Nomenclature. Types of Chemical Substances Inorganic Inorganic elements elements molecular molecular...

NomenclatureNomenclature

Types of Chemical Types of Chemical SubstancesSubstances

InorganicInorganic elementselements molecularmolecular ionicionic

OrganicOrganic aliphaticaliphatic cycliccyclic substitutedsubstituted

Common substancesCommon substances inorganic or organicinorganic or organic

NamingNaming

must be must be simplesimple as possible as possible must be must be uniqueunique

ElementsElements

one kind of atomone kind of atom most are most are monoatomicmonoatomic (one atom) (one atom)

Cu, Fe, Al, HeCu, Fe, Al, He 8 elements are 8 elements are diatomicdiatomic (2 atoms) (2 atoms)

HH22 N N22 O O22 F F22 Cl Cl22 Br Br22 I I22 (At (At22))

2 are 2 are polyatomicpolyatomic SS88

PP44

Common SubstancesCommon Substances

known by names other than their known by names other than their systematic namessystematic names

be familiar withbe familiar with formulasformulas systematic namesystematic name common namecommon name

know whether systematic or common know whether systematic or common name takes precedencename takes precedence


FormulaFormula Chemical NameChemical Name Common NameCommon Name

HH22OO hydrogen oxidehydrogen oxide waterwaterNaClNaCl sodium chloridesodium chloride table salttable saltHClHCl hydrogen chloridehydrogen chloride hydrochloric acidhydrochloric acidHNOHNO33 hydrogen nitratehydrogen nitrate nitric acidnitric acidHH22SOSO44 hydrogen sulfatehydrogen sulfate sulfuric acidsulfuric acidHH33POPO44 hydrogen phosphatehydrogen phosphate phosphoric acidphosphoric acidCHCH33COOHCOOH acetic acidacetic acid vinegarvinegarCaSOCaSO44 calcium sulfatecalcium sulfate gypsum (dry wall)gypsum (dry wall)NHNH33 nitrogen trihydridenitrogen trihydride ammoniaammonia


FormulaFormula Chemical NameChemical Name Common NameCommon Name

HH22OO22 hydrogen peroxidehydrogen peroxide hydrogen hydrogen peroxideperoxide

CC22HH55OHOH ethanolethanol drinking alcoholdrinking alcoholCHCH33OHOH methanolmethanol wood alcoholwood alcoholCHCH44 methanemethane natural gasnatural gasOO33 ozoneozone ozoneozoneCC1212HH2222OO1111 sucrose sucrose table sugartable sugarKClKCl potassium chloridepotassium chloride potashpotashNaOHNaOH sodium hydroxidesodium hydroxide lye, caustic sodalye, caustic sodaCaOCaO calcium oxidecalcium oxide limelime

Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds

made up of 2 non-metals bound made up of 2 non-metals bound together with covalent bonds:together with covalent bonds:

Molecular CompoundsMolecular Compounds can’t predict formula so naming is done on can’t predict formula so naming is done on

a a numbering systemnumbering system.. prefixes in front of the element name tell prefixes in front of the element name tell

you how many of that element are present you how many of that element are present in the compound:in the compound:

monomono 11 hexahexa 66

didi 22 heptahepta 77

tritri 33 octaocta 88

tetratetra 44 nonanona 99

pentapenta 55 decadeca 1010


NN22OO55

dinitrogen pentaoxide dinitrogen pentaoxide (note ending)(note ending) COCO22

carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide (no mono on first (no mono on first atom)atom)

COCO

carbon monoxidecarbon monoxide ClCl22OO77

dichlorine heptaoxidedichlorine heptaoxide

-ides-ides

CC carbidecarbide ClCl chloridechloride

NN nitridenitride AsAs arsenidearsenide

OO oxideoxide SeSe selenideselenide

FF fluoridefluoride BrBr bromidebromide

SiSi silicidesilicide TeTe telluridetelluride

PP phosphidephosphide II iodideiodide

SS sulfidesulfide


tetraphosphorus decaoxidetetraphosphorus decaoxide

PP44OO1010

tetrasulfur tetranitridetetrasulfur tetranitride

SS44NN44

bromine monofluoridebromine monofluoride

BrFBrF diarsenic triselenidediarsenic triselenide

AsAs22SeSe33

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

made up of cations and anions which made up of cations and anions which come together as a result of ionic come together as a result of ionic attraction:attraction:

Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds

there is no molecule, rather a there is no molecule, rather a crystal lattice.crystal lattice.

chemical formula is ratio of cations chemical formula is ratio of cations to anions in crystal; to anions in crystal; formula unitformula unit

ionic substances are recognized ionic substances are recognized because they contain a because they contain a metal + metal + non-metalnon-metal

Simple Ionic CompoundsSimple Ionic Compounds

cations from groups 1 & 2, Al, Zn, Ag, Cd, cations from groups 1 & 2, Al, Zn, Ag, Cd, NHNH44

1+1+ (all have only one possible charge) (all have only one possible charge) anions can be anything on the chart anions can be anything on the chart

(including polyatomic ions)(including polyatomic ions) only one formula unit possible, so name is only one formula unit possible, so name is

a repetition of the ion names:a repetition of the ion names:

NaClNaClNaNa1+1+ ClCl1-1-

sodium chloridesodium chloride

Simple Ionic CompoundsSimple Ionic Compounds

NHNH44NONO33

NHNH441+1+ NONO33

1-1-

ammonium nitrateammonium nitrate AlAl22(CO(CO33))33

AlAl3+3+ COCO332-2-

aluminum aluminum carbonatecarbonate

AgAg33PPAgAg1+1+ PP3-3-

silver phosphidesilver phosphide

Simple Ionic Compounds Simple Ionic Compounds

cadmium chloritecadmium chlorite

CdCd2+2+ ClOClO221-1-

Cd(ClOCd(ClO22))22

strontium nitridestrontium nitride

SrSr2+2+ NN3-3-

SrSr33NN22

Stock SystemStock System

used when the cation can have more used when the cation can have more than one possible chargethan one possible charge

used for all other metals on the used for all other metals on the Periodic Table.Periodic Table.

the name of the compound includes the name of the compound includes the charge of the cation in roman the charge of the cation in roman numerals, in brackets after the cation numerals, in brackets after the cation name.name.

The Stock System of NomenclatureThe Stock System of Nomenclature

FormulFormulaa

Charge of Charge of CationCation

Charge of Charge of AnionAnion

Name of Name of CompoundCompound

SnFSnF22 SnSn2+2+ FF1-1- Tin (II) fluorideTin (II) fluoride

SnFSnF44 SnSn4+4+ FF1-1- Tin (IV) fluorideTin (IV) fluoride

Co(ClO)Co(ClO)

33CoCo3+3+ ClOClO1-1- Cobalt (III) Cobalt (III)

hypochloritehypochlorite

MnOMnO22 MnMn4+4+ OO2-2- Manganese (IV) Manganese (IV) oxideoxide

USUS33 UU6+6+ SS2-2- Uranium (VI) Uranium (VI) sulfidesulfide

Classical SystemClassical System

older systemolder system much, much, oldermuch, much, older largely replaced by Stock system, largely replaced by Stock system,

but is still around.but is still around. if see name be able to give formula.if see name be able to give formula. nevernever give classical name for any give classical name for any

formula.formula.

The Stock and Classical Systems of The Stock and Classical Systems of NomenclatureNomenclature

FormulFormula a

Charge Charge of of

CationCation

Charge Charge of Anionof Anion Stock NameStock Name Classical Classical

NameName

SnFSnF22 SnSn2+2+ FF1-1- Tin (II) Tin (II) fluoride fluoride

Stannous Stannous fluoride fluoride

SnFSnF44 SnSn4+4+ FF1-1- Tin (IV) Tin (IV) fluoride fluoride

Stannic Stannic fluoride fluoride

CoClCoCl22 CoCo2+2+ ClCl11--Cobalt (II) Cobalt (II) chloride chloride

Cobaltous Cobaltous chloride chloride

CoClCoCl33 CoCo3+3+ ClCl11--Cobalt (III) Cobalt (III) chloride chloride

Cobaltic Cobaltic chloride chloride

CuCu22OO CuCu1+1+ OO2-2- Copper (I) Copper (I) oxide oxide

Cuprous Cuprous oxide oxide

CuOCuO CuCu2+2+ OO2-2- Copper (II) Copper (II) oxide oxide

Cupric Cupric oxide oxide

Waters of HydrationWaters of Hydration

water molecules physically attached water molecules physically attached to ionic and molecular substances.to ionic and molecular substances.

