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Norton Media Library

Give Me Liberty!

AN AMERICAN HISTORYTHIRD EDITION

by

Eric Foner

Norton Media Library

Chapter 18

Eric Foner

The Progressive Era,

1900–1916

• Urbanization and Consumer Society (industrial production, population boom, and

consumer marketplace) = more visible social divisions

• JP Morgan (40% of financial and industrial capital

• Writers and artists move to cities capture the plight of the urban poor

• Immigration (1840 -1914) 40 million people migrate to the United States

• 1/7 foreign born: NY 40% and Chicago and Milwaukee 30%

• Ethnic Neighborhoods

• Fordism and Mass consumption = shift away from Capital goods and towards consumer

goods

• Women now visible in public places such as work places, stores, and sites of

entertainment

• Consumer Society urges women to get jobs making money outside of the family

• Words like “living wage” and “decent standard of living” begin to enter into the

American vernacular

• Fredrick W Taylor “Scientific Management”: increasing profits and wages by studying

and controlling costs and practices = loss of freedom for Blue Collar and White Collar

workers

• Socialism in America: Eugene Debs, Appeal to Reason, Socialist Party

• Union: AFL and IWW

• Progressives believe Big government is Not bad but can be used for good. Conservatives

believe big government will lead to tyranny.

• Progressive Movement began at a local and state level and was a ground up movement

in which women played a large role.

• Women drown to progressive movement because of plight of the immigrant poor and

child labor. Open Settlement House (Jane Adams Hull House), go to college and enter

professions such as social work, nursing, and education

• Target: Political Bosses, Natural Monopolies like water works and gas, Raise property

taxes to spend money on schools, parks, and public facilities

• Political Reforms were often contradictory both expanding and contracting the

electorate

• Empower: 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators), Popular election of judges,

Primary elections among party members to select candidates, 19th Amendment Women

Suffrage

• State Level Empowering : Initiative (Voters propose legislation), Referendum (Direct

vote on legislation), Recall (Voters remove elected officials)

• Restrict: Disenfranchise Blacks in South, literacy tests, Residency and registration

requirements, and city managers instead of elected mayors.

• Progressives believe in “experts”, efficiency, centralized management, and scientific

thinking.

• Strong Nation State: Nationalization

• Roosevelt and the Square Deal: Good Trust v Bad Trust,

Northern Securities Company and Supreme Court, 1902 Coal

Strike, Strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission with

Hepburn Act (Regulate RR rates), Conservation measures.

• William Howard Taft: More anti-trust the TR, Breakup of

Standard Oil company and American Tobacco Trust, 16th

Amendment: Gradual Income Tax

• Wilson and “New Freedom” : Strengthen Anti Trust legislation,

Protect Workers right to Unionize, encourage Small Business.

• President Wilson: Underwood Tariff (reduce duties on imports,

tax on wealthy) Clayton Act 1914 (courts can’t issue injunctions

stopping strikes), Child Labor Laws, RR 8hr days, Credit to

farmers who use government warehouse, Federal Reserve System

(Issue $, Help failing banks, influence interest rate)

Give Me Liberty!: An American history, 3rd Edition

Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

A rare color photograph

from around 1900



Policemen stare up as the Triangle fire of 1911 rages



City of Ambition


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyTable 18.1 Rise Of The City, 1880–1920


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyThe mansion of Cornelius Vanderbilt II on

New York City’s



Six O’Clock,

Winter, a

1912 painting

by John

Sloan



Two photographs by Lewis Hine



Map 18.1 The World on the Move, World Migration

1815-1914



An illustration in

the 1912

publication


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyItalian Family on Ferry Boat, Leaving Ellis Island



Table 18.2 Immigrants and

their Children



A community

settlement map for

Chicago in 1900


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyAn immigrant from Mexico


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyIn Hester Street, painted in 1905


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMovie, 5 Cents.



Women at work in a shoe

factory, 1908.


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyTable 18.3 Percentage of Women 14 Years and Older



Table 18.4 Percentage of

Women Workers



The Return from Toil



The assembly line at

the Ford Motor

Company factory in

Highland Park



Table 18.5 Sales of Passenger Cars


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyOne day’s output of Model T Fords



One of the numerous advertisements



Picturesque America



Roller skaters


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 18.2 Socialist Town and Cities, 1900-1920



One Big Union, the emblem

of the Industrial

Workers of the World.


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyStriking New York City garment workers


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyThe New York shirtwaist strike of 1909 inspired

workers in other cities.


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyA sheet music cover



Isadora Duncan brought a new freedom to

an old art form.



The much-beloved and much-feared Emma Goldman,

with a poster advertising a series of her lectures


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMothers with baby carriages wait outside


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyChildren at play at the Hudson-Bank Gymnasium



A staff member greets an immigrant

family at Hull House


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyVisiting nurse on a New York City rooftop, 1908.



In this 1912 woman suffrage parade in

New York City



In 1893, Colorado became the first state to

allow women to vote.


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyLouis D. Brandeis



President Theodore Roosevelt addressing a

crowd in Evanston, Illinois, in 1902.



Putting the Screws on Him, a 1904

cartoon



Theodore Roosevelt and the conservationist

John Muir at Glacier Point


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyEugene V. Debs, the Socialist Party candidate


Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & CompanyMap 18.3 The Presidential Election of 1912

Norton Media LibraryIndependent and Employee-Owned

Give Me Liberty!

AN AMERICAN HISTORY

THIRD EDITION

This concludes the Norton Media Library

Slide Set for Chapter 18

by

Eric Foner

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