Nostradamus 1

Nostradamus

Michel de Nostredame

Nostradamus: original portrait by his son Cesar

Born 14 December or 21 December 1503Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Provence, France

Died 2 July 1566 (aged 62)Salon-de-Provence, Provence, France

Occupation Apothecary, author, translator, astrological consultant

Known for Prophecy, treating plague

Signature

Michel de Nostredame (14 or 21 December 1503[1] – 2 July 1566), usually Latinized as Nostradamus, was aFrench apothecary and reputed seer who published collections of prophecies that have since become famousworldwide. He is best known for his book Les Propheties, the first edition of which appeared in 1555. Since thepublication of this book, which has rarely been out of print since his death, Nostradamus has attracted a followingthat, along with much of the popular press, credits him with predicting many major world events.[2][3]

Most academic sources maintain that the associations made between world events and Nostradamus's quatrains arelargely the result of misinterpretations or mistranslations (sometimes deliberate) or else are so tenuous as to renderthem useless as evidence of any genuine predictive power.[4] Nevertheless, occasional commentators havesuccessfully used a process of free interpretation and determined 'twisting' of his words to predict an apparentlyimminent event. In 1867, three years before it happened, for example, Le Pelletier did so to anticipate either thetriumph or the defeat of Napoleon III in a war that, in the event, begged to be identified as the Franco-Prussian war,while admitting that he could not specify either which or when.[5]

Nostradamus 2

Biography

Nostredame's claimed birthplacebefore its recent renovation,

Saint-Rémy-de-Provence

Childhood

Born on 14, or 21 December 1503[1] in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, Provence,France, where his claimed birthplace still exists, Michel de Nostredame was oneof at least nine children of Reynière (or Renée) de Saint-Rémy and grain dealerand notary Jaume (or Jacques) de Nostredame. The latter's family had originallybeen Jewish, but Jaume's father, Guy Gassonet, had converted to Catholicismaround 1455, taking the Christian name "Pierre" and the surname "Nostredame"(the latter apparently from the saint's day on which his conversion wassolemnized).[6] Michel's known siblings included Delphine, Jean I (c. 1507–77),Pierre, Hector, Louis, Bertrand, Jean II (born 1522) and Antoine (born1523).[7][8][9] Little else is known about his childhood, although there is apersistent tradition that he was educated by his maternal great-grandfather Jeande St. Rémy[10]—a tradition which is somewhat undermined by the fact that thelatter disappears from the historical record after 1504, when the child was onlyone year old.[11]

Student yearsAt the age of 15[2] Nostredame entered the University of Avignon to study for his baccalaureate. After little morethan a year (when he would have studied the regular trivium of grammar, rhetoric and logic, rather than the laterquadrivium of geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy/astrology), he was forced to leave Avignon when theuniversity closed its doors in the face of an outbreak of the plague. After leaving Avignon, Nostredame (according tohis own account) travelled the countryside for eight years from 1521 researching herbal remedies. In 1529, aftersome years as an apothecary, he entered the University of Montpellier to study for a doctorate in medicine. He wasexpelled shortly afterwards by the university's procurator, Guillaume Rondelet, when it was discovered that he hadbeen an apothecary, a "manual trade" expressly banned by the university statutes,[12] and had been slanderingdoctors.[13] The expulsion document (BIU Montpellier, Register S 2 folio 87) still exists in the faculty library.[14]

However, some of his publishers and correspondents would later call him "Doctor". After his expulsion, Nostredamecontinued working, presumably still as an apothecary, and became famous for creating a "rose pill" that supposedlyprotected against the plague.[15]

Nostradamus 3

Marriage and healing workIn 1531 Nostredame was invited by Jules-César Scaliger, a leading Renaissance scholar, to come to Agen.[16] Therehe married a woman of uncertain name (possibly Henriette d'Encausse), who bore him two children. [17] In 1534 hiswife and children died, presumably from the plague. After their deaths, he continued to travel, passing throughFrance and possibly Italy.[18]

Nostradamus's house atSalon-de-Provence, as reconstructedafter the 1909 Lambesc earthquake

On his return in 1545, he assisted the prominent physician Louis Serre in hisfight against a major plague outbreak in Marseille, and then tackled furtheroutbreaks of disease on his own in Salon-de-Provence and in the regional capital,Aix-en-Provence. Finally, in 1547, he settled in Salon-de-Provence in the housewhich exists today, where he married a rich widow named Anne Ponsarde, withwhom he had six children—three daughters and three sons.[19] Between 1556 and1567 he and his wife acquired a one-thirteenth share in a huge canal projectorganized by Adam de Craponne to irrigate largely waterless Salon-de-Provenceand the nearby Désert de la Crau from the river Durance.[20]

Seer

After another visit to Italy, Nostredame began to move away from medicine andtoward the occult. Following popular trends, he wrote an almanac for 1550, forthe first time Latinizing his name from Nostredame to Nostradamus. He was soencouraged by the almanac's success that he decided to write one or moreannually. Taken together, they are known to have contained at least 6,338prophecies,[21][22] as well as at least eleven annual calendars, all of them starting on 1 January and not, as issometimes supposed, in March. It was mainly in response to the almanacs that the nobility and other prominentpersons from far away soon started asking for horoscopes and "psychic" advice from him, though he generallyexpected his clients to supply the birth charts on which these would be based, rather than calculating them himself asa professional astrologer would have done. When obliged to attempt this himself on the basis of the published tablesof the day, he always made numerous errors, and never adjusted the figures for his clients' place or time ofbirth.[23][24] [25][26]