name and formula recognizes their name and formula recognizes their presence.presence.

Waters of HydrationWaters of Hydration

gypsum typically attracts 4 water gypsum typically attracts 4 water molecules per formula unit:molecules per formula unit:

CaSOCaSO44 · 4 H· 4 H22OO

name the substance then use a numbering name the substance then use a numbering prefix followed by subscript prefix followed by subscript hydratehydrate::

calcium sulfate tetrahydratecalcium sulfate tetrahydrate

Naming Hydrated CompoundsNaming Hydrated Compounds

Formula Formula Name of CompoundName of Compound

PP22OO55 · 10 H · 10 H22OOdiphosphorus pentaoxide diphosphorus pentaoxide decahydrate decahydrate

NaNa22COCO33 · H · H22OO sodium carbonate monohydrate sodium carbonate monohydrate

Using Ion Charge to Predict Using Ion Charge to Predict FormulasFormulas

a) Ka) K1+1+, Br, Br1-1- f) Hgf) Hg2+2+ , O , O2-2-

KBrKBr HgOHgOb) Cab) Ca2+2+, Cl, Cl1-1- g) Kg) K1+1+ , PO , PO44

3-3-

CaClCaCl22 KK33POPO44

c) Lic) Li1+1+, H, H1-1- h) Pbh) Pb4+4+, O, O2-2-

LiHLiH PbOPbO22

d) Fed) Fe3+3+, OH, OH1-1- i) NHi) NH441+1+ , SO , SO44

2-2-

Fe(OH)Fe(OH)33 (NH(NH44))22SOSO44

e) Cae) Ca2+2+, ClO, ClO441-1- j) Mgj) Mg2+2+, BO, BO33

3-3-

Ca(ClOCa(ClO44))22 MgMg33(BO(BO33))22

Using Formulas to Predict Ion Using Formulas to Predict Ion Charge Charge

a) ZnSOa) ZnSO44 f) KSCNf) KSCN

ZnZn2+2+ SOSO442-2- KK1+1+ SCNSCN1-1-

b) Mg(NOb) Mg(NO33))22 g) Nag) Na22SeOSeO33

MgMg2+2+ NONO331-1- NaNa1+1+ SeOSeO33

2-2-

c) FeOc) FeO h) Alh) Al22(Cr(Cr22OO77))33

FeFe2+2+ OO2-2- AlAl3+3+ CrCr22OO772-2-

d) LiHCOd) LiHCO33 i) MgCi) MgC22OO44

LiLi1+1+ HCOHCO331-1- MgMg2+2+ CC22OO44

2-2-

e) Hge) Hg22ClCl22 j) SrHj) SrH22

HgHg222+2+ ClCl1-1- SrSr2+2+ HH1-1-

1) NH3 ammonia2) Fe(NO3)2 Fe2+ NO3

1- iron (II) nitrate3) SO2 sulfur dioxide4) MgBr2 Mg2+ Br1- magnesium bromide5) GeCl4 Ge4+ Cl1- germanium (IV) chloride6) N2 nitrogen7) AlPO4 Al3+ PO4

3- aluminum phosphate8) C2H5OH ethanol9) Li2CrO4 Li1+ CrO4

2- lithium chromate10) KH K1+ H1- potassium hydride11) CuCr2O7 Cu2+ Cr2O7

2- copper (II) dichromate12) NH4NO3 NH4

1+ NO31- ammonium nitrate

13) CO2 carbon dioxide14) P2O5 6 H2O diphosphorus pentaoxide hexahydrate15) PbO Pb2+ O2- lead (II) oxide16) BaS Ba2+ S2- barium sulfide17) S8 sulfur18) Mo(NO3)7 Mo7+ NO3

