information, see TCSM2 Functionalities .

4.5.8 Wireless Priority Service in BSC

The Wireless Priority Service (WPS) feature allows qualified and authorizedNational Security and Emergency Preparedness (NS/EP) users to obtain priorityaccess to the next available radio traffic channels during situations whereCommercial Mobile Radio Service (CMRS) network congestion is blocking callattempts.

The WPS is an optional feature in the BSC. The feature is applicable only inANSI environment.

WPS is implemented in S10.5 and will be further developed and documented inS11.



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Note

The use of WPS IOC SOFTWARE is restricted in the U.S. and U.S.TERRITORIES to NS/EP users authorized by the Office of the Manager,National Communication System (OMNCS). ELIGIBLE CMRS PROVIDERdeployment of these WPS IOC SOFTWARE must be coordinated with theOMNCS at the following address: Office of the Manager NationalCommunications System Attn: GETS Program Office 701 South CourthouseRd. Arlington, VA 22204-2198 Email: [email protected]

For more information, see Wireless Priority Service in BSC.




5 Nokia Base Station Subsystemcompatibility with other NSSs and GPRSCore networks

Nokia BSS needs to be compatible not only with Nokia Network System (NSS)but also with other suppliers' NSSs. In addition, Nokia BSS has to be fullycompatible with network service and management system (Nokia NetAct) andother support equipment. Therefore the compatibility issues are an essential partin the design of Nokia BSS and its network elements. Nokia BSS compatibility isdefined per release level.

Nokia BSS is based on the GSM/EDGE specifications set by the 3GPP. Thesespecifications are designed to guarantee inter-operability of equipment fromdifferent manufacturers in the same GSM network.

Nokia is a company that has committed to the idea of open interfaces. In the GSMnetwork the interface between the Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) and the BaseStation Subsystem (BSS), the so called A interface, can be considered such anopen interface. Therefore Nokia has carried out extensive testing concerning theA interface. Nokia has tested its BSS with all the major switch suppliers on themarket during several years. Nokia MSC has also been proved to interwork withother manufacturers' BSSs. At the moment Nokia BSSs are working in liveoperational networks around the world with Alcatel, Motorola, Siemens, Ericssonand Nortel MSCs.

In BSS multivendor integration Nokia follows the so called Ladder Model whenintroducing new software releases. It means that whenever Nokia produces newsoftware, Nokia is the driving force to ensure compatibility on specification level.Furthermore, Nokia is active in making the required verification arrangements.



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Nokia Base Station Subsystem compatibility with other NSSs and GPRS Core networks




6 Nokia Base Station Subsysteminterfaces

GSM standard open interfaces and Nokia-specific interfaces are used in NokiaBSS.

Figure 13. Interfaces in Nokia Base Station Subsystem

BSCTCSM2MSC

MS

BTS

A Ater Abis Radio

Q3

Nokia NetAct

Gb

SGSN



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Nokia Base Station Subsystem interfaces

6.1 A interface

The interface between the mobile switching centre (MSC) and the base stationcontroller (Nokia Base Station Controller) is implemented according to the GSMspecifications.

Due to Nokia implementation of the BSS the actual A interface is between theMSC and the TCSM (Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer). The physical interfaceconsists of one or more PCM lines.

6.2 Ater interface

Ater interface is a Nokia-specific interface. It is between Nokia TranscoderSubmultiplexer and Nokia Base Station Controller. The physical interfaceconsists of one or more PCM lines.

6.3 Abis interface

Abis interface telecommunication part between Nokia Base Station Controllerand the Base Station (BTS) is implemented according to the GSM specifications.The physical interface is a PCM line.

The Abis operation and maintenance (O & M) part is Nokia-specific supportingadditional features, such as alarm consistency, remote transmission equipmentmanagement and BTS database management.

6.4 Radio interface

The Radio interface is implemented according to the GSM specifications. TheBTS forms the Radio interface through air to the mobile station (MS).

6.5 Q3 interface

The implementation of Q3 interface is based on the O & M framework of theITU-T and the International Standards Organisation (ISO). It is located betweenNokia Base Station Controller and the network service and management system(Nokia NetAct).




