North Korean Questions in 2008: Taking Stock by Lee Shin-wha

8/3/2019 North Korean Questions in 2008: Taking Stock by Lee Shin-wha

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2/31

Q}bjnkb $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ zll

Gbnhldi ylwe D`}we C`}bn? Wncldi [w`kc `j =115

D` Eriildi D` Hbn}dldi

Flkenbh [keljjb} $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >

D`}we C`}bnd ^rb{wl`d{? Wncldi [w`kc `j =115

Hbb [eld&yen $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >2

K`fqhbwldi web [w}nwbilk W}nd{j`}fnwl`d? Web R$[$ Flhlwn}| Nhhlndkb{ ylweC`}bn ndg Onqnd

Web R$[$&Onqnd Nhhlndkb ndg web R$[$&]@C Nhhlndkb

Onfb{ Q}z|{wrq $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7;

Q}bqn}ldi j`} Jrwr}b We}bnw{ ndg ]bil`dnh Kenhhbdib{? Web ]@C&R$[$

Flhlwn}| Nhhlndkb ld =115=111>

Mb|`dg Mlhnwb}nh Nqq}`nkeb{? ]bil`dnhlldi Onqnd&C`}bn Wbd{l`d{

W$O$ Qbfqbh$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >>;2

C@]R[ JWN n{ n Mbwwb} Nhwb}dnwlzb w` Fndnib web Mlhnwb}nh Bk`d`flk ]bhnwl`d{elq

Hbb Onbfld $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >299

K@DWBDW[


3/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ >2

D@]WE C@]BND ^RB[WL@D[ LD =115?

WNCLDI [W@KC

Hbb [eld&yen/

K@DWBDW[

L$ Ldw}`grkwl`d

LL$ D`}we C`}bnd Drkhbn} ^rb{wl`d{

LLL$ Ldwb}&C`}bnd ]bhnwl`d{? Bk`d`flk z{$ Q hlwlknh

LZ$ D`}we C`}bnd Erfndlwn}lnd ^rb{wl`d{

Z$ D`}we C`}bnd K`dwldibdklb{

ZL$ K`dkhr{l`d

/ Hbb [eld&yen l{ ylwe web Gbqn}wfbdw `j Q`hlwlknh [klbdkb ndg Ldwb}dnwl`dnh

]bhnwl`d{( C`}bn Rdlzb}{lw|$ Web nrwe`} yl{eb{ w` wendc Hl{n G$ K`hhld{( }b{bn}ke

n{{`klnwb nw web N{nd Ld{wlwrwb j`} Ih`mnh Q`hlk| [wrglb{( j`} eb} znhrnmhb n{&{l{wndkb ld wel{ }b{bn}ke$


4/31

>: R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

L$ Ldw}`grkwl`d

D`}we C`}bnd ~rb{wl`d{ knd mb bunfldbg j}`f m`we w}nglwl`dnh ndg d`dw}nglwl`dnh

{bkr}lw| qb}{qbkwlzb{$ D`}we C`}bn{ r{b `j }b{`r}kb{ w` fnldwnld n hn}ibk`dzbdwl`dnh flhlwn}| j`}kb k`dwldrb{ w` q`{b n w}nglwl`dnh {bkr}lw| we}bnw w` web

C`}bnd qbdld{rhn$ Bzbd mb|`dg web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn( web D`}we{ gbzbh`qfbdw

`j drkhbn} ybnq`d{( kebflknh ndg ml`h`ilknh ybnq`d{( ndg mnhhl{wlk fl{{lhb{

q`{b{ nd bd`}f`r{ ndg buw}bfbh| {b}l`r{ we}bnw w` web }bil`d ndg web y`}hg$

Ld qn}wlkrhn}( D`}we C`}bn{ {nhb `} w}nd{jb} `j {bd{lwlzb fnwb}lnh{ w` }`irb

{wnwb{ `} d`d{wnwb nkw`}{ ndg web }bilfb{ drkhbn} q}`hljb}nwl`d nfmlwl`d{ enzb

mbk`fb n {b}l`r{ {bkr}lw| we}bnw w` web ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw|$ Web}b en{ nh{`

mbbd k`dkb}d nm`rw D`}we C`}bn{ nkwlzb {q`d{`}{elq `j wb}}`}l{f we}`rie web

q}`zl{l`d j drkhbn} ybnq`d{ ndg web} ybnq`d{ j fn{{ gb{w}rkwl`d %YFG, w`wb}}`}l{f&hldcbg i}`rq{ %[en}fn =115,$ Mbknr{b fnd| k`rdw}lb{ n}b gbwb}fldbg

w` q}bzbdw web jr}web} q}`hljb}nwl`d `j drkhbn} ybnq`d{( gbnhldi ylwe D`}we

C`}bn en{ mbk`fb n w`q q}l`}lw|$ Fbndyelhb( web {bzb}b jnfldb k`dglwl`d{ ndg

bdb}i| {e`}wnib{( y`}{bdldi erfnd }liew{ zl`hnwl`d{( ndg D`}we C`}bnd }bjribb

q}`mhbf{ enzb q}b{bdwbg web f`{w gljkrhw d`dw}nglwl`dnh {bkr}lw| k`dkb}d{

j`} {r}}`rdgldi k`rdw}lb{$ Nhwe`rie web drkhbn} l{{rb en{ mbbd ilzbd web f`{w

nwwbdwl`d m| {bkr}lw| buqb}w{ ndg q`hlk|fncb}{( lw l{ khbn} wenw web D`}we C`}bnd

q}`mhbf ldz`hzb{ n k`fqhlknwbg flu `j zn}l`r{ w}nglwl`dnh ndg d`dw}nglwl`dnh

{bkr}lw| l{{rb{$

Mbknr{b `j web{b k`fqhlknwbg {bkr}lw| k`dkb}d{( q}`kbbgldi ylwe web q}`kb{{

`j gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d ld bukendib j`} bk`d`flk ldkbdwlzb{ en{ mbbd nd buw}bfbh|

gljkrhw ndg gbhlknwb j`}blid q`hlk| wn{c j`} we`{b k`rdw}lb{ ldz`hzbg ld web {lu&

qn}w| wnhc{$ Web R$[$ q}b{lgbdwlnh zlkw`}| `j Mn}nkc @mnfn( ye` {rqq`}w{ web

{lu&qn}w| bdgbnz`}{ mrw nh{` buq}b{{bg ylhhldidb{{ w` e`hg gl}bkw wnhc{ ylwe web

D`}we( en{ {qn}cbg knrwl`r{ qwlfl{f j`} lfq}`zbg R$[$D`}we C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{(

yelke k`rhg ld wr}d q}`zlgb f`fbdwrf j`} buqbglwldi web {lu&qn}w| wnhc{ ndg web

gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d q}`kb{{$ \bw @mnfn{ ldwb}b{w ld gl}bkw wnhc{ ylwe Q|`di|ndifn| q}`zb w` mb n g`rmhb&bgibg {y`}g wenw k`rhg y`}{bd ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{

ndg l{`hnwb `web} fbfmb}{ `j web {lu&qn}w| wnhc{$ Jr}web}f`}b( lw }bfnld{ w`

mb {bbd yebweb} ndg e`y @mnfn ylhh mb nmhb w` fnldwnld wel{ }bk`dklhlnw`}|

q`{wr}b w`yn}g Q|`di|ndi lj Q|`di|ndi g`b{ d`w k``qb}nwb ylwe web drkhbn}

gl{fndwhbfbdw q}`kb{{( qn}wlkrhn}h| ld web zb}lknwl`d qen{b$

Web{b gljkrhwlb{ ndg rdkb}wnldwlb{ enzb mbk`fb bzbd f`}b k`fqhlknwbg m| web

jnkw wenw web D`}we C`}bnd qb`qhb d`y n}b `d web m}ldc `j fn{{ {wn}znwl`d ndg

}b~rl}b lffbglnwb ldwb}dnwl`dnh nlg %Clf C$ =115m,$ Web D`}we C`}bnd }bilfb{bbf{ w` enzb hlwwhb nhwb}dnwlzb mrw w` gbqbdg `d j`}blid nlg w` }bhlbzb ldwb}dnh


5/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ >9

q}`mhbf{$ Nw web {nfb wlfb wel{ gbqbdgbdkb k`rhg buq`{b web }bilfb w` i}bnwb}

}l{c{ {wbffldi j}`f buwb}dnh q}b{{r}b{ %[nfrbh [$ Clf =119,$ Wel{ fliew hbng

web D`}we C`}bnd hbngb}( Clf O`di&lh( w` bdinib ld m}ldcfnd{elq wnkwlk{ ld

`}gb} w` m}ldi nm`rw f`}b jnz`}nmhb k`dglwl`d{3 e`ybzb}( wel{ kn}}lb{ n ebnz|}l{c `j mnkc}ldi `d Clf{ }bilfb lw{bhj$ N{ j`} web ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw|(

gl{wldirl{eldi mbwybbd web w`wnhlwn}lnd q`hlwlknh }bilfb ndg web ldd`kbdw q`qrhnkb

l{ d`w bn{|$ Web}b enzb mbbd fnd| bwelknh gbmnwb{ n{ w` yebweb} ldwb}dnwl`dnh nlg

l{ nkwrnhh| nd ld{w}rfbdw `j {r}zlznh j`} web qb`qhb `} j`} web q`hlwlknh }bilfb$

Jr}web}f`}b( n{ web ebnhwe j Clf O`di&lh }bq`}wbgh| gbwb}l`}nwb{ f`}b }nqlgh|(

{qbkrhnwl`d nm`rw web q}`mhbf `j D`}we C`}bn{ q`hlwlknh {rkkb{{l`d l{ }l{ldi

w` web {r}jnkb$ Wel{ en{ g}nyd ldwb}dnwl`dnh nwwbdwl`d mbknr{b( ilzbd web rdl~rb

ken}nkwb} j weborkeb {|{wbf ndg Clf{ q`hlwlknh }bilfb( web {wnwb j Clf{ ebnhwek`rhg enzb nd lfqnkw `d }bilfb {r}zlznh `} k`hhnq{b$ Lj D`}we C`}bn {rggbdh|

k`hhnq{b{( web q`hlwlknh( bk`d`flk( erfndlwn}lnd( ndg {`klnh k`d{b~rbdkb{

y`rhg mb {e`kcldih| k`fqhlknwbg ndg gbzn{wnwldi( qn}wlkrhn}h| j`} web k`rdw}lb{

ldz`hzbg( ldkhrgldi [`rwe C`}bn$ F`}b`zb}( lj web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg Keldn

bdinib ld n hn}ib&{knhb q`yb} {w}riihb w` inld k`dw}`h `j web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn

%}bfldl{kbdw `j web {rqb}q`yb} }lznh}| ld >


6/31

>5 R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

C`}bn{ flhlwn}| we}bnw{( yelke ldkhrgb web gbzbh`qfbdw `j n drkhbn} ybnq`d{

q}ì}nf ndg web r{b `j kebflknh ndg ml`hìlknh YFG$ Nhwe`rie D`}we C`}bn{

k`dzbdwl`dnh flhlwn}| q`yb} l{ j`} web f`{w qn}w rwgnwbg( lw l{ q`yb}jrh bd`rie

w` knr{b {lidlkndw hbwenh gnfnib w` [`rwe C`}bn ld web kn{b j n {rggbd drkhbn}nwwnkc$ Ld wb}f{ j flhlwn}| j`}kb( web D`}we C`}bnd N}f| l{ web j`r}we hn}ib{w ld

web y`}hg nkk`}gldi w` lw{ fndq`yb} {w}bdiwe( ylwe nqq}ùlfnwbh| >$= flhhl`d

{`hglb}{ ndg 91 qb}kbdw `} f`}b `j lw{ flhlwn}| j`}kb{ {wnwl`dbg nw web j}`dw&hldb

Gbflhlwn}lbg _`db %[k`mbhh ndg [ndj`}g =119,$ Ld f`}b }bkbdw |bn}{( D`}we

C`}bn en{ nh{` r{bg w` lw{ ngzndwnib web jnkw wenw [`rwe C`}bn l{ rdnmhb w` q`{{b{{

