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Nokia Lumia 1020 Whitepaper

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    Pushing theboundaries ofdigital imaging

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    Pushing theboundaries ofdigital imagingThis whitepaper introduces Nokia Lumia 1020 and itsnew hardware and software camera innovations. TheNokia Lumia 1020 re-invents zoom by combining a verylarge sensor with OIS for the rst time. Also it pushesthe boundaries of smartphone creative photographywith a new intuitive touch UI that provides manual con-trols for shutter speed and other controls.

    This whitepaper provides a background on how our Pure-View technology has evolved, and then introduces thenew HW (sensor, lenses, OIS) and describes the evolvedzoom. Nokia Pro Camera UI and its manual controls areintroduced together with a new method of lossless ed-iting of your images.

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    CONTENTS

    Background...........................................................................................................................................................................4

    Best of both worlds: Sharpness and low light.....................................................................................................................4

    Sharpness is more than just megapixels................................................................................................................5

    Why 5MP?...................................................................................................................................................5

    Oversampling results in 5MP photos with amazing detail.......................................................................6

    High resolution zoom................................................................................................................................6

    Getting rid of hand-shake.........................................................................................................................8

    Photos in the dark...................................................................................................................................................8

    Back side illuminated sensor.....................................................................................................................9

    Exposure time............................................................................................................................................9

    Flash...........................................................................................................................................................9

    Real life sharpness measurement..........................................................................................................................9

    Nokia Pro Camera...............................................................................................................................................................11

    Zoom reinvented and reframing...........................................................................................................................12

    Photography tools and creative control...............................................................................................................14

    Manual controls: EV, shutter speed, ISO, focus, WB..............................................................................15

    Nokia Pro Camera Video..........................................................................................................................16

    Nokia Rich Recording...............................................................................................................................16

    Photo examples..................................................................................................................................................................18

    Key technologies and specs...............................................................................................................................................21

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    baCKground

    The Nokia 808 PureView camera phone, launched in2012, included world-leading advances in image quali-ty in terms of resolution, sharpness and clarity. Innova-tive oversampling technology provided a level of imagedetail previously unseen in mobile, or even small scale,digital imaging systems. In addition, pixel oversampling

    combined many pixels to create a single super-pixel.This allowed us to keep virtually all the detail but to ltervisual noise away from the image. Images looked morenatural and were purer, giving a more accurate repre-sentation of the original subject than had ever beenachieved before.

    Nokia 808 PureView was pioneering and providedbenchmark image quality. We received extremely pos-itive feedback but users kept challenging us for evenbetter low light imaging capabilities, especially without

    ash. This feedback in uenced the development of oursecond generation PureView phone the Nokia Lumia920 PureView.

    The Nokia Lumia 920 was the rst global smartphoneto implement optical image stabilization (OIS) to set abenchmark in low light image quality. We implementeda back-side-illuminated (BSI) sensor with f2.0 aperture,optical image stabilisation and the most sensitive pix-els seen on a camera. All this was built on top of theWindows Phone 8 platform for seamless social mediasharing, and equipped with Nokias own state-of-the-art

    imaging algorithms. This allowed the Nokia Lumia 920 and the more recently announced Lumia 925 and 928 to revolutionise low light imaging.

    In 2013 we had two kinds of camera phones in our Pure-View range, providing imaging capabilities previouslyunseen in mobile, each one leading di erent areas of digital imaging. One provided benchmark performancein capturing details, and another set records in low lightimaging. The natural next step was to take those two

    award-winning PureView innovations as the startingpoint to create the ultimate next generation imagingsmartphone. Let us introduce the Nokia Lumia 1020.

    best of both worlds:sharPness and low light

    The second generation 41 megapixel sensor uses thelatest generation 1.1 micron back-side-illuminated (BSI)pixels, providing excellent noise performance as well asbenchmark resolution. The sensor format is 1/1.5 andit is three to ve times larger than typical smartphonesensors. The redesigned sensor provides all the imag-ing innovations introduced with Nokia 808 PureView

    meaning high resolution zooming and pixel oversam-pling plus new innovations in a revised, more moderncamera module.

