Chapter 11: Noli Me Tangere: A Diagnosis of Filipino Society

Guerrero 1998 Filipinos were practically an unknown nation.Indios Bravos A sense of national identity for Rizal and his fellow expatriates during Paris

Exposition of 1889.Circulo-HispanoJanuary 2, 1889

Where Rizal proposed on writing a novel about the Philippines Did not materialize because those who were expected to collaborate with Rizal

did not write anything on the subject. His fellow expatriates were more interested to write about women.

Ninay A novel written by Pedro PaternoCostumbres Filipinas (Philippine Customs)

Subtitle of Pedro Paterno’s novel Ninay

Ideas on Writing Noli Me Tangere

Luna’s Spolariumo Conveyed the plight of the vanquished and the pathetic suffering of

the human race. o Perceived by Rizal as a reflection of the spirit of the social, moral and

political life of his time because it clearly showed mankind under severe ordeal, mankind unredeemed and reason and aspiration in an open struggle with fanaticism and injustice.

o Rizal wrote a novel depicting the country to be redeemed from bondage and repression.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stoweo Portrayed the brutalities committed by American slave-owner against

their Negro slaves. o Provided Rizal the springbroad to write a novel portraying vividly the

miseries of the Filipinos under the oppressive rule of the Spanish tyrants.

The Wandering Dew (Jew?) by Eugene Sueo Anti-clerical novel, which made a great impression on him. o Used as model to arouse the feeling against the existing Philippine

situation and at the same time, communicate to the Filipinos the ideals he wanted them to embrace.

Writing of Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not)

Started: 1884 in Europe Complete ½ : Madrid Complete ¼ : Paris Remaining ¼: Germany in February 21,1887 Published in: March 21, 1887 Financial Assistance: Maximo Viola

Biblical Basis of Noli Me Tangere

Touch Me Not were the words uttered by Jesus Christ to Mary Magdalene when the latter visited His tomb before the sunrise of Easter Sunday.

Deemed it appropriate because the novel contained delicate things nobody wanted to talk about or touch during his time.

He trod where angels feared to tread by exposing the evils of the Church and the State, which were hazardous to touch.

Dedication of his novel Read Page 139.Hidalgo Three people he wrote to after writing Noli Me Tangere and stated his reasons

for writing it.Ferdinand BlumentrittMarcelo del Pilar

Reasons To picture the past and the realities in the Philippines. To reply to the insults heaped on the Filipinos and their country. To unmask the hypocrisy that have improvised and brutalized the Filipino

people.

To stir the patriotism of the Filipino people. Plot of the novel Read pages 141-144

CharactersJuan Crisostomo Ibarra Main character.

Son of an affluent creole in San Diego. Represented the affluent and liberal European-educated Filipino. Civic-minded, liberty-minded and patriotic, he desired the education of the

people. His plan of building a school, which was based on a German model, was

opposed by Padre Damaso.Elias Represented the Filipino masses.

Did everything to vindicate them from the injustices suffered from the Spaniards.

He extended help to Crisostomo in many occasions despite the suffering he had brought to his family.

Believed that the redemption of the country will depend on the ilustrados. Like Ibarra, he is a mouthpiece of Rizal’s contradictory thoughts and purposes. A boat pilot who was saved by Ibarra during an excursion of the lake. Was shot by the Spaniards who thought he was Ibarra. Despite being shot, he reached the shore and helped Basilio prepare a funeral

pyre for his mother. Died without seeing his country free. His family suffered numerous tragedies for more than three generations. He was pictured as a bandit or an outlaw.

Maria Clara She was Leonor Rivera in Noli Object of Ibarra’s love and affection. Represented Filipino womanhood trained in a convent and immersed in

education basically religious in orientation. Symbolizes the Filipino womanhood in their fidelity, coyness and modesty. Daughter of Capitan Tiago.

Don Rafael Ibarra Father of Juan Crisostomo Ibarra. Was jailed for the accidental death of a Spanish tax collector in his defense of a

young boy being brutalized. He was incarcerated and detained in prison for alleged reasons till he died. Was considered a heretic and a filibustero by Padre Damaso. Symbolize an affluent landlord with a social conscience.

Sisa Mother of Basilio and Crispin. Lost her mental balance after learning what had happened to Crispin and

Basilio. Through her, Rizal illustrated lack of concern in facing and resolving problems

confronting Filipino society and typical characteristics of Filipino mothers (fully cognizant of their sons and daughters and willing to defend them from all forms of injustice or accusations).