YFG m| bfmn}cldi `d n drkhbn} ybnq`d{ gbzbh`qfbdw q}òbkw$ D`}we C`}bn

{wn}wbg w` j`kr{ d web gbzbh`qfbdw j YFG mbilddldi ld web >


7/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ > Web bhbkwl`d `j Mn}nkc @mnfn( ye`

en{ bfqen{lbg glnh`irb( n{ web dbuw R$[$ q}b{lgbdw eb}nhgbg nd buqbkwnwl`d jkh`{b} wlb{ mbwybbd Yn{eldiw`d ndg Q|`di|ndi$ \bw @mnfn en{ bfqen{lbg web

dbbg j`} zb}lnmhb nmndg`dfbdw j web D`}we C`}bnd drkhbn} q}`i}nf( frke ld

hldb ylwe web gbdrkhbn}lb D`}we C`}bn q}`zl{l`d$= K`d{b~rbdwh|( k`d{lgb}ldi

web jnkw wenw web @mnfn ngfldl{w}nwl`d l{ hlcbh| w` wncb n {wndkb {lflhn} w` wenw

`j web Mr{e ngfldl{w}nwl`d nw mb{w `} e`{wlhb nw y`}{w( web Clf O`di&lh }bilfb{

r{b `j n gbhn|ldi wnkwlk y`rhg mb }nweb} qrhldi$

@d >> @kw`mb} =115( gb{qlwb b}kb k`dw}`zb}{lb{ `zb} gbhl{wldi( web Mr{e

ngfldl{w}nwl`d ndd`rdkbg lw yn{ }bf`zldi web D`}we j}`f lw{ hl{w `j {wnwb{q`d{`}{ `j wb}}`}l{f njwb} ibwwldi n{{r}ndkb{ wenw Q|`di|ndi eng ni}bbg w` n

qhnd j`} ld{qbkwl`d j lw{ drkhbn} jnklhlwlb{ ndg n }bzb}{nh j nkwl`d{ web D`}we eng

wncbd ld }bkbdw ybbc{ w` }b{rfb lw{ }bnkw`}$ Q|`di|ndi{ hnwb{w nkwl`d{ fncb lw

khbn} wenw D`}we C`}bn en{ mbbd knhkrhnwldi q}bkl{bh| web k`{w{ ndg mbdbw{ `j

gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d n{ lw f`zb{ w`yn}g web dbuw {wbq ld web q}`kb{{$

F`{w }bkbdwh| D`}we C`}bn{ jklnh dby{ nibdk| }bq`}wbg wenw zb}lknwl`d rdgb}

web ni}bbfbdw }bnkebg ld @kw`mb} yn{ hlflwbg w` {lwb zl{lw{ m| buqb}w{ ndg wenw

wncldi {nfqhb{ j}`f web fnld drkhbn} k`fqhbu yn{ d`w qn}w `j web zb}l

knwl`dgbnh %Hnm`ww =115,$ Wel{ k`dw}nglkw{ n }bkbdw ndd`rdkbfbdw m| web Rdlwbg [wnwb{

nm`rw n m}bncwe}`rie zb}lknwl`d gbnh ylwe D`}we C`}bn %Z@N =115k,$

>$ [bb web ndnh|{l{( D$ C`}bn [r{qbdg{ Drkhbn} Gl{nmhbfbdw( ]nl{ldi Dby rb{wl`d{ nm`rwLw{ Ldwbdwl`d{( ld web =9 Nrir{w =115Endc|`}be( yyy$endl$k`$c}/n}wl/bdihl{ePbglwl`d/bPd`}wec`}bn/;1:=$ewfh$

=$ Web FkKnld ndg @mnfn {wnwbfbdw{ n}b nznlhnmhb `d web Ybm {lwb `j web Yn{eldiw`dQ`{w( nw ewwq?//z`lkb{$yn{eldiw`dq`{w$k`f/web&w}nlh/=115/>1/>>/kndglgnwbP}bnkwl`dPd`}wePc`}bn$ewfh$


9/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ =>

Ld web fbndwlfb( D`}we C`}bn l{ d`w `dh| k`d{lgb}ldi web {wnwr{ `j lw{ drkhbn}

q}ì}nf j`} {bkr}lw| qr}q`{b{3 web D`}we nh{` gb{qb}nwbh| dbbg{ R$[$ j``g ndg

bk`d`flk nlg ld `}gb} w` }bhlbzb web y`}{bdldi j``g ndg bdb}i| {e`}wnib{$

K`dwldrldi w` h`kc e`}d{ ylwe web [`rwe C`}bnd Hbb F|rdi&mnc ngfldl{w}nwl`d}b~rl}b{ wenw Clf O`di&lh fnldwnld i``g }bhnwl`d{ ylwe Yn{eldiw`d rdgb} n q`hlk|

`jwìfl m`didnf Sfncb gl}bkw k`dwnkw ylwe web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg lid`}b `}

mh`kc web [`rweV$ D`}we C`}bn {bbf{ w` enzb ybncbdbg web }b{`hzb j web web}

zb qn}wlb{ `zb} zb}lknwl`d l{{rb{ }nweb} wend qr{ebg j`} qb}fndbdwh| bdgldi

web wnhc{$ ]bin}ghb{{ `j nhh web en}g&w`&ldwb}q}bw fndbrzb}ldi m| D`}we C`}bn(

m`we web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg D`}we C`}bn kndd`w dg n i``g }bn{`d w` nmndg`d

web {lu&qn}w| j}nfby`}c$

Ld {qlwb `j web e`qb wenw q}ì}b{{ ylhh mb fngb we}`rie web {lu&qn}w| wnhc{( lw l{rdkb}wnld yebweb} web wy`&{wnib zb}lknwl`d qnkcnib ylhh }b{`hzb web drkhbn}

q}`mhbf$ Bzbd njwb} qn}wlnh {rkkb{{( web flg& w` h`di&wb}f `rwh``c `d web

k`fqhbwb nmndg`dfbdw j nhh D`}we C`}bn{ drkhbn} ybnq`d{ ndg bul{wldi drkhbn}

q}ì}nf{ l{ d`w m}liew$ Web {w`}nib ndg buq`}w `j {qbdw jrbh( gbk`dwnfldnwl`d

`j jnklhlwlb{( zb}lknwl`d `j gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d( gl{n{{bfmh| `j web ybnq`d{( ndg

}bf`znh `j{{lhb fnwb}lnh j}`f D`}we C`}bn l{ n q}`kb{{ wenw ylhh wncb fnd|

|bn}{ w` k`fqhbwb$

@d w`q `j nhh wel{( D`}we C`}bn{ }bnh ldwbdwl`d{ ndg {w}nwbilk knhkrhnwl`d{ n}b n{rmobkw j k`d{wndw gbmnwb$ @d web db endg( D`}we C`}bn en{ k`dwldrbg w` {wnwb

wenw web gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d `j web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn yn{ Clf Lh&{rdi{|rerd( `}

g|ldi yl{e( ndg D`}we C`}bnd `jklnh{ enzb bfqen{lbg wenw web r{b `j R$[$

drkhbn} ybnq`d{ d web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn ndg web {q}bng j drkhbn} ybnq`d{ ld

web {r}}`rdgldi }bil`d {e`rhg d`w mb nhh`ybg$ @d web web} endg( Onkc Q}lwken}g(

C`}bn Bk`d`flk Ld{wlwrwb q}b{lgbdw ye` zl{lwbg Q|`di|ndi hn{w Nq}lh( en{

k`ffbdwbg wenw web D`}we yndw{ w` mb }bkìdlbg n{ n drkhbn} q`yb} ndg en{

}bjr{bg w` gl{kh`{b ldj`}fnwl`d d m`we lw{ r{b j qhrw`dlrf j`} ybnq`d{ ndg web

drfmb} j drkhbn} ybnq`d{ lw en{ %Cb{{hb} =115,$ Nw web N[BND ]bil`dnh J`}rfld Orh| =115( D`}we C`}bnd gbhbinwb{ gbfndgbg wenw web k`rdw}| mb w}bnwbg n{ n

drkhbn} ybnq`d{ {wnwb ndg nh{` gbfndgbg wenw web R$[$ flhlwn}| jnklhlwlb{ ld [`rwe

C`}bn mb `qbdbg w` drkhbn} ybnq`d{j}bb zb}lknwl`d mn{bg `d web nkwl`d&j`}&

nkwl`d q}ldklqhb qrw j`}yn}g nw web K[KNQ fbbwldi ld Fn| =115 %E`di =115,$

Ld ngglwl`d( nkk`}gldi w` Q}lwken}g( Clf I|b&iynd {nlg wenw D`}we C`}bn y`rhg

k`d{lgb} wnhcldi nm`rw nmndg`dldi drkhbn} ybnq`d{ dh| njwb} web jrhh ndg dnh

d`}fnhlnwl`d `j R$[$&D`}we C`}bn }bhnwl`d{ %Cb{{hb} =115,$

Lw l{ d`w khbn} yebweb} web{b k`dw}nglkw`}| }bfn}c{ n}b dbi`wlnwl`d wnkwlk{ `}qn}w `j D`}we C`}bn{ hìlk w` ebhq web k`rdw}| fnldwnld q`{{b{{l`d `j drkhbn}


10/31

== R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

ybnq`d{3 e`ybzb}( web q}`{qbkw{ j`} D`}we C`}bn lfqhbfbdwldi web wel}g ndg

dnh nmndg`dfbdw {wnib n}b jnl}h| ih``f|$ Jr}web}f`}b( n q}`mhbf wenw en{

d`w mbbd {rjklbdwh| ngg}b{{bg l{ D`}we C`}bn{ r}ndlrf bd}lkefbdw q}ì}nf(

ndg web k``qb}nwl`d `j D`}we C`}bn ndg [|}ln `d drkhbn} wbked`hì| l{ nh{` n{b}l`r{ qbdgldi l{{rb wenw dbbg{ w` mb gbnhw ylwe$

\bw( gb{qlwb nhh wel{( lw l{ kb}wnld wenw fnd| `j web wn{c{ j`} nkelbzldi dnh

zb}lnmhb }b{`hrwl`d j web drkhbn} q}`mhbf ylhh mb kn}}lbg zb} ldw` web @mnfn

ngfldl{w}nwl`d$ D`w `dh| l{ web}b w`` frke y`}c w` mb g`db( mrw web}b l{ nh{`

w`` hlwwhb wlfb hbjw j`} web Mr{e ngfldl{w}nwl`d$ W` {`fb gbi}bb( mbknr{b D`}we

ndg [`rwe C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{ enzb mbbd {w}nldbg }bkbdwh|( wel{ jnkw`} en{ lfqbgbg

web gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d q}`kb{{$ Bzbd ylwe d` `web} `m{wnkhb{( lw ylhh wncb nw hbn{w

we}bb w` j`r} |bn}{ w` gl{q`{b `j drkhbn} ybnq`d{( r{ldi nd nkwl`d&j`}&nkwl`dbdinibfbdw nqq}`nke ylwe D`}we C`}bn$

Ld {rffn}|( nkelbzldi dnh gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d l{ q`{{lmhb dh| lj web}b l{ bzbdwrnhh|

n d`}fnhlnwl`d `j }bhnwl`d{ mbwybbd web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg D`}we C`}bn$