    The Nokia Lumia 1020 introduces the second gener-ation of our optical image stabilization (OIS) system

    rst found in the Lumia 920 PureView to provide a newbenchmark in image stabilisation systems. We includethe most sophisticated xenon ash and video-light LEDimplemented on any Nokia phone to help users freezethe moment.

    One of the critical design decisions in a camera is bal-ancing the subjective image sharpness and noise per-formance. Image sharpness and low light performance(noise or grain) are two sides of the same coin in camera

    Figure 1. The largest ever BSI sensor in a consumer product captures a lot of light. Illustration only

    4

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    systems and it is extremely di cult to achieve bench -mark performance in both simultaneously. However thisis exactly what we have done with the Nokia Lumia 1020.

    s p jp

    Resolution is the sum of several parts in the imaging

    chain, starting from how we capture images, how muchhand-shake is involved, and ending with technical func-tions including the camera optics, the image sensor, andthe algorithms. Its not enough to just include a highmegapixel sensor the lenses conveying the image tothe sensor have to be of equally high quality.

    Together with our partner Carl Zeiss, we yet againpushed the limits of optical design to match the reso-lution of the 41 megapixel camera sensor. To providethe best optical resolution we increased the numberof lenses used in the award-winning Nokia 808 Pure-View from ve to six. The rst lens element is made of high precision glass, and ve of the lenses are mouldedhigh-performance plastic, taking lens manufacturingprecision to the next level.

    The lenses are physically very big for a smartphone, andthe optical assembly alone is unique. But that is not all.We put the whole system inside a completely new kindof optical image stabilisation system, which uses an

    extremely high accuracy sensing system linked to verysmall motors which actively move the lens.

    The extremely sharp image projected by the six-ele-ment lens system is recorded by the second generation41MP BSI sensor, capturing even the smallest of detailsin the captured scene, including detail not visible to thenaked eye.

    The 41MP sensor can capture 34MP and 38MP image

    Figure 2. Six Carl Zeiss lenses including a high-precision glass element. Illustration only.

    les at 16:9 and 4:3 aspect ratios respectively. In addi -tion to the 38MP and 34MP full-resolution images, theLumia 1020 camera captures 5MP oversampled imagesso that every pixel in the 5MP image has been createdusing the data from up to seven pixels of the sensor.The oversampling technology ensures that these 5MPimages are incredibly sharp, natural and low noise. Thebest part is that the camera saves both the full resolu-tion and oversampled image simultaneously.

    This is referred to as dual capture. It enables creativepost-processing while still allowing users to share ahigh-quality small le size image straight after shoot -ing.

    w 5mP?

    5MP is the sweet spot for image quality that is easy toshare and printable up to A3 size. And because our 5MPimages condense the information from the 41MP sen-sor, they have amazingly high image quality.

    The 5MP images get the full bene t of the oversamplingtechnology and their quality is way above that producedby any traditional imaging device. In addition to over-sampling, the 41MP sensor can also be used for losslessor high resolution zooming (see page 6).

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    ov p 5mP p z

    In traditional imaging systems, the true resolution of thesystem is lower than that of the nominal sensor resolu-tion. The traditional camera sensor resolution may be5MP, but it does not really capture photos that have vemillion pixels of independent data. The data is spreadacross multiple pixels causing, for example, blurring andartifacts. There are two technical reasons for this: one isrelated to the optics design and aliasing, and the otherone to the way the sensor samples the data with Bay-er colour lters. A traditional 5MP camera has only 2.5million green pixels and 1.25 million red and blue pixels 1 for example. See Figure 3 for a comparison in sharpnessof a standard 5MP image versus of an oversampled 5MPimage and Figure 4 for an illustration of how oversam-pling reduces noise compared with a standard sensor.

    The oversampling technology in the Lumia 1020 makes

    it possible to solve both of these issues, and enablesfull details to be captured with the 5MP image, visibleas amazing sharpness, naturalness and low noise. It isphysically impossible to capture this with a traditional5MP camera.

    Figure 3. Comparison of a standard 5MP image and an oversampled 5MP image.