Century I, Quatrain 1: 1555 Lyon Bonhommeedition

He then began his project of writing a book of one thousand mainlyFrench quatrains,[27] which constitute the largely undated propheciesfor which he is most famous today. Feeling vulnerable to opposition onreligious grounds,[28] however, he devised a method of obscuring hismeaning by using "Virgilianized" syntax, word games and a mixture ofother languages such as Greek, Italian, Latin, and Provençal.[29] Fortechnical reasons connected with their publication in three installments(the publisher of the third and last installment seems to have beenunwilling to start it in the middle of a "Century," or book of 100verses), the last fifty-eight quatrains of the seventh "Century" have not survived into any extant edition.

The quatrains, published in a book titled Les Propheties (The Prophecies), received a mixed reaction when they were published. Some people thought Nostradamus was a servant of evil, a fake, or insane, while many of the elite thought his quatrains were spiritually-inspired prophecies.[citation needed] In the light of their post-Biblical sources (see under Nostradamus' sources below), Nostradamus himself encouraged this belief. Catherine de' Medici, wife of King Henry II of France, was one of Nostradamus' greatest admirers. After reading his almanacs for 1555, which hinted at unnamed threats to the royal family, she summoned him to Paris to explain them and to draw up horoscopes for her children. At the time, he feared that he would be beheaded,[30] but by the time of his death in 1566, Queen Catherine

Nostradamus 4

had made him Counselor and Physician-in-Ordinary to her son, the young King Charles IX of France.Some accounts of Nostradamus's life state that he was afraid of being persecuted for heresy by the Inquisition, butneither prophecy nor astrology fell in this bracket, and he would have been in danger only if he had practiced magicto support them. In fact, his relationship with the Church was always excellent.[31] His brief imprisonment atMarignane in late 1561 came about purely because he had published his 1562 almanac without the prior permissionof a bishop, contrary to a recent royal decree.[32]

Final years and death

Nostradamus' current tomb in the CollégialeSaint-Laurent, Salon, into which his scattered

remains were transferred after 1789.

By 1566, Nostradamus's gout, which had plagued him painfully formany years and made movement very difficult, turned into edema, ordropsy. In late June he summoned his lawyer to draw up an extensivewill bequeathing his property plus 3,444 crowns (around $300,000 UStoday), minus a few debts, to his wife pending her remarriage, in trustfor her sons pending their twenty-fifth birthdays and her daughterspending their marriages. This was followed by a much shortercodicil.[33] On the evening of 2 July, he is alleged to have told hissecretary Jean de Chavigny, "You will not find me alive at sunrise."The next morning he was reportedly found dead, lying on the floor next to his bed and a bench (Presage 141[originally 152] for November 1567, as posthumously edited by Chavigny to fit what happened).[34][22] He wasburied in the local Franciscan chapel in Salon (part of it now incorporated into the restaurant La Brocherie) butre-interred during the French Revolution in the Collégiale Saint-Laurent, where his tomb remains to this day.[35]

Works

Copy of Garencières' 1672 English translation ofthe Prophecies, located in The P.I. Nixon

Medical History Library of The University ofTexas Health Science Center at San Antonio.

In The Prophecies he compiled his collection of major, long-termpredictions. The first installment was published in 1555 and contained353 quatrains.[] The second, with 289 further prophetic verses, wasprinted in 1557.[] The third edition, with three hundred new quatrains,was reportedly printed in 1558, but now only survives as part of theomnibus edition that was published after his death in 1568. Thisversion contains one unrhymed and 941 rhymed quatrains, groupedinto nine sets of 100 and one of 42, called "Centuries".[]

Given printing practices at the time (which included type-setting fromdictation), no two editions turned out to be identical, and it is relativelyrare to find even two copies that are exactly the same. Certainly thereis no warrant for assuming—as would-be "code-breakers" are prone todo—that either the spellings or the punctuation of any edition areNostradamus' originals.[36]

The Almanacs, by far the most popular of his works,[37] were published annually from 1550 until his death. He oftenpublished two or three in a year, entitled either Almanachs (detailed predictions), Prognostications or Presages(more generalized predictions).

Nostradamus was not only a diviner, but a professional healer. It is known that he wrote at least two books onmedical science. One was an extremely free translation (or rather a paraphrase) of The Protreptic of Galen(Paraphrase de C. GALIEN, sus l'Exhortation de Menodote aux estudes des bonnes Artz, mesmement Medicine), and

Nostradamus 5

in his so-called Traité des fardemens (basically a medical cookbook containing, once again, materials borrowedmainly from others) he included a description of the methods he used to treat the plague – none of which, not eventhe bloodletting, apparently worked.[38] The same book also describes the preparation of cosmetics.A manuscript normally known as the Orus Apollo also exists in the Lyon municipal library, where upwards of 2,000original documents relating to Nostradamus are stored under the aegis of Michel Chomarat. It is a purportedtranslation of an ancient Greek work on Egyptian hieroglyphs based on later Latin versions, all of them unfortunatelyignorant of the true meanings of the ancient Egyptian script, which was not correctly deciphered until Champollionin the 19th century.[39]

