Making Sense of the ingredients label!

Chemical Names & Formulas

Atoms and ionsAtoms and ions

Atoms Atoms are are

electrically electrically neutral.neutral.

Same Same number of number of protons and protons and electrons.electrons.

Ions Ions atoms, or groups of atoms, or groups of

atoms, with a charge.atoms, with a charge.Different numbers of Different numbers of

protons and protons and electrons.electrons.

Only electrons can Only electrons can move.move.

Gain or lose Gain or lose electrons.electrons.

AnionAnion

A negative ion.A negative ion.Has gained electrons.Has gained electrons.Non metals can gain electrons.Non metals can gain electrons.Charge is written as a super script on the Charge is written as a super script on the

right.right.

F-1 Has gained one electron

O-2 Has gained two electrons

Cations Positive ions. Formed by losing electrons. More protons than electrons. Metals form cations.

K+1 Has lost one electron

Ca+2 Has lost two electrons

CompoundsCompounds

Follow the Law of Definite Proportion.Follow the Law of Definite Proportion.Have a constant composition.Have a constant composition.Have to add the same number of atoms Have to add the same number of atoms

every time.every time.Two types.Two types.

Two Types of CompoundsTwo Types of Compounds

Molecular compoundsMolecular compoundsMade of molecules.Made of molecules.Made by joining nonmetal Made by joining nonmetal

atoms together into molecules.atoms together into molecules.

Two Types of CompoundsTwo Types of Compounds

Ionic CompoundsIonic CompoundsMade of cations and anions.Made of cations and anions.Metals and nonmetals.Metals and nonmetals.The electrons lost by the cation are gained The electrons lost by the cation are gained

by the anion.by the anion.The cation and anions surround each The cation and anions surround each

other.other.Smallest piece is a Smallest piece is a FORMULA UNIT.FORMULA UNIT.

Two Types of CompoundsTwo Types of Compounds

Smallest piece

Melting Point

State

Types of elements

Formula Unit Molecule

Metal and Nonmetal

Nonmetals

solidSolid, liquid or gas

High >300ºC Low <300ºC

Ionic Molecular

Chemical FormulasChemical Formulas

Shows the kind and number of atoms in Shows the kind and number of atoms in the smallest piece of a substance.the smallest piece of a substance.

Molecular formulaMolecular formulanumber and kinds of atoms in a number and kinds of atoms in a

molecule.molecule.COCO22

CC66HH1212OO66

Formula UnitFormula Unit

The smallest whole number ratio of atoms The smallest whole number ratio of atoms in an ionic compound.in an ionic compound.

Charges on ionsCharges on ions

For most of the Group A elements, the For most of the Group A elements, the Periodic Table can tell what kind of ion Periodic Table can tell what kind of ion they will form from their location.they will form from their location.

Elements in the same group have similar Elements in the same group have similar properties.properties.

Including the charge when they are ions.Including the charge when they are ions.

+2

+1

+3 -3 -2 -1

What about the others?What about the others?

We have to figure those out some other We have to figure those out some other way.way.

More on this later.More on this later.

Naming ionsNaming ions

Two methodsTwo methodsStock System & ClassicalStock System & Classical

Cation- if the charge is always the same Cation- if the charge is always the same (Group A) just write the name of the metal.(Group A) just write the name of the metal.

Transition metals can have more than one Transition metals can have more than one type of charge.type of charge.

Indicate the charge with roman numerals Indicate the charge with roman numerals in parenthesis.in parenthesis.

Name theseName these

NaNa+1+1 CaCa+2+2 AlAl+3+3 FeFe+3+3 FeFe+2+2 PbPb+2+2 LiLi+1+1

Sodium ionSodium ion Calcium ionCalcium ion Aluminum ionAluminum ion Iron (III) ion / Ferric ionIron (III) ion / Ferric ion Iron (II) ion / Ferrous ionIron (II) ion / Ferrous ion Lead (II) ion / Plumbous ionLead (II) ion / Plumbous ion Lithium ionLithium ion

Write Formulas for theseWrite Formulas for these

Potassium ionPotassium ionMagnesium ion Magnesium ion Copper (II) ionCopper (II) ionChromic ionChromic ionBarium ionBarium ionMercury (II) ionMercury (II) ion

KK+1+1

MgMg+2+2

CuCu+2+2

CrCr+3+3

BaBa+2+2

HgHg+2+2

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the same.Anions are always the same.Change the element ending to – Change the element ending to – ideideFF-1-1 Fluorine Fluorine

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the same.Anions are always the same.Change the element ending to – Change the element ending to – ideideFF-1-1 Fluorin Fluorin

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the sameAnions are always the sameChange the element ending to – Change the element ending to – ideideFF-1-1 Fluori Fluori

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the sameAnions are always the sameChange the element ending to – Change the element ending to – ideideFF-1-1 Fluor Fluor

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the sameAnions are always the sameChange the element ending to – Change the element ending to – ideideFF-1-1 Fluor Fluorii

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the sameAnions are always the sameChange the element ending to – ideChange the element ending to – ideFF-1-1 Fluor Fluoridid

Naming AnionsNaming Anions

Anions are always the sameAnions are always the sameChange the element ending to – Change the element ending to – ideideFF-1-1 Fluor Fluorideide

Name theseName these

ClCl-1-1 NN-3-3 BrBr-1-1 OO-2-2

GaGa+3+3

ChlorideChlorideNitrideNitrideBromideBromideOxideOxideGallium Ion Gallium Ion

*Gotcha**Gotcha*

Write theseWrite these

SulfideSulfideiodideiodidephosphidephosphideStrontium ionStrontium ion

SS-2-2

II-1-1

PP-3-3

SrSr+2+2

Polyatomic ionsPolyatomic ionsGroups of atoms that stay together and Groups of atoms that stay together and

have a charge.have a charge.You must memorize these.You must memorize these.Acetate CAcetate C22HH33OO22

-1-1

Nitrate NONitrate NO33-1-1

Nitrite NONitrite NO22-1-1

Hydroxide OHHydroxide OH-1-1

Permanganate MnOPermanganate MnO44-1-1

Cyanide CNCyanide CN-1-1

Polyatomic ionsPolyatomic ionsSulfate Sulfate SOSO44

-2-2

Sulfite Sulfite SOSO33-2-2

Carbonate Carbonate COCO33-2-2

Chromate Chromate CrOCrO44-2-2

Dichromate Dichromate CrCr22OO77-2-2

Phosphate Phosphate POPO44-3-3

Phosphite Phosphite POPO33-3 -3

Ammonium Ammonium NHNH44+1+1