    Figure 4. Illustration of how oversampling reduces noise compared with a standard 5MP sensor

    Output from a standard 5Mpix sensor shows noise as variance in the signal

    Output from a high resolution sensor before oversampling

    Output after oversampling reduces the noise

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    h z

    In addition to oversampling, the large sensor also allowsfor high resolution zoom. As you zoom there is no dropin the default 5MP resolution; in other words the highresolution zoom is lossless. The level of pixel oversam-pling is highest when youre not using the zoom. It grad-ually decreases until you hit maximum zoom where thepixels start behaving in a more conventional way. Therelationship between zoom level and oversampling isshown in Figure 5.

    At maximum zoom, the Lumia 1020 system behavesmore like a traditional camera, but there are still someadvantages: as only the center part of the optics isused, the optical and geometric distortions are minimaland vignetting is negligible.

    The problem with traditional digital zoom is that thezoom level is extremely limited without clearly visible

    loss of image details. This happens because the systemneeds to zoom further than the required output resolu-tion of the nal image, and the camera needs to upscalethe captured image to achieve that resolution. In prac-tice this means that, for example, a 12MP device mightcapture only 4MP after zooming, and the 4MP image isthen digitally up-scaled back to 12MP. This up-scalinghas a signi cant impact on image sharpness. Howeverwith Nokia Lumia 1020 we never need to upscale the -nal images, because the starting resolution is already somassive. In FullHD video mode the massive resolution

    means that the camera never zooms further than therequired two megapixels, which ensures that the resolu-tion stays excellent throughout the zoom range.

    The advanced PureView method of lossless zooming alsoprovides multiple bene ts over traditional optical zoom.Traditionally the aperture of optical zoom systems be-comes signi cantly smaller towards the long end of thezoom range compared to the wide end. This has a bigimpact on low light performance and usable exposure

    times. Also with traditional zoom lenses the macro dis -tance often changes while zooming, which means thatthe photographer needs to change the physical cam-era-to-object distance while zooming for macro shots.In addition, most optical zoom lenses su er from overall

    reduced sharpness towards the long end of the zoomrange; this is because of optical design issues that of-ten produce di erent distortions at the wide angle endcompared to those at the telephoto end of the zoomrange, which in the case of FullHD is up to 4X. See Fig -ure 6 for a visual on the maximum high resolution zoomfor 5MP (3X) and 720P video (6X) compared with the fullresolution sensor in 16:9 and 4:3 aspect ratios.

    However with Nokia Lumia 1020, the aperture stays ata constant f2.2 throughout the zoom range which is,in SLR terms, 25/27-69/74mm (16:9/4:3) for stills and25-100mm for Full HD video. These zoom range-aper -ture combinations are rare, and expensive even in the

    SLR world.

    Also as the aperture stays the same throughout thezoom range in the Lumia 1020, the macro distance of ~15cm also stays the same. With Nokia Lumia 1020we are actually using the centre part of the lens wheredistortions, di ractions and lens shading are smallest,giving extremely high levels of resolved details and dis-tortion-free images and videos throughout the zoomrange.

    5MP 1080p720p

    6420

    Zoom Quality Comparison

    Zoom factor

    Traditional 8MP sensor

    6:1

    1:1

    1:5

    Oversampling

    Upscaling

    Figure 5. Oversampling vs. high resolution zoom in the case of Lumia 1020 (blue) compared with conventional digital zoom (red).High oversampling means high image quality.

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    The advantages of the Nokia Lumia 1020 zoom comparedto an optical zoom are:

    The aperture size of a typical optical zoom dropsdramatically when zoomed in. For example, a typicaloptical zoom can have aperture size f2.8 in wide, butit can drop to f6 in tele. This means that the cameraneeds almost a ve times longer exposure time in thetele position. The problem is multiplied by the fact

    that the camera is most prone to hand-shake in thetele position and the user should actually use short-er exposure times to avoid blurred images. In the Lu-mia 1020, the aperture size and exposure times staythe same throughout the zoom range.

    The smaller aperture size required for telephotoshots with an optical zoom camera increases di rac -tion which can make images blurry even when there isno hand-shake.

    The optics in Lumia 1020 are simpli ed and robustcompared to optical zoom a key enabler for theamazing image sharpness.

    As the Nokia Lumia 1020 is based on a huge imagesensor, it enables much higher performance andoversampling in the wide-angle position.