Since his death only the Prophecies have continued to be popular, but in this case they have been quiteextraordinarily so. Over two hundred editions of them have appeared in that time, together with over 2,000commentaries. Their popularity seems to be partly due to the fact that their vagueness and lack of dating make it easyto quote them selectively after every major dramatic event and retrospectively claim them as "hits" (see Nostradamusin popular culture).[40]

Origins of The PropheciesNostradamus claimed to base his published predictions on judicial astrology—the astrological 'judgement', orassessment, of the 'quality' (and thus potential) of events such as births, weddings, coronations etc.—but was heavilycriticized by professional astrologers of the day such as Laurens Videl[41] for incompetence and for assuming that"comparative horoscopy" (the comparison of future planetary configurations with those accompanying known pastevents) could actually predict what would happen in the future.[42]

Research suggests that much of his prophetic work paraphrases collections of ancient end-of-the-world prophecies(mainly Bible-based), supplemented with references to historical events and anthologies of omen reports, and thenprojects those into the future in part with the aid of comparative horoscopy. Hence the many predictions involvingancient figures such as Sulla, Gaius Marius, Nero, and others, as well as his descriptions of "battles in the clouds"and "frogs falling from the sky."[43] Astrology itself is mentioned only twice in Nostradamus's Preface and 41 timesin the Centuries themselves, but more frequently in his dedicatory Letter to King Henry II. In the last quatrain of hissixth century he specifically attacks astrologers.His historical sources include easily identifiable passages from Livy, Suetonius, Plutarch and other classicalhistorians, as well as from medieval chroniclers such as Geoffrey of Villehardouin and Jean Froissart. Many of hisastrological references are taken almost word for word from Richard Roussat's Livre de l'estat et mutations des tempsof 1549–50.One of his major prophetic sources was evidently the Mirabilis Liber of 1522, which contained a range of propheciesby Pseudo-Methodius, the Tiburtine Sibyl, Joachim of Fiore, Savonarola and others (his Preface contains 24 biblicalquotations, all but two in the order used by Savonarola).[44] This book had enjoyed considerable success in the1520s, when it went through half a dozen editions but did not sustain its influence, perhaps owing to its mostly Latintext, Gothic script and many difficult abbreviations. Nostradamus was one of the first to re-paraphrase theseprophecies in French, which may explain why they are credited to him. It should be noted that modern views ofplagiarism did not apply in the 16th century. Authors frequently copied and paraphrased passages withoutacknowledgement, especially from the classics. The latest research suggests that he may in fact have usedbibliomancy for this—randomly selecting a book of history or prophecy and taking his cue from whatever page ithappened to fall open at.[2]

Further material was gleaned from the De honesta disciplina of 1504 by Petrus Crinitus,[45] which included extracts from Michael Psellos's De daemonibus, and the De Mysteriis Aegyptiorum (Concerning the mysteries of Egypt...), a book on Chaldean and Assyrian magic by Iamblichus, a 4th century Neo-Platonist. Latin versions of both had recently been published in Lyon, and extracts from both are paraphrased (in the second case almost literally) in his first two verses, the first of which is appended to this article. While it is true that Nostradamus claimed in 1555 to

Nostradamus 6

have burned all of the occult works in his library, no one can say exactly what books were destroyed in this fire.Only in the 17th century did people start to notice his reliance on earlier, mainly classical sources.[46] This may helpexplain the fact that, during the same period, The Prophecies reportedly came into use in France as a classroomreader. [47]

Nostradamus's reliance on historical precedent is reflected in the fact that he explicitly rejected the label "prophet"(i.e. a person having prophetic powers of his own) on several occasions:[48]

Although, my son, I have used the word prophet, I would not attribute to myself a title of such loftysublimity – Preface to César, 1555 (see caption to illustration above)[]

Not that I would attribute to myself either the name or the role of a prophet – Preface to César, 1555[]

[S]ome of [the prophets] predicted great and marvelous things to come: [though] for me, I in no wayattribute to myself such a title here. – Letter to King Henry II, 1558[49]

Not that I am foolish enough to claim to be a prophet. -- Open letter to Privy Councillor (laterChancellor) Birague, 15 June 1566[48]

His rejection of the title prophet is consistent with the fact[50] that he entitled his book

Detail from title-page of the original 1555 (Albi)edition of Nostradamus's Les Propheties

(a title that, in French, as easily means "The Prophecies, by M. Michel Nostradamus"—which is what they were—as"The Prophecies of M. Michel Nostradamus", which, except in a few cases, they were not, other than in the mannerof their editing, expression and reapplication to the future).Given this reliance on literary sources, it is doubtful[51] whether Nostradamus used any particular methods forentering a trance state, other than contemplation, meditation and incubation. His sole description of this process iscontained in letter 41[52] of his collected Latin correspondence.[53] The popular legend that he attempted the ancientmethods of flame gazing, water gazing or both simultaneously is based on a naive reading of his first two verses,which merely liken his efforts to those of the Delphic and Branchidic oracles. The first of these is reproduced at thebottom of this article and the second can be seen by visiting the relevant facsimile site (see External Links). In hisdedication to King Henri II, Nostradamus describes "emptying my soul, mind and heart of all care, worry and uneasethrough mental calm and tranquility", but his frequent references to the "bronze tripod" of the Delphic rite areusually preceded by the words "as though" (compare, once again, External References to the original texts).

