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Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests
Field Guide by James H. Miller
Presentation by Britta Dimick
New Employee Orientation November 4, 2004
• Presentation (<2 hours)invasive species introductionFIA P2-monitoring of invasivesinvasive species in the South
key characteristicsecology
pressed specimens
• Field identification (2 hours)
• Test (1 hr)
Agenda
Invasive Species• nonnative, introduced to an ecosystem
• introduction (potentially) causes economic or environment harm
• most arrived as ornamentals or for livestock forage
• without natural predators and disease that keep native plant populations in balance, they expand without competition or opposition
• reduce forest productivity
• hinder forest use for management or recreation activities
• diminish diversity, disturb wildlife habitats
• abundance, regional impact, range, and rate of spread are not well known; monitoring in necessary
P2 Invasive Species Data Collection
• every subplot with accessible forest condition
• 4 most dominant invasive species (from most to least)
• 4 digit code for species; 1st digit indicates life form
• code for percent cover
• Southern Region Nonnative Invasive Plant List33 species listed
Trees
Tree of Heaven (Alianthus altissima)
• Leaves: 2’ pinnately compound leaf stalk with swollen base leaflets arranged sub-opposite circular glands under lobes at leaflet base
• Resembles: Sumac
• Ecology: Forms thickets Shade and flood tolerant
Mimosa (Albizia julibrissin)
• Leaves: bipinnately compound leaflets <1” in length feathery/fern like appearance
• Stems: lenticels green-gray
• Resembles: Honey locust
• Ecology: Moist soil/stream banks open habitats
Princess Tree (Paulownia tomentosa)
• Leaves: opposite, entire heart shaped, fuzzy hairs ± 10X10 inches
• Flowers and fruit: erect pink panicles fruit capsules persistent
• Resembles: Catalpa
• Ecology: Forms colonies Forest margins
Chinaberry (Melia azedarach)
• Leaves: alternately whorled bipinnately compound leaflets serrated
• Resembles: Elderberry
• Ecology: forms colonies roadsides forest margins
Tallow Tree (Triadica sebifera)
• Leaves: alternately whorled heart shaped, entire 1-3” petioles
• Ecology: wet ditches, streambanks, riverbanks, uplands sites
• Leaves: deciduous, long lanceolate sparse silver scales above dense silver scales below
• Stems: thorny silver scales/smooth green-red
• Resembles: Thorny olive Autumn olive
• Ecology: forest margins forest openings
Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
Shrubs
• Leaves: evergreen, elliptic wavy margins silver scales above and below scattered brown scales below
• Stems: thorny brown, with brown scales
• Resembles: Russian olive, Autumn olive
• Ecology: scattered individuals occur in openings and in shade
Thorny Olive (Elaeagnus pungens)
• Leaves: deciduous, elliptic wavy margins pubescent, scale-less above dense silver scales below
• Stems: spur twigs common (thorny) grey-green, smooth, glossy
• Resembles: Russian olive, Thorny olive
• Ecology: individuals and stands occur in openings and in shade
Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
• Leaves: Opposite, obovate, acute margins crenate turns bright red in fall
• Stems: 4 corky wings or ridges
• Resembles: Blueberry
• Ecology: shade tolerant forest understory, openings, and margins
Winged Burning Bush (Euonymus alata)
• Leaves: opposite, in 2 rows elliptic, entire, ±1” hairy midvein below
• Ecology: forms dense thickets along forest margins
Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense)
Japanese Privet (Ligustrum japonicum)
• Leaves: opposite, leathery, 2-4” entire, margins yellow, margins turned upward
• Ecology: forms dense thickets along forest margins
Nandina (Nandina domestica)
• Leaves: alternately whorled pinnately compound leaf base clasps stem, V notch leaflets attached at red tinged joint which segments stalk
• Ecology: forest understory, margins
Multifloral Rose (Rosa multiflora)
• Plant: climbing, arching, or trailing recurved thorns
• Leaves: pinnately compound serrated leaflets leafstalk base clasping with bristles on margins
