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Non-communicable diseases
Non-communicable diseases
• Non-Communicable Disease – a disease that is not transmitted by another person, environment, or vector (something that carries it like a mosquito, rats)• Types of Non-Communicable Diseases
• Cardiovascular Disease -- Cancer• Allergies -- Asthma• Diabetes -- Arthritis
Allergies: a specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently harmless substance
• Diagnosis: blood tests, skin tests, self diagnosis• Risk Factors: being around substances that are allergens- pollen, dust,
foods, mold, spores, chemicals, insect venom, animal dander, medications• Short Term Effects: hives, itching, swelling, difficulty breathing or
swallowing, swelling, drop in blood pressure• Long Term Effects: can be life threatening if difficulty breathing or
swelling isn’t under control. • Treatment: take antihistamines (medications that help control allergy
symptoms)• Prevention Strategy: avoid the allergen that causes the problem, long
term allergy shots
Asthma: condition in which the small airways in the lungs become narrowed and cause difficulty breathing• Diagnosis: talk to your doctor about your symptoms, listen to the
lungs, peak flow meter test (breathe into a machine and it can tell how much air you’re getting in and out of your lungs)• Risk Factors: triggers include air pollen, exercise, pet dander, tobacco
smoke, mold, pollen, & dust• Short Term Effects: coughing (particularly at night or early in the
morning) wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, anxiety or restlessness
Asthma cont.
• Long Term Effects: permanent damage or changes to lung tissues• Treatment: Quick-relief medications (inhaler)The goals of asthma treatment include:
• few daytime symptoms• no nighttime awakenings due to asthma• able to keep up normal activity and exercise levels• normal lung function• prevent flare-ups and the need for emergency room visits or hospitalization• minimize use of quick-relief medications• few to no side effects from medication
• Prevention Strategy: avoid triggers where possible, use a long acting medication to control asthma
Arthritis: diseases that cause pain and loss of movement in the joints
• Diagnosis: blood tests, X-rays• Risk Factors: can be genetic, repetitive movements, constant use of
the joint• Short Term Effects: aches and pain when moving joints, inflammation,
swelling, stiffness• Long Term Effects: joint deformity, loss of cartilage in joint, need for
replacement surgeries• Treatment: medication, exercise, rest, joint protection, physical
therapy• Prevention Strategy: control your weight, be active, prevent injuries
Cardiovascular Disease: disease that effects the heart and/or blood vessels
• Diagnosis: • Hypertension= high blood
pressure, • Atherosclerosis= build up of
plaque on artery walls, • Angina Pectoris= chest pain from
lack of oxygen to the heart, • Arrhythmias= irregular heartbeats, • Heart Attack= reduced or blocked
blood supply damages heart muscle,
• Congestive Heart Failure= heart gets so weak it cannot continue to pump at the right speed or with enough force,
• Stroke= interrupted blood flow to the brain
• Risk Factors: • Controllable • Tobacco Use• High Blood Pressure• High Cholesterol• Lack of Physical Activity• Excess Weight• Stress• Drug and/or Alcohol Use
•Uncontrollable• Heredity• Gender (Men have higher
risk)• Age (>65)
Cardiovascular Disease cont.
• Short Term effects: chest pain, clogged arteries, difficulty breathing, difficulty exercising, sweating, dizzy• Long Term effects: irreversible damage to heart muscle and arteries,
progression from one CVD to another, difficulty speaking or moving part of the body, need a pacemaker or surgery, death• Treatment: diet, exercise, medication, surgery, physical therapy• Prevention Strategies: eat right, exercise, get a yearly physical exam
Heart attack
• What cause a heart attack?• Occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked• Usually caused by a blood clot• This happens because coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart with
blood, slowly become thicker and harder from buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances called plaque.
• Early signs of a heart attack• Uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness or pain in the center of your
chest(lasts more than a few minutes)• Pain or discomfort in one or both arms, your back, neck, jaw, or stomach• Shortness of breath with or without chest pain
Stroke
• 2 types of strokes• Ischemic (clots)
• Occurs as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. (87% of stroke cases)
• Hemorrhagic• Occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures.• Most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke is uncontrolled hypertension (high blood
pressure)
• Signs of stroke• SUDDEN numbness or weakness in face, arm, leg – especially on one side of
the body• SUDDEN confusion, trouble speaking or understanding• SUDDEN trouble seeing in one or both eyes
Cancer: uncontrolled growth of mutated cells in the body• Diagnosis: a blood test, self-exam, mammogram, x-ray, MRI, CT scan,
biopsy (removal of a small piece of tissue to be examined under a microscope), PET scan, and other tests will show the existence of cancerous cells or a tumor (mass of tissue that has no natural function in the body.)• Benign Tumor – noncancerous• Malignant Tumor – cancerous
• Risk Factors: exposure to carcinogens (cancer causing substances), smoking, radiation, STI’s, poor diet, overexposure to the sun,
Cancer continued
• Short Term effects: fever, pain, discoloration of the skin, unusual bleeding or discharge, indigestion, cough, trouble swallowing, sores that won’t heal, lumps • Long Term effects: Metastasis – spread of cancer from it’s origin to
other parts of the body forming new tumors. This growth interferes with normal function of the organs and body tissues. • Treatment: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy,
immunotherapy• Prevention Strategies: wear sunscreen, avoid tobacco and alcohol,
exercise, conduct regular self exams, have a regular medical check up, practice abstinence
Cancer
The CAUTION method for Detecting Cancer
• C – change in bowel or bladder habits• A – a sore that does not heal• U – unusual bleeding or discharge• T – thickening or lump in the breasts or elsewhere• I – indigestion or difficulty in swallowing• O – obvious change in wart or mole• N – nagging cough or hoarseness
Diabetes- a disease in which the body is unable to process the sugar in foods in normal ways.