InterpretationsMost of the quatrains deal with disasters, such as plagues, earthquakes, wars, floods, invasions, murders, droughts,and battles—all undated and based on foreshadowings by the Mirabilis Liber. Some quatrains cover these disastersin overall terms; others concern a single person or small group of people. Some cover a single town, others severaltowns in several countries. A major, underlying theme is an impending invasion of Europe by Muslim forces fromfurther east and south headed by the expected Antichrist, directly reflecting the then-current Ottoman invasions andthe earlier Saracen equivalents, as well as the prior expectations of the Mirabilis Liber.[54] All of this is presented inthe context of the supposedly imminent end of the world—even though this is not in fact mentioned[55] – aconviction that sparked numerous collections of end-time prophecies at the time, not least an unpublished collectionby Christopher Columbus.[56]

Nostradamus 7

Nostradamus has been credited, for the most part in hindsight, with predicting numerous events in world history,from the Great Fire of London, and the rise of Napoleon and Adolf Hitler, to the September 11 attacks on the WorldTrade Center.[26] In 1992 one commentator who claimed to be able to contact Nostradamus under hypnosis even hadhim 'interpreting' his own verse X.6 (a prediction specifically about floods in southern France around the city ofNîmes and people taking refuge in its collosse, or Colosseum, a Roman amphitheatre now known as the Arènes) as aprediction of an undated attack on the Pentagon, despite the historical seer's clear statement in his dedicatory letter toKing Henri II[57] that his prophecies were about Europe, North Africa and part of Asia Minor.[58] Skeptics such asJames Randi suggest that his reputation as a prophet is largely manufactured by modern-day supporters who fit hiswords to events that have either already occurred or are so imminent as to be inevitable, a process sometimes knownas "retroactive clairvoyance" (postdiction). Thus, no Nostradamus quatrain is known to have been interpreted aspredicting a specific event before it occurred, other than in vague, general terms that could equally apply to anynumber of other events.[59] This even applies to quatrains that contain specific dates, such as III.77, which predicts'in 1727, in October, the king of Persia [shall be] captured by those of Egypt' — a prophecy that has, as ever, beeninterpreted retrospectively in the light of later events, in this case as though it presaged the known peace treatybetween the Ottoman Empire and Persia of that year.[60] Similarly, Nostradamus's notorious '1999' prophecy at X.72(see Nostradamus in popular culture) describes no event that commentators have succeeding in identifying eitherbefore or since, other than by dint of twisting the words to fit whichever of the many contradictory happenings theyare keen to claim as 'hits'.[61] Moreover no quatrain suggests, as is often claimed by books and films on the allegedMayan Prophecy, that the world would end in December 2012.[62] In his preface to the Prophecies, Nostradamushimself stated that his prophecies extend 'from now to the year 3797'[63]—an extraordinary date which, given that thepreface was written in 1555, may have more than a little to do with the fact that 2242 (3797 − 1555) had recentlybeen proposed by his major astrological source Richard Roussat as a possible date for the end of the world.[64][65]

Alternative viewsA range of quite different views are expressed in printed literature and on the Internet. At one end of the spectrum,there are extreme academic views such as those of Jacques Halbronn, suggesting at great length and with greatcomplexity that Nostradamus's Prophecies are antedated forgeries written by later hands with a political axe togrind.[66] No other major source accepts this view [see reference-list].At the other end of the spectrum, there are numerous fairly recent popular books, and thousands of private websites,suggesting not only that the Prophecies are genuine but that Nostradamus was a true prophet. Due to the subjectivenature of these interpretations, however, no two of them agree on exactly what he predicted, whether for the past orfor the future.[67] Many of these do agree, though, that particular predictions refer, for example, to the FrenchRevolution, Napoleon, Adolf Hitler,[68][69] both world wars, and the nuclear destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.There is also an evident consensus among popular authors that he predicted whatever major event had just happenedat the time of each book's publication, from the Apollo moon landings, through the death of Diana, Princess of Walesin 1997, and the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986,[] to the events of 9/11: this 'movable feast' aspect appearsto be characteristic of the genre.[67]

Possibly the first of these books to become popular in English was Henry C. Roberts' The Complete Prophecies of Nostradamus of 1947, reprinted at least seven times during the next forty years, which contained both transcriptions and translations, with brief commentaries. This was followed in 1961 (reprinted in 1982) by Edgar Leoni's Nostradamus and His Prophecies. After that came Erika Cheetham's The Prophecies of Nostradamus, incorporating a reprint of the posthumous 1568 edition, which was reprinted, revised and republished several times from 1973 onwards, latterly as The Final Prophecies of Nostradamus. This served as the basis for the documentary The Man Who Saw Tomorrow and both did indeed mention possible generalised future attacks on New York, though not specifically on the World Trade Center or on any particular date.[70] A two-part translation of Jean-Charles de Fontbrune's Nostradamus: historien et prophète was published in 1980, and John Hogue has published a number of

