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Mukesh Kumar

Kalaiyarasu

P. K. Bharati

Nirmal Kumar

Ajay Kumar

Dr. Deepak


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World Energy Sources


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INDIAN POWER SECTOR (June 2006)

THERMAL : 83272 MW

HYDEL : 32726 MW

NUCLEAR : 3900 MW

RENEWABLES : 6191 MW

TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY : 126089 MW

(Source : Ministry of Power)


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ENERGY SCENARIO - INDIA

Rapid economic development &

Increasing population = High demand for Energy

A sustained 8% GDP growth of India requires an annualincrease of:

a) Commercial energy supply from 5.2% to 6.1%b) Total primary energy supply from 4.3% to 5.1%


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There is a pressing need to explore

Alternate Fuel Optionswhich are sustainable, locally

available and eco-friendly


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RE IN INDIA

The Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) isthe nodal agency involved in facilitating growth of RE in India

The Ministrys mandate covers the entire RE sector.

RE sources covered by MNES are:

SolarWind

Small / Mini /Micro Hydel

Biomass

Energy from Urban & Industrial Wastes Hydrogen Energy & Fuel Cells

Geothermal

Tidal Energy sources


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Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) isworking as a non-banking financial company under theadministrative control of MNES to provide term loans forR Eprojects.

MNES has established three specialized technical institutionsviz. Solar Energy Center (SEC), Center for Wind EnergyTechnology (C-WET) and Sardar Swaran Singh Institute ofRenewable Energy.

Cont


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RE ENABLING LEGISLATIONS

To mainstream RE into the national energy matrix, it isstrongly felt that India needs a comprehensive RenewableEnergy Policy on lines of similar successful legislations likeGermany, UK, Spain, Denmark, etc.

Legislations including the Electricity Act, 2003 and NationalTariff policy have tried to promote RE by mandating stateelectricity regulatory commissions (SERCs) to ensureinclusion of RE-based electricity in energy mix of state

utilities.


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Sections 3(1) and 3(2)Under Sections 3(1) and 3(2), it has been stated that the Central

Government shall, from time to time, prepare and publish the NationalElectricity Policy and Tariff Policy, in consultation with the stategovernments and authority for development of the power system basedon optimal utilization of resources such as coal, natural gas, nuclearsubstances, hydro and renewable sources and energy.

Section 4Section 4 states that the Central Government shall, after consultation withthe state governments, prepare and notify a national policy, permittingstand-alone systems ( including those based on renewable sources ofenergy and other non-conventional sources of energy) for rural areas.

Cont


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Section 61

Section 61, 61(h) and 61(i) state that the appropriate commission shall,

subject to the provisions of this Act, specify the terms and conditions for

determination of tariff, and in doing so, shall be guided by the following,

namely, the promotion of cogeneration and generation of electricity from

renewable sources of energy; and the National Electricity Policy and Tariff

Policy.

Section 86(1)Section 86(1) and 86(1)(e) state that the state commissions shall promote co-

generation and generation of electricity from renewable sources of energy by

providing suitable measures for connectivity with the grid and sale of electricity to

any person, and also specify, for purchase of electricity from such sources, a

percentage of the total consumption of electricity in the area of a distribution

licensee.


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RE - FINANCIAL/FISCAL INCENTIVES IN INDIA

Income Tax Holiday Accelerated Depreciation Concessional Custom Duty / Duty Free Import

Capital Subsidy Energy buyback, power wheeling and banking facilities Sales Tax concession benefits Electricity Tax exemption

Demand cut concession offered to industrial consumers whoestablish power generating units from renewable energysources


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Emerging Options of RE

Solar energy

Wind energy

Bio energy Hydro energy

Geothermal energy

Nuclear Energy Wave and tidal energy


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A specially constructed solar panel capturessunlight energy on solar photovoltaic (PV) cells,

which then activate electrons. These electronsjump from atom to atom, creating the chain of

electricity which runs through a charge controller

in the form of a DC charge.

Solar Energy


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Perhaps the future is here now. It has predicted that 50% of theworld's energy will come from renewable sources by 2040.

The Earth receives 1,366 Watts per square meter (W/m2) fromthe sun continuously

India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m2 for 300to 330 days in a year.

This energy is sufficient to set up 20 MW solar power plant/Km2

land area.