Capitan Tiago Don Santiago de los Santos or Don Anastacio delos Santos He was based from Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicholas His wealth was derived from his involvement in illegal opium trade. He is the symbol of the cacique. He did not pray to God and used his money to solve all of his problems. He represents the subservient Filipino to the authorities to protect his personal

and business interest. The father of Maria Clara. Inhibited Maria Clara from seeing Ibarra after he was excommunicated for

hitting Padre Damaso.

Dona Victorina A social climber She is based from Dona Agustina Medel. Married Don Tiburcio de Espadana to support her claim of being a Spaniard. Despised anything Filipino and imitated anything Spanish. Symbolizes colonial mentality among some Filipinos during that time.

Dona Patrocinio Mistress of the Alferez Imprudent, vulgar, cruel and quarrelsome Symbolized the mentality of the Guardia Civil. Only competitor of Capitan Tiago in godliness. She did everything to pretend that she really religious by showing off to the

public what she could contribute to the church.Pilosopo Tasyo Represented Rizal’s epitome of philiosopher.

Was perceived to be a sage of educated and a weird or lunatic by those who did not know him.

School Master of San Diego Symbolized intellectual dissatisfaction in Filipino society during Rizal’s time. He dreamed of changing the methods of teaching to facilitate greater learning

on the part of the pupils then.Padre Damaso The parish priest of San Diego that denied Ibarra’s father a proper Christian

burial and ordered his corpse exhumed from the cemetery where he was buried.

Although the governor-general wanted him punished, he did not receive disciplined instead he was transferred to another pueblo by his superior

Real father of Maria Clara He was based from a typical abusive typical friar during Rizal’s time.

Padre Salvi Friar who was in love with Maria Clara. He was based from Fr. Antonio Piernavieja of the Augustinian Order Organized a rebellion among the poor, discontented people of San Diego and

those who were victimized by the Guardia Civil and told the Ibarra was the leader and financier.

Chaplain of the nunnery of Santa Clara where Maria Clara told Padre Damaso her intentions of joining the convent.

Basilio and Crispin The sons of Sisa Based from the Crisostomo brothers of Hagonoy, Bulacan.

Dona Pia Mother of Maria Clara.Linares A young Spaniard chosen by Father Damaso to marry Maria Clara

Filipino Society as Pictured in Noli:

The government was administered by self-seekers by enriching themselves at the expense of the people.

Honest and sincere official were quite few. Corruption became so rampant. Banditry became a way of life. Friars used the church to amass wealth and to perpetuate themselves into

power and they controlled the government and opposed all progress. Rizal also criticized his fellow countrymen for their blind, religious fanaticism,

corruption, passion for gambling, subservience of the wealthy Filipinos toward the friars and government officials and their ridiculous efforts to distance themselves from the common people.

He also highlighted the virtues and good qualities of the Filipino people.o Modesty and devotion of the Filipino woman o The open-handed hospitality of the Filipino familyo The devotion of the parents to their children and children to their

parents

o The deep sense of gratitude of the Filipino peasants.Rizal’s Diagnosis of Filipino

Society Friars were the enemies of reform, progress and justice in the country. Three Reasons:

o The agrarian problem in Calamba between the tenants and the Dominicans.

o Influence of the Spanish anti-clericalism.o Rizal’s over-all assessment of the Philippine political situation in 1886

and in 1872. The friars were the real authority in different pueblos, they were the parish

priest, tax collector, school inspector, superintendent of public works by forced labor, an intelligence officer and the president of all local boards.

According to Jaena, the friar in each town can be described as a sword of Damocles hanging over the head of authority (town mayor) and said that the elected municipal officials served as blind instruments to the friars.

Governor Simon de Andao Emphasized in his report that only the parish priest rules the colony.

Noli Me Tangere as a Charter of Filipino Nationalism

It calls on the Filipino to: o Regain his self-confidence o Appreciate his self-wortho Return to the heritage of his ancestorso Assert himself as a co-equal of the Spaniards

It outlines the reforms needed in Filipino society, which include:o Radical reforms in the armed forces, clergy, and the administration of

justiceo More respect for human dignityo Greater security for the individualo Less strength in the constabularyo Less privileges for organizations prone to abuses and corruptions.