Nostradamus 8

books on Nostradamus from about 1994 onwards, including Nostradamus: The Complete Prophecies (1999) andNostradamus: A Life and Myth (2003).With the exception of Roberts, these books and their many popular imitators were almost unanimous not merelyabout Nostradamus's powers of prophecy, but also about various aspects of his biography.[71] He had been adescendant of the Israelite tribe of Issachar; he had been educated by his grandfathers, who had both been physiciansto the court of Good King René of Provence; he had attended Montpellier University in 1525 to gain his first degree:after returning there in 1529 he had successfully taken his medical doctorate; he had gone on to lecture in theMedical Faculty there until his views became too unpopular; he had supported the heliocentric view of the universe;he had travelled to the north-east of France, where he had composed prophecies at the abbey of Orval; in the courseof his travels he had performed a variety of prodigies, including identifying a future Pope; he had successfully curedthe Plague at Aix-en-Provence and elsewhere; he had engaged in scrying using either a magic mirror or a bowl ofwater; he had been joined by his secretary Chavigny at Easter 1554; having published the first installment of hisPropheties, he had been summoned by Queen Catherine de' Medici to Paris in 1556 to discuss with her his prophecyat quatrain I.35 that her husband King Henri II would be killed in a duel; he had examined the royal children atBlois; he had bequeathed to his son a 'lost book' of his own prophetic paintings;[72] he had been buried standing up;and he had been found, when dug up at the French Revolution, to be wearing a medallion bearing the exact date ofhis disinterment. [73]

Curiously, this particular story seems to have been first recorded by Samuel Pepys as early as 1667, long before theFrench Revolution. Pepys records in his celebrated diary a legend that, before his death, Nostradamus made thetownsfolk swear that his grave would never be disturbed; but that 60 years later his body was exhumed, whereupon abrass plaque was found on his chest correctly stating the date and time when his grave would be opened and cursingthe exhumers.[74]

From the 1980s onwards, however, an academic reaction set in, especially in France. The publication in 1983 ofNostradamus's private correspondence[75] and, during succeeding years, of the original editions of 1555 and 1557discovered by Chomarat and Benazra, together with the unearthing of much original archival material[35][76] revealedthat much that was claimed about Nostradamus did not fit the documented facts. The academics[35][73][76][77]

revealed that not one of the claims just listed was backed up by any known contemporary documentary evidence.Most of them had evidently been based on unsourced rumours relayed as fact by much later commentators, such asJaubert (1656), Guynaud (1693) and Bareste (1840), on modern misunderstandings of the 16th century French texts,or on pure invention. Even the often-advanced suggestion that quatrain I.35 had successfully prophesied King HenriII's death did not actually appear in print for the first time until 1614, 55 years after the event.[78][79]

Additionally, the academics,[80][77][81] who themselves tend to eschew any attempt at interpretation, complained thatthe English translations were usually of poor quality, seemed to display little or no knowledge of 16th-centuryFrench, were tendentious and, at worst, were sometimes twisted to fit the events to which they were supposed torefer (or vice versa). None of them were based on the original editions: Roberts had based his writings on that of1672, Cheetham and Hogue on the posthumous edition of 1568. Even Leoni accepted on page 115 that he had neverseen an original edition, and on earlier pages he indicated that much of his biographical material was unsourced.[82]

However, none of this research and criticism was originally known to most of the English-language commentators,by function of the dates when they were writing and, to some extent, of the language in which it was written.[83]

Hogue was in a position to take advantage of it, but it was only in 2003 that he accepted that some of his earlierbiographical material had in fact been apocryphal. Meanwhile some of the more recent sources listed (Lemesurier,Gruber, Wilson) have been particularly scathing about later attempts by some lesser-known authors and Internetenthusiasts to extract alleged hidden meanings from the texts, whether with the aid of anagrams, numerical codes,graphs or otherwise.[67]

Nostradamus 9

Popular cultureThe prophecies retold and expanded by Nostradamus have figured largely in popular culture in the 20th and 21stcenturies. As well as being the subject of hundreds of books (both fiction and nonfiction), Nostradamus's life hasbeen depicted in several films and videos, and his life and writings continue to be a subject of media interest.There have also been several well-known Internet hoaxes, where quatrains in the style of Nostradamus have beencirculated by e-mail as the real thing. The best-known examples concern the collapse of the World Trade Center inthe 11 September attacks, which led both to hoaxes and to reinterpretations by enthusiasts of several quatrains assupposed prophecies.[84]

With the arrival of the year 2012, Nostradamus's prophecies started to be co-opted (especially by the HistoryChannel) as evidence suggesting that the end of the world was imminent, notwithstanding the fact that his booknever mentions the end of the world, let alone the year 2012.[85]

ReferencesNotes

[1] Guinard, Patrice, CURA Forum (http:/ / cura. free. fr/ dico8art/ 603A-epit. html)[2][2] Lemesurier 2010.[3][3] Benazra 1990.[4][4] Lemesurier 2003, p. 150-2.[5] See Le Pelletier, Anatole, Les Oracles de Michel de Nostredame, Le Pelletier, 1867[6][6] Leroy 1972, p. 24.[7][7] Lemesurier 2003, p. 143-6.[8][8] Leroy 1972, p. 32-51.[9][9] Lemesurier 1999, p. 24-5.[10][10] Chavigny, J.A. de: La première face du Janus françois... (Lyon, 1594)[11][11] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 545.[12] Benazra, R, Espace Nostradamus (http:/ / ramkat. free. fr/ biograph. html#2)[13][13] Lemesurier 2010, p. 48-9.[14][14] Lemesurier 2003, p. 2.[15] Nostradamus, Michel, Traite des fardemens et des confitures, 1555, 1556, 1557[16][16] Leroy 1972, p. 60-91.[17][17] Kuzneski 2000.[18][18] Leroy 1972, p. 62-71.[19][19] Leroy 1972, p. 110-133.[20][20] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 130, 132, 369.[21][21] Lemesurier 2010, p. 23-5.[22][22] Chevignard 1999.[23][23] Lemesurier 2010, p. 59-64.[24][24] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 326-399.[25] Refer to the analysis of these charts by Brind'Amour, 1993, and compare Gruber's comprehensive critique of Nostradamus’ horoscope for