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Solar energy is, and has always been, the Earths primary energyresource

Drives our climate

Responsible for plant photosynthesis

Solar energy has been alternative energy only for a few

decades in the industrialized parts of the world

Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are the stored,

concentrated, products of photosynthesis Wind, biomass and hydro are the result of solar energy

input


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Factors That Affect Quantity, QualityAnd Timing Of

Solar Energy Available

CLIMATE

AIM:-maximize heat gain in winterminimize heat gain in summer

consider snow, ice and rain


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Utilization Of Solar Energy

Solar thermal route produce hot water or air, cook food, drying materials etc.

Solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes. produce electricity for lighting home, building, running

motors, pumps, electric appliances, and lighting.


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Solar energy can be converted into thermal energy with thehelp of solar thermal devices (solar collectors and receivers). Low-Grade Heating Devices - up to the temperature of 100C.

Medium-Grade Heating Devices -up to the temperature of 100-300C

High-Grade Heating Devices -above temperature of 300C

Solar Thermal Energy Application

Solar water heaters


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Dish solar cooker used in amid-day meal scheme

Box type solar cooker


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Photovoltaics: converting light to electricity

Silicon, semi-conducting material (solar cell) transforms lightinto direct current

Power transformed by inverter into alternating current foruse

Works with existing electrical supply

Solar electric (solar photovoltaic) routes


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Photovoltaic


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Photovoltaic cells only produce electricity when sun is shining

PV system needs clear access to sun rays most of the day, year around

Work best when the sun rays are perpendicular to the panels Heat increases resistance to flow of electricity; cool, sunny days are ideal

Operate with little maintenance

Solar cells are currently costly; require a large initial capital investment


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Photovoltaic Water Pumping

Solar Street lighting system Photovoltaic Domestic


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About 70% of all air pollution (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,particulates) comes from our use of fossil fuels for generating

electricity, transportation, space and hot water heating

Solar energy emits no air or water pollutants, and virtually no solid

waste Solar energy produces no greenhouse gases, which are linked to

global warming and climate change

Fuel doesnt require mining, drilling or transportation, and costsnothing

Does not require energy supplies to be imported from insecureregions

Systems can be installed exactly where the energy is needed

Solar Energy Benefits


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Solar thermal energy is already very cost-effective for providing lowtemperature heat almost anywhere

PV is very cost-effective for providing electricity in remote areas and in nicheapplications

As the costs of fossil fuels and electricity increase, PV is becoming more cost-effective compared to electricity from conventional sources

The costs of all solar technologies are declining

Federal and state incentives are increasing the use of solar energy, which helpsto increase awareness and promote solar technologies

Future of Solar Energy


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Community Hall & surrounding area1 A Swimming Pool heated with solar collector.2 8 kW Roof Top Solar PV System (grid connected).3 4 kW BIPV System (grid connected).4 Demonstration of 1.2 kW concentrating type Solar PV System (grid connected).5 Stand alone high mast Solar Street Lights with Battery at the top and high power FL.

6 Battery operated pick-up Van.7 Solar PV operated nameplate and signage.8 Solar PV operated garden lights.

The complex comprises 25 houses each of Duplex Type with floor area of each house as1760 sq. ft. and an open area of 860 sq. ft..

Countrys first Solar Housing Complex at Kolkata


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WindRenewable,clean and non polluting energy sourceWind movement:

day time-warm air moves up and cool air

from water replaces

night time- reverse.

Renewable energy is a fundamental piece of the

puzzle for not only a healthy planet, but a healthylife as well.


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History

Over 5,000 years ago, the ancient Egyptiansused wind to sail ships on the Nile River

windmills to grind wheat and other grains.

The earliest known windmills were in Persia(Iran).

1920s, Americans used small windmills to

generate electricity in rural areas withoutelectric service


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Wind farm

AdvantageAmple

Renewable

Wide distribution

Cheap and no toxic gas emissions

less space-agro use.

Disadvantage

Never predictable. noiseMore investment and less than fuel

Transport


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Wind farm

1.Clusters of wind machines used to produce electricity.2. The world's largest wind farm, the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Texas,has 421 wind turbines that generate enough electricity to power 220,000

homes per year.