E`ybzb}( lj gl{kr{{l`d{ nm`rw erfnd }liew{ nmr{b{( mnhhl{wlk fl{{lhb q}ì}nf{(

ml`hìlknh ndg kebflknh ybnq`d{ q}ì}nf{( ndg web} lhhlklw nkwlzlwlb{ wenw enzb

mbbd wncldi qhnkb gr}ldi web {lu&qn}w| wnhc{ n}b gbhn|bg m| gl}bkw wnhc{ mbwybbd

Yn{eldiw`d ndg Q|`di|ndi( web }`ng w` gbdrkhbn}lnwl`d ylhh nh{` mb zb}| h`di

ndg gljkrhw$ Ilzbd wenw Q|`di|ndi en{ }bfnldbg {wbngjn{w ld qr}{rldi n {w}nwbi|`j ldk`fqhbwb gbkhn}nwl`d ndg }bzb}{lmhb gl{nmhbfbdw ndg {ldkb web GQ]C

en{ mbbd {rkkb{{jrh ylwe wel{ {w}nwbi| w` gnwb %E`di =115,( `db knd {b}l`r{h|

~rb{wl`d yebweb} D`}we C`}bn ylhh k`fqhbwbh| nmndg`d lw{ drkhbn} ybnq`d{$

Clf O`di&lh{ ldwbdw w` q`{{b{{ drkhbn} ybnq`d{ l{ d`w `dh| nlfbg nw `mwnldldi

{bkr}lw| n{{r}ndkb{ ndg ldk}bn{ldi web ybnq`d{ r{b n{ n mn}inldldi w``h( mrw

q`{{b{{ldi web{b ybnq`d{ nh{` {b}zb{ g`fb{wlk qr}q`{b{ {rke n{ }bilfb {r}zlznh$

N{ n }b{rhw j lw{ {b}l`r{ bk`d`flk k}l{l{( j``g {e`}wnib{( ndg bdb}i| {e`}wnib{(

D`}we C`}bn fr{w k`dwldrb w` mb gbqbdgbdw `d web ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw|

j`} nlg$ Lj web buwb}dnh q}b{{r}b j}`f [`rwe C`}bn( web Rdlwbg [wnwb{( ndg `web}k`rdw}lb{ ldk}bn{b{( D`}we C`}bn ylhh mb jnkbg ylwe web glhbffn `j yebweb} `}

d`w w` k`dwldrb lw{ drkhbn} ybnq`d{ q}ì}nf$

N{ j wel{ y}lwldi( lw l{ {wlhh {qbkrhnwbg wenw Clf O`di&lh k`hhnq{bg d == Nrir{w

ndg {rjjb}bg n {w}`cb %Kenb ndg [b} =115,$ Lj Clf l{ k}lwlknhh| lhh( lw ylhh i}bnwh|

njjbkw web jrwr}b `j web D`}we C`}bnd drkhbn} k}l{l{$ Mbknr{b Clf l{ web `dh|

gbkl{l`d&fncldi nqqn}nwr{ ld web D`}we C`}bnd q`hlwlknh {|{wbf( lw l{ rdhlcbh|

wenw web k`rdw}|{ }rhldi i}`rq ylhh }r{e w` fncb nd| gbkl{l`d ld }bin}g w` web

kr}}bdw drkhbn} {wndg`jj$ Ld{wbng( fbfmb}{ j web }rhldi i}`rq n}b hlcbh| w` fncbzb}| jby }b{q`d{b{( } qn{{lzb }b{q`d{b{( w` web {lu&qn}w| dbi`wlnwl`d{ q}`kb{{$


11/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ =;

Ld wel{ kn{b( web jrwr}b j web wnhc{ ylhh }bfnld rdkb}wnld$ [`fb buqb}w{ n}irb wenw

Q|`di|ndi k`rhg mb wbfqwbg w` bfqh`| enycl{e we}bnw wnkwlk{ {rke n{ ngglwl`dnh

drkhbn} wb{w{ } h`di&}ndib fl{{lhb wb{w{ ld }gb} w` wliewbd rq g`fb{wlk }gb} ndg

{`hlgn}lw|$ [`fb nh{` mbhlbzbnhwe`rie wel{ l{ web hbn{w hlcbh| {kbdn}l`wenwClf en{ ldwbdwl`dnhh| {w`qqbg {e`yldi rq w` nhh `jklnh jrdkwl`d{ ld `}gb} w`

nww}nkw web nwwbdwl`d `j web ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw| ndg wenw eb en{ ndd`rdkbg

{wb}d fbn{r}b{ k`dkb}dldi web{b drkhbn} l{{rb{$;

^rb{wl`d{ nm`rw Clf{ ebnhwe ndg D`}we C`}bn{ r{b j ngglwl`dnh m}ldcfnd{elq

wnkwlk{ ylhh `dh| fncb dbi`wlnwl`d{ nw web {lu&qn}w| wnhc{ f`}b gljjlkrhw$

Rdj`}wrdnwbh|( lw l{ elieh| q`{{lmhb wenw D`}we C`}bn ylhh k`dwldrb w` r{b web

{nfb w|qb `j m}ldcfnd{elq {w}nwbilb{ ylwe web dbuw R$[$ ngfldl{w}nwl`d lj lw{

rhwlfnwb {w}nwbi| l{ w` }bfnld n drkhbn} ybnq`d{q`{{b{{ldi {wnwb$ D`}we C`}bnl{ jrhh| rwlhlldi web jnkw wenw web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ l{ ndg ylhh mb %nw hbn{w j`} web

j`}b{bbnmhb jrwr}b, q}b`kkrqlbg ndg {wrkc ylwe web k`fqhbu q}`mhbf{ `j L}n~

ndg Njiendl{wnd$ D`}we C`}bn{ nmlhlw| w` nkelbzb wel{ i`nh ylhh gbqbdg `d

yebweb} Clf O`di&lh `} web q`{w&Clf hbngb}{elq knd `zb}k`fb ldwb}dnh ndg

buwb}dnh q}b{{r}b{ ndg yebweb} D`}we C`}bn ylhh mb }b{lhlbdw bd`rie w` fnldwnld

}bilfb {bkr}lw|$

LLL$ Ldwb}&C`}bnd ]bhnwl`d{? Bk`d`flk z{$ Q`hlwlknh

Lw yn{ d`w rdwlh => D`zbfmb} >


12/31

=7 R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

}bzbhnwl`d wenw kkr}}bg ld @kw`mb} =11=( }nweb} wend knr{ldi n gbk}bn{b ld w}ngb(

nkwrnhh| mbknfb web f`{w {lidlkndw jnkw`} njjbkwldi w}ngb ld =11;$ B{qbklnhh|

rdgb} web [rd{eldb Q`hlk| j web j`}fb} [`rwe C`}bnd q}b{lgbdw( Clf Gnb&ordi(

nhh w}ngb ylwe web D`}we yn{ ken}nkwb}lbg n{ ldw}n&C`}bnd w}ngb( j}`f web {rqq`}wq}`zlgbg j`} web kr}}bdwh| {r{qbdgbg C`}bnd Qbdld{rhn Bdb}i| Gbzbh`qfbdw

@}indlnwl`d drkhbn} }bnkw`} q}òbkw{ w` web Fw$ Crfindi w`r}l{w q}òbkw3

erfndlwn}lnd nlg yn{ nh{` k`d{lgb}bg d`d&w}nd{nkwl`dnh w}ngb %Hlf =11:,$

Web Clf Gnb&ordi ngfldl{w}nwl`d ken}nkwb}lbg ldwb}&C`}bnd bk`d`flk

k``qb}nwl`d n{ k`fq}l{ldi m`we bk`d`flk w}ngb ndg nlg( ndg lw mbhlbzbg wenw nd

ldk}bn{b ld ldwb}nkwl`d ylwe D`}we C`}bn y`rhg hbng w` }bk`dklhlnwl`d ndg qbnkb

`d web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn$ Wel{ yn{ n jrdkwl`dnh q}òbkw wenw y`rhg nj}fnwlzbh|

k}bnwb qbnkbjrh ndg en}f`dl`r{ k`bul{wbdkb mbwybbd D`}we ndg [`rwe `} qnzbweb yn| j`} qbnkbjrh }brdlknwl`d %[nfrbh [$ Clf ndg Yldwb}{ =117,$ N{ n

}b{rhw( [`rwe C`}bn mbknfb lw{ d`}web}d k`rdwb}qn}w{ hn}ib{w w}ngldi qn}wdb}

njwb} Keldn ndg nh{` mbknfb web k`rdw}| wenw q}`zlgbg web f`{w en}g kr}}bdk|

w` D`}we C`}bn$ Web [rd{eldb Q`hlk| }bfnldbg {lflhn} j`} web f`{w qn}w we}`rie

web Qbnkb ndg Q}`{qb}lw| Q`hlk| `j web {rkkb{{lzb ]è F``&e|rd i`zb}dfbdw$

Web w`wnh w}ngb z`hrfb ylwe D`}we C`}bn }bnkebg n }bk`}g elie j '>$9< mlhhl`d

ld =119 %F@R =115,$

[`fb n}irb wenw [b`rh q}`f`wbg ldwb}&C`}bnd w}ngb lw{bhj ndg r{bg w}ngb n{ nirl{b j`} bk`d`flk nlg ld `}gb} w` nhhbzlnwb D`}we C`}bn{ bk`d`flk njlkwl`d{

ndg bdk`r}nib lw{ bk`d`flk }bj`}f( yelke y`rhg rhwlfnwbh| hb{{bd web [`rwe{

q`hlwlknh( bk`d`flk( `} {`klnh mr}gbd{ knr{bg m| web mndc}rqw D`}we %D`hndg

=111,$ Ld ngglwl`d( we`{b b{q`r{ldi web D`}we C`}bnd bdinibfbdw q`hlk| enzb

n}irbg wenw( nhwe`rie [`rwe C`}bn{ w}nglwl`dnh }brdlknwl`d q`hlk| yn{ mn{bg

`d elie&hbzbh gl{kr{{l`d{ mbwybbd [b`rh ndg Q|`di|ndi( web [rd{eldb Q`hlk|

bdk`r}nib{ k`dwnkw ld web d`di`zb}dfbdwnh {bkw`}( ndg web i}`ywe `j we`{b

k`dwnkw{ y`rhg bzbdwrnhh| mh`kc D`}we C`}bnd nii}b{{l`d$ Lw l{ ld wel{ zbld

wenw web}b en{ mbbd n {bbfldih| glnhbkwlk glzl{l`d( knhhbg dnf&dnf inhgrdiSweb [`rwe&[`rwe k`dlkwV ld [`rwe C`}bnd {`klbw| ld }bin}g w` web qb}kbqwl`d

ndg q`hlk| `j ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{$ Web q}ì}b{{lzb{ ye` knhh webf{bhzb{

webq|rdieyn {b}|`cSqbnkb j`}kb( we`{b q}`f`wldi qbnkb `d web qbdld{rhnV

k`dwldrbg w` {rqq`}w nd ldk}bn{b ld w}ngb ndg dbi`wlnwl`d{ ylwe D`}we C`}bn

gb{qlwb web D`}we{ mng mbenzl`}$ Web| ebnzlh| k}lwlklbg we`{b gbfndgldi f`}b

knrwl`r{ w}ngb ndg q}`zl{l`d `j nlg w` Q|`di|ndi n{ nob`donbdi {b}|`cSyn}

j`}kb( we`{b ye` n}b ylhhldi w` }l{c n gbwb}l`}nwl`d `j }bhnwl`d{ ylwe web D`}we

ndg k`rhg bzbdwrnhh| q}`z`cb k`dlkw hbngldi w` yn}V$


13/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ =2

Ld k`dw}n{w ylwe web q}bzl`r{ Clf Gnb&ordi ndg ]`e F``&e|rd ngfldl{w}nwl`d{(

Q}b{lgbdw Hbb F|rdi&mnc mbind el{ wb}f m| bfqen{lldi ldwb}&C`}bnd

}bklq}`klw|$ Web Hbb ngfldl{w}nwl`d mbhlbzb{ wenw web jrdgnfbdwnh mn{l{ `j wel{

ldwb}&C`}bnd q`hlk| l{ D`}we C`}bn{ k`fqhbwb nmndg`dfbdw j drkhbn} ybnq`d{$Wenw l{( Hbb en{ eliehliewbg web {ql}lw j web Ni}bbfbdw d ]bk`dklhlnwl`d( D`d&

Nii}b{{l`d( Bukendib{ ndg K``qb}nwl`d mbwybbd D`}we ndg [`rwe C`}bn %web

{`&knhhbg Mn{lk Ni}bbfbdw, {lidbg ld >2 Ordb o`ldw

gbkhn}nwl`d ndg web 7 @kw`mb} gbkhn}nwl`d {lidbg nw ldwb}&C`}bn {rfflw{ ld =111

ndg =119 m| el{ hlmb}nh [`rwe C`}bnd q}bgbkb{{`}{ ndg Clf O`di&lh$Endc|`}be

}bq`}wbg d = Nq}lh =115 wenw Q|`di|ndi nh{` gbd`rdkbg Hbb{ bfqen{l{ d web

>


14/31

=: R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

Gb{qlwb web rq{ ndg g`yd{ `j web Fw$ Crfindi w`r}l{f q}òbkw( =115 fn}cbg

web q}òbkw{ >1&|bn} nddlzb}{n}|( ndg lw yn{ gbwb}fldbg wenw web mr{ldb{{

bdzl}`dfbdw eng }bnkebg n {wnmhb ndg fnwr}b {wnib$ Wel{ en{ mbbd grb w` web jnkw

wenw }gldn}| klwlbd{ y`rhg d`w mb ebnzlh| njjbkwbg m| web {wnwb `j ldwb}&C`}bnd}bhnwl`d{ ndg `web} q`hlwlknh w}bdg{ %Z@N =115n,$ Ld web flg{w `j wel{ jnz`}nmhb

w}ngb bdzl}`dfbdw( web {e``wldi gbnwe j n [`rwe C`}bnd w`r}l{w nw Fw$ Crfindi

m| D`}we C`}bnd {`hglb}{ ld Orh| =115 {qn}cbg n i}bnw gbnh j dby k`dw}`zb}{|$

[wlhh( lw yn{ hn}ibh| {nlg wenw Q|`di|ndi y`rhg d`w krw `jj nhh w}ngb ylwe lw{

{`rweb}d k`rdwb}qn}w mbknr{b D`}we C`}bn y`rhg h`{b nqq}ùlfnwbh| '= flhhl`d

qb} f`dwe ld w`r}l{f k`{w{ `yldi w` web {r{qbd{l`d `j w`r}{ w` Fw$ Crfindi$

D`}we C`}bn k`rhg d`w njj`}g wel{ {ldkb lw en{ mbbd rdnmhb w` w}ngb ylwe Br}`qbnd