Crown Prince Rudolph Maximilian.[26][26] Gruber 2003.[28][28] Lemesurier 2003, p. 125.[29][29] Lemesurier 2003, p. 99-100.[30][30] Leroy 1972, p. 83.[31][31] Lemesurier 2003.[32][32] Lemesurier 2003, p. 124.[33][33] Leroy 1972, p. 102-106.[34][34] Lemesurier 2003, p. 137.[35][35] Leroy 1972.[36][36] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 14, 435.[37][37] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 22-33.[38][38] Nostradamus 1555/6/7, p. 11.[39][39] Lemesurier 2003, p. 183.[40][40] Lemesurier 2003, p. 144-5.

Nostradamus 10

[41][41] Lemesurier 2003, p. 236.[42][42] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 70-76.[43] Lemesurier (2) & 2003 passim.[44] See Savonarola and Nostradamus text comparison (http:/ / www. propheties. it/ nostradamus/ savonarola/ savonarola. htm)[45][45] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 100, 233-5.[46] Anonymous letters to the Mercure de France in August and November 1724 drew specific public attention to the fact (Anonyme) Lettre

critique sur la personne et sur les écrits de Michel Nostradamus, Mercure de France, août et novembre 1724 (Comment in the FrenchWikipedia article on Nostradamus : "Relève, dans un esprit rationaliste, des coïncidences entre certains quatrains des Prophéties et desévènements antérieurs à la publication de ces quatrains. Tout n'est pas également convaincant, mais on repoussera difficilement, par exemple,le rapprochement entre le quatrain VIII, 72 et le siège de Ravenne de 1512.")

[47][47] Garencieres 1672.[48][48] Lemesurier 2003, p. 109.[50][50] Lemesurier 2003, p. 100.[51][51] Lemesurier 2003, p. 98.[53][53] Lemesurier 2003, p. 41, 225-9.[54][54] Lemesurier 2003, p. xii-xviii.[55] Nostradamus, M., Les Propheties, 1568 omnibus edition[56][56] Watts 1985, p. 73-102.[57] See original text here (http:/ / www. propheties. it/ bibliotheque/ 1568-1599/ 1568-002 Nostradamus, Les Propheties, Benoist Rigaud -

Grasse Res 12597/ slides/ 1568-002-130. html)[58][58] Lemesurier 2003, p. 145.[59][59] Lemesurier 2010, p. 23.[60] See, for example, Cheetham, Erika, The Final Prophecies of Nostradamus, Futura, 1990, pp.208-9[61][61] Lemesurier 2010, p. 21-2.[62][62] Lemesurier 2010, p. 41.[63] Nostradamus & 1555 Preface.[64] Roussat, R., Livre de l'etat et mutations des temps, Lyon, 1550, p. 95; Brinette, B, Richard Roussat: Livre de l'etat et mutations des temps,

introduction et traductions, 1550 (undated dossier)[65][65] Lemesurier 2003, p. 53.[66] See his many papers in Benazra's academic forum at http:/ / ramkat. free. fr/ analyse. html[67][67] Lemesurier 2003, p. 144-8.[68][68] Lemesurier 2010, p. 36.[69] In several quatrains he mentions the name Hister (somewhat resembling Hitler), although this is the classical name for the Lower Danube, as

he himself explains in his Presage for 1554. Similarly, the expression Pau, Nay, Loron—often interpreted as an anagram of "NapaulonRoy"—refers to three towns in southwestern France near his one-time home.

[70] See, for example, Cheetham, Erika, The Final Prophecies of Nostradamus, Futura, 1990, p.373[71][71] Refer to titles mentioned.[72] Actually the 13th–14th century Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus in a misascribed version sometimes referred to as the Vaticinia Nostradami[73][73] Lemesurier 2010, p. 26-45.[74] Samuel Pepys' Diary, 3 February 1667 (http:/ / www. pepysdiary. com/ archive/ 1667/ 02/ 03/ )[75][75] Dupèbe 1983.[76][76] Brind'Amour 1993.[77][77] Randi 1993.[78][78] Lemesurier 2003, p. 28-30.[79][79] Brind'Amour 1993, p. 267.[80][80] Lemesurier 2010, p. 144.[81][81] Wilson 2002.[82][82] Leoni 2000, p. 115.[83][83] Lemesurier 2010, p. 144-8.[85] The Nostradamus Effect (http:/ / nostraeffect. blogspot. com/ ) by Peter Lemesurier

References

Bibliography

• Nostradamus, Michel::Orus Apollo, 1545 (?), unpublished ms; Almanachs, Presages and Pronostications,1550–1567; Ein Erschrecklich und Wunderbarlich Zeychen..., Nuremberg, 1554; Les Propheties, Lyon, 1555,1557, 1568; Traite des fardemens et des confitures, 1555, 1556, 1557; Paraphrase de C. Galen sus l'exhortationde Menodote, 1557; Lettre de Maistre Michel Nostradamus, de Salon de Craux en Provence, A la Royne mere duRoy, 1566

Nostradamus 11

• Benazra, Robert (1990). Répertoire chronologique nostradamique: 1545-1989 (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=CLcQAQAAIAAJ). Éd. la Grande conjonction. ISBN 978-2-85707-418-2.