• Type 1 diabetes: the pancreas produces little to no insulin, must have daily injections of insulin• Type 2 diabetes: the pancreas produces some insulin, but the body cells are
not able to properly use it. People control this type of diabetes with diet and exercise. Some take oral medication.• Diagnosis: several different kinds of blood tests to test your insulin levels,
oral glucose test where you drink a special sweet drink and have a blood test 2 hours later.• Risk Factors: Type 1: age, family history, pancreas disease. Type 2: weight,
diet, lack of activity• Short Term Effects:
• Frequent urination• Abnormal thirst• Weakness• Fatigue• Drowsiness• Blurred vision• Tingling and numbness in hands and feet• Slow healing of cuts
Protect yourself from skin cancer
• Choose your cover• Seek Shade
• Whenever possible, avoid the midday sun when UV rays are the strongest and do the most damage.
• Use your head• Not all sun protection comes in a bottle. So it’s smart to use your head when you’re out
in the sun. Up to 80% of skin cancers occur on the head and neck. Use a wide brimmed hat.
• Shield your skin• Use a shirt, beach cover-up, pants to cover yourself when outside. Keep in mind t-shirts
usually have an SPF that is much lower than the recommended SPF 15• Grab your shades
• Sunglasses protect the tender skin around the eyes and reduce the risk of developing cataracts.
Diabetes cont.
• Long Term Effects: • Glaucoma- eye disease• Kidney failure• Poor circulation to hands and feet leading to amputation• Heart disease• Increased risk for stroke
• Treatment: eat right, exercise, monitor your blood sugar regularly, take the medications you’re prescribed• Prevention Strategy: Type 1 cannot be prevented. Type 2 can be
prevented by eating right, exercising, and losing weight
Famous people with diabetes
• Halle Barry• Elizabeth Taylor• Aretha Franklin• Nick Jonas• Joe Fraizer• Thomas Edison• Dick Clark• Jerry Lewis• Larry King• Andrew Lloyd Webber• Joe Gibbs
• Art Shell• Jay Cutler• Randy Jackson• Salma Hayek• Bret Michaels• Mary Tyler Moore• Elliot Yamin• Patti LaBelle
Cardiovascular Disease Facts
• 61 million Americans have some form of the disease• Responsible for more than 40% of all deaths in the US• Approximately 1 million Americans die each year from the disease
• CVD kills 500,000 women and 450,000 men
• # 1 killer of both men and women• 1 in 2 women die from CVD
• (1 in 23 women die from breast cancer)
• Men: 30% chance of dying from 1st Heart Attack• Women: 50% chance of dying from 1st HA• Of those who survive their 1st heart attack:
• Men: 25% will die within the first year• Women: 38% will die within the first year
• Those disabled by heart failure after heart attack• Men: 22%• Women: 46%
TYPES OF CANCERORGAN AFFECTED (new cases/yr)
RISK FACTORS SYMPTOMS EARLY DETECTION METHODS
Skin (1 million)Most common type of
cancer in the US
UV Radiation, tanning beds
Change in Moles, Sore that won’t heal
Physical Exam, Biopsies
Breast (267,000)Second leading cause of cancer death in women
Genetic, Obesity, Alcohol Use, Inactivity
Lumps in Breast, Discharge from breast
Self Exam, Mammogram
Prostate (232,090)Mostly in men
Possible Heredity, Possible High Fat Diet
Painful Urination, Interrupted Flow of
Urine
Blood Test
Lung (173,000)Leading cause of cancer
death in the US
Cigarette Smoke, Asbestos
Cough, Shortness of Breath, Coughing up
Blood
Chest X-Ray
Colon/Rectum (146,000)Second leading cause of cancer deaths in the US
Age Blood in Feces, Frequent Stomach Cramps, weight
Loss
Colonoscopy, test for blood in the stool
Mouth (30,000) Use of tobacco, chewing tobacco, alcohol
Sore lump in mouth, unusual pain or numbness in lip
Oral Exam
Cervix (10,520) Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Unusual Vaginal Bleeding, Increased Vaginal Discharge
Pap Test
Testicle (7,000) Family History, Undescended Testicle
Lump on Testicle, Testicular Pain
Self-Exam