    Lumia 1020 macro distance stays the same through-out the zoom range.

    As the zooming is done without mechanically moving

    any parts, it is silent, fast, and intuitive. Additionallythe Lumia 1020 slide zoom can be operated by usingone hand only.

    Dual capture allows for post capture zooming and re -framing . More on this in the reframing section.

    Whats also interesting regarding the zoom is what hap-pens after the photo is taken. More on this in the refram-ing section on page 12

    g - k

    Lens design and sensor resolution are often the only fac-tors considered when discussing camera sharpness, butan equally important factor is totally neglected hand-shake. Even the sharpest optical systems in the worldcant capture a sharp image if the camera is moved duringcapture. We have implemented a completely new OIS sys-tem to overcome this. In traditional SLR OIS systems justone lens element in the lens stack is moved to counteracthand-shake, but in our OIS the whole optical assembly ismoved to cancel out unwanted camera movements. What

    4:3 Full Resolution

    16:9 Full Resolution

    5 MP, 3x zoom720p, 6x zoom

    7136

    7712

    5360

    4352

    Figure 6. The high resolution zoom is limited to 3X for stills, ensuring that the output is 5MP. Full HD video can be zoomed 4X whereas 720P video has 6X zoom.

    this means is that we are able to cancel out larger move-ments compared to traditional OIS systems, enabling su-per-sharp images.

    Technically our OIS is the barrel shift type rst seen inthe Nokia Lumia 920. (Other ways of making optical im-age stabilisation systems include barrel tilt, sensor tiltor module tilt, but for our purposes barrel shift givesthe best quality.) In the Lumia 1020 the optics are muchbigger, and adding OIS technology to optics of that sizerequired some really clever engineering: the whole lenssystem is resting on top of ball bearings and is actively

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    moved with very small motors to counteract the unwant-ed camera movements detected by a gyroscope.

    If you lightly wobble the phone and listen to the camera,you can actually hear the module that absorbs the shak-ing of your hand. Once the camera is activated, give thephone the same wobble and the magnets kick in and soakup the movements.

    P k

    The standard factor used for determining good low lightperformance is the amount of visible noise in the im-age captured. But there is a lot more to it than just theamount of noise.

    b ck

    It is extremely di cult to make a high resolution sensorwith just a small amount of visible noise because pixelsmust be kept small to keep the sensor size reasonable.The smaller pixel size is especially problematic with tra-ditional front side illuminated (FSI) sensors, because eachpixel needs many wires to power up the photo diode and

    to transfer the photons out from the pixel. With tradition-al pixels all these wires are located on top of the pixels andlight must bypass the wires to reach the photosensitivearea of the pixel. We used a modern-generation BSI sen-sor where all these wires are located underneath the pix-el. With this design a signi cantly larger amount of lightcan actually reach the photosensitive area of the pixel.This again means that we can amplify the signal createdby much lower levels of light, signi cantly reducing the

    amount of visible noise.

    e p

    Another extremely important factor contributing to low light performance is the exposure time. A camera can becompared to a dam where the shutter plays the role of thegate. The longer the gate is open, the more water can owthrough it. In a camera, the longer the shutter is open themore light can be gathered by the sensor.

    However, if the shutter is open too long, the captured im-age can su er from hand-shake, which means reducedsharpness. With its OIS system, the Nokia Lumia 1020camera can actually tolerate up to of 3-5 times longer ex-posure times compared to traditional mobile cameras asigni cant bene t in lowlight situations. Using the Lumia1020 together with a tripod, users can manually set theexposure time up to 4s, which allows you to take amazingimages in nearly complete darkness.

    f

    When discussing low light performance its only naturalto also consider the ash. Even though many prefer thenatural ambient feeling in images captured without ash,even with the very best of cameras we occasionally runinto situations where the use of ash is mandatory, espe -cially if the target is moving. Flash performance is oftenassessed by comparing the light output of di erent ash -es, however ash pulse duration is an equally importantparameter to consider.

    Figure 7. Clever engineering: Ball bearings oat the large lens system.