Nokia Base Station Controller provides the following types of interfaces betweenNokia NetAct and Nokia Base Station Controller, depending on the networkoperator's requirements:

. an X.25 connection via a semipermanent time slot on the A interface

. an X.25 interface, connected directly or via the Packet Switched PublicData Network (PSPDN)

. a Local Area Network (LAN) interface

6.6 Q1 interface

Q1 interface is a Nokia-specific interface. It is a transmission management busconnecting Nokia NetAct with Nokia PDH transmission elements. AlsoTransmission Unit (TRU) and Hopper microwave radios are connected to NokiaNetAct via the Q1 interface.

6.7 Gb interface

Gb is an open interface between a BSC and an SGSN (Serving GPRS SupportNode). It is implemented using Frame Relay. Frame Relay can be either point-to-point (PCU-SGSN) or there can be a frame relay network located between theBSC and SGSN. The protocol stack comprises of BSSGB, NS and L1. Thephysical layer is implemented as one or several PCM-E1 lines with G.703interface.

6.8 User interface

The network element's local user interface is usually an option to using theGraphical User Interface (GUI) from Nokia NetAct. The whole GSM networkcan be managed through Nokia NetAct GUI.

A standard terminal (VT 52 or VT 100) is used as the man-machine interface(MMI) terminal of a network element. Nokia Base Station Controller and NokiaTranscoder Submultiplexer have a user-friendly interface with plain-textmessages and man-machine language (MML) commands, which are easy to learnand use. The user interface complies with the recommendations of theInternational Telecommunication Union (ITU-T).



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Nokia Base Station Subsystem interfaces




7 GSM system security

In the GSM system much attention has been paid to the security and call privacy.Both speech and equipment are secured against misusage as stated in the GSMspecifications.

7.1 Call security

Ciphering is one of the security procedures designed to protect the subscriberidentity and data. It is an optional procedure in GSM. When ciphering is active,all information exchanged between the mobile and the network on the dedicatedradio channels is encrypted. The key previously set between the network and themobile station (MS) is used to encipher and to decipher the encryptedinformation. The encryption algorithms applied in a GSM network are extremelysophisticated and make it virtually impossible to break the code.

Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer performs speech coding according to thespeech compression methods mentioned in the GSM specifications. It restrictstapping in the radio network. The GSM system also applies temporary calleridentities in the course of a call, which makes it impossible to an outsider to tracethe call by any means.

7.2 Operation and Maintenance security

To ensure security in the DX 200 system, that is, for Nokia Base StationController and Nokia Transcoder Submultiplexer, a number of precautions havebeen designed to minimise security risks. There is, for example, a specialauthority system in the Man-Machine Interface (MMI) system for operation andmaintenance.

To avoid external misusage, the MMI system can be operated only by a personwith defined user ID and password. Internal security is ensured by restricting therights of the users, that is, some users may use only certain Man-MachineLanguage (MML) commands.



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GSM system security

The users can also be divided into groups, usually according to their expertise.The groups are given certain profiles that define which commands the users canuse according to their need. If MML terminals are situated in a place with openaccess, profiles may be defined also for them.

The login to Nokia NetAct system is password protected. For more safety, thepassword is allocated only for a specified period of time and cannot be used afterit is expired. Generally the login to Nokia NetAct and its applications can becontrolled by NMS system administrator. It is possible to define, for example,separate user groups for certain geographical areas or for certain applicationsonly.

At the base station site, external alarms can be used to indicate over heating,excess humidity, or vandalism, for example.




8 Nokia professional services

Nokia can help plan, deploy, manage, and develop an operator's mobile networkwith a full house of service solutions. Nokia Professional Services offers theoperator a wide range of services to ensure quick implementation of new networkelements as well as successful operation and administration of an existingnetwork.

8.1 Optimised Deployment for early market entry

Nokia has highly integrated deployment processes for smoothly upgradingmobile networks for capacity and coverage. Nokia offers four Roll-out ServicesPackages, designed to take into account the varying needs in a changingregulatory environment and market place:

. Turnkey Responsibility Package

. Time-to-Market Package

. Roll-out Management Package

. Telecom Deployment Package

The following table describes the contents of the packages:

Table 4. Contents of different Roll-out Services Packages

TelecomDeploymentPackage

Roll-outManagementPackage

Time-to-MarketPackage

TurnkeyResponsibilityPackage

Project management (X) X X X

NW pre-planning � � � X

NW planning O O O X

Site acquisition � O X X



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Table 4. Contents of different Roll-out Services Packages (cont.)