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Wind Energy Programme in India

Sixth Plan in 1983-84

Monsoon influence:

strong south-west summer monsoon starts in May-June,when cool, humid air moves towards the land

weaker north-east winter monsoon starts in October,when cool, dry sir moves towards the ocean

The gross potential is 48,561 MW and a total of about10,242.5 MW of commercial projects have been

established until March 31, 2009.


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Position of India

Top five countries in terms of installed capacity

Germany (22, 300 mw),

US (16,800 mw),

Spain (15,100 mw)

India (8000 mw) and

China (6,100 mw)

In capacity addition, the US was in the lead in 2007, followed by Chinaand Spain.

China-3,449 mw of wind energy capacity, a growth of 156%

India-1730 mw new capacity was added up to December-end 2007.

H d E


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Hydro Energy


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Hydrologic Cycle


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Hydropower to Electric Power

Potential

Energy

Kinetic

Energy

Electrical

Energy

MechanicalEnergy

Electricity


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Schematic of Impound

Hydropower


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Conventional Impoundment Dam


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Hydropower Pros and Cons

Positive NegativeEmissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX,SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates

Frequently involves impoundment of largeamounts of water with loss of habitat due toland inundation

Renewable resource with high conversion

efficiency to electricity (80+%)

Variable output dependent on rainfall and

snowfallDispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,

including fish migration and oxygen depletion

Usable for base load, peaking and pumpedstorage applications

Social impacts of displacing indigenous people

Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries

Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs

Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large projects


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Bio-energy is renewable energy derived from biologicalsources

Available in three forms as solid (Biomass), liquid (Bio-fuels) and gaseous (Biogas)

Bio-energy currently provides over 15% of the world's energy

supply.

Bio-energy


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BIOENERGY: Main Benefits

Sustainability: clean and renewable energy source

Availability: increased energy access - rural areas

Flexibility: power, heat and transport

Energy security: diversified energy mix, domesticsources

Mitigation of climate change

Diversification of rural livelihoods

Reduction in land degradation


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Bio-energy today

Type Use Replaces Raw material

Ethanol Transport Petrol Sugar

Maize

Biodiesel Transport Diesel Oilseeds

Biomass Electricity

Homecooking andheating

Coal, gasand oil

Kerosene

Woodymaterials,

crop andlivestockwaste


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Bio-energy at a Glance in IndiaSource Estimated

Potential, MW

Cumulative installed capacity

(as on March, 31, 2006), MW

Biomass Power 16, 000 440.50

Bagasse Cogeneration 3, 500 502.03

Family size biogas plants 120 lakh 38.34 lakh


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Biomass

Biomass is material derived from recently living organisms which includesplants, animals and their by-products . It has potential to generate power

to the extent of more than 50% of the countrys requirements.

an estimated production of 350 million tons of agricultural waste everyyear, biomass is capable of supplementing coal equivalent to 200 million

tonnes producing 17,000 MW of power and resulting in a saving of aboutRs.20,000 crores every year.

Biomass can be used in three ways one in the form of gas throughgasifiers for thermal applications, second in the form of methane gas to

run gas engines and the third through combustion to produce steam and

thereby power


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Devices

Biogas Plants

Biomass Gasifiers

Engine pump sets

Producers gas/ biogas based enginegenerator

Bi G ifi


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Biomass Gasifiers

Biomass gasifiers convert the solid biomass ( basically wooodwaste and agricultural residues ) into a combustible gas

mixture normally called as producer gas ( CO,H2,N2 and CH4)

Gasification of biomass results in saving of 50% in fuel

consumption


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BIO-FUEL (Ethanol & Biodiesel)

Unlike other renewable energy sources, biomass can be converteddirectly into liquid fuels biofuels for our transportation needs (cars,trucks, buses, airplanes, and trains). The two most common types ofbiofuels are ethanol and biodiesel

Ethanol is made by fermenting any biomass high in carbohydrates(starches, sugars, or celluloses) through a process similar to brewingbeer

Uses of ethanol:- mostly used as a fuel-additive to cut down a vehiclescarbon monoxide and other smog causing emissions.

Government of India has started nationwide launch of 5 % ethanolblended petrol w.e.f. 1 J anuary, 2003. The ratio should gradually beincreased to 10 and 20%.