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    With the Lumia 1020 we use a no-compromise xenonash with very high light output and extremely shortash pulse duration. High ash output provides excel -

    lent illumination to targets three meters away, and theshort pulse of the xenon ash ensures that the nalcaptured image is extremely sharp while preserving theambient lighting of the background.

    r p

    Image sharpness is usually measured using a tripod (anaccessory that the average person rarely carries) in goodlighting conditions (also a luxury). We replicated real lifesituations, using a hand-shake simulator running at 4Hzfrequency, with the Nokia Lumia 1020 challenging a mar-ket leading 13MP device in multiple lighting conditions.The Lumia 1020 was tested using the more shareable5MP images and the measurements were done fromcentre frame for both devices. The results are depict-ed in Figure 8. The graph shows that Nokia Lumia 1020resolves very close to the theoretical maximum of the5MP image in good lighting conditions, but what is evenmore remarkable is that because of the combination of OIS and xenon ash we can provide practically the samehuge resolution also in extremely dark conditions. Andthis was measured while introducing handshake to thedevice! Even without help from the Xenon ash the res -olution never drops below 50 percent of the theoreticalmaximum.

    In low light conditions the competitor device was onlyable to provide around 10 percent of its theoretical

    maximum resolution, and even in really bright lightingconditions only 40 percent of its capability was used. Soone might ask, why use 13 megapixels, if only 10 per-cent of the theoretical resolution can be used?

    We have explained how image quality, sharpness andgood low light imaging capability are a result of multiplefeatures and the whole imaging chain working seam-lessly together.

    Image quality is not only about megapixels but alsoabout carefully optimising the whole imaging systemto let people capture moments that matter the most -wherever, whenever.

    Image sharpness measured withhandshake as function of illuminance

    Illuminance (Lux)

    % o

    f t h e o r e t i c a l

    m a x i m u m r e s o l u t i o n

    1009080

    706050403020100

    10 40 60 100 400 800

    Lumia 1020

    Lumia 1020 withXenon ash

    Competitor

    Competitor withdigital stabilization

    Competitor withLED ash

    Figure 8. Image sharpness, during simulated 4Hz 0.5 degree hand-shake, as a function of illuminance. The results are shown for Lumia 1020 with/without ash and for a leading competitor device with and without ash as well as with digital stabilisation.

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    noKia Pro Camera

    You dont take a photograph, you make it.

    - Ansel Adams

    To make the most out of the innovative hardware in the

    Nokia Lumia 1020 we have designed a new camera ap-plication called Nokia Pro Camera. It helps you to createthe photo you want, and to become a better photogra-pher. It is lled with features previously only found indigital SLR cameras. Taking excellent photos has neverbeen so easy, as complex settings are turned into easyadjustments with immediately visible results.

    Nokia Pro Camera has image quality at its core. In thefull-auto mode it is simple to use, but if you want to takemore control it o ers a powerful UI with access to man -ual controls for creative photography. With the Lumia1020, Nokia Pro Camera also introduces dual capture,which means that in addition to the quality optimised5MP image, the original full resolution image is alsostored. This allows reframing, which we describe below.

    Nokia Pro Camera also revolutionises user-generatedvideo content by o ering superior Full HD video qual -ity with hi- delity stereo audio without distortion. FullHD video comes with 4X high-resolution zoom, whichmeans you can zoom 4X without any drop in resolution,and for 720P it is 6X.

    Figure 9. Nokia Pro Camera view nder

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    Z v

    For stills, the 3X high-resolution zoom has very high im -age quality, but what is even more interesting is whathappens after the photo is taken.

    By saving a full-resolution photo we can in fact zoomOUT or un-zoom from the 5MP image presented foreasy sharing after capture, o ering a unique way of zooming that has never been possible before. Unlikein optical zoom, the Lumia 1020 zoom is not perma-nent; you can open the photo afterwards and removethe zoom to reveal the full scene. And not only can youzoom out but you can also move around and zoom in toanother part of the image, which can reveal details youdid not see when you took the image. Find a new storywithin the full story!

    Another bene t is that you can straighten a tilted scenewithout having to crop the sides and make the image

    smaller, or un-crop someones legs that you uninten-tionally cut o while shooting. An example of straight -ening and improving the composition is shown in gures10 and 11.

