Non-Experimental Research (1)

8/11/2019 Non-Experimental Research (1)

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PHASE 2:

DESIGN AND PLANNING

PHASENON-EXPERIMENTAL

RESEARCH


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B. Non-experimental research

A. BASIC OR LIBRARY RESEARCH

B. APPLIED OR ACTION RESEARCH


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1. Basic or Library Research

This is intended to increase knowledge in

science for the purpose of knowing and learning the

truth.

It is also called pure research for purposes ofgenerating new knowledge for knowledge sake.


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Basic research includes:

1. Reading books and literatures.

2. Listening to discussions

3. Journal analysis

4. Browsing articles from the internet and website. 5. Teleconferencing


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2. Applied research/action

research

It is a scientific investigation conducted to generate

knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical

purposes.

This can provide evidence-based data since its findings

seeks solutions to immediate problems that have been

identified by the clients and the nurse in the actual setting.


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Findings of action research can also help in making

decisions or predict and control outcomes in real-

life practice.


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Types of Applied Research

A. HISTORICAL DESIGN

B. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN


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1. Historical Design

A critical investigation and analysis of events,

developments and experiences of the past.

It describes past events in relation to the present

situations and then analyzes and interprets the implications

of past events to present trends or practices.

Example: The evolution of nursing practice from the time of

Florence Nightingale to the present century.


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2. Descriptive design A study that describes the nature of the phenomenon

under investigation after a survey of current trends,

practices and conditions that relate to that

phenomenon.

Descriptive studies involve analysis of an extremely

broad range of phenomena, the result of such analysis

are a comprehensive presentation and interpretation

of statistical tabulations of data yielded by a survey.


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Types of DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

1. Descriptive Normative 7. Case study

surveys

2. Correlational 8. Content analysis3. Comparative 9. Feasibility study

4. Descriptive Evaluative 10. Cross-sectional

Methodological studies study

5. Problem-Solving

6. Decision-making 11. Longitudinal design


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2. Correlational studiesThis examines the extent of relationship between

variables by determining how changes in one variable relate

to changes in another variable.

This is also called Explanatory researchthis explains

why something happened.

Example: How is X related to Y?

As X increases, does Y also increase?


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Correlation coefficient

This data determines the extent and direction of the

relationship between 2 variables conducted through + or

correlation using a range of 1.00 (perfect negative correlation

to 1.00 (perfect positive correlation).

A correlation of 0.0 indicates the nonexistence of a

relationship between variables.


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Positive or direct relationship means that as the value of one

variable increase, the value of the other variable also

increases.

Negative relationship or inverse relationship indicates that

as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other

variable decreases.


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Example:

Is there any correlation between anxiety and nurse licensure

exams among baccalaureate nursing graduates?

Correlation: As anxiety is higher, the scores in the licensure

exam is lower (negative relationship).

As anxiety gets lower, the scores in the licensure exam is also

lower (positive relationship).


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3. Comparative studies

This examines 2 or more intact groups to find out the

difference in their performance between and among them in

certain dependent variables of interest.

There is no manipulation of independent variables

because characteristics of the subjects are inherent such as

personality type, educational level and medical condition.


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Example:

A study between College X and College Y nursing graduates

class 2010 and their performance in nursing licensure

examination.

This study is comparative and correlational as regards to

X and Y groups performance on the dependent variable which

is board examination rating.


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COMPARATIVE STUDY IS ALSO APPLICABLE TO:

A. Descriptive study

Example: Is there any significant difference in readiness to

learn about pre-operative teaching between pre-op patients who

have high anxiety levels, compared to pre-op patients who havelow anxiety levels?

B. Experimental Study

Example: Is there any significant difference in the pre-op

anxiety levels of patients who were exposed to relaxationtechniques (experimental group) and those who were not exposed

to these techniques ( control group).


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4. DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATIVE SURVEYS /METHODOLOGICAL

STUDIES

These studies are concerned with the development,

testing and evaluation of methods, procedures, guidelines and

instruments after which an evaluative judgment is done.

This is also used to revise, modify existing programs or

develop more effective programs, methods and procedures in

nursing for more efficient and effective delivery of health care.


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Example:

This study aims to test the viability, quality or effectiveness

of a product, program, method or procedure and answer

specific questions such as:

a. Training programs for new graduate nurses and their

Clinical Proficiency.

b. Community Health Programs and the incidence of

Dengue Fever in Sampaloc, Manila


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5. PROBLEM-SOLVING

All researches are investigations leading to the solutions

of a problem

The researchers make assessments of needs and

problems and generates alternative solutions to problems.

The objective is to improve specific problem situations

derived from reliable and accurate data.


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Example:

1. How much nursing care does a particular patient need?

2. How often is it necessary to take vital signs of a patient in

labor?

3. How can a nurse make the patient feel satisfied with

nursing care given to him?


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6. DECISION-MAKING

This study selects the most feasible course of action

from given alternatives to solve the problemIt is useful in policy making and in improving the image

of nursing as a profession.

Examples:

a. Should salaries paid to nurses be increased?

b. Is the 12-hour work shift more effective than the 8-

hour shift in solving staffing patterns?


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7. CASE STUDY

This is an in-depth study of a single case or limited number of

typical, interconnected cases intended to interpret theirbehavior relative to the occurrence of certain events or

phenomenon of interest to the nursing disciplines.

Example: A case study of a patient with problems of

oxygenation (COPD).It is done to analyze the medical, and personal-

social history of the patient in relation to the pathophysiology

of the disease process and appropriate nursing interventions of

the same case.


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8. CONTENT ANALYSIS

This is the process of synthesizing or dissecting

information and messages embodied in documents.

Information and messages are clustered to determine

the ideals and standards of professional nursing practice.

Example: The Practical Implementations of Phil Nursing

Law (RA 9173 of 2002) provisions for Nursing Education

and Nursing Service.


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9. FEASIBILITY STUDY

This study is conducted to determine the viability of an

undertaking or a business venture and establishing an

institution or constructing infrastructure.

Example: A. A feasibility study on Nursing Entrepreneurship

in the Philippines Setting.

B. Credentialing of nurse clinicians and its impact to the

nursing profession and the society.


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10. CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGNS

This study will assess the subjects at a single time in their

lives.

It is fast and can be done at one time with a large number of

patients at little cost or effort.

The researcher does not have to worry about patients

dropping out during the course of the study.


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CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES cont.

This study is efficient at identifying association of

relationships, but may have trouble in deciding cause and

effect.

It provides a snapshot of the variables of the study at

one particular time.

It may reveal these variables are represented in a cross-

section of a population.

It generally uses survey techniques to gather data.


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11. LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS

These studies collect data overlong periods of time.

Measurements are taken on each variable over 2 or more

distinct time periods.

This allows the researcher to measure change

variables over time.


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TYPES OF LONGITUDINAL DESIGNS

1. Trend studiesinvestigates samples from a population

are studied over time with respect to some phenomenon of

interest to the researcher.

Example: Studies on maternal compliance to breastfeeding

and newborn screening as health care policy.


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2. PANEL DESIGNS

This study collects repeated measurements from the same

people or subjects over time.

It reveals changes at the individual level.

Example: Repeated measurements and analysis of variations

in health services and practices, causes and effects.


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3. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES

They are usually undertaken to determine the subsequent

status of subjects with a specified condition or those who

received a specified intervention.

Example: Follow-up on post-natal health care activities and

complications arising. (contrceptive method of BTL tyingmethod)

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Non-Experimental Research (1)

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