Number of works by Filipino writers from 1882 to 1896

Ninay - by Paterno that was published in Madrid in 1885 La Soberania Monacal - by del Pilar Discursos y Articulos Varios - by Graciano Lopez Jaena that was published in

Barcelona in 1889 and 1891. Impresiones - by Antonio Luna that was published in Madrid in 1893

Antonio Regidor Congratulated Rizal for his writing and publishing of Noli Me Tangere. A Filipino exile for his alleged complicity in the 1872 Uprising. He said, “the book is superior” and “If Don Quixote has made its author

immortal because he exposed to the world the suffering of Spain, your Noli Me Tangere will bring you equal glory ”

Archbishop Payo Sent a copy of the book to the rector of UST for examination on August 18, 1887.

August 30,1887 When the report was submitted to the archbishop of Manila and was found heretical, impious and scandalous in its religious aspect; unpatriotic, subversive of public order and offensive to the government of Spain.

Emilio Terreo The governor-general during those times, summoned Rizal to Malacanang Palace.

Asked Rizal for a copy of his novel. He made no concrete action about the novel

Permanent Commission on Censorship

Asked by the archbishop so they can decide on the fate of the novel.

Father Salvador Font An Augustinian that submitted a report on December 29, 1829, recommending the prohibition of the importation, reproduction and circulation of the books in the Philippines.

Senator Fernando Vida

Deputy Luis M. de Pando

Prime Minister Praxedes Mateo Sagasta

Unjustly lambasted and criticized Rizal and his Noli in the two chambers of the Spanish Cortes in 1888 and 1889 in Madrid

Fernando Vidao Described Rizal as a native, with a doctor of medicine degree from the

University of Madrid, an intimate friend of Bismarck and have obtained a professional chair of medicine in a German University.

Vincente Barrantes A Spanish academician who spent many years in high posts of Philippine Administration.

Attacked Rizal I the newspaper La Espana Moderna in 1889 as a man of contradiction whose criticisms of the friars and the Spanish Regime were actually an insult to the Filipinos themselves.

First attack from the Philippines

An anonymous letter signed by a friar.

Fr. Salvador Font Tried to prevent the circulation of the novel by publishing a few copies of his report.

Consisted of four parts:o Attacks of the religion of the stateo Attacks on the administration, the government employees and the

courtso Attack on the Civil guardso Attacks on the territorial integrity of the Spanish Kingdom

Father Jose Rodriguez Attacked Noli by issuing a series of pamphlets under the title Cuestiones de Sumo Interes

Judged the novel on a doctrinal level, when he said that it should not be read by devot Christians.

La Vision del Fray Rodriguez Rizal reply to the attacks of Father Jose Rodriguez. A satirical pamphlet, where St, Augustine was made by Rizal to appear to

Father Rodriguez while the latter was in deep slumber and scolded him for becoming a butt of all the jokes to all angels in heaven by his foolish articles.

Por Telefono A satirical essay that Rizal made to reply to Father Font’s critique in Noli. He narrated a long-distance telephone conversation between Salvadorcito

Tont, who was reprimanded by his superior for accepting a hacienda for the Augustinians, which compromised the Augustinian struggle against the vows of wealth, pride and lust, the Superior told him to return to Spain and never come back to the Philippines.

Fr. Francisco Sanchez One of those who defended Noli. He was Rizal’s teacher in rhetoric at Ateneo.

Father Vincente Garcia Filipino priest that gave Noli the greatest defense. Translated into tagalong the famous Imitation of Christ. Writing under the pen name Desiderio Magalang Said that the book was a work of literature and should be judged that way and

not on a doctrinal level.Marcelo H. del Pilar Wrote a pamphlet entitled Caiigat Cayo (Be Slippery as an Eel) in reponse to Fr.

Rodriguez’s pamphlet entitled Caiigat Cayo (Beware)Ferdinand Blumentritt Defended Rizal by stressing his Catholic orientation and the point that the

Spanish nationals have to accept these criticisms.

Chapter 12: The First Homecoming

Maximo Viola Accompanied Rizal in his trip to Europe.

Potsdam Where their trip to Europe began. A city near Berlin Where they saw the imposing mausoleum enclosing the statue of Federick the

Great.May 11, 1887 Day they left Berlin by train bound to Dresden.

Dresden City where Rizal visited Dr. Adolph B. Meyer. Visited botanical gardens for viewing and specific study. Impressed that they were able to maintain monuments and landmarks of aesthetic

and historical significance.Dr. Jagor They met him while viewing the floral exposition.