    Besides un-zooming and straightening, you can alsozoom in, to discover details you might have missedduring capture. The post-capture zoom can magnifythe scene up to 25-31X (depending on aspect ratio).The 5MP resolution stays the same up until 3X zoom.After that the resolution drops as the graph in gure 12

    shows.

    One of the greatest bene ts of the re-invented zoomis the reframing experience. It promotes creative sto-rytelling by framing a small detail within a bigger story.

    By always keeping the original full resolution image,you can reframe over and over again without losing anyquality. The large Lumia 1020 sensor puts image quality

    rst and creates a stunning detailed image in the wide

    Figure 10. Saving the full resolution photo allows you to straighten and re- frame your image after capture without losing any corners. This is not possible with traditional digital zoom, nor with optical zoom.

    Figure 11. After reframing: The photo is straightened using the full resolution original. The object is positioned according to the rule of thirds

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    6 8 10420 ...up to 25x

    5MP 1280x720 640x352

    8MP(3456x2304)

    1280x720

    640x352

    Oversampling

    Magnication factor

    Lumia 1020 41MP sensor

    Traditional 8MP sensor

    Figure 12. The high resolution zoom is not locked but can be zoomed out in the post capture phase. Then magni cation can be done all the way to 25X (or 31X for 4:3 images).

    Figure 13. Dual captures saves two images, one oversampled 5MP image and one full resolution image. The full resolution image is stored for zooming out or for allowing after-capture refram- ing.

    StandardResolution

    3x Hi-Res zoomDuring capture

    No Zoom 25x ZoomAfter capture

    FullResolution

    Oversampling datafrom 7-pixels intoone image pixel

    Crop direct from sensor

    Full resolution read out Saving full resolution +region of interest allowsusers to change the zoomlevel after capture

    Full Resolution image iskept intact between reframeactions, allowing reframingover and over again.

    Crop and rotate fromfull resolution image

    position, yet it allows for zooming too. Dual capture andzooming during or after capture are summarised in Fig-ure 13.

    You can zoom into every detail of a full resolution image,revealing detail you might have missed during capture,as shown in Figure 14.

    You can toggle between the most popular aspect ratiossuch as 16:9, which is great for landscape, 4:3 which isgood for portraits, 3:2 which is used by classical 35mm

    lm situations, and the increasingly popular 1:1 squarecrop.

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    what shutter speed the camera is going to use. This isbecause ISO, Shutter speed and EV are interdependentas described in the diagram in gure 18. n k P C V

    Nokia Pro Camera records video in two di erent resolu -tions: 1920x1080 (Full HD) or 1280x720, and also sup -ports three di erent frame rates: 24, 25 and 30 framesper second (fps), depending on which region you are in-tending to play back the video in.

    The video mode also o ers zoom, which can be usedwhile recording by sliding a nger up or down the screen.For Full HD, the zoom is 4X and for 720p it is 6X. Thezoom is high resolution, which means it is complete-ly lossless and the resolution doesnt drop at all whilezooming there is no loss of detail.

    The indicator bar shows three manual controls. You can

    turn the video light on and o . You can set the whitebalance. You can lock the focus manually.

    If youre in a concert with a seat far away from the stage,you can zoom in while recording video to see more thanyou can with your own eyes. The video can be uploadedstraight from the phone to Facebook, Twitter and oth-er Social networks. You can also edit the video straightfrom the phone before uploading.

    3200

    1600

    800

    400

    200

    100

    1/16000

    1/8000

    1/4000

    1/2000

    1/1000

    1/500 1/250 1/125 1/60 1/30 1/15 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2s 4s

    EV-1 EV=0 EV+1

    Overexposed(Light)

    Underexposed(Dark)

    Shutter speed

    ISO

    Figure 18. ISO, Shutter speed, and EV are interdependent

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    Figure 19. Conventional audio recording (on the left) vs. distortion-free Nokia Rich Recording (on the right). Illustration only.

    n k r c r c

    Sound quality is essential for high-quality video record-ing. In Nokia 808 PureView, we introduced Nokia RichRecording, a technology developed exclusively to deliv-er the highest quality stereo audio recording. With NokiaPro Camera Video we bring the Nokia Rich Recording toLumia 1020.