• Resembles: Carolina Rose
• Ecology: forms infestations forest margins
• Plant: shrub
• Leaves: opposite, ovate, acute entire • Resembles: Japanese honeysuckle
• Ecology: dense thickets on roadsides, open forests, forest margins
Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
• Leaves: opposite, in 2 rows, ovate entire, acute spring foliage lobed
• Stems: brown hairy, vine
• Resembles: Amur honeysuckle Yellow jassamine
• Ecology: most common invasive forest margins, openings forest understory and canopy
• Leaves: alternate, ± 3” margins blunt toothed
• Resembles: American bittersweet
• Ecology: forest margins, roadside
Oriental Bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus)
Chinese Yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia)
• Leaves: heart shaped palmate veins, thornless
• Resembles: Greenbriar
• Ecology: forms dense thickets along forest margins
• Leaves: opposite, broadly oval margins crenate smooth, glossy
• Ecology: forms dense ground cover and climbs trees
Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei)
Common/Big Periwinkle (Vinca minor/major)
• Leaves: opposite, narrow elliptic entire (<1” and >1.5”) smooth, glossy
• Ecology: forms dense thickets under forest canopies
Chinese/Japanese Wisteria(Wisteria sinensis/floribunda)
• Leaves: alternate, odd pinnately compound Chinese – 7-13 leaflets Japanese – 13-19 leaflets leaflets oval-elliptic, entire
• Resembles: Native wisterias Trumpet creeper
• Ecology: forms dense infestations wet to dry sites
• Leaves: alternate, dark green entire, 0-5 lobes thick, waxy, smooth
• Ecology: moist open forest
English Ivy(Hedera helix)
Kudzu (Pueraria montana)
• Leaves: trifoliate, alternate long tipped, slightly lobed leaflets
• Ecology: forms dense ground mats and invades the canopy
Giant Reed(Arundo donax)
• Leaves: alternate, corn like, clasping/whitish base
• Flowers: erect
• Stem: overlapping sheaths
• Resembles: common reed
• Ecology: uplands, roadsides forest margins
• Leaves: midvein white above and green ridged beneath margins rough
• Flowers: plumed panicle drooping reddish seeds in fall
• Ecology: forest margins roadsides disturbed sites
Chinese Silver Grass (Miscanthus sinensis)
• Leaves: grass like, large hairs at base of petioles
• Stems: hollow, jointed canes, 1-6” in diameter,
• Ecology: escaped from old home sites, moist areas
Golden Bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea)
• Leaves: midvein whitish and off-center
• Flowers: terminal, thin, raceme
• Stems: overlapping sheaths hairless nodes and internodes
• Ecology: moist areas
Napalese Brown Top (Microstegium vimineum)
• Leaves: rising from the base sheaths overlap, hairy midvein off-center
• Seeds: silvery hairy husks
• Ecology: full sun, colony forming
Tall Fescue (Lolium arundinaceum)
Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica)
• Leaves: basal, white flared collar
• Stems: swollen light green nodes
• Resembles: other grasses
• Ecology: forms extensive colonies
Ferns
Japanese Climbing Fern (Lygodium japonicum)
• Leaves: opposite on vine, compound, triangular outline
• Resembles: American climbing fern
• Ecology: open forests, forest margins, ROWs, dense mats
Garlic Mustard (Allaria petiolata)
• Leaves: early basal rosette kidney, heart, or triangle shaped margins coarsely toothed • Ecology: floodplains forest understory forest openings forest margins
Chinese Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata)
• Leaves: alternate, crowded, numerous trifoliate, leaflets long/slender
• Flowers: white with purple markings
• Resembles: native lespedeza
• Ecology: forest openings, upland woods savannas, old fields, ROWs, forms infestations
Shrubby Lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor)
• Leaves: alternate, crowded, numerous trifoliate, leaflets elliptic
• Flowers: purple
• Resembles: native lespedeza
• Ecology: forest openings, upland woods savannas, old fields, ROWs, forms infestations
Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)
• Leaves: ± 6 X 4 inches deeply lobed, velvety hairs thorns on veins and petiole
• Stems: 3-6 feet tall thorns
• Resembles: Horsenettle • Ecology: open sites