Construction works � O X X

Telecomimplementation

X X X X

X = included in the package

(X) = for Telecom Implementation only

O = non-mandatory item

� = excluded from the package

Telecom Deployment Package

The Telecom Deployment Package is designed for operators who buy networkroll-out services from several service suppliers. Telecom Implementation includesall activities and project management related to the physical installation of theequipment at the installation site.

Roll-out Management Package

The Roll-out Management Package is designed for operators who buy telecomimplementation and roll-out project management from one service supplier. Byletting Nokia take the responsibility for managing the project, networkimplementation becomes more efficient, the roll-out smoother, and the operator'sinvestment safer.

Time-to-Market Package

The Time-to-Market Package is designed for operators for whom a quick entry tothe market place is the first priority. They are willing to trust one partner for allthe network roll-out services but prefer to have network pre-planning andplanning done by themselves.

Turnkey Responsibility Package

The Turnkey Responsibility Package is the most extensive of Nokia's Roll-outServices Packages. It is designed for operators who are willing to purchasedefined network performance starting from a defined date on a definedgeographical area without being involved in building the network.




Removal Services - supporting site evolution for multimedia

Co-siting Nokia UltraSite Base Station with Nokia Talk-family Base Stationsensures site evolution without the need to replace existing equipment. However,if operators are faced with obsolete or out-dated products in upgrading theirnetworks to meet the multimedia requirements, Nokia provides a process which issafe and easy-to-handle for their dismantling.

8.2 Total support for complete system offering

Nokia supports the operator in maintaining network availability of the evolvingnetwork also when its complexity increases. The Nokia Software MaintenanceService keeps the network competitive and enhances its performance with thelatest versions of software. The Nokia Hardware Services offer flexible servicesand fast logistic solutions for Nokia UltraSite, ranging from Spare PartsManagemet to Regular Repair - the choice is with the customer.

Operating and maintaining your network to reach peak performance

Nokia O & M services help to fulfil the operator's day-to-day operational needsand help improve their efficiency. Nokia offers four flexible packages toaccommodate the operators' varying service needs, extending from operationalbackup and maintenance to extensive support in network operation.

Nokia's way of ensuring service performance and customer satisfaction are builtwithin the Nokia Customer Care Process. The Nokia System Manager developsmaintenance plans together with the operator, follows service performance andtakes care of reporting as well as proposals for network enhancement activities. Awide range of training services are available to support operators in building theright competences for a new technical environment.

To complement conventional customer service offering, Nokia also provides aweb-based service concept, Nokia Online Services.

8.3 Nokia Removal Service Family

Nokia Removal Service Family comprises of three services:



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. Nokia Replacement Service - the equipment is dismantled and a newergeneration product is installed at the same site.

. Nokia Relocation Service - the equipment is dismantled and re-installed ata new location. For example, older equipment may be relocated to non-urban areas with less capacity requirements.

. Nokia Recycling Service - an environmentally sustainable way to finalisethe Replacement Service. In this service the equipment is dismantled andrecycled by Nokia.

By allowing Nokia to replace, relocate and/or recycle older generationequipment, the operator can be assured of:

. Continuous network quality with minimised network downtime

. Fast and efficient removal service based on years of field experience

. Environmental-friendly end of life cycle treatment of obsolete equipment

. Improved operational performance through optimal equipment utilisationin the network.




9 GSM network operation

Operating the GSM network includes various tasks, such as networkmanagement, administration and maintenance. When operating the networkseveral other aspects have to be taken into consideration as well. Such aspectsare, for example, developing and providing services to the mobile subscriberthroughout the life cycle of the network.

9.1 Network Management

The area of operating the network covers the daily routines of networkmanagement. These include real-time network fault and performance monitoring,long term trend analysis, and efficient support for network configurationmanagement, including radio network plan implementation and otherconfiguration tasks. The administration tasks of Nokia NetAct itself also need tobe taken care of regularly.