1- molybdenum (VII) nitrate19) BaH2 Ba2+ H1- barium hydride20) CaSO4 4 H2O

Ca2+ SO42- calcium sulfate

tetrahydrate21) O2 oxygen22) Al2O3 Al3+ O2- aluminum oxide23) PCl3 phosphorus trichloride24) CuSO3 Cu2+ SO3

2- copper (II) sulfite

1) sodium fluoride Na1+ F1-

NaF2) potassium carbonate K1+ CO3

2-

K2CO3

3) aluminum sulfide Al3+ S2-

Al2S3

4) calcium bromide Ca2+ Br1-

CaBr2

5) chlorine heptafluoride ClF7

6) silver oxide Ag1+ O2- Ag2O7) ammonium sulfide NH4

1+ S2-

(NH4)2S8) barium hydroxide Ba2+ OH1-

Ba(OH)2

9) phosphorus P4

10) mercurous chloride Hg22+ Cl1-

Hg2Cl211) tin (II) nitrate Sn2+ NO3

1-

Sn(NO3)2

12) potassium bisulfite K1+ HSO31-

KHSO3

13) calcium carbonate Ca2+ CO32- CaCO3

14) ammonium sulfite NH41+ SO3

2- (NH4)2SO3

15) iron (II) hydroxide Fe2+ OH1- Fe(OH)2

16) uranium (VI) nitrate U6+ NO31- U(NO3)6

17) ozone O3

18) lithium dichromate Li1+ Cr2O72- Li2Cr2O7

19) hydrogen nitrate H1+ NO31- HNO3

20) barium bicarbonate Ba2+ HCO31-Ba(HCO3)2

21) nitrogen dioxide NO2

22) carbon monoxide CO23) methanol CH3OH24) ammonium oxalate NH4

1+ C2O42-

(NH4)2C2O4

Organic NomenclatureOrganic Nomenclature

3 types of organic compounds 3 types of organic compounds important for this class:important for this class: aliphatic hydrocarbons - chainsaliphatic hydrocarbons - chains cyclic hydrocarbons - ringscyclic hydrocarbons - rings aromatic hydrocarbons - benzene ringsaromatic hydrocarbons - benzene rings

Organic Nomenclature

Naming hydrocarbons involves looking Naming hydrocarbons involves looking at 3 aspects: at 3 aspects:

1.1. Number of carbons linked in a Number of carbons linked in a continuous chain. continuous chain.

2.2. The presence of single, double or triple The presence of single, double or triple bonds in the carbon chain. bonds in the carbon chain.

3.3. The presence of structures other than The presence of structures other than hydrogen attached to the main carbon hydrogen attached to the main carbon chain (functional groups). chain (functional groups).

1. Length of Carbon 1. Length of Carbon Chain Chain

how many carbons are bonded in a chain how many carbons are bonded in a chain gives the gives the prefixprefix of the name: of the name:

11 meth-meth- 77 hept-hept-22 eth-eth- 88 oct-oct-33 prop-prop- 99 non-non-44 but-but- 1010 dec-dec-55 pent-pent- 1111 undec-undec-66 hex-hex- 1212 dodec-dodec-

1. Length of Carbon 1. Length of Carbon Chain Chain

other prefixes include:other prefixes include:

1313 tridec-tridec- 3030 triacont-triacont-

1414 tetradec-tetradec- 4040 tetracont-tetracont-

1515 pentadec-pentadec- 5050 pentacont-pentacont-

2020 eicos-eicos- 100100 hect-hect-

2525 pentacos-pentacos-

2. Family Background2. Family Background

carbon atoms make 4 chemical bonds.carbon atoms make 4 chemical bonds. carbon atoms can be linked to each carbon atoms can be linked to each

other by one pair of electrons (single other by one pair of electrons (single bond), two pair (double bond), or bond), two pair (double bond), or three pair (triple bond).three pair (triple bond).

the presence of double or triple bonds the presence of double or triple bonds on the carbon chain changes the on the carbon chain changes the chemical family.chemical family.