{wnwb{ `yldi w` web R$[$ hl{wldi `j D`}we C`}bn `d web hl{w `j {wnwb{ wenw {rqq`}w

wb}}`}l{f$ Nkk`}gldih|( lw yn{ ndwlklqnwbg wenw Q|`di|ndi y`rhg {``d ng`qw nk`dklhlnw`}| {wndkb d web {e``wldi ldklgbdw ld `}gb} w` q}bzbdw gbwb}l`}nwl`d ld

w}ngb$ E`ybzb}( n gbndw D`}we C`}bn }bjr{bg w` k`dgrkw n o`ldw ldzb{wlinwl`d

ldw` web {e``wldi ldklgbdw ndg {wn}wbg w` wncb d n f`}b en}g&hldb nqq}`nke ld web

bn}h| qn}w `j [bqwbfmb} =115$ Q|`di|ndi mbind w` buqbh rddbkb{{n}| [`rwe

C`}bnd w`r} {wnjj fbfmb}{ j}`f Fw$ Crfindi( yelke l{ n khbn} zl`hnwl`d m| web

D`}we j web D`}we&[`rwe ni}bbfbdw$ Wel{ k`rhg fbnd web wbd{b {wnwb j njjnl}{ ld

ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{ k`rhg mbk`fb bzbd f`}b g}nyd rw ndg fncb web q}`{qbkw

`j }b{rfldi zl{lw{ w` Fw$ Crfindi }nweb} gljkrhw %Clf C$ =115n,$

Ld web hnwb{w gbzbh`qfbdw ld ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{( wy` gljjb}bdw jnkw`}{ y`}cldi

wìbweb} enzb bdnmhbg Q|`di|ndi w` wncb n en}g&hldb {wndkb ninld{w [b`rh$ Web

}{w jnkw`} l{ web Mr{e ngfldl{w}nwl`d{ gbnh w` }bf`zb D`}we C`}bn j}`f web

R$[$ wb}}`}l{f mhnkchl{w ld @kw`mb}( ndg web {bk`dg l{ web q}b{lgbdwlnh zlkw`}|

`j @mnfn ye` l{ `qbd w` gl}bkw glqh`fnwlk wnhc{ ylwe Q|`di|ndi$ Web Wlfb{

@dhldb }bq`}wbg d >= D`zbfmb} =115 wenw D`}we C`}bn ndd`rdkbg wenw lw y`rhg

{w}lkwh| }b{w}lkw ndg krw jj nhh web zb}hndg m`}gb} k}`{{ldi{( kh`{ldi n hlnl{`d

`jkb j`} web D`}we{ ]bg K}`{{ ndg n wbhbqe`db e`whldb nw web m`}gb} zlhhnib

`j Qndfrdo`f$7

Web mnd k`rhg hbng w` web {erwg`yd `j web ldwb}&C`}bnd o`ldwldgr{w}lnh k`fqhbu `j web D`}we{ m`}gb} klw| `j Cnb{`di$ Wel{ kh`{ldi g`yd

k`rhg m}ldi nm`rw n fno`} }bzbdrb h`{{ ndg krw `jj n erib kn{e {`r}kb j`} web

D`}we{ y`}cb}{( mrw lw y`rhg nh{` knr{b {rjjb}ldi j`} web 51 [`rwe C`}bnd

mr{ldb{{b{ `qb}nwldi ld Cnb{`di$

N{ {rke( Q|`di|ndi{ nii}b{{lzb f`zb{ w`yn}g [b`rh k`rhg }bbkw n wncb`zb}

`j }bilfb q`yb} m| web en}g&hldb flhlwn}| i}`rq{ ld qhnkb `j nd nlhldi Clf

7$ D`}we C`}bn w` Mnd M`}gb} K}`{{ldi{( yyy$wlfb{`dhldb$k`$rc/w`h/dby{/y`}hg/n{ln/n}wlkhb2>;29;=$bkb$


15/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ =9

O`di&lh } Q|`di|ndi{ nwwbfqw{ %yebweb} } d`w rdgb} Clf{ hbngb}{elq, w` q}b{{

[b`rh q}l`} w` fncldi n mli mn}inld ylwe web @mnfn ngfldl{w}nwl`d$ Yenwbzb}

web knr{b{( web}b enzb mbbd fnd| {en}q( k`dw}n{wldi zlbyq`ldw{ bfb}ildi ld

[`rwe C`}bn ylwe }bin}g w` e`y w` fndnib web gbwb}l`}nwldi {wnwb j ldwb}&C`}bnd}bhnwl`d{$ Hlmb}nh buqb}w{ enzb buq}b{{bg k}lwlkl{f j Hbb F|rdi&mnc{ ynlwldi

{w}nwbi|( {wnwldi wenw wel{ q`{lwl`d y`rhg dh| ldzlwb nd`web} D`}we C`}bnd we}bnw(

ndg enzb knhhbg d Hbb w` fncb kendib{ w` el{ D`}we C`}bnd q`hlk|$ Ld k`dw}n{w(

we`{b ye` mbhlbzb ld }bklq}`klw| knhh j`} D`}we C`}bn{ drkhbn} gl{fndwhbfbdw

mbj`}b nlg ndg gl}bkw wnhc{$ Web| enzb n}irbg {w}`dih| wenw web qn{w bdinibfbdw

q`hlk| m}`riew nm`rw n h`{w >1 |bn}{ wenw d`w `dh| q`{wq`dbg }brdlknwl`d

mrw nh{` gbq}lzbg web klwlbd{ `j D`}we C`}bn `j web nlg j}`f web [`rwe( yelke

nkwrnhh| ybdw w` web Clf O`di&lh }bilfb lw{bhj$ Web| enzb n{{b}wbg wenw web nlg

en{ d`w nkelbzbg web ldwbdgbg bjjbkw ndg en{ ld{wbng {w}bdiwebdbg web }bilfb ldD`}we C`}bn$ Jr}web}f`}b( web| enzb knhhbg j`} }bngor{wfbdw j web jrdgnfbdwnh

mn{l{ `j D`}we C`}bnd q`hlk| ndg web {ebggldi `j qn{{lzb gbjbd{lzb q`hlklb{

k`dwnldbg ld web [rd{eldb Q`hlk|$ K`d{b}znwlzb{ n}irb wenw( lj Hbb {`jwbd{ el{

D`}we C`}bnd q`hlk|( Q|`di|ndi ylhh k}bnwb `qq`}wrdlwlb{ w` inld web rqqb}

endg ylwe [b`rh$2

N{ j wel{ y}lwldi( lw l{ w`` rdkb}wnld ndg z`hnwlhb w` q}bglkw yenw gl}bkwl`d ldwb}&

C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{ ylhh wncb$ Nw y`}{w( n {b}lb{ `j {rke nii}b{{lzb f`zb{ fngb

m| D`}we C`}bn k`rhg hbng w` n }bhnq{b ldw` web kelhhbg ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{{lflhn} w` web {lwrnwl`d q}l`} w` >( mbj`}b web wy` C`}bn{ mbind n glnh`irb ndg

b{wnmhl{ebg web ]bg K}`{{ k`ffrdlknwl`d kenddbh{ nw Qndfrdo`f$ Wel{ fliew

}bbkw web }bnhlw| wenw( }bin}ghb{{ `j e`y frke k``qb}nwl`d ndg }bk`dklhlnwl`d

hbng{ w` f`}b bk`d`flk( krhwr}nh( {`klnh( ndg d`dq`hlwlknh bukendib{ ndg bzbd

{wlfrhnwb{ web gbzbh`qfbdw `j h`y q`hlwlk{( {rke jrdkwl`dnh nqq}`nkeb{ `jwbd

n}b d`w {rjklbdw w` }b{`hzb w}nglwl`dnh {bkr}lw| q}`mhbf{ ndg q`hlwlknh k`dlkw{

mbwybbd web wy` C`}bn{$ Ld ngglwl`d( nw wlfb{ web elie&q`hlwlk{ l{{rb{ qr{e web

h`y&q`hlwlk{ fnwwb}{ w` web mnkc mr}db}$

LZ$ D`}we C`}bnd Erfndlwn}lnd ^rb{wl`d{

Web q`{wK`hg yn} {bkr}lw| qn}nglif nh{` q}`zlgb{ nd `qq`}wrdlw| w` zlby web

C`}bn ~rb{wl`d{ j}`f web qb}{qbkwlzb j k`fq}bebd{lzb {bkr}lw|( ldkhrgldi d`w

`dh| w}nglwl`dnh flhlwn}| n{qbkw{ mrw nh{` bk`d`flk ndg erfndlwn}lnd glfbd{l`d{$

Wel{ l{ b{qbklnhh| w}rb ld hliew j web qb}{l{wbdw q}`mhbf{ ylwe jnfldb ndg }bjribb{

ld D`}we C`}bn$

2$ WebC`}bn Eb}nhg`d >7 D`zbfmb} =115 qrmhl{ebg nd n}wlkhb( D$C$ Nlf{ w` [`jwbd[b`rh( Buqb}w{ [n|( wenw qrw j`}yn}g web{b lgbn{$


16/31

=5 R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

Web kr}}bdw D`}we C`}bnd erfndlwn}lnd ~rb{wl`d{ ldkhrgb ldwb}dnh q}`mhbf{

{rke n{ n h`di&{wndgldi j``g k}l{l{ ndg i}`{{ erfnd }liew{ zl`hnwl`d{( ndg nd

buwb}dnh }bjribb glhbffn$ Web{b q}`mhbf{ enzb frhwljnkbwbg knr{b{ ldz`hzldi n

fluwr}b j jnlhbg bk`d`flk q`hlklb{( q`hlwlknh nrwe`}lwn}lndl{f( ndg ldwb}dnwl`dnhk``}gldnwl`d q}`mhbf{ %Eniin}g ndg D`hndg =119,$ Jl}{w l{ web q}`mhbf `j

i`zb}dndkb ld D`}we C`}bn$ Nhwe`rie rdq}bkbgbdwbg``gldi ndg g}`riew ld web

flg&>


17/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ =


18/31

;1 R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

n}irbg wenw( gb{qlwb nhh web j}r{w}nwl`d{ ndg gljkrhwlb{ j q}`zlgldi ndg f`dlw`}ldi

erfndlwn}lnd nlg( lw l{ lfq}nkwlknh w` ylwee`hg }bhlbj nlg j}`f D`}we C`}bn ndg

w` ynlw j`} web Clf O`di&lh }bilfb w` rdgb}wncb }bj`}f{ } bzbdwrnhh| k`hhnq{b$

Krwwldi nlg w` web D`}we ilzb{ d` irn}ndwbb{ wenw web }bilfb ylhh k`hhnq{b$ F`}blfq`}wndw( lw knd mb }bnglh| n{{rfbg wenw ylwe`rw j``g nlg ngglwl`dnh }b{`r}kb{

ylhh d`w mb q}`zlgbg m| Q|`di|ndi w` jbbg lw{ qb`qhb( }b{rhwldi ld web gbnwe ndg

{rjjb}ldi `j klzlhlnd{ %[nznib ndg Dnrwlhr{ Wbnf =11=,$

Web bun{qb}nwl`d ylwe web nlg {lwrnwl`d ld D`}we C`}bn knd nh{` mb rdgb}{w``g

ld web k`dwbuw j g`d`} jnwlirbn qebd`fbd`d q}bznhbdw y`}hgylgb yeb}bzb}

ldwb}dnwl`dnh erfndlwn}lnd nkwl`d en{ mbbd {rkkb{{jrh ld hb{{bdldi web hljb&

we}bnwbdldi {rjjb}ldi j klzlhlnd{ ld k}l{b{ {rke n{ jnfldb( j`}kbg gl{qhnkbfbdw(

ndg n}fbg k`dlkw$ Ibdb}nhh|( {wnwb{ }bfnld qn{{lzb w`yn}g web k}l{b{ `j `web}dnwl`d{ rdhb{{ web k}l{b{ we}bnwbd webl} yd dnwl`dnh ldwb}b{w{ ndg {bkr}lw|$ Web|

n}b rdylhhldi w` wncb n hbng ld q}`zlgldi nlg `} q}bzbdwldi jr}web} gbwb}l`}nwl`d