With Nokia NetAct all these tasks can be performed centralized. The managednetwork elements are visualised in a hierarchical view system. Nokia NetAct hasa display for real live maps showing the actual geographical location of thenetwork elements. The screen shows the status of the network as it is.

Nokia NetAct displays the hierarchically organised GSM network configurationsclearly, so that network elements can be efficiently searched and selected fornetwork management functions. The user is also able to open a remote Man-Machine Language (MML) session to network elements from Nokia NetAct.Nokia NetAct also provides access to the network elements and facilities forediting and storing advanced command file.

Nokia NetAct is equipped with various fault and performance monitoring tools todetect and locate abnormal behaviour of the system. Should a problem occur, thenetwork element automatically sends an alarm message to Nokia NetAct. NokiaNetAct presents the message by means of, for example, a graphical map, alarmmonitoring or alarm forwarding applications. In addition, Nokia NetAct supportsa comprehensive set of both online and offline tools to present network statistics



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and observation reports for short-term and long-term trend analysis purposes.Configuration management provides configuration support for planning andimplementing network capacity, adjusting the quality of service, and otherrequired settings of network elements and topology.

For further information on Nokia NetAct, refer to Operations support system,Nokia NetAct, Nokia NMS/2000 for Managing Cellular Networks and NetActdocumentation.

9.2 Network Operation and Maintenance Services

Nokia offers GSM network turn-key solutions with Network Operation andMaintenance Services. Operation and Maintenance Services are divided intoAssistance Services and System Consulting. The Assistance Services includeperforming the actual operative and maintenance tasks in the operator's network.System Consultation Services comprise of optimising, dimensioning andplanning the use of permanent expert resources who operate, maintain andbackup the network. As a possible result, an Operating Hand Book for theoperator's network is produced.




10 Nokia Base Station Subsystem quality

All Nokia BSS network elements and their software are planned and producedaccording to specific quality standards. Nokia BSS consists of reliable highquality network elements and transmission. High quality of service is improvedby efficient supervision functions, reliable alarm system, automatic recovery, andredundancy functionalities.

In order to run the network effectively, that is, to minimise costs and maximisethe service quality to the mobile subscriber, the operator needs to know certaincharacteristics about the performance and the service level of the BSC and radionetwork.

10.1 Equipment

The stabile, reliable, and high quality Nokia equipment reduces operation andmaintenance costs. To achieve these characteristics Nokia equipment uses thebest commercially available components and the latest cutting-edge technology.The equipment also goes through a comprehensive integration and system testingbefore leaving for customers.

In Nokia BSS, quality, reliability and availability are enhanced in many ways.The DX 200 network elements use 2N or N+1 redundancy on all criticalfunctional elements. For the BTSs there are also several standard and optionalredundancy possibilities available. In the transmission, network redundancy canbe achieved by loop protection. Also the modularity of the equipment and the useof a hot standby unit in the event of a failure enhances equipment reliability.

Built-in redundancy functionalities and efficient supervision functions in Nokianetwork elements minimise the time spent in maintenance. In addition, reliablenetwork elements and automatic fault detection and recovery procedures result inless site visits. As a result, network maintenance is more cost-effective.

Nokia equipment also has accurate alarm generation, monitoring, statistics, andfault recovery systems. With the aid of these systems less time is consumed infault localisation and recovery.



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10.2 Software

The quality of the software in Nokia equipment is ensured by several proceduresin its development. The software development is run as a process, constructed ofmany phases such as software design, implementation, and different types oftesting. In addition to comprehensive testing, the quality of the software isensured by reviews and inspections.

The phases of the software development product process are supported bymethods, tools and procedures, which follow set quality standards. Many GSMstandards are also used in the software specification and designing phases.

The modularity of the software in Nokia equipment also enables high qualitycontrol.

10.3 Documentation

The quality of Nokia documentation is ensured by several procedures in itsdevelopment. In addition to testing, quality of documentation is ensured byreviews and inspections. The terminology used in Nokia documentation is basedon the recommendations of ITU-T and the applicable standards of ETSI, ICE,ISO and GSM.