Rizal told him he planned to visit Leitmeritz, Czechoslovakia to meet Blumentritt.Leitmeritz Where they arrived in May 13, 1887.

Where Rizal finally met Blumentritt in person.Hotel Krebs Where Rizal and Viola stayed during their stay in Leitmeritz.

Rosa Wife of BlumentrittBlumentritt Described Rizal as the greatest product of the Philippines, whose coming into this

world can be likened to a comet, whose rare brilliance appears only every other century.

Rizal was not only the most outstanding man of the Filipino people, but the greatest man the Malayan race has ever produced.

Rizal gave him tagalong lessons.Dr. Czepelak

and Dr. Klutschack

Two well-known doctors Rizal met during his time in Europe. Invited Rizal and Viola to a meeting of the Tourists Club of Leitmeritz with

Blumentritt as secretary.Pencil Sketch Gift he gave to Blumentritt as a sign of friendship.May 17, 1887 Day they left Leitmeritz by train bound for Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia.

Prague Where they visited: o Tomb of Nicolaus Copernicus, a famous polish astronomer.o Museum of Natural Historyo Bacteriological laboratorieso Celebrated cave where San Juan Nepomuceno was jailed.

Dr. Welkomm History professor at the Univeristy of Prague, Blumentritt wrote to facilitate their visit into the different historic spots in Prague.

Vienna They arrived via Brunn in May 20, 1887. Spent four days visiting beautiful buildings and examining holy images and statues,

art galleries, museums, public parks and recreation centers. Where they took a boat in the Danube River. Rizal was amazed by the scenario and charmed by the lovely waltzes. He was most impressed were the archaic villages on the riversides which were

serene and peaceful.Hotel Metropole Hotel where they stayed during their visit in Vienna.

Linz Where their voyage of the Danube River ended.Salzburg The birthplace of Mozart and re-entered Germany upon arrival at Munich on May

27, 1887.Nuremberg Where they saw the horrible torture machines used during the Inquisition against

the enemies of the Catholic Church. Ulm Known for having the largest and the tallest cathedral in Germany.

Rizal rested twice until they reached the top.Rheinfall Where they saw the Bin Waterfall, the most beautiful waterfall in the continent of

Europe.Schaffhausen Where they enter the Swiss broader from Rheinfall.

Basel Where they made brief stops.

BernLausanne

Lausanne = where they took a boat to Geneva, the most beautiful and frequented city of Switzerland.

Geneva Where he received news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable conditions of the primitive Igorots who exhibited in the Exposition on the Philippines.

Igorots died and their weapons became objects of mockery and laughter by the Spanish press and the Spaniards.

Rizal was infuriated and resented the degradation of his fellowmen from Northern Luzon.

This protest was communicated by Rizal to Blumentritt on June 6, 1887. Spent afternoon boating in Leman Lake where Rizal demonstrated his skillfulness in

rowing and steering a boat. Where he celebrated his 26th birthday Where he and Maximo Viola separated after spending 15 days together on the day

June 23, 1887.Rizal Toured ItalyViola Returned to BarcelonaItaly Visited Turin, Milan, Florence, and Rome.

The city of Rome (the Eternal City), the state of the Vatican (the seat of authority of the Roman Catholic Church) and the capital of the Ancient Roman Empire were his favorite sites.

Where he had the opportunity to see St. Peter’s Dome by Michaelangelo and Giacomo dela Porta and St. Peter’s Basilica.

o St Peter’s Basilica = first known Christian Church dedicated during the time of Emperor Constantine.

Impressed by the fine example of Renaissance architecture. While in Vatican, he attended the feast day of St. Peter and St. Paul. Amazed by the Coliseum and the Roman Forum. Where he prepared for his homecoming to the Philippines.

Germany and Blumentritt The country he appreciated the most. Qualities he appreciated: Sober, earnest, industrious, progressive and prosperous. Germany was his link to Europe and Blumentritt was his link to Germany. Rizal was 25 and Blumentritt was 33. Blumentritt had written 250 essays and articles on Philippine ethnography. He became Rizal’s dearest confidente and most trusted counselor. Three factors that gave rise to Rizal and Blumentritt’s friendship:

o Common Interestso Shared love for the Philippines and the Filipinos o Affinity of temperaments and affections.

Leitmeritz Where Rizal bid Europe goodbye. Reason for his desire to return to the Philippines

Financial difficulties at Calamba Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid Desire to prove that there was no fear going home. His belief that the Spanish Regime will not punish the innocent.