`j k}l{b{ mbknr{b {rke erfndlwn}lnd nkwl`d{ k`{w f`db|( bdb}i|( ndg wlfb wenw

k`rhg mb mbwwb} r{bg j`} webl} `yd gbzbh`qfbdw$

G`d`} jnwlirb( } web hnkc j k`fqn{{l`d ndg ylhhldidb{{( l{ d`w web dh| }bn{`d

ye| g`d`} dnwl`d{ n}b {h`y w` }b{q`dg w` erfndlwn}lnd bfb}ibdklb{ `} ye|

flhhl`d{ `j q``} qb`qhb {wlhh i` erdi}| yelhb web}b l{ nd nmrdgndkb `j j``g

ld web y`}hg w` jbbg webf$ I`zb}dfbdw{ fn| mb f`}b }bhrkwndw w` q}`zlgb nlgyebd web}b l{ hlwwhb kendkb wenw web {lwrnwl`d ylhh lfq}`zb `} lj web nlg q}`grkb{

d` wndilmhb q}`grkwlzb rwk`fb$ Wel{ l{ kh`{bh| }bhnwbg w` web lgbn j }bnhq`hlwlc

bub}kl{bg m| bnke {wnwb$ I`zb}dfbdw hbngb}{ enzb en}gh| bzb} {nk}lkbg webl}

`yd q`hlwlknh inld{ j`} n erfndlwn}lnd fndgnwb$ J`} ld{wndkb( lw l{ n}irnmhb

wenw web gbhn| ld q}`zlgldi j``g nlg w` D`}we C`}bn ld >


19/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ ;>

Wel}g( web [`rwe C`}bnd bdinibfbdw q`hlk| dbbg{ w` mb }bbznhrnwbg j}`f m`we

{w}nwbilk ndg erfndlwn}lnd qb}{qbkwlzb{$ Clf Gnb&ordi{ [rd{eldb Q`hlk| ndg

]è F``&e|rd{ Qbnkb ndg Q}`{qb}lw| Q`hlk| `qwlfl{wlknhh| n{{rfbg wenw

k`dwldr`r{ i``gylhh y`rhg i}ngrnhh| bdk`r}nib D`}we C`}bn w` qn}wlklqnwb ldglnhìrb ndg }bk`dklhlnwl`d bjj`}w{$ E`ybzb}( web D`}we{ nwwlwrgb w`yn}g lw{

{`rweb}d k`rdwb}qn}w rkwrnwb{ nkk`}gldi w` web {wnwb `j web D`}we{ mlhnwb}nh

}bhnwl`d{ ylwe web Rdlwbg [wnwb{( }bin}ghb{{ `j web q`hlklb{ `j web [`rwe C`}bnd

i`zb}dfbdw$ Nd| f`fbdwrf wenw web qbnkb q}`kb{{ fn| enzb eng d web C`}bnd

qbdld{rhn knd mb gb}nlhbg lffbglnwbh| lj }bhnwl`d{ mbwybbd web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg

D`}we C`}bn i` ny}|$ Nhh D`}we C`}bn yndwbg j}`f mbdbz`hbdw [`rwe C`}bn

nqqbn}bg w` mb bk`d`flk {q`d{`}{elq( yelke ld web flg{w `j wbd{b }bhnwl`d{(

bdnmhbg web D`}we w` fnldwnld n w`rie {wndkb ninld{w web Mr{e ngfldl{w}nwl`d$

Wy` {rkkb{{lzb [`rwe C`}bnd i`zb}dfbdw{ {bbfbg w` mbhlbzb wenw nlgldi D`}weC`}bn y`rhg lfq}`zb ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{ ndg y`rhg ldk}bn{b webl} hbzb}nib

ld }bhnwl`d{ ylwe D`}we C`}bn ndg web }b{w `j web y`}hg$ E`ybzb}( ld k`dw}n{w

ylwe [`rwe C`}bn{ {w}nwbilk buqbkwnwl`d{( web [`rwe glg d`w inld nd| hbzb}nib

m| q`r}ldi nlg ldw` web D`}we( ndg lw q}`zbg gljkrhw( lj d`w lfq`{{lmhb( j`} [`rwe

C`}bn w` qhn| n hbngldi }`hb ld ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{ ndg frhwlhnwb}nh ldlwlnwlzb{$

[`( ld web bdg( web ldwbdgbg {w}nwbilk `mobkwlzb{ yb}b rd{rkkb{{jrh$

Bdinibfbdw q`hlk| glg d`w q}`grkb web ldwbdgbg erfndlwn}lnd mobkwlzb{ blweb}$

[`rwe C`}bn en{ {bdw =$7 flhhl`d w`d{ j }lkb ndg =11(111 w`d{ j k`}d w` D`}weC`}bn {ldkb =11; yebd web ]è F``&e|rd i`zb}dfbdw yn{ hnrdkebg( mrw lw

jnlhbg w` bd{r}b web nlg }bnkebg web erdi}| qb`qhb %Hbb O$ =115,$ Lw yn{ }bq`}wbg

wenw D`}we C`}bn glzb}wbg }lkb {rqqhlbg m| [`rwe C`}bn j`} erfndlwn}lnd qr}q`{b{

w` web j}`dwhldb rdlw{ j web D`}we C`}bnd N}f|$ Web ]è F``&e|rd i`zb}dfbdw

}bq`}wbgh| lid`}bg wel{ ldj`}fnwl`d nm`rw web k`dwldrldi fl{nqq}`q}lnwl`d{( mrw

lw glg d`w z`lkb nd| `mobkwl`d{ w` web D`}we$ Ld Fn}ke =11:( [b`rh g`dnwbg 2

mlhhl`d y`d %'2 flhhl`d, y`}we `j fnwb}lnh{ j`} web mrlhgrq `j w`r}l{f jnklhlwlb{

n}`rdg Fw$ Qnbcwr( web elieb{w f`rdwnld d web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn( mrw web D`}we

glg d`w nhh`y [`rwe C`}bnd `j

klnh{ w` f`dlw`} web r{b j web g`dnwl`d{ %Hbb O$=115,$ Web Hbb F|rdi&mnc i`zb}dfbdw }bkìdlbg web hnkc j f`dlw`}ldi ndg

}bzlbybg bk`d`flk nlg q}ì}nf{ j`} web D`}we ld }gb} w` lfq}`zb w}nd{qn}bdk|

ld gl{w}lmrwldi nlg$ Q}b{lgbdw Hbb nh{` klwbg web q}`mhbf `j rdk`dglwl`dnh

}bk`dklhlnwl`d ylwe web D`}we `zb} web qn{w >1 |bn}{ ndg `jjb}bg j``g nlg w`

Q|`di|ndi k`dwldibdw `d web q}ì}b{{ w` mb fngb ld web D`}we C`}bnd drkhbn}

gl{fndwhbfbdw q}`kb{{ ndg erfnd }liew{ l{{rb{$ Clf O`di&lh lffbglnwbh|

}bobkwbg web `jjb} ndg {r{qbdgbg q}nkwlknhh| nhh glqh`fnwlk kenddbh{$

Nhwe`rie web [rd{eldb Q`hlk| fliew enzb mbbd i``g ld q}ldklqhb( web `rwk`fbglg d`w q}`grkb web ldwbdgbg {w}nwbilk `} erfndlwn}lnd }b{rhw{$ Bzbd lj ld web


20/31

;= R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

h`di }rd web bdinibfbdw&q`hlk| nqq}`nke fliew enzb mbbd nmhb w` kendib web

nwwlwrgb `j web Clf O`di&lh }bilfb( rdj`}wrdnwbh| web {wn}zldi qb`qhb `j D`}we

C`}bn enzb d`w mb nmhb w` endi `d j`} wenw nf`rdw `j wlfb$

J`r}we( D`}we C`}bnd{ enzb mbbd w}|ldi w` b{knqb j}`f webl} {w}lkcbd k`rdw}|(

qn}wlkrhn}h| w` Keldn( mrw web q`hlwlknh mn}}lb}{ w` bfli}nwl`d enzb fngb web

q}`kb{{ qb}lh`r{ ndg `jwbd jrwlhb$ Bzbd lj web| {rkkbbg ld webl} b{knqb( D`}we

C`}bnd jnfldb }bjribb{ ld Keldn `} k`rdw}lb{ `web} wend [`rwe C`}bn n}b d`y

w}nqqbg m| q`hlwlknh( glqh`fnwlk( ndg hbinh }b{w}nldw{ %Kendi( Eniin}g( ndg D`hndg

=115,$ Web| n}b d`w jklnhh| knwbi`}lbg n{ }bjribb{ mbknr{b db fr{w fbbw web

}b~rl}bfbdw j mbldi j`}kbg w` hbnzb db{ e`fb {wnwb yldi w` q`hlwlknh }bn{`d{

mbj`}b n gbkl{l`d knd mb fngb d yebweb} nd ldglzlgrnh }bjribb knd mb i}ndwbg

}bjribb {wnwr{( nkk`}gldi w` web > RD K`dzbdwl`d ]bhnwldi w` web [wnwr{ `j]bjribb{ ndg web >,$ @zb} web

k`r}{b `j {bzb}nh |bn}{( Keldb{b nrwe`}lwlb{ enzb }bq`}wbgh| mbbd ldk}bn{ldi

webl} {r}zblhhndkb ndg {bn}ke nkwlzlwlb{ ndg enzb lfq`{bg {w}`di fbn{r}b{ {rken{ db{ `} buqrh{l`d ninld{w nd|`db ye` n{{l{w{ D`}we C`}bnd }bjribb{$ Wel{

k}nkcg`yd yn{ qn}wlkrhn}h| {w}`di gr}ldi web q}bqn}nwl`d{ j`} web =115 Mbloldi

@h|fqlk Infb{ w` q}bzbdw web bzbdw{ j}`f mbldi r{bg n{ n {q`whliew w` eliehliew

web {lwrnwl`d `j web }bjribb{$

Fbndyelhb( web drfmb}{ `j gbjbkw`}{ ye` enzb k`fb w` [`rwe C`}bn {ldkb

>(977 eng n}}lzbg( web


21/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ ;;

ir}b mbldi n 7= qb}kbdw ldk}bn{b k`fqn}bg ylwe web {nfb qb}l`g ld =119$ Web

ngnqwnwl`d `j web }bjribb{ w` web [`rwe C`}bnd yn| `j hljb l{ d`w bn{|( knr{ldi

{`fb {`klnh q}`mhbf{$ Ld ngglwl`d( web n}}b{w j web D`}we C`}bnd jbfnhb {q| ld

Nrir{w =115 k}bnwbg {r{qlkl`d nm`rw web q`{{lmlhlw| `j `web} D`}we C`}bnd {qlb{ldhw}nwldi [`rwe C`}bnd {`klbw| rdgb} web irl{b `j mbldi n }bjribb %Mnb =115,$

Z$ D`}we C`}bnd K`dwldibdklb{

Web}b en{ mbbd qb}{l{wbdw rw{lgb {qbkrhnwl`d nm`rw web {bk`dg eb}bglwn}| q`yb}

w}nd{jb} `j D`}we C`}bnd hbngb}{elq( nhwe`rie Clf O`di&lh( ye` ldeb}lwbg

{rq}bfb q`yb} j`hh`yldi web {rggbd gbnwe `j el{ jnweb}( Clf Lh&{rdi( ld >


22/31


Yelhb web D`}we C`}bnd q`yb} {w}rkwr}b njwb} Clf O`di&lh en{ mbbd n k`d{wndw

{rmobkw `j gbmnwb nf`di web ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw|( web}b en{ nh{` mbbd n