Nokia Electronic Documentation (NED) is easy to use and it includes all theneeded software for browsing the documents.

10.4 Operation

Quality of service, as observed by the mobile subscribers, is one of the mostimportant areas to successful GSM network operation. Nokia NetAct helps theoperator to detect, for example, service-related problems by providing the meansto analyse measurements dealing with call attempts, dropped or blocked calls, andhandover failure rates in real time.

Nokia NetAct also provides the operator with tools to manage the quality level ofservices. With the tools it is possible to set objectives for the desired level ofquality and measure the quality of service by monitoring real-time data and long-term trends. There are also tools for planning and implementing correctiveactions, so that the operator's network meets the market requirements.




10.5 Services

After the network launch, one of the most demanding tasks is to manage the fastgrowing and continuously changing network. To maintain the high quality ofservice and good network performance under all circumstances, Nokia PlanningServices provide its clients with a comprehensive set of assessment, analysis, anddevelopment services.



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11 Nokia Base Station Subsystem andenvironment

The BSS products are manufactured according to Nokia Environmental Policyincluding:

. a solid product life-cycle-based environmental performance

. an active, open, and ethical approach to environment protection

. sustainable development in accordance with the International Chamber ofCommerce (ICC) business charter

Minimising the environmental impacts require continuous efforts and follow-upof the results. Therefore it is a part of the total quality improvement process.

A long term goal for all Nokia products is to produce environmental-friendlyproducts. To support this, Nokia uses the Design for Environment (DFE) system.The DFE concentrates on the decisions made in the design phase affecting theenvironmental impact of the product.

The goal of the DFE is to make Nokia products:

. flexible

. reliable

. upgradable

. remotely managed

. easy to use

. less energy consuming

. efficient in material usage

. recyclable



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At the moment the energy consumption is taken into account in the design ofNokia products. This has both direct and indirect environmental effects: minimalpower usage saves in energy consumption. Thus also fewer batteries are neededfor the backup systems resulting in less hazardous waste.

11.1 DX 200 Packages

All Nokia packages are designed to be as recyclable as possible. The DX 200products are packed into plywood packages and soon they will be replaced byheavy corrugated board packages. Because Nokia equipment is used in manytropical countries, effective protections against severe environmental conditionsare needed to assure that no corrosion failures occur during transportation. Toprotect the product against humidity during transportation the packages are of PE.

Plug-in units are packed into cardboard boxes. Corrugated cardboard is used assupport material instead of foam plastic. The products are packed into electro-static discharge (ESD) protective packages. Tapes and straps used for fasteningthe packages are made of polypropylene instead of PVC.

Nokia is continuously developing its packaging materials. However, whentransporting high technology products the material used has to meet certainperformance requirements.

11.2 Recycling

It is important to remember that material recycling, and recycling in general,should not consume more energy or cause more pollution than the production ofthe material using the natural resources.

Product re-use may also be harmful if the energy consumption of a new, similarproduct, is much less than the energy consumption of a reused product. Productre-use is normally considered as the best recycling option both from theeconomical and environmental aspects. However, a base station, for example, hasan operational lifetime of about twenty years, during which the technology takesgreat steps in the product development. Thus it would be very difficult to find re-use applications for the components from the end-of-life equipment. Thereforethe most profitable option for the end-of-life treatment of Nokia products ismaterial recycling.




11.3 Environmentally sensitive materials

Nokia participates in international projects to gather information about hazardousmaterials used in electronics (for example, alternative flame retardants and leadfree soldering processes). At the moment Nokia's BSS products still include somehazardous materials.

The BSC and BTS include beryllium copper in the spring material. One of thelaminates of the printed circuit boards is FR 4, which contains organic bromidecompound used as flame retardant. PVC is used as insulation material of cabels inthe equipment.

Some BTSs using battery backup include lead or Ni-CD batteries. All BTSs withair conditioning include coolants. These have to be removed during the end-of-life treatment of the equipment.

PTFE is also used in BTS equipment. If burnt, it gives off poisonous gas.

Nokia Professional Services will contact authorised recycling companies whenneeded.



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