Nonmendelian Genetics
6FIncomplete,
Codominance & Blood Types
Incomplete Dominance
• A blend of alleles• Red & white flower make pink offspring
Codominance
• Both alleles are expressed separately• Red & white flower make Striped or spottedoffspring
Blood Types
Sex-linked Traits
Pedigrees
Huntington’s Disease
Hemophilia
Techniques to study the genomes of organisms
6H
Human Genome Project
• http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml
Human Genome Project Goals
• identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
• determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
• store this information in databases, • improve tools for data analysis, • transfer related technologies to the private sector, and • address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that
may arise from the project.
Gel Electrophoresis
• Also known as “DNA Fingerprinting”
DNA Fingerprinting
• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072835125/126997/animation40.html
• Paternity & Maternity • Criminal
identification & forensics
• Personal identification
Real Pictures of Gel Electrophoresis!
Restriction Enzymes• What is an enzyme?– Carbohydrate? Lipid? Nucleic Acid? Protein?
• Cuts DNA into smaller fragments
Restriction Enzymes, cont’d• Restriction enzymes cut in specific places• Some produce “sticky ends”
• Gel electrophoresis or DNA Fingerprinting…
• Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA into fragments which are separated out during gel electrophoresis
Genetic Modifications
• GMO’s (genetically modified organisms) include bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals.
• Used for research and to produce disease resistant crops.
Chromosomal Analysis
• Blood sample• Amniotic fluid• Bone marrow• Tissue
KARYOTYPE