}l{ldi k`dkb}d nm`rw D`}we C`}bnd k`dwldibdklb{ n}l{ldi j}`f n {rggbd k`hhnq{b(

blweb} j}`f web jnhh j web Clf O`di&lh }bilfb } D`}we C`}bn lw{bhj$ Wy` }bkbdwh|qrmhl{ebg m``c{ enzb yn}dbg ninld{w web {rggbd m}bncg`yd j web Clf O`di&lh

}bilfb$ @db z`hrfb l{ m| Flcb Keld`| %=115,( ye` zl{lwbg D`}we C`}bn >7

wlfb{ yelhb y`}cldi n{ n KDD m}`ngkn{w dby{ }bq`}wb}3 web `web} l{ m| Flcb

Clf %=115,( nd nkwlzl{w ye` en{ kh`{bh| ldwb}zlbybg drfb}`r{ D`}we C`}bnd

gbjbkw`}{$ Nhwe`rie web wlwhb{ j web{b wy` m``c{ n}b nm`rw drkhbn} ybnq`d{ ndg

erfnd }liew{( wy` {rmobkw{ wenw y`rhg {bbf w` k`dlkw( m`we }bnke web k`dkhr{l`d

wenw lj web Clf O`di&lh }bilfb kndd`w ngb~rnwbh| ngnqw w` web {wndgn}g{ `j web

ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw|( lw l{ `dh| n fnwwb} `j yebd ndg ld yenw j`}f web Clf

}bilfb k`hhnq{b{$

Keld`|( ~r`wldi n D`}we C`}bnd `jklnh( buqhnld{ web }bn{`d ye| Clf O`di&

lh k`dwldrb{ w` khldi w` drkhbn} ybnq`d{? Yelhb L}n~{ qn{w hbngb} [nggnf

Er{{bld glg d`w q`{{b{{ drkhbn} ybnq`d{ ndg fbw n y}bwkebg bdg( D`}we C`}bn

q`{{b{{b{ drkhbn} ybnq`d{ ndg wenw l{ ye| Clf O`di&lh{ }bilfb l{ {wlhh {w}`di$

\bw Keld`| {wlhh ndwlklqnwb{ wenw web D`}we C`}bnd }bilfb ylhh hlcbh| k}rfmhb

`yldi w` lw{ rd{wnmhb q`hlwlknh {w}rkwr}b ndg f`}lmrdg bk`d`f|$ Eb n}irb{ wenw

web q`{wClf O`di&lh D`}we en{ n elie q`{{lmlhlw| `j `qbdldi rq ndg f`zldi

j`}yn}g ylwe }bj`}f{( nkelbzldi q`hlwlknh }bk`idlwl`d j}`f web Rdlwbg [wnwb{(ndg rhwlfnwbh| m}ldildi nm`rw n q`{lwlzb kendib w` D`}we C`}bn( nhwe`rie web}b

l{ {wlhh n q`{{lmlhlw| wenw web drkhbn} we}bnw k`rhg k`dwldrb w` gbbqbd web k`dlkw

mbwybbd D`}we C`}bn ndg web Rdlwbg [wnwb{$ Web {rggbd gbnwe `j Clf O`di&lh

y`rhg nh{` ibdb}nwb ldwb}dnh glzl{l`d ndg k`djr{l`d nf`di web q`yb}jrh D`}we

C`}bnd bhlwb %Keld`| =115,$

Fbndyelhb( Flcb Clf{ m``c( yelke j`kr{b{ d web njlkwl`d{ j D`}we C`}bnd

}bjribb{ {r}zlzldi ld web m`}gb} }bil`d{ j Keldn ndg D`}we C`}bn( nh{` j`}bkn{w{

web jnhh `j web Clf O`di&lh }bilfb$ Web nrwe`} ldglknwb{ wenw }bilfb k`hhnq{bylhh mb knr{bg m| web hn}ib&{knhb }bjribb `y ld k`fmldnwl`d ylwe web kendildi

fldg&{bw j web |`rdib} ibdb}nwl`d we}`rie`rw web k`rdw}|$ Fnd| D`}we C`}bnd{

n}b }bnhlldi web w}rwe we}`rie ldj`}fnwl`d wenw hwb}{ mnkc j}`f }bwr}dbg

}bjribb{$ Web}bj`}b( web fn{{lzb }bjribb q}`mhbf( n}irb{ Flcb Clf %=115,(

ylhh mb hn}ibh| q}bklqlwnwbg m| web D`}we C`}bnd }bilfb{ h`{{ `j q`yb} ndg

k`dw}`h `zb} lw{ klwlbd{$

Web{b wy` m``c{ n}b nf`di web fnd| qlbkb{ `j irb{{y`}c m| nkngbflk(

q`hlwlknh( ndg klzlh {`klbw| `}indlnwl`d{ wenw buqh`}b web q`{{lmlhlw| `j n en}ghndgldi( yeb}bld web D`}we C`}bnd }bilfb lfqh`gb{ ndg ken`{ bdirhj{ web


23/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ ;2

C`}bnd qbdld{rhn( lj d`w web ye`hb }bil`d$ Ld k`dw}n{w( n {`jw&hndgldi {kbdn}l`(

ld yelke web Clf{ }bilfb i}ngrnhh| jnhh{ g`yd ylwe web qlbkb{ qlkcbg rq m|

[`rwe C`}bn( en{ mbbd h`di ndg ylgbh| jnz`}bg( mrw }bdbybg {qbkrhnwl`d nm`rw

web D`}we{ {rggbd k`hhnq{b l{ mbk`fldi f`}b buqhlklw mbknr{b web k`rdw}| l{`d web m}ldc `j jnfldb ndg bk`d`flk mndc}rqwk|$

Web dnwl`d l{ nh{` jnkldi ldk}bn{ldi ldwb}dnwl`dnh l{`hnwl`d %Enhh`}nd =115,$ D`w

`dh| enzb web D`}we{ glqh`fnwlk }bhnwl`d{ ylwe web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg [`rwe C`}bn

mbbd wbd{b ld web qn{w jby f`dwe{( mrw bzbd Keldn ndg ]r{{ln( h`diwlfb nhhlb{(

d` h`dib} {en}b web {nfb lgb`h`ilknh znhrb{ ndg `mobkwlzb{ ylwe D`}we C`}bn$

@yldi w` Keldn{ ndg ]r{{ln{ ndib} `zb} web drkhbn} wb{w k`dgrkwbg ld =11:(

web D`}we{ }bhnwl`d{elq ylwe web{b wy` k`rdw}lb{ en{ mbk`fb {w}nldbg$ D`}we

C`}bnOnqnd }bhnwl`d{ enzb mbbd wbd{b j`} n h`di wlfb yldi w` web rd}b{`hzbgnmgrkwl`d l{{rb( ndg Onqnd en{ k`dwldrbg w` bdj`}kb {ndkwl`d{ ninld{w D`}we

C`}bn$ Hn{w( web d`&{e`y j Clf O`di&lh ld }bkbdw f`dwe{ j`} jklnh kkn{l`d{

ld D`}we C`}bn( ldkhrgldi web flhlwn}| qn}ngb w` kbhbm}nwb web k`rdw}|{ :1we

nddlzb}{n}| `d < [bqwbfmb} =115( en{ ldk}bn{bg k`dkb}d{ nm`rw el{ ebnhwe ndg

k`dw}lmrwbg w` rdkb}wnldw| ndg k`dobkwr}b nm`rw D`}we C`}bn{ g`fb{wlk q`hlwlknh

{lwrnwl`d$

Ilzbd web e`{w j q}`mhbf{ wenw D`}we C`}bn kr}}bdwh| jnkb{( web k`hhnq{b j web

Clf O`di&lh }bilfb fn| d`w mb or{w n web`}bwlknh q`{{lmlhlw| mrw k`rhg mbk`fb nzb}| }bnh q}`{qbkw$ Nhwe`rie d` db ylhh bzbd q}b{rfb w` cd`y yebd ndg e`y

lw fliew enqqbd( db weldi l{ khbn}? web k`d{b~rbdkb{ j }bilfb k`hhnq{b ylhh mb

n{w`dl{eldi$ Web f`{w {b}l`r{ q}`mhbf{ q`{bg m| web D`}we{ lfqh`{l`d n}b web

bfb}ibdkb `j n q`yb} znkrrf `d web qbdld{rhn( web q`wbdwlnh j`} rdk`dw}`hhbg

{w`kcqlhb{ `j drkhbn} ybnq`d{ w` jnhh ldw` web endg{ `j }`irb {wnwb{ `} i}`rq{(

ndg web {r}ib `j }bjribb{ ye` y`rhg kb}wnldh| knr{b fnd| gljkrhwlb{ j`}

{r}}`rdgldi k`rdw}lb{$ Lffbglnwbh| njwb} web `kkr}}bdkb( web Rdlwbg [wnwb{(

Keldn( ndg q`{{lmh| ]r{{ln k`rhg }r{e ldw` D`}we C`}bn w` {bkr}b lw{ drkhbn}

jnklhlwlb{ ndg hbng web {wnwb&mrlhgldi q}`kb{{( hbnzldi [`rwe C`}bn hlwwhb `qwl`dmrw w` ldk`}q`}nwb ld web q}`kb{{ j dnwl`dnh }brdlknwl`d$ D`w dh| y`rhg web{b

q}`mhbf{ we}bnwbd web bk`d`flk {wnmlhlw| j {r}}`rdgldi k`rdw}lb{( mrw web| k`rhg

nh{` hbng w` n ylgb&{knhb erfndlwn}lnd gl{n{wb}$

Web }bhnwl`d{elq mbwybbd web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg Keldn ld web bzbdw j web D`}we{

k`hhnq{b ylhh mb lfq`}wndw$ Lj webl} }bhnwl`d{elq }bfnld{ ld n i``g {enqb } lj web|

fnldwnld nw hbn{w n {w}nwbilk qn}wdb}{elq( n q`yb} infb `zb} n {enwwb}bg D`}we

C`}bn } n }brdlwbg C`}bn k`rhg mb fndnibnmhb j`} web fnldwbdndkb j qbnkb ndg

{wnmlhlw| `j web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn ndg web }bil`d$ Lj webl} }bhnwl`d{ ndg ldwb}b{w{n}b ld k`dlkw( webl} mli&q`yb} }lznh}| zb} C`}bn ylhh mb zb}| gndib}`r{( bzbd


24/31

;: R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

ylwe web q`{{lmlhlw| `j n flhlwn}| khn{e$ Wel{ y`rhg njjbkw web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn

ndg web bdwl}b Bn{w N{lnd }bil`d w` nd bd`}f`r{ buwbdw$

\bw yenw l{ f`{w w}`rmhb{`fb l{ web jnkw wenw( gb{qlwb nhh web{b {b}l`r{ qhnr{lmlhlwlb{(yb fn| d`w enzb bzbd {k}nwkebg web {r}jnkb$ Bzbd f`}b {b}l`r{ l{{rb{ ndg }l{c{

fn| bfb}ib ld web jrwr}b$ Lw l{ wer{ zlwnh w` gbzbh`q frhwlhn|b}bg {kbdn}l`{

k`dkb}dldi nhh q`{{lmhb gbzbh`qfbdw{ ndg( nw web {nfb wlfb( fbwlkrh`r{h| q}bqn}b

gljjb}bdw k`dwldibdk| qhnd{ j`} }b{q`dgldi w` bnke {kbdn}l`$

ZL$ K`dkhr{l`d

Gbnhldi ylwe D`}we C`}bn q}b{bdw{ n e`{w `j k`fqhlknwbg w}nglwl`dnh ndg

d`dw}nglwl`dnh {bkr}lw| q}`mhbf{$ D`}we C`}bn{ flhlwn}| j`}kb{ {wlhh q}b{bdw n

j`}flgnmhb we}bnw w` web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn$ Bzbd mb|`dg wel{( web d`dw}nglwl`dnh