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Bio-diesel Bio-diesel is produced from soyabeans, sunflower, and more recently

Jatropha curcas and other crops. It can be extracted and refined into fuel,which can be burned in diesel engines and buses

Also used as an additives to reduce vehicle emissions

It was first experimented by Rudolf Diesel to run his first diesel engine. Theengine was run on ground nut oil

At present India produces only 30% of petroleum & rest 70% is beingimported which incurs a large amount of expenditure of about Rs 80,000

crore every year.

If even about 5% of bio-fuel is mixed in present diesel by the year 2012 wecould supplement about 41.41% of total demand of diesel consumption.

India has launched a bio-fuel project in 200 district of 18 states whereJatropha curcas being cultivated. Currently widely being used for producing

biodiesel in India as promoted as very easy to grow crop

J atropha curcas


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Originated in Caribbean

Drought resistant, perennial, can grow well in poor soil

Can produce seeds for 50 years

Tree produces approx. 1600 liters of oil/ha

Seed has oil content of 37% which can be combusted as fuel withoutundergoing the process of refining

Byproducts are used as press cake which is a good organic fertilizer

J atropha curcas

Bi


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Biogas

Biogas is a clean and efficient fuel, generated from cow-

dung, human waste or any kind of biological materialsderived through anaerobic fermentation process.

The biogas consists of 60% methane with rest mainlycarbon-dioxide.

Biogas is a safe fuel for cooking and lighting.

By-product is usable as high-grade manure.

India has a potential of generating 6.38 x 1010 m3 ofbiogas from 980 million tones of cattle dung producedannually. In addition, 350 million tons of compost would

also be produced. Under National Biogas and Manure Management

Programme 38.34 lakh family size and 3952 communitybiogas plants has been installed in the country


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Biogas plant

Bi


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Bio-power

Bio-power or biomass power, is the use of biomass to generate

electricity

Six major types of bio-power systems

i. Direct-fired

ii. Co-firing

iii. Gasificationiv. Anaerobic digestion

v. Pyrolysis and

vi. Small-modular


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BIOENERGY: Key Challenges

Ensuring sustainability

Safeguarding food security

Protecting biodiversity Managing competition for land and water

Controlling pollution ofair, water and soils

Removing barriers to bioenergy trade

How can developing countries reduce trade offs between bio


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How can developing countries reduce trade-offs between bio-

energy crops and food production ?

Develop biomass crops that yield higher amounts of energy per unit ofland and water. Biotech could be very useful.

Focus on food crops that generate by-products that can be used for bio-energy and breed for larger amounts of by-products.

Develop and grow biomass in less-favored areas rather than in primeagricultural landsan approach that would benefit some of the poorest

people Invest in increasing the productivity of food crops themselves, since this

would free up additional land and water

Remove barriers to international trade in biofuels. The world has enoughcapacity to meet food needs and grow large amounts of biomass forenergy use, but not in all countries and regions. Trade is a powerful way of

spreading the benefits of this global capacity while enabling countries tofocus on growing the kinds of food, feed, or energy crops for which theyare most competitive.


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Geothermal power (from the Greek roots geo, meaning earth, and


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thermos, meaning heat) is power extracted from heat stored in the

earth.

from the original formation of the planet,

from radioactive decay of minerals, and from solar energy absorbed at the surface

Hot Springs have been used for bathing at

least since paleolithic times.

Used for Space heating and bathing since ancient roman times

Now better known for generating electricity

Global View of Geothermal Energy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_springs


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Global View of Geothermal Energy

Electricity Generation


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Electricity generation requires high temperature geothermal fields and

specialized heat cycles:

Dry steam plants :

Oldest & Simplest

Directly use geothermal steam of150C or more to turn turbines

Flash steam plants

Most common type of plant in operation todayRequire fluid temperatures ofat least 180C, usually more

Binary Cycle Power Plants

The most recent development

Can accept fluid temperatures as low as 57C

Most common type of geothermal electricity plant being built

today

Viable over a much greater geographical range

Electricity Generation

Installed geothermal electric capacity as of 2007


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Country Capacity (MW)

USA 2687

Philippines 1969.7

Indonesia 992Mexico 953

Italy 810.5

Japan 535.2

New Zealand 471.6

Iceland 421.2

El Salvador 204.2

Costa Rica 162.5

Kenya 128.8

Nicaragua 87.4

Country Capacity (MW)

Russia 79

New Guinea 56

Guatemala 53Turkey 38

China 27.8

Portugal 23

France 14.7

Germany 8.4

Ethiopia 7.3

Austria 1.1

Thailand 0.3

Australia 0.2

TOTAL 9731.9

Geothermal electricity is generated in 24 countries around the world. About 10GW of geothermal electric capacity is installed as of 2007, generating 0.3% of

global electricity demand.