2. Family Background2. Family Background

alkanesalkanes all carbons are connected by single all carbons are connected by single

bondsbonds the suffix the suffix –ane–ane is added to the name of is added to the name of

the compoundthe compound the general formula is Cthe general formula is CnnHH2n+22n+2

hexanehexane

alkenesalkenes the carbon chain contains at least one the carbon chain contains at least one

doubledouble bond bond the suffix the suffix –ene–ene is added to the name of is added to the name of

the compoundthe compound the general formula is Cthe general formula is CnnHH2n2n

propenepropene

alkynesalkynes the carbon chain contains at least one the carbon chain contains at least one

tripletriple bond bond the suffix the suffix –yne–yne is added to the name of is added to the name of

the compoundthe compound the general formula is Cthe general formula is CnnHH2n-22n-2

propynepropyne

IsomersIsomers

is defined as the structure associated is defined as the structure associated with a chemical formula.with a chemical formula.

for many organic compounds it is for many organic compounds it is possible to have more than one possible to have more than one isomer for a given formula.isomer for a given formula.

the simplest isomers are alkenes and the simplest isomers are alkenes and alkynes where the double or triple alkynes where the double or triple bond can have more than one bond can have more than one location:location:

CC44HH88

1-butene1-butene

2-butene2-butene

number the carbons from the end closest number the carbons from the end closest to the multiple bond:to the multiple bond:

IsomersIsomers

1- hexene1- hexene

the double bond is located closest to the double bond is located closest to the left-hand side, so that is where the left-hand side, so that is where numbering starts.numbering starts.

IsomersIsomers

2-hexene2-hexene

the double bond is closer to the right-the double bond is closer to the right-hand side, so numbering begins hand side, so numbering begins there.there.

IsomersIsomers

1-hexene1-hexene

1-hexene1-hexene

these two are the same molecule.these two are the same molecule.

CC44HH66

1-butyne1-butyne

2-butyne2-butyne

Functional GroupsFunctional Groups

hydrocarbon chainshydrocarbon chains halogenshalogens alcoholsalcohols


Hydrocarbon chains are carbon Hydrocarbon chains are carbon chains attached to the main chain:chains attached to the main chain:

this is calledthis is called

methylbutanemethylbutane


Prefixes are used to indicate the Prefixes are used to indicate the number of carbons in the chain:number of carbons in the chain:

1 carbon - 1 carbon - methyl-methyl- 2 carbons - 2 carbons - ethyl-ethyl- 3 carbons - 3 carbons - propyl-propyl-


when it is possible to attach the when it is possible to attach the hydrocarbon in more than 1 place hydrocarbon in more than 1 place numbering is used:numbering is used:

2-methylpentane2-methylpentane


3-methylpentane3-methylpentane

4-methyl-2-pentene4-methyl-2-pentene


2,3-dimethylpentane2,3-dimethylpentane


3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene


2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentane2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentane



Halogens - group 17 elements - group 17 elements attached to the carbon chain:attached to the carbon chain:

1-fluoro-3-chloropentane1-fluoro-3-chloropentane


1-fluoro-1,1-diiodo-5,5,5-1-fluoro-1,1-diiodo-5,5,5-trichloro-trichloro-

2-pentyne2-pentyne


AlcoholsAlcohols - are formed when –OH - are formed when –OH groups are attached to the main groups are attached to the main chain:chain:

1-pentanol1-pentanol


2-penten-1-ol2-penten-1-ol

Cyclic and Aromatic Cyclic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons

cyclopropanecyclopropane


cyclohexanecyclohexane


cyclohexenecyclohexene

2-chloro-4-fluorocyclohexene 2-chloro-4-fluorocyclohexene


benzenebenzene


benzenebenzene


phenolphenol


toluenetoluene


dichlorobenzenedichlorobenzene

ortho-ortho- meta-meta- para-para-

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