NOMADIC EMPIRES AND EURASIAN INTEGRATIONChapter 18 Review

DURING WHAT PERIOD DID THE NOMADS OF CENTRAL ASIA IMPACT THE OTHER GLOBAL CIVILIZATIONS OF THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE DURING THE POST CLASSICAL ERA?

A) 900 to 1100 B) 1100 to 1300 C) 1200 to 1400 D) 1300 to 1500 E) 800-900

WHAT WAS THE BASIC UNIT OF MONGOL SOCIETY?

A) The nuclear family B) The tribe C) The guild D) The city-state E) Band

HOW DID THE GEOGRAPHY OF CENTRAL ASIA AFFECT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOMADIC CULTURES?

NOMADIC ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

Clans, related languages sought trade, were prominent on caravan

routes Fluidity of classes in nomadic society Two social classes: nobles and commoners Autonomous clans and tribes Religions: shamans, Buddhism, Nestorian

Christianity; by tenth century, Islam

HOW DID THESE PEOPLE ADAPT TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT? WHAT ADVANTAGES DID THEIR ADAPTATIONS GIVE THEM?

ENVIRONMENT

Nomads drove herds in migratory cycles Lived mostly on animal products limited amounts of millet, pottery, leather

goods, iron

DISCUSS THE MILITARY ORGANIZATION, TECHNIQUES, AND STRATEGIES OF THESE ASIAN NOMADS. HOW DID THESE ABILITIES MAKE THEIR MILITARY SO FORMIDABLE?

WHERE WAS THE CAPITAL OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE UNDER CHINGGIS KHAN?

A) Samarkand B) Karakorum C) Tatu D) Khwarazm E) Cambolu

MILITARY

Khan ("ruler") organized vast confederation of individual tribes for expansion

Outstanding cavalry forces formidable military power

TURKISH EXPANSION INTO PERSIA AND INDIA

SALJUK TURKS

Mid 8th – mide 10th centuries

Lived on borders Traded Joined Army 1055 – Tughril Beg

recognized as sultan by caliph

Successors extend rule to Syria and Paestine

Began migrating to Anatolia in 11th century

1071 – defeat Byzantines at Manzikert – take emperor

Peasants see Saljuks as liberators

Displaced Byzantine authority

In the Abbasid Empire In the Byzantine Empire

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WAS NOT ONE OF THE POSITIVE ASPECTS OF CHINGGIS KHANʹS IMPERIAL RULE?

A) He promulgated a legal code to end divisions and quarrels among the Mongol clans.

B) He brought peace to much of Asia. C) He promoted the growth of trade and

commerce. D) He ordered the creation of huge pastures in

northern China for the use of the Mongol clans. E) He promised religious toleration for many

different religious groups.

HOW DID THE MONGOLS COME TO CONQUER CHINA? WHAT WERE THE KEY ELEMENTS IN THEIR SUCCESS?

CONQUEST OF NORTHERN CHINA

Chinggis Khan, Mongols raided the Jurchen in north China beginning in 1211

Controlled north China by 1220 South China was still ruled by the Song

dynasty Mongol rule becomes known as Yuan dynasty

(founded 1279) Unsuccessful conquests of Vietnam, Burma,

Java, and Japan by Khubilai

FACTORS

Equestrian skills Bows Mobile forces Mongol overlords oversaw local

administrators Outlawed intermarriage Tolerated religions Confucian lost government support

FOLLOWING CHINGGIS KHANʹS DEATH, WHAT WAS THE PROVISION FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF THEEMPIRE?

A) It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons.

B) It was centralized with a Mongol bureaucracy located at the Chinese capital of Tatu.

C) The empire immediately fragmented into its constituent tribes and clans.

D) It passed as a single government with its capital at Karakorum to Chinggis Khanʹs oldest son.

E) Mandarins from China were brought in to help administer the empire under the guidance of the grand khan.

DISCUSS THE ROLE OF EPIDEMICS IN THE DECLINE OF THE MONGOL EMPIRES.

WHO WAS TAMERLANE, AND WHAT WAS HIS LASTING LEGACY?

HOW DID THE TURKS COME TO TOPPLE THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE?

WHAT WAS THE RELIGIOUS POLICY OF THE MONGOL EMPIRE UNDER CHINGGIS KHAN?

A) He was converted to Islam late in his life. B) He practiced no religious beliefs himself,

but tolerated Islam only. C) All religions were tolerated in his empire. D) Buddhism became the state religion of the

Mongol empire. E) After the Russian campaign the Mongols

became Orthodox Christians.

WHAT ROLE DID RELIGION(S) PLAY IN THE NOMADIC EMPIRES? WHAT GENERALIZATIONS CAN YOU MAKE? WHAT ARE THE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES?

MAHMUD OF GHAZNI

Enemy of Buddhism and Hinduism Attacked temples and shrines Stripped Hindu and Buddhist establishments

of their wealth Repressed Buddhism and Hinduism and

promoted Islam