{bkr}lw| we}bnw{ q}b{bdwbg m| D`}we C`}bn( ld qn}wlkrhn} web gbzbh`qfbdw `j

drkhbn} ybnq`d{( n}b ldk}bn{ldi ld {lb ndg {k`qb bnke |bn}$ Web we}bnw j D`}we

C`}bn{ bk`d`flk k`hhnq{b ndg web }b{rhwldi }bjribb } erfndlwn}lnd q}`mhbf{

wenw wel{ y`rhg k}bnwb j`} {r}}`rdgldi k`rdw}lb{ ld D`}webn{w N{ln n}b buw}bfb$

Wel{ knr{b{ k`dkb}d j`} web bk`d`flk {bkr}lw| `j D`}we C`}bn$ Kbhbm}nwldi web

{wnwb{ :1we nddlzb}{n}|( Clf \ rdi&lh( web q}bflb} j web D`}we C`}bnd knmldbw(

{wnwbg( @r} f`{w lfq`}wndw wn{c l{ w` k`d{w}rkw n {w}`di {`klnhl{w bk`d`f| j`}

web =>{w kbdwr}| m| k`dkbdw}nwldi r} {w}bdiwe d fncldi q}`i}b{{ ld bk`d`flk

ldgr{w}lb{ ndg web qb`qhb{ yn| `j hljb %Clf [rb&|`rdi =115,$ Web D`}we

C`}bnd bk`d`flk {|{wbf fr{w kendib mbknr{b ld lw{ kr}}bdw j`}f }gldn}| D`}we

C`}bnd qb`qhb ndg web q`hlwlknh }bilfb {lfqh| kndd`w {r}zlzb$ Ld wel{ zbld( Clf

\`rdi&lh{ {wnwbfbdw knd mb rdgb}{w``g n{ ybhk`fldi mrw {wlhh k`dkb}dbg nm`rw

web lfqhbfbdwnwl`d `j kendib mbknr{b web D`}we{ bk`d`f| fliew nh}bng| mb

w`` gbzn{wnwbg w` }bk`zb}$

Ld jnkw( fn}cbw }bj`}f fbn{r}b{ enzb mbbd bdnkwbg m| web D`}we( mrw web

q}`mhbf l{ wenw web {qbbg ndg buwbdw j web{b kendib{ enzb jnhhbd jn} {e`}w$ Wel{l{ mbknr{b Q|`di|ndi l{ ybhh nyn}b `j web dbkb{{lw| `j }bj`}f mrw g`b{ d`w

yl{e w` bdnkw nd| kendib{ wenw y`rhg bdgndib} web {bkr}lw| `j web }bilfb$ Ld

qn}wlkrhn}( Clf O`di&lh en{ nqqbn}bg w` q}bjb} n i}`yldi gbqbdgbdkb d buwb}dnh

nlg }nweb} wend k`dgrkwldi }bnh bk`d`flk }bj`}f{ wenw fliew knr{b q`hlwlknh ndg

{`klnh wr}f`lh j}`f ylweld$ Web jrwr}b bul{wbdkb `j web D`}we C`}bnd }bilfb l{

hn}ibh| gbqbdgbdw d }bhnwl`d{ ylwe web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ %drkhbn} l{{rb{ ndg }bilfb

irn}ndwbb,( ldwb}&C`}bnd }bhnwl`d{ %}brdlknwl`d,( ndg ldwb}dnwl`dnh bdinibfbdw

%bk`d`flk }bj`}f{ ndg fn}cbw qbdldi,$ Web}bj`}b( web ~rb{wl`d j yebweb} web

D`}we ylhh ilzb rq lw{ k`ffndg bk`d`f| ndg ldw}`grkb n fn}cbw bk`d`f| l{ld q}ldklqhb n fnwwb} `j q`hlwlk{ }nweb} wend `db `j bk`d`flk{$


25/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ ;9

Web D`}we C`}bnd drkhbn} q}`mhbf k`dwldrb{ w` mb `db `j web f`{w {b}l`r{

ndg q}b{{ldi l{{rb{ ld web ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw|$ Kr}}bdwh| web}b n}b wy`

gljjb}bdw q}`{qbkw{ k`dkb}dldi D`}we C`}bnd drkhbn} l{{rb{ ndg }bhnwl`d{

mbwybbd Q|`di|ndi ndg Yn{eldiw`d$ Web }{w l{ web gbzbh`qfbdw j d`}fnhlbgglqh`fnwlk }bhnwl`d{ mbwybbd web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg D`}we C`}bn$ Ld wel{ {kbdn}l`(

dbi`wlnwl`d{ }bin}gldi n}f{ k`dw}`h ndg n qbnkb w}bnw| ylhh mb {rkkb{{jrhh|

k`dkhrgbg ndg web drkhbn} l{{rb ylhh mb }b{`hzbg qbnkbjrhh|$ Web {bk`dg l{ web

k`fqhbwb }bjr{nh m| D`}we C`}bn w` gl{fndwhb lw{ drkhbn} ybnq`d{ q}`i}nf ndg

n gbwb}l`}nwl`d `j }bhnwl`d{ ylwe web Rdlwbg [wnwb{$ Wel{ {kbdn}l` fn| q}`grkb

nd ldgbdlwb q`hlwlknh {wnhbfnwb wenw ylhh knr{b bzbd f`}b {rjjb}ldi j`} q`zb}w|

ndg erdib}&{w}lkcbd D`}we C`}bnd{$ Blweb} wenw( `} web }bilfb fn| buqb}lbdkb

n en}g hndgldi$

Yelkebzb} {kbdn}l` mbk`fb{ }bnhlw|( [`rwe C`}bn {e`rhg d`w mb bukhrgbg j}`f

web gl{kr{{l`d{ nm`rw web jrwr}b `j web C`}bnd qbdld{rhn$ J`} wel{ }bn{`d( kh`{b

R$[$[`rwe C`}bnd k``}gldnwl`d l{ {` k}rklnh wenw Q}b{lgbdw Hbb F|rdi&mnc

dbbg{ w` gbzbh`q gbwnlhbg ndg {|{wbfnwlk qhnd{ j k``qb}nwl`d ylwe web dbuw R$[$

q}b{lgbdw }bin}gldi web fndnibfbdw `j web zn}l`r{ D`}we C`}bnd ~rb{wl`d{$

Ld qn}wlkrhn}( web }{w {lu f`dwe{ njwb} web bhbkwl`d `j Q}b{lgbdw Mn}nkc @mnfn

ylhh mb nd buw}bfbh| lfq`}wndw w}nd{lwl`d qb}l`g j`} m`we web Rdlwbg [wnwb{ ndg

[`rwe C`}bn( gr}ldi yelke web| gbdb web gl}bkwl`d `j webl} D`}we C`}bnd

q`hlk| ndg }bhnwbg nhhlndkb fnwwb}{$ Ld web h`di }rd( lw ylhh mb ld{w}rfbdwnh j`}m`we k`rdw}lb{ w` mrlhg n k`fq}bebd{lzb }`ng fnq w` bdendkb web ~rnhlw| ndg

gbqwe j web R$[$&C`}bn nhhlndkb w` k`hhbkwlzbh| k`qb ylwe k`fq}bebd{lzb ih`mnh

{bkr}lw| we}bnw{$

Nh{`( w` gbnh ylwe D`}we C`}bn{ rdq}bglkwnmhb ndg q}bkn}l`r{ nkwl`d{( yelke

}rd k`rdwb} w` ldwb}dnwl`dnh d`}f{( n{ ybhh n{ w` q}bqn}b j`} D`}we C`}bnd

k`dwldibdklb{( [`rwe C`}bn dbbg{ w` bdinib ld {kbdn}l` mrlhgldi ndg k}bnwb n

q`ldw&m|&q`ldw }b{q`d{b qhnd }bin}gldi web jrwr}b j D`}we C`}bn$ Wel{ }b~rl}b{

d`w dh| R$[$[`rwe C`}bnd k``}gldnwl`d ndg w}lhnwb}nh k``qb}nwl`d nf`di webRdlwbg [wnwb{( Onqnd( ndg [`rwe C`}bn mrw nh{` web buqnd{l`d `j k``qb}nwl`d

nf`di hlcb&fldgbg k`rdw}lb{ wenw {en}b web znhrb{ `j n fn}cbw bk`d`f| ndg

n hlmb}nh gbf`k}nwlk {|{wbf ndg rdlzb}{nh znhrb{ {rke n{ erfnd }liew{$ [rke

hlcb&fldgbg dnwl`d{ ye`{b dnwl`dnh knqnklw| l{ {lflhn} w` [`rwe C`}bn{ k`rhg

j`}f n {`&knhhbg flgghb&q`yb} khrm$ Fbfmb} nkwlzlwlb{ k`rhg k`d{l{w `j n dby

frhwlhnwb}nh q}`kb{{ j`} gbnhldi ylwe ih`mnh q}`mhbf{( ldkhrgldi D`}we C`}bnd

~rb{wl`d{$ Lw l{ wer{ y`}weyelhb w` k`d{lgb} yenw Ke}l{w`qeb} Elhh {nlg yebd eb

bfqen{lbg web lfq`}wndkb `j web }`hb `j {bk`dg kl}khb qhn|b}{ hlcb Kndngn(

Nr{w}nhln( ndg web BR( yelke fliew mb nmhb w` qhn| n f`}b nkwlzb }`hb ld{rqq`}wldi web {lu&qn}w| wnhc{ m| }bzzldi rq erfndlwn}lnd nlg ndg bk`d`flk

k`dwnkw{ ylwe web D`}we %NQJK =115,$


26/31


Jldnhh|( ld ngg}b{{ldi web bul{wldi erfndlwn}lnd ndg erfnd }liew{ l{{rb{( web

q}ldklqhb `j }b{q`d{lmlhlw| w` q}`wbkw %]=Q,( yelke l{ `db `j web f`{w lfq`}wndw

d`}fnwlzb ngzndkb{ ld q`{wK`hg Yn} ih`mnh i`zb}dndkb( knd mb nqqhlbg w` web

{lwrnwl`d ld D`}we C`}bn$ ]=Q ldwbdg{ w` j`kr{ f`}b dn}}`yh| d web q}`wbkwl`d`j klzlhlnd{ ld wlfb{ `j k`dlkw ld `}gb} w` b{knqb web k`dkbqwrnh znirbdb{{

ndg gljkrhwlb{ `j rwlhlldi web wb}f erfnd {bkr}lw|$ Wel{ wb}f b{q`r{b{

ld lw{ fbndldi m`we web j}bbg`f j}`f yndw ndg web j}bbg`f j}`f jbn}

%LKL[[ =11>3 Wencr} =115,$ Kr}}bdw ih`mnh k}l{b{ n}b hn}ibh| ken}nkwb}lbg n{

k`fqhbu bfb}ibdklb{ ld yelke n fluwr}b `j buw}bfb q`zb}w|( jnfldb( klzlh

yn}( q`hlwlknh rd}b{w( ndg }rwehb{{ glkwnw`}{elq j`}f{ n zlkl`r{ k|khb ndg fncb{

zrhdb}nmhb i}`rq{ f`}b buq`{bg w` hljb&we}bnwbdldi ndg lfq`zb}l{ebg {lwrnwl`d{$

Ld wel{ zbld( yb dbbg w` gbzbh`q n f`}b k`fq}bebd{lzb fbndldi `j web }liew w`

q}`wbkw ndg ng`qw wel{ q}ldklqhb n{ n jrdgnfbdwnh d`}f ld ldwb}dnwl`dnh {`klbw|m| we`}`rieh| bunfldldi web ldwb}nkwl`d `j jbn} ndg yndw$ Web D`}we C`}bnd

{lwrnwl`d w{ ybhh ld web kn{b `j {rke k`fqhbu bfb}ibdklb{$ Ld web{b kn{b{(

web ldwb}dnwl`dnh k`ffrdlw| knd ngg}b{{ {rke dbbg{ n{ web D`}we{ j``g ndg

bk`d`flk q}bglknfbdw{ ndg erfnd }liew{ q}`mhbf{ n{ ybhh n{ w}nglwl`dnh flhlwn}|

we}bnw{( ldkhrgldi drkhbn} l{{rb{ ndg web }bk`d{w}rkwl`d `j n jnlhbg {wnwb ld web

bzbdw `j lw{ k`hhnq{b$

HL[W @J ]BJB]BDKB[

Nkeld( Cr}w$ =112$ D`}we C`}bn @}gb}{ Kendib ld Ldwb}dnwl`dnh Nlg Nibdk| @qb}nwl`d{$Z lkb `j Nfb}lkn( == [bqwbfmb}$ yyy$ih`mnh{bkr}lw|$`}i/yfg/hlm}n}|/dby{/gq}cdby{/gq}c/=112/gq}c&121$ewf$

NQJK %N{ln Qnklk J`rdgnwl`d `j Kndngn,$ =115$ Gbdldi n J`}yn}g&H``cldi Nibdgnj`} Kndngn&C`}bn ]bhnwl`d{$ Gl{kr{{l`d qnqb} j`} web {luwe fbbwldi `j webKndngn&C`}bn J`}rf( [b`rh( [bqwbfmb}$