An additional 28 GW of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for districtheating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural

applications.

Environmental Impact
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Papua-New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_heatinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Turkeyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Papua-New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_energy_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geothermal_power_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_Philippineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States


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Environmental Impact

CO2, H2S

Global Warming Acid Rain

Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of90-120 kg of CO2 per MWh of electricity, a small fraction

of the emission intensity of conventional fossil fuel

plants.

Some are equipped with emissions-controlling systemsthat reduces the exhaust of acids and volatiles

Geothermal plants can theoretically inject thesesubstances, along with the gases, back into the earth, in

a form ofcarbon sequestration.

Trace amount of

mercury, arsenic, etc.with hot water

Economics


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Economics Immune to fluctuations in fuel cost High capital costs Drilling accounts for most of the costs of electrical plants Exploration of deep resources entails very high financial risks

Construction costs: about 2-5 million per MW of capacity Operational costs: 0.04-0.10 per kWh

A 2006 report by MIT, that took into account the use of enhanced geothermal system,

estimated that an investment of 1 billion US dollars in research and development over

15 years would permit the development of 100 GW of generating capacity by 2050 in

the United States alone

Indian Scenario
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT


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Indian Scenario India has 400 medium to high

enthalpy geothermal springs,

clustered in seven provinces.

Capacity to produce 10,600 MW ofpower- five time greater than the

combined power being produced

from non-conventional energy

sources such as wind, solar and

biomass.Reykjavik, Iceland-based Glitnir Bank is

partnering with Noida, India's LNJ

Bhilwara Group, a diversified business

with operations in power generation.

The Icelandic bank will hold a 40 percent

stake in the geothermal venture, with

Bhilwara holding 60 percent. The

venture is being set up with initial capital

of $10 million for its exploration phase.
http://cleantech.com/news/companies/glitnirhttp://cleantech.com/news/companies/glitnirhttp://cleantech.com/news/companies/glitnirhttp://cleantech.com/news/companies/glitnir


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Nuclear power is any nuclear technology designed to extract usable energy from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology


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p y gy g gy

atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear reactions.

The only method in use today is through nuclear fission, though other methods might one

day include nuclear fusion and radioactive decay.

All utility-scale reactors heat water to produce steam, which is then converted into

mechanical work for the purpose of generating electricity or propulsion.

On June 27, 1954, the USSR's Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant became the world's first nuclear

power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, and produced around 5 megawatts of

electric power.

In 2007, 14% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power with the U.S., France, and

Japan together accounting for 56.5%.

As of 2007, the IAEA reported there are 439 nuclear power reactors in operation in the

world, operating in 31 countries.

More than 150 nuclear-powered naval vessels have been built, and a few radioisotope

rockets have been produced.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obninsk_Nuclear_Power_Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology


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Life Cycle


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Mining

Reprocessing

plant

Nuclear plant

Repository

Indian Scenario


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Nuclear poweris the fourth-largest sourceofelectricity in India after thermal, hydroand renewable sources of electricity

As of 2008, India has 17 nuclear powerplants in operation generating 4,120 MWwhile 6 other are under construction andare expected to generate an additional3,160 MW.

In February 2009, India also signed aUS$700 million deal with Russia for thesupplyof 2000 tons nuclear fuel

India now envisages to increase the

contribution of nuclear power to overallelectricity generation capacity from4.2% to9% within 25 years
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_in_India


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Quantummechanics predicts the existence of whatare usuallycalled ''zero-point'' energies for the strong, the weak and the

What is Zeroenergy?


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electromagnetic interactions, where ''zero-point'' refers to theenergy of the system at temperature T=0, or the lowestquantized energy level of a quantummechanical system.

Although the term ''zero-point energy'' applies to all three ofthese interactions in nature, customarily it is used in referenceonly to the electromagnetic case.

gy?