Paciano and his fellow expatriates

Did not favor his decision because of the publication of Noli Me Tangere.

Reasons why he was motivated to go home

To operate his mother’s eyes Serve the people oppressed by the Spaniards. To find out for himself the effects of his novel to the Filipinos and Spaniards To find out the cause of Leonor Rivera’s silence.

July 3, 1887 Rizal left Rome by train headed for Marseilles, FranceDjemnah Same vessel that ferried him to the continent five years ago.

Headed to the Orient via the Suez Canal.

They stopped at Aden and continued till the vessel reached Saigon.Haiphong Vessel he rode in Saigon, which reached Manila on August 5, 1887 where he stayed

for three days.Isabelo de los Reyes Rizal visited and called him twice, but was unable to find him.

Jesuits Tried to win back to the fold of his old faith during his visit in Ateneo.Father Faura Showed him the Image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus he craved during his student

days. Told him what was wrong with the Noli, but Rizal responded by saying that he

wrote was the truth.August 8, 1887 Arrived in Calamba, where he found his family in the best of health.

Rumors upon his return He was a German spy An agent of Bismarck A mason A soul halfway to damnation.

Calamba Opened a medical clinic and started his profession. Where he gave lessons in gymnastics, fencing and shooting to discourage sabong

and panggingue. He never fail to communicating to Blumentritt.

Doctor Uliman He came to be called by the old folks of Calamba as he was mistaken for a German.Governor General Terrero Ordered him to go to Malacanang.

Informed him that his novel had caused much pandemonium among the government and the clergy and that he wanted to have a copy of the novel to know if the novel was really subversive and inciting the people to rise up in arms against the government.

Did not find anything wrong with it.Don Jose Taviel de

Andrade Bodyguard assigned by Terrero to protect Rizal.

Calamba Agrarian Problem Started when Terrero ordered an investigation of the friar estates in order to remendy the agrarian problems relating to land taxes and tenant relations.

His exposure angered the friars and wanted him to be eliminated.Rizal’s findings about the

Agrarian problem The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around

Calamba, but the whole town of Calamba. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary

increase of the rentals paid by the tenants. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the

town fiesta, for the education of the children and for the improvement of argriculture.

Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands for flimsy reasons.

High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals

When rentals are not paid, the management takes the work animals, tools and farm implements of the tenants.

Two Reasons for leaving Calamba

His presence was endangering the safety and happiness of his family and friends He could be able to fight better his detractors and serve his country cause in a

foreign land.Lt. General Valeriano

Weyler Replaced Terrero Approved the counter attack by the Dominicans, which was evicting all the tenants

from the Dominican haciendas.Doroteo Cortes Organized a public demonstration in Manila after the mass eviction by the

Domincans.March Demonstration The tenants of the Dominican Hacienda presented a petition to Queen Regent

asking for the expulsion of the friars from the Philippines. Everyone who participated was arrested.

Mariano Herbosa Husband of Lucia, Rizal’s sister. The Church refused to give him a Christian burial because he was married to Rizal’s

sister. Died of Cholera

A Profanation (Una Profanacion)

Essay he wrote that attacked the denial of Christian burial to his brother in law who died of cholera.

Don Francisco Paciano

SaturninaNarcisa

Lucia

Were exiled after Rizal had left the country for the second time. Rizal witnessed the effect of the Noli and had caused me so much despair because

his family was suffering because of what he did.

Hymn al TrabajoOr

Hymn to Labor

A poem he wrote request by a friend from Lipa. A poem to commemorate the conversion of Lipa from a pueblo to a villa. Rizal’s way of commending man’s labor and industry and extolling the country’s

wealth and vigor. Labor plays a vital role in keeping up the dignity of man for it is work that sustains

the man, the motherland, family and the home. Considered labor as the country’s blood, health and life.

February 1888 Left the Philippines. He was 27 years old, a medical practitioner and a recognized man of letters.

Chapter 13: From Calamba to Europe for the Second Time

February 3, 1888 Day he left the Philippines for the second time.Zafiro Steamer he rode when he left Manila for Hong Kong.

February 8, 1888 Day he arrived in the British colony.February 16, 1888 Day he wrote to Blumentritt about what had happened to him

Jose Maria BasaBalbino MauricioAnd other exiles

Exiles he met in Hong Kong. Rizal was depressedby the colony of Filipinos in the island because they do not

want to return to the Manila. Barranda One of the exiles

Terrero’s secretary. Accompanied Rizal in his visit to Macao.

