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Normal Life of cell
Nerve Cells stop
at this point
46
92
Nuclear Division
Cell Division is controlled by the cells Surface to Volume Ratio
New healthy cell
Old tired cell
Mitosis Videos
During Cell Division the Genetic Material goes through three name changes
1. Chromatin – During Interphase, it is difficult to see because it is very thin and wispy
2. Chromosomes – Condensed, easier to see with a microscope. Looks like dark short threads.
Can be found in single or doubled form
3. Chromatids – Double Chromosomes, Look like little X’s under a microscope.
Two chromatids make up one chromosome
Chromatids
Doubled Chromosome
Chromatin
Chromosomes
Chromatids
I
P
M
A
T
Interphase
Nucleus
Genetic Material in
form of Chromatin
Cell Wall
Nucleolus
Prophase
Chromatids
Centrioles
Spindle Fibers
Nuclear Membrane
Centromere
e
Plant Cell Prophase
Replicated Chromosomes
convert to Chromatids
Metaphase
Chromatids
Centrioles
Animal Cell Metaphase
Chromatids
Centrioles & Asters
Spindle Fibers
Cell Membrane
Plant Cell Metaphase
Cell Wall &
Cell Membrane
NO Centrioles in Plants
Chromatids
Anaphase
Chromosomes
Centrioles
Anaphase in plant cell
Chromosomes moving toward poles
Telophase
Nucleolus
New Nucleus Forming
Membrane pinching in
Chromosomes turn back to Chromatin
Telophase
Division Plate
or
Cell Plate
Chromosomes
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
Video
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
Cell Furrow
Types of Cytokinesis
Binary Fission - Equal Division
Budding - Unslightly unequal
Sporulation – Very unequal
Note: The nucleus always divide equally during Mitosis
CancerNeoplasm - Abnormal cell growth, unregulated mitosis.
1. Benign - Not Cancerous, has not spread to other tissue.
2. Malignant – Is Cancerous, has spread to other tissues.
Cancer Cells:
1. Form Tumors – Undifferentiated cells that pile up.
2. Undergo Metastasis – Spread to other tissues
3. Produce Angiogenesis – Form new blood vessels
Cause of CancerOncogenes – Cancer causing genes formed by genetic mutation.
The mutation is undetected by the cells regulatory mechanism so apoptosis doesn’t occur.
There are about 100 know forms of Oncogenes
Oncogene formation can be caused by problems in gene replication during mitosis. ( Family History)
Environmental Factors can produce Oncogenes.
I.e.. UV radiation, smoking, asbestos
Summary
Quiz