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NON INVASIVE NEURAL
PROSTHESES
PRESENTED BY :
MUHAMMAD JAMAL KHAN
12LEB207
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
PROF. OMAR FAROOQ SIR
(ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT)
OUTLINE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY OF NEURAL PROSTHESIS
3. TYPES NEURAL PROSTHESIS
4. NON-INVASIVE TECHNIQUES
5.CONTEMP0RARY AREA OF APPLICATION
6. ADVANTAGE
7 DISADVANTAGE
8. CONCLUSION
9. REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
PROSTHESIS IS DEFINED AS REPLACEMENT OF
BODY PARTS SUCH AS A TOOTH, AN EYE, A
FACIAL BONE , A KNEE OR ANY OTHER JOINT, A
LEG, OR AN ARM.
NEURAL PROSTHESES (NPs) ARE ASSISTIVE
DEVICES THAT RESTORE FUNCTIONS LOST AS A
RESULT OF NEURAL DAMAGE
HISTORY OF NEURAL PROSTHESIS
1924, HANS BERGER, A GERMEN NEUROLOGIST WAS THE FIRST TO
RECORD HUMAN BRAIN ACTIVITY.
1970, RESEARCH ON BCIs BEGAN AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES (UCLA)
FOLLOWING YEARS OF ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATIONS, THE FIRST
NEUROPROSTHETIC DEVICES IMPLANTED IN HUMANS APPEARED IN
MID OF 1990s.
2013, DUKE UNIVERSITY RESEARCHERS SUCCESSFULLY CONNECTED THE BRAINS OF TWO RATS.
INVASIVE NEURAL PROSTHESIS
IN INVASIVE NEURAL PROSTHESIS ELECTRODES ARE IMPLANTED DIRECTLY INTO THE GREY MATTER OF THE BRAIN DURING THE NEUROSURGERY.
BECAUSE THEY LIE IN GREY MATTER, INVASIVE DEVICES PRODUCE THE HIGHEST QUALITY SIGNALS OF BCI DEVICES
AT THE SAME TIME IT CARRIES RISK ASSOCIATED WITH AN INVASIVE MEDICAL SURGERICAL PROCEDURE
INVASIVE
NON-INVASIVE NEURAL
PROSTHESIS
THIS METHODOLOGY IS BASED ON THE RECORDING OF
EEGs FROM THE SURFACE OF THE HEAD
IN NON-INVASIVE PROSTHESIS ELECTRODES ARE
IMPLANTED OVER THE HEAD.
IT PROVIDES SOLUTIONS FOR PARALYZED PEOPLE FOR THE
SIMPLE COMMUNICATIONS WITH EXTERNAL WORLD
WITHOUT ANY SURGERY
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY (EEG)
EEG IS A NON-INVASIVE
TECHNIQUE THAT
RECORDS ELECTRICAL
ACTIVITY ALONG THE
SCALP. EEG MEASURES VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS
RESULTING FROM IONIC
CURRENT FLOWS WITHIN
THE NEURONS OF THE
BRAIN
ADVANTAGE
NON-INVASIVE
LOWER COSTS
PORTABLE
HIGH TEMPORAL RESOLUTION
DISADVANTAGE LOWER SPATIAL RESOLUTION
HIGH NOISE RATIO
MAGNETOENCENCEPHALOGRAPHY(MEG)
MEG IS A NON-INVASIVE
IMAGING TECHNIQUE THAT
REGISTERS THE BRAIN’S
MAGNETIC ACTIVITY BY MEANS OF MAGNETIC
INDUCTION
ADVANTAGE
NON-INVASIVE
BETTER SPATIAL RESOLUTION (VS EEG)
LOWER NOISE RATIO (VS EEG)
DISADVANTAGE
EXPENSIVE
NON PORTABLE (TOO BULKY)
ADVANTAGE OF NON-INVASIVE NEURAL
PROSTHESIS
NON-INVASIVE NEURAL PROSTHESIS WILL HELP CREATING DIRECT COMMUNICATION PATHWAY BETWEEN A HUMAN OR ANIMAL BRAIN AND ANY EXTERNAL DEVICES LIKE COMPUTERS.
THIS HAS PROVIDED A NEW WORK AREA FOR SCIENTISTS AND RESEARCHERS AROUND THE WORLD.
TECHNIQUES LIKE EEG AND MEG HAVE COME INTO DISCUSSIONS SINCE THE BCI APPLICATION HAVE STARTED DEVELOPING.
DISADVANTAGE
RESEARCH IS STILL IN BEGNNING STAGE..
ETHICAL ISSUES MAY PREVENT ITS DEVELOPMENT.
ELECTRODES OUTSIDE OF THE SKULLS CAN DETECT VERY
FEW ELECTRIC SIGNSLS FROM THE BRAIN.
THE TECHNIQUE IS COSTLY.
VIRUS ATTACK MAY OCCUR TO BRAIN.
CONTEMPORARY AREA OF
APPLICATION
HEALTH
ALLOW PATIENTS TO CONTROL
EXTERNAL DEVICES BY CHANGE IN BRAIN ACTIVITY
ETHICAL ISSUES
PRIVACY PROBLEM
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
NO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE.
SOCIETAL
PROVIDE NEW LIFE TO PARALYZED PEOPLE. HELPS MAKE
THEM A FUNCTIONAL MEMBER OF OUR SOCIETY.
CONCLUSION
OVER LAST 20 YEARS NEURAL ENGINEERING HAS
EMERGED AS A NEW FIELD OF RESEARCH.
NEURAL PROSTHESIS WILL DEFINITELY HAVE THE ABILITY
TO CHANGE THE WAY A PERSON LOOKS AT THE
WORLD BY GIVING PEOPLE BACK THEIR VISION AND
HEARING.
NEURAL PROSTHESIS IS BOON FOR PARALYZED PEOPLE.
REFERENCE
Ren Xu, Ning Jiang, Natalie Mrachacz-Kersting, Chuang Lin, Guillermo As´ın Prieto,
Juan C. Moreno, Jose L. Pons, Kim Dremstrup, Dario Farina, “A Closed-Loop Brain–
Computer Interface Triggeringan Active Ankle–Foot Orthosis for Inducing CorticalNeural
Plasticity”, Transactions on biomedical engineering, IEEE, July 2014, vol. 61, no. 7, page
no. 2092-2101.
Han Yuan, Bin He,” Brain–Computer Interfaces Using Sensorimotor Rhythms: Current
State and Future Perspectives”, Transactions on biomedical engineering,IEEE ,May 2014,
vol. 61,no. 5,page no. 1425-1435.
Stephan Waldert, Hubert Preissl, Evariste Demandt,Christoph Braun,1 Niels Birbaumer,1
Ad Aertsen and Carsten Mehring, “Hand Movement Direction Decoded from MEG and
EEG”, The Journal of Neuroscience, Society of Neuroscience, January 23, 2008, vol. no. ,
no. 7,page no. 1000-1008.