Observation About Hong Kong

Chinese New Year was noisy because of the firecrackers. Chinese theaters are usually animated due to the different percussion instruments

used by the participants. Lauriat party shows lavishness and hospitality among the Chinese. Dominican Order, the richest religious order in Hong Kong, had millions of dollars

deposited in various banks earning very high interests. Graveyards for Catholics, Protestants and Muslims were well maintained.

SS Oceania Vessel he rode leaving Hong Kong in February 22, 1888.February 28, 1888 Day he arrived in Japan

Japan Entered through Yokohama and stayed at Tokyo Hotel for a few days. Learned Nippongo, and dedicated himself to the study of Japanese art and culture. Favorable Impressions of Japan:

o Scenic beauty of the countryo Cleanliness, politeness and industry of the people. o Picturesque dress and simple charm of the Japanese womeno Existence of few thieves in Japan.

o Beggars rarely seen in the streets of the city. Kuruma Popular mode of transportation in Japan during that time.

He was disgusted seeing Japanese men pulling the kuruma or rickshaw like horses.O-Sei-San Seiko Usui

Rizal was charmed by her beauty. Learned from the gardener of the Spanish Legation, the she lives with her parents

and usually passes the legation every afternoon. Rizal saw in her the ideals of womanhood: beauty, charm, intelligence and

modesty. To her, Rizal was a man of versatile talents, a man of gallantry and a man of

courtesy. Loved Rizal sincerely and Rizal responded by his sincere affection. They spent joyful and unforgettable days visiting temples, shrines and castles and

even watched Kabuki plays. Cha-no-yu (tea ceremony)

o A social tradition of the Japanese people signifying harmony, purity, tranquility and reverence

Because of her Rizal was tempted to stay in Japan for good.April 28, 1888 Arrived in the United States

Belgic English steamer he rode to the United States.May 4, 1888 He and the other passengers were not allowed to disembark because they were

quarantined because the ship carried 600 Chinese and the elections were being held.

San Francisco Rizal’s entry point in the US.Palace Hotel Where he stayed in San Francisco.

Good Impressions The material progress of the country The drive and energy of the American people. The natural beauty of the land The high standard of living The opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants.

Negative Impressions he wrote to Mariano Ponce

Non-existence of true civil liberty as a Negro cannot marry an American and vice versa.

Existence of racial prejudice as shown in their hatred of the Chineses, Japanese and Negroes.

The valuing of money over human life.City of Rome Left New York for Liverpool on May 16, 1888 on board this vessel.May 24, 1888 Arrived in Liverpool.Adelphi Hotel Where he stayed for the night before moving to London.

Three Reasons for staying in London

To improve his knowledge of the English language. To study and annotate Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas To carry on his flight against Spanish tyranny safely.

Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor Where he stayed as a guest at his residence upon his arrival in London on May 25, 1888.

A practicing lawyer in London and an exile of 1872. He lived as a boarder of the Beckett Family at No. 37 Chalcot Crescent Primrose

Hill.Dr. Reinhold Rost The librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Who recommended that Rizal be allowed to undertake research at the British Museum, where he was able to spend time reading Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.

Good and Bad News from Home

Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the Anti-friar Petition of 1888 addressed to the Queen Regent requesting the expulsion of the friars including

Archbishop Pedro Payo. Persecution of Calamba Tenants Exile of Manuel T. Hidalgo to Bohol, the husband of his sister Saturnina on the

order of Weyler without due process. Arrest and Incarceration of Laureano Vida, a medical student of UST for finding

copies of Noli in his residence. Rev. Vicente Garcia’s defense of the Noli against the attacks of the friars.

Gertrude Beckett Also known as Tottie and Sissie. Smaller than Rizal and chubby like Segundina Katigbak or Orang, but she was not

beautiful. Two things that attracted her to Rizal: Propinquity and happy family.

Morga’s Sucesos of Historical Events of the

Philippine Islands

Published in Mexico in 1605 to provide European readers information about the Philippines.

Three Purposes for Rizal’s Annotation of the Sucesos

To awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos of their glorious or dignified ways of the past.

To correct what has been distorted and falsified about the Philippines prior to Spanish conquest

To prove that the Filipinos were civilized even before the coming of the Spaniards.Researches Read historical material written by Pigafetta, Chirino and other Spanish chroniclers

and historians. Went to the Bibliotheque National in Paris.