Origin of zero-point energy is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

He at absolute

0; not freezed??

IS IT POSSIBLE TO TAP ZERO POINT ENERGY?


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It is possible

to tap zeroenergy

Huh!!

So ull make

perpetual motion

machine

Patent has been issued and experiments have been underway at the Universityof Colorado (U.S. Patent 7,379,286)

Stochastic electrodynamics interpretation of the Bohr orbit does suggest a waywhereby energy might be extracted
http://www.calphysics.org/Patent.htmlhttp://www.calphysics.org/Patent.html


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Ocean Energy

Thermal Mechanical

Sun-heat Tides & Waves

Tidal Energy


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Tidal Energy

Tides: Daily rise and fall of ocean

water levels


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Forms of tides Bay of Fundy, CanadaHigh Tide

Low Tide


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Potential tidal power sources

Tidal cycle


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-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

1-Feb 6-Feb 11-Feb 16-Feb 21-Feb 26-Feb

Date

CurrentVelocity(m/s)

Spring Tides

(strongest)

Neap Tides (weakest)

Tidal cycle


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World-wide distribution of Tidal energy

Turning Tides into Usable Energy


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Ebb generating system

A dam (barrage) is built across themouth of an estuary.

Sluice gates allow incoming tides tofill the basin.

As the tide ebbs, the water is forced

through a turbine system togenerate electricity.

Rim turbine used at Annapolis Royal in Nova Scotia


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p y

Tubular turbine proposed for use in the Severn tidal project in Great Britain


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Tidal turbine at NYC

Turbine blade, SeaGen, UK

East river turbineShrouded turbine

Advantages


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Renewable

Abundant (estimated that it could produce 16% of worlds energy.)

Pollution free (except during construction)

Relatively consistent (unlike wind that is inconsistent and is highlyconcentrated in certain areas depending on the topography.)

Water is a free resource

Presents no difficulty to migrating aquatic animals (avoidable)

Disadvantages

Disturbance/Destruction to marine life (effect wave climate that effectsshallow/shore plant life)

Expensive to construct (estimated 1.2 billion dollars.)

Reliability ( have not been around long so we do not know long-term

reliability is.) Recreational costs (visual impact, sport fishing, swimming, etc.)

Cost of Maintenance Higher

Power transmission from offshore facilities harder

Power quality (waves fluctuation)

Turning Waves into Usable Energy


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g gy One of the best means to harness energy from Ocean. 0.1% of ocean energy, if harnessed, could more than satisfy

world energy demand

Wave hits the wave converter and converts its force into energyand is fed to generator to produce electricity


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Wave energy potential varies greatly worldwide

Figures in kW/m

Tapered channel system, Australian


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CRCIslay wave powerstation

Oscillating water column

system

Floating system, USA

Advantages

The energy is free - no fuel needed no waste produced


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The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced.

Most designs are inexpensive to operate and maintain.

Waves can produce a great deal of energy.

There are minimal environmental impacts.

Disadvantages

Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of energy,sometimes nothing.

Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong. Must be able to withstand very rough weather.

Disturbance or destruction of marine life

Possible threat to navigation from collisions because the waveenergy devices rise only a few feet above the water.

Degradation of scenic ocean front views from wave energy deviceslocated near or on the shore, and from onshore overhead electrictransmission lines.


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Issue Analysis and Recommendations

Government

Business Society


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SocietyFind alternate energy sources Increasing cost of dirty energy Less money for consumer goods Harmful pollutionBenefits from alternate energy Lower energy cost Less pollution Tax benefits

Business Rising cost of traditional energy Potential business opportunities High initial investment

Government Decrease the nations oil/coal/gas dependency Secure the nations future energy supply Promote R&D investment

Estimated Cost of Production (per kilowatt hour)


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Estimated Cost of Production (per kilowatt-hour)

CONVENTIONAL ENERGYCoal 2 6 centsGas 3 - 4 centsNuclear 2 14 centsNONCONVENTIONAL ENERGYLarge-Scale Hydro 1.5-2.5 centsSmall-Scale Hydro 5 -12 centsBiomass 3 9 centsGeothermal 4 6 centsWind 3 9 centsSolar 12 -40 centsFuel Cell 8 -15 centsWave Energy 4 9 cents


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Thank you

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