Mnb Ol&[``c$ =115$ D`}we C`}bn{ Jbfnhb [q| Knriew$C`}bn Wlfb{( =9 Nrir{w$

Kenb M|rdi&ib`d ndg [b} F|`&on$ =115$ D`}we{ F`}dldi Qn}ngb ndg Clf N}b D`[e`y{$O``di Ndi Gnlh|( < [bqwbfmb}$ ewwq?//o``dindignlh|$o`ld{$k`f/n}wlkhb/zlby$n{q0nlg6=5$

Kendi( \``d`c( [wbqend Eniin}g( ndg Fn}kr{ D`hndg$ =115$ Fli}nwl`d Buqb}lbdkb{`j D`}we C`}bnd ]bjribb{? [r}zb| Bzlgbdkb j}`f Keldn$ Y`}cldi Qnqb} 15&7$Qbwb}{`d Ld{wlwrwb j`} Ldwb}dnwl`dnh Bk`d`flk{( Yn{eldiw`d( G$K$( Fn}ke$

Keld`|( Flcb$ =115$Fbhwg`yd? Web Ld{lgb [w`}| j web D`}we C`}bnd Drkhbn} K}l{l{$ Dby\`}c? [w$ Fn}wld{ Q}b{{$


27/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ ;$ Njwb} web [rfflw? Web Jrwr}b j Ldwb}&C`}bnd Bk`d`flk K`&`qb}nwl`d$Bn{w N{lnd ]bzlby >;( d`$ = %[rffb},$

Eniin}g( [wbqend( ndg Fn}kr{ D`hndg$ =112$Erdib} ndg Erfnd ]liew{? Web Q`hlwlk{ `jJnfldb ld D`}we C`}bn$ Yn{eldiw`d( G$K$? R$[$ K`fflwwbb j`} Erfnd ]liew{ ldD`}we C`}bn$ yyy$e}dc$`}i/erdib}/erdib}]bq`}w12$qgj$

$ =119$Jnfldb ld D`}we C`}bn? Fn}cbw{( Nlg( ndg ]bj`}f$ Dby \`}c? K`hrfmlnRdlzb}{lw| Q}b{{$

Enhh`}nd( ]lken}g$ =115$ D`}we C`}bnd K`hhnq{b0 Yn{eldiw`d Wlfb{( >< Nrir{w$ yyy$yn{eldiw`dwlfb{$k`f/dby{/=115/nri/>{w Kbdwr}|( [b`rh(2 [bqwbfmb}$

LKL[[ %Ldwb}dnwl`dnh K`ffl{{l`d `d Ldwb}zbdwl`d ndg [wnwb [`zb}blidw|,$ =11>$ Web ]b&{q`d{lmlhlw| w` Q}`wbkw$ @wwnyn? Ldwb}dnwl`dnh Gbzbh`qfbdw ]b{bn}ke Kbdw}b$

Ordi [rdi&cl$ =115$ D$ C`}bn ]bmrjj{ Knhh{ j`} ]liew{ Lfq}`zbfbdw$ C`}bn Wlfb{( 2Fn}ke$

Cndi Ke`h&eynd ndg Qlb}}b ]li`rh`w$ =11>$ Web N~rn}lrf{ `j Q|`di|ndi? Wbd \bn}{ ldweb D`}we C`}bnd Irhni$ Dby \`}c? Mn{lk M``c{$

Cb{{hb}( Ihbdd$ =115$ D$ C`}bn Wncldi W`rieb} [wndkb( Bu&Bdz`| Yn}d{$ Yn{eldiw d Q`{w(;1 Fn|$ yyy$yn{eldiw`dq`{w$k`f/yq&g|d/k`dwbdw/n}wlkhb/=115/12/=2 D`zbfmb}$

$ =115m$ RD Yn}d{ Flhhl`d{ K`rhg [wn}zb ld D`}we C`}bn$ N{{`klnwbg Q}b{{( =;@kw`mb}$

Clf( Flcb$ =115$B{knqldi D`}we C`}bn? Gbndkb ndg E`qb ld web Y`}hg{ F`{w ]bq}b{&{lzb K`rdw}|$ Hndenf( Fg$? ]`yfnd ndg Hlwwhbbhg$


28/31

71 R$[$C`}bn Nkngbflk [|fq`{lrf

Clf( [nfrbh [$ =119$D`}we C`}bnd J`}blid ]bhnwl`d{ ld web Q`{wK`hg Yn} Y }hg$ Kn}hl{hbMn}}nkc{( Qn$? R$[$ N}f| Yn} K`hhbib( [w}nwbilk [wrglb{ Ld{wlwrwb( =119$

Clf( [nfrbh [$( ndg Fnwweby [$ Yldwb}{$ =117$ Ldwb}&C`}bnd Bk`d`flk ]bhnwl`d{$ Ld Ldwb}&C`}bnd ]bhnwl`d{? Q}`mhbf{ ndg Q}`{qbkw{( bg$ [nfrbh [$ Clf$ Dby\`}c?Qnhi}nzb$

Clf [rb&|`rdi$ =115$ @hlin}ke| Fn| G`fldnwb Q`{wClf O`di&lh B}n$C`}bn Wlfb{(>>[bqwbfmb}$

Chldidb}( M}rkb$ =115$ D`}we C`}bn Drkhbn} Zb}lknwl`d? En{ web R$[$ Mhldcbg0 YbmFbf` d`$ =>=1$ Eb}lwnib J`rdgnwl`d( Yn{eldiw`d( G$K$( ;> @kw`mb}$ yyy$eb}lwnib$`}i/]b{bn}ke/N{lnndgwebQnklk/yf=>=1$kjf$

Hnm`ww( Bhl{b$ =115$ R$[$? D$ C`}bn Fr{wdw Lfqbgb Drkhbn} Ld{qbkwl`d{$ KDD( >=D`zbfmb}$ ewwq?//bglwl`d$kdd$k`f/=115/Y@]HG/n{lnqkj/>>/>=/d$c`}bn$drkhbn}/ldgbu$ewfh$

Hbb O`di&eb`d$ =115$ J``g Nlg w` D`}we C`}bn I`ldi w` web N}f|$ RQLN{ln$k`f( >2Jbm}rn}|$ yyy$rqln{ln$k`f/Q`hlwlk{/=115/1=/>2/j``gPnlgPw`Pd`}wePc`}bnPi`&ldiPw`PwebPn}f|/29;7/$

Hbb [eld&yen$ =11;$ Ldwb}dnwl`dnh Bdinibfbdw ld D`}we C`}bn{ Erfndlwn}lnd K}l{l{?Web ]`hb `j [wnwb ndg D`d&[wnwb Nkw`}{$Bn{w N{ln? Nd Ldwb}dnwl`dnh ^rn}wb}h|=1( d`$ = %[rffb},$

Hbyl{( O`ed Y$ =115$ R$[$ Fr{w Jrhhh Lw{ K`fflwfbdw w` Glqh`fnk| ylwe D`}we C`}bn$M`{w`d Ih`mb( >9 Fn|$ yyy$m`{w`d$k`f/m`{w`dih`mb/bglw`}lnhP`qldl`d/`qbg/n}wlkhb{/=115/12/>9/r{Pfr{wPjrhhhPlw{Pk`fflwfbdwPw`Pglqh`fnk|PylwePd`}wec`}bn0f`gb6QJ$

Hlf Y`d&e|rc$ =11:$ Ldwb}&C`}bnd Bk`d`flk K``qb}nwl`d nw n K}`{{}`ng{$ Qnqb} q}bqn}bgj`} {|fq`{lrf( G|dnflk J`}kb{ `d web C`}bnd Qbdld{rhn? [w}nwbilk ndg Bk`d`flkLfqhlknwl`d{( C`}bn Bk`d`flk Ld{wlwrwb %CBL, ndg C`}bn Ld{wlwrwb j`} Ldwb}dnwl`dnhBk`d`flk Q`hlk| %CLBQ, ndg O`ed J$ Cbddbg| [ke``h `j En}zn}g Rdlzb}{lw|( =2=9[bqwbfmb}$ yyy$cbln$k`f/Qrmhlknwl`d{/O`ldwNkngbflk[wrglb{/=1/19/19Y`de|rc$qgj

Fnddldi( ]`mb}w N$( ndg Onfb{ Q}|{wrq$ >


29/31

[eljwldi [w}nwbilk ndg Q`hlwlknh ]bhnwl`d{ ylwe web C`}bn{ 7>

F@R %Fldl{w}| `j Rdlknwl`d,$ =115$ Ldwb}&C`}bnd W}ngb Z`hrfb ]bnkebg ]bk`}g&Elie `j >$9< Mlhhl`d G`hhn}{ ld =119$ C`}bn$Dbw( >> Ondrn}|$ yyy$c`}bn$dbw/Dby{/Dby{/Dby{Zlby$n{q0{b}lnhPd`6=1151>>71=;$

Dnw{l`{( Ndg}by [$ =11>$ Web I}bnw D`}we C`}bnd Jnfldb? Jnfldb( Q`hlwlk{( ndg J`}blidQ`hlk|$ Yn{eldiw`d( G$K$? R$[$ Ld{wlwrwb j Qbnkb$

D`hndg( Fn}kr{$ =111$Nz`lgldi web Nq`knh|q{b? Web Jrwr}b `j web Wy` C`}bn{$ Yn{eldiw d(G$K$? Ld{wlwrwb j`} Ldwb}dnwl`dnh Bk`d`flk{$

[nznib( Wlf`we|( ndg Dnrwlhr{ Wbnf$ =11=$ DI@ Bdinibfbdw ylwe D`}we C`}bn? Glhbf&fn{ ndg Hb{{`d{ Hbn}dbg$N{lnd Qb}{qbkwlzb =: %D`zbfmb},$

[k`mbhh( Ndg}by( ndg Oèd F$ [ndj`}g$ =119$D`}we C`}bn{ Flhlwn}| We}bnw? Q|`di|ndi{K`dzbdwl`dnh J`}kb{( Ybnq`d{ `j Fn{{ Gb{w}rkwl`d( ndg Mnhhl{wlk Fl{{lhb{$ Kn}h&l{hb Mn}}nkc{( Qn$? R$[$ N}f| Yn} K`hhbib( [w}nwbilk [wrglb{ Ld{wlwrwb$

[bd( Nfn}w|n$ =119$ J`}by`}g w`Jnfldb ld D`}we C`}bn? Fn}cbw{( Nlg( ndg ]bj`}f( m|[wbqend Eniin}g ndg Fn}kr{ D`hndg$ Dby \`}c? K`hrfmln Rdlzb}{lw| Q}b{{$

[en}fn( Zlcnn{$ =115$ [wnwb [q`d{`}{? D`}we C`}bn$ Mnkci}`rdgb}$ K`rdklh d J`}blid]bhnwl`d{( Dby \`}c( =5 Ordb$ yyy$kj}$`}i/qrmhlknwl`d/; D`zbfmb}$ewwq?//bdihl{e$ke`{rd$k`f/y=>gnwn/ewfh/dby{/=115>>/=115>>>;11=5$ewfh$

YJQ %Y`}hg J``g Q}ì}nf,$ =115$ Bfb}ibdk| @qb}nwl`d Gbf`k}nwlk Qb`qhb{ ]bqrmhlk

`j C`}bn$ == @kw`mb}$ yyy$yjq$`}i/ qb}nwl`d{/kr}}bdwP`qb}nwl`d{/q}òbkwPg`k{/>19291$qgj$

YJQ %Y`}hg J``g Q}ì}nf, ndg JN@ %J``g ndg Ni}lkrhwr}b @}indlnwl`d,$ =115$ Bubkrwlzb[rffn}|? ]nqlg J``g [bkr}lw| N{{b{{fbdw3 Gbf`k}nwlk Qb`qhb{ ]bqrmhlk`jC`}bn$ OrdbOrh|$ yyy$jn`$`}i/ilby{/bdihl{e/nhb}w/gq}c=115$qgj$

Yl{bfnd( Qnrh$ =119$ Ebl} w` D`}we C`}bn{ Ebhf D`w Nqqn}bdw( Ndnh|{w{ [n|$ R[N W`gn|(=2 Gbkbfmb}$ yyy$r{nw`gn|$k`f/dby{/y`}hg/=119&>=&=2&d`}we&c`}bnPD$ewf$


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North Korean Questions in 2008: Taking Stock by Lee Shin-wha

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