    Nokia Rich Recording technology comprises of two spe-cially designed digital microphones with an extendeddynamic range to handle high sound pressure levels.32-bit arithmetics preserve the dynamic range in digi-tal signal conditioning as well as acoustics design opti-mized for stereo image and full audio bandwidth.Where the Lumia 1020 really excels is its ability to re-cord high sound pressure levels such as when you are in

    a rock concert where the sound levels are high enoughto be able to feel the bass. In such conditions conven-tional recording solutions fail by cutting of the low fre-quencies or clipping the signal entirely.

    With Nokia Rich Recording you are able to record eventhe loudest concerts with good quality. It is possible to-record about six times louder sound pressure level than

    with a conventional smartphone microphone. The resulthas to be heard to be believed - deep bass and brighttreble without a note of distortion.

    For more advanced users - based on the feedback fromNokia 808 PureView, we have provided a simple user in-

    terface to get the best from the hardware in di erentrecording scenarios and applications.

    Audio bass lter provides controls on the low frequencyaudio characteristics with three options:

    The Default option is the best all-round setting andprovides sonically balanced recordings in most con-ditions. It applies a shelf lter to 0200Hz frequencyband and works especially well in loud concert record-ings, where the bass level can be too excessive for

    balanced playback.

    The Strong option can become handy in the presenceof wind-noise or in-car noise. It applies a 200Hz high-pass lter cutting e ectively all low frequency contentfrom the recording.

    17

    The O option is convenient for more advanced us -ers who may want as at frequency response as possi -ble for post editing. It extends the low frequency rangedown to ca. 20Hz without attenuation.

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    Photo examPles

    The Nokia Lumia 1020 is designed to deliver the best possible results in real life situ-ations. Be it a rocking sailing boat or a night club lled with motion. Unlike competingdevices the Lumia 1020 delivers maximum resolution in all these situations.

    Figure 20. Manual setting of the long exposure time emphasizes the busy atmosphere at Grand Central station. This image was taken with the Nokia Camera Grip and a tripod (1/3 s exposure time, ISO 100, and EV -0.7)

    Figure 22. Capture great images at night: Freezing motion with Xenon ash.

    Figure 23. The Nokia Lumia 1020 41MP sensor enables capturing a tremendous amount of detail.

    Figure 21. Capture great images with exceptional sharpness even on a rocking sailing boat. OIS keeps the images free from blur

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    Figure 24. A woman drinking tea Figure 25. and her teabag tag

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    Key teChnologies and sPeCs

    Latest generation high-performance BSI sensor

    Sensor size 1/1.5, 41MP, pixel size 1.1 mi-cron, true 16:9/4:3 aspect ratio. Total sen-sor is 7712x5360=41.3MP. 16:9 modeis 7712x4352=33.6MP and 4:3 mode is7136x5360=38.2MP. See Figure 30.

    35mm equivalent focal length: 25mm for 16:9,27mm for 4:3

    F-number: f/2.2

    Mechanical shutter

    Optical image stabilisation (new type of barrel shiftactuator which enables moving a heavy and com-plex full lens assembly)

    System of 6 lenses (5 plastic molded high perfor-mance plastic, one high precision glass element)

    Nokia image processing and pixel oversamplingtechnology

    Nokia-developed 3A algorithms (auto-exposure,auto-focus, auto-white-balance) to increase imagequality

    New white balance technology

    New generation powerful xenon ash with atcapacitor technology which enables more power ina more compact package.

    Video LED light

    16:9

    4:3

    7136

    7712

    5360

    4352

    Figure 30. The total sensor size is 7712x5360=41.3MP. This image shows also the full optical circle and shows that the corners of the sensor are not used because they fall outside of the optical circle and additionally they are not needed for either aspect ratio. The 4:3 mode image makes full use of the height of the image sensor within the optical format area and provides a genuinely taller vertical view with a size of 7136x5360=38.2MP. The 16:9 mode image makes full use of the width of the image sensor within the optical format area and provides a genuinely wider horizontal view with a size of 7712x4352=33.6MP.

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    Figure 31. Mechanical shutter. Illustration only

    1J. Alakarhu, S. Koskinen, E. Tuulos, Image quality of oversampling cameras, in Proc. 2013 International Image Sensor

    Workshop

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