Blumentritt Wrote the preface of the annotation Emphasized:

o Spaniards have to correct their erroneous conception of the Filipinos as the children of limited intelligence

o That Rizal’s comments on the Spanish government were unique as they were given from the point of view of the victims of colonialism.

o The Spanish had three delusions about the Philippines. Filipinos were an inferior race. Filipinos were not ready for parliamentary representation and

other reforms The denial of equal rights can be compensated by the strict

dispensation of justice.o Spanish had to learn Philippine realities from Rizal’s new edition of

Morga’s Sucesoso That if the Spanish authorities will not listen to the Filipinos, the Philippines

will be lost through their own fault.Rizal’s Annotation 8 Chapters

o Chapter 1-7: events during the time of the first 11 governor-generals in the Philippines from Legazpi to Acuna.

o Chapter 8: Focused on customs and usages of the Filipinos His notes were of three categories:

o Anti-clericalo Sociologicalo Historical

He hoped with this he could equal Blumentritt. First history book of the Philippines written for the Filipino.

Three Main Propositions in Rizal’s New Edition of

Morga’s Sucesos

That the people of the Philippines had a culture of their own before the coming of the Spaniards.

Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited and ruined by the Spanish colonization.

The present state of the Philippines were not necessarily superior to its past.Asosciacion La Solidaridad Created by the Filipino expatriates in Barcelona to establish a patriotic society that

shall work for reforms from the Spanish government. Establish on December 31, 1881. Officers:

o President: Galiciano Apacibleo Vice President: Graciano Lopez-Jaenao Secretary: Manuel Sta. Mariao Treasurer: Mariano Ponceo Accountant: Jose Ma. Panganiban

Rizal was unanimously chosen as the honorary president which implies that Rizal was already recognized as a leader of the Filipino colony in Barcelona.

He was happy for the recognition and responded through a letter dated January 28, 1889.

La Solidaridad Rizal was informed about the founding of the organ of the Propaganda Movement by Graciano Lopez-Jaena in February 15, 1889

Organ of Philippine opinion. Where Rizal could express his innermost thoughts and feelings fearlessly.

Aims of La Solidaridad To work peacefully for political and social reforms. To portray the deplorable conditions of the Philippines for Spain to remedy them. To oppose the evil forces of the reaction and medievalism. To advocate liberal ideas and progress To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipinos people to life, democracy

and happiness.Los Agricultores Filipinos Rizal’s first article published in La Solidaridad where he described the deplorable

conditions in the country, which had brought about its backwardness.Bibliotheque Natioanale Library in Paris where he searched for historical materials and returned to London

after intensive research.Juan Luna Acted as his host in Paris

Paz Pedro de Tavera Was with Rizal and Luna during Rizal’s time in Paris.Marcelo H. del Pilarand Mariano Ponce

Rizal went to Madrid and Barcelona for a short visit on December 11, 1888. Rizal got acquainted with them with whom he vowed cooperation for the struggle

for reforms. Returned to London on December 24, 1888 where he spent Christmas and New

Year with the Beckett family.Blumentritt Rizal sent him a bust of Emperor Augustus as a gift for Christmas.Dr. Czepelak Rizal sent him a bust of Julius Caesar as a gift for Christmas.

Other Writings in London La Vision del Fray Rodriguez o Essay he wrote in reply to the attacks made by Fr. Rodriguez on the Noli

Me Tangere.o Where he demonstrate his profound knowledge of religion and his biting

satire. Letter to the Young Women of Malolos

o Written under the request of Marcelo H. Pilar to commend the young women of Malolos for their courage to establish a school, where they can learn Spanish despite the opposition Fr. Felipe Garcia, the parish priest of Malolos.

Trubner’s Recordo Dr. Rost inspired Rizal to contribute two articles to this journal devoted to

the literature of the East.o Specimens of Tagal Folklore

First article which is but a collection of 14 proverbs, 8 puzzles and 2

verses.o Two Eastern Fables

Compared a Japanese with that o a Filipino fable. Leaving London Left London for Paris on March 19, 1889.

Some say he left London for Gertrude to forget him. He curved fine and realistic sculptural works before leaving

o Prometheus Boundo Triumph of Death over Lifeo Triumph of Science over Deatho Composite carving of the heads of the Beckett sisters.

Chapter 14: Rizal’s Legacy to Young Filipino Women

December 12, 1888 A group of twenty women of Malolos petitioned for the permission to open a night school so they can study Spanish.

Weyler Governor-general during that time.Teodoro Sandiko The women of Malolos wanted him to be the teacher of their night school.Fr. Felipe Garcia The parish priest of Malolos who objected resulting into the turning down of the

petition by Weyler, but the young women courageously sustained their agitation for the establishment of the school.

The Women of Malolos 1. Alberta Ui Tangcoy2. Teresa Tontoco3. Natia Tontoco4. Merced Tiongson5. Agapita Tiongson6. Basilia Tiongson7. Paz Tiongson8. Feliciana Tiongson9. Eugenia Tangchangco10. Aurea Tangchangco11. Leoncia Reyes12. Olympia Reyes13. Maria de los Reyes

Senorita Guadalupe Reyes They were granted permission to start a school under the condition that she will be their teacher.

Marcelo del Pilar Praised the women and requested Rizal to write a letter commending them for their extraordinary courage.

Letter of Rizal focused on the Following Salient

Points:

The rejection of the spiritual authority of the friars The defense of private judgment Qualities Filipino mothers need to possess Duties and responsibilities of a wife to her husband Counsel to young women on their choice of a lifetime partner

Rizal’s Ultimate Desire for Women

To afford Filipino women with the same opportunities enjoyed by men in education - an education that will liberate women.

He emphasized the need for maintaining the independence of mind and reason with the attendant strengthening the will.

He urged women to be vigilant over their rights and not be docile and passive in their attitude towards the many injustices forced upon them.

Youth A flower-bed that is to bear rich fruit and must accumulate wealth for its descendants

Responsibilities of Filipino Whatever the mother is, so would her son become.

Mothers to their Children Mothers who can teach nothing else but kneeling and kissing the hand of the friars should expect children who are not only stupid but also exploited slaves.

Their duties are:o To rise children close to the image of God.o To awaken and prepare the mind of the child for every good and desirable

ideao To teach children to prefer death with honor to life with dishonor.

Educate them with the following values:o Love for honoro Sincere and firm charactero Clear mindo Clear conducto Noble actiono Love for one’s fellowmen o Respect for God

Qualities Mothers have to Possess

Has to be a noble wife Has to rear her children in the service of the state like Sparta mother. A wife has to set the standards of behavior for men around her. Three things a wife must instill in the mind of her husband:

o Activity and industryo Noble behavioro Worthy sentiments

Wife is the partner of her husband’s heart and misfortune.Rizal’s advice to married

women Aid her husband Share the perils Refrain from causing him worry Sweeten his moments of affliction.

Rizal’s advice to Unmarried men and

women

Young men that in choosing their life partner, they should not consider physical beauty nor the sweetness of disposition of a woman but rather give priority to firmness of character and lofty ideas.

Young women should not surrender their womanhood to a weak and timid heart.Three things a woman

must look for a man she is going to marry

A noble and honored name A manly heart A high spirit incapable of being satisfied with engendering slaves.

Rizal’s Reminders on Equality, Self-Respect and

True Spirit of Religion

Tyranny of some is possible only through cowardice and negligence on the part of others.

What makes one contemptible is lack of dignity and abject fear of one who holds one in contempt.

Ignorance in servitude because as a man thinks so he is a man who does not think for himself and allows himself to be guided by the thought of another is like a beast led by a halter.

He who loves his independence must first aid his fellowman because he who refuses protection to other will find himself without it.

If the Filipina will not change her mode of being, let her rear no more children, let her merely give birth to them.

o She must cease to be the mistress of the home, otherwise she will unconsciously betray husband, child, native land and all.

All men are born equal, naked without bonds. God did not create man to be a slave, nor did he endow him intelligence to have him hoodwinked or adorn him with reason to have him deceived by others.

Consider well what kind of religion they are teaching you. o See whether it is the will of God or according to the teaching of Christ that

the poor be succored and those who suffer alleviated.Five Major Points of Rizal’s

Letter to the Young Women of Malolos

Filipino mothers should teach their children love of God, country and fellowmen. Filipino mothers should be glad and honored like Spartan mothers to offer their

sons in defense of their country. Filipino women should know how to protect their dignity and honor. Filipino women should educate themselves aside from retaining their good racial

values. Faith is not merely reciting prayers and wearing religious pictures. It is living the

real Christian way with good morals and manners.