• Brind'Amour, Pierre (1993). Nostradamus astrophile: les astres et l'astrologie dans la vie et l'œuvre deNostradamus (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=eww9AQAACAAJ). Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa.ISBN 978-2-252-02896-4.

• Brind'Amour, Pierre (1996). Les premières centuries, ou, Prophéties: (édition Macé Bonhomme de 1555) (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?id=tnvT_ekX0SAC). Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-00138-0.

• Chevignard, Bernard (1999). Présages de Nostradamus (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=mnh-AAAAMAAJ). Seuil. ISBN 978-2-02-035960-3.

• Chomarat, Michel; Laroche, Jean-Paul (1989). Bibliographie Nostradamus: XVIe-XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (http:/ /books. google. com/ books?id=-mInAQAAIAAJ). Koerner. ISBN 978-3-87320-123-1.

• Clébert, Jean-Paul (2003). Prophéties de Nostradamus: les centuries : texte intégral (1550-1568) (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=IZ1fcgAACAAJ). Relié. ISBN 978-2-914916-35-6.

• Dupèbe, Jean (1983). Lettres inédites (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=oapnfeA3y-IC). Librairie Droz.ISBN 978-2-600-03107-3.

• Gruber, Elmar R. (2003). Nostradamus: Sein Leben, sein Werk und die wahre Bedeutung seiner Prophezeiungen(http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=KPQ6NAAACAAJ). Scherz Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-502-15280-4.

• Lemesurier, Peter (1 April 1999). The Nostradamus Encyclopedia: The Definitive Reference Guide to the Workand World of Nostradamus (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=baY1HAAACAAJ). St. Martin's Press.ISBN 978-0-312-19994-4.

• Lemesurier, Peter (1 November 2003). The Unknown Nostradamus: The Essential Biography for His 500thBirthday (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ). John Hunt Publishing.ISBN 978-1-903816-48-6.

• Lemesurier (2), Peter (1 November 2003). Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=-88LPQAACAAJ). John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-903816-48-3.

• Lemesurier, Peter (20 August 2010). Nostradamus, Bibliomancer: The Man, the Myth, the Truth (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=0OHRRwAACAAJ). Career PressInc. ISBN 978-1-60163-132-9.

• Leroy, Edgar (1972). Nostradamus: Ses origines, sa vie, son oeuvre (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=5FVqAQAACAAJ). Jeanne Laffitte. ISBN 978-2-86276-231-9.

• Prévost, Roger (1999). Nostradamus, le mythe et la réalité: un historien au temps des astrologues (http:/ / books.google. com/ books?id=IA3JQwAACAAJ). le Grand livre du mois. ISBN 978-2-7028-3581-4.

• Randi, James (1 September 1990). The mask of Nostradamus (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=YbgQAQAAIAAJ). Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-19056-3.

• Rollet, Pierre (1993). Interprétation des hiéroglyphes de Horapollo (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=2Xr4tgAACAAJ). M. Petit.

• Watts, P.M. (1985). Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus' 'Enterprise ofthe Indies. American Historical Review.

• Wilson, Ian (March 2004). Nostradamus: The Evidence (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=TqvuNAAACAAJ). Orion Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-7528-4279-0.

Nostradamus 12

External linksThe following websites are or aim to be factual, and consistent with the article, rather than speculative or fictional incharacter.• Nostradamus FAQs (http:/ / nostradamusthefacts. blogspot. com/ )• Timeline (http:/ / www. propheties. it/ nostradamus/ life/ timeline. htm)• Facsimiles, reprints and some translations of a range of Nostradamus texts, info etc. (http:/ / www. propheties. it/

sitemap. htm)• Largest online library of Nostradamus facsimiles (http:/ / www. propheties. it/ bibliotheque/ index. html)• Selected English translations from the Mirabilis Liber (http:/ / www. propheties. it/ nostradamus/ mirabilis/

mirabilis-en. htm)• Historical origins of the Propheties (http:/ / www. placeoftheskull. com/ )• Espace Nostradamus Benazra's French website and major academic forum (http:/ / ramkat. free. fr/ analyse. html)• CURA's major international academic forum (http:/ / cura. free. fr/ mndamus. html)• Nostradamus Research Group (http:/ / groups. yahoo. com/ group/ NostradamusRG/ )

Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsNostradamus  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=548962613  Contributors: 1exec1, 213.253.40.xxx, 4twenty42o, 5 albert square, A930913, AEriksson, Abhi san, Abtract,Abunyip, Access Denied, AdamantlyMike, AdjustShift, Agnosticaphid, Ahoerstemeier, Ajraddatz, Alansohn, Albinofrenchy, Alerante, Aleron235, Alex '05, Alexglyky, AlexiusHoratius,AllyUnion, Alphachimp, Alphax, Altenmann, Amanduhh, Amazins490, Andrewpmk, AndyTheGrump, Andyroid, Angr, AniMate, Ankur.sinha, Anne97432, AnonGuy, Antaeus Feldspar,Antandrus, Apostrophe, Appleseed, Arabictab, Arbor to SJ, Arbustoo, Areldyb, Argyrios Saccopoulos, Arnold1, Arthur Holland, Ase23434, Ashmodai, Ashmoo, Astrologist, Aug Leopold,Autocratique, Avocado, AzaToth, B, BD2412, Babbage, Bachrach44, Baksdk, Bald Zebra, BarrettBrown, Bdesham, Bearcat, Becritical, Ben Standeven, Ben Tibbetts, Ben-Zin, Benw, Bhadani,Big Lover, Big blue veiner, Bigboy435, Bilby, Bill Thayer, BillMasen, Binary TSO, Bkell, Black Defiance, Blehfu, Bob bobato, Bobblewik, Boblarazzi, Bobo192, Boboroshi, Bobrayner,Bogey97, Boing! said Zebedee, Bollyjeff, BorgHunter, BorgQueen, Bped1985, Bradpyoung, Brando130, Brandonuknow, Brenont, Brewcrewer, BrianGV, Brighterorange, BrokenSegue, BryanDerksen, Bryceifid, Bubba hotep, Butcherscross, Butros, C1010, CALR, CAPS LOCK, CJGB, CLW, CQJ, Cacophony, Cactus.man, Caltas, Calton, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,CanadianCaesar, CanadianLinuxUser, Canfezplay, CanisRufus, Canley, Capricorn42, Captain-tucker, Carlwev, Catgut, Ccreitz, Cedrus-Libani, CelticJobber, Celyndel, Charles Matthews,Chasingsol, Chicheley, Chikariki, Chris Brennan, ChrisChiasson, Chrisch, Christian List, ChristianH, Chubbles, Chunkyq, Chzz, Cimon Avaro, Circeus, Civil Engineer III, Classicstruggle,Clpo13, Cmdrjameson, Collins.mc, CommonsDelinker, Connection, Conversion script, Coppertwig, Counteraction, Crazynas, Crowsnest, Curps, DDerby, DHN, DJ Clayworth, DO'Neil, DS1953,DSRH, Dahn, Damirgraffiti, Dan100, DanGuan, Dark Shikari, DarkHorse, Darrendeng, David.Monniaux, DavidFarmbrough, DavidWBrooks, Davidmabus, Davkal, Dawn Bard,Dawnseeker2000, Dbachmann, Dcoetzee, Debresser, Deckiller, Deglr6328, Delta x, Deltabeignet, Denimmonkey, Denisarona, Dennis Estenson II, DerHexer, Dgimeno, Diannaa, Digitalme,Dilbert08, Dimadick, Dimma2006, Discospinster, Disdero, Dj Capricorn, Dlohcierekim, Doh286, Doomstars, Doug Webber, Dougweller, Download, Downwards, Dppowell, Dr. Avi Stein, Dr.Blofeld, Dr. Dan, Dr.K., DrKiernan, Dragnmn, DreamGuy, Drfoop, Dsine, Ducknish, Duncan, Duncharris, Durin, Dycedarg, Dysepsion, EagleEye, EamonnPKeane, Earthlyreason, Ec5618,EdgarCayce1945, Edwardoliver, Eeekster, Efrain Damien, Elassint, Eldarion1000, Eleassar, Eleven even, Elockid, Em Mitchell, Eminagger, Enchanter, Entelekk, Enviroboy, Epbr123,Ericmellema, Erin24, Esthermckinley, Everyking, Evil Monkey, FGT2, FT2, Falcon8765, Fastfission, Favonian, Fayenatic london, FeanorStar7, Felizdenovo, FightForFreedom, Fireant1993,Flyer22, Forseen, Fouytr, Fram, Francisco Del Piero, Fraudy, Frecklefoot, Fredrik, FreplySpang, Frob, Frogoddess, Fromgermany, FrozenUmbrella, Funandtrvl, Funkendub, Funnyhat, Fæ, GBfan, GDonato, Gabbe, Gaelen S., Gaius Cornelius, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gary D, Garzo, Gaurav1146, Gdr, Ged UK, Geni, Geoffreybrooks, George100, Gerardo Noriega, Ghaly,Ghilman789456123, Giancarlo Rossi, Gilliam, GinaDana, Glacialfox, Glane23, Gogo Dodo, Goiobre, GoneAwayNowAndRetired, Gongshow, Gonzo fan2007, Good Olfactory, Graham87,GreenJoe, GregMinton, Gregbard, GregorB, Grick, Gtrmp, Gubbubu, Guettarda, Guoguo12, GwydionM, H8jd5, Haakon, Hadal, Halfway to never, Hands are local, Harryboyles, Heathencourt,Helloher, Helpsome, Hemmingsen, Hemphill Fine Arts, HexaChord, Hhelibeb, Hiddentextor, Hijiri88, Hmains, Hobapotter, Hourick, Hume55, Husond, ICE77, Iamjasonwu2, Ian.thomson,Ibagli, Iceman205, Ikh, Ikiroid, Inluminetuovidebimuslumen, Inter, Introgressive, Iridescent, IstvanWolf, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JAGEagent, JFHJr, JForget, JSpung, Jackfork, Jake Wartenberg,Java7837, Jaxl, Jc37, Jcb20, Jeff Silvers, Jeffwimbush, Jennie--x, Jeraphine Gryphon, Jesse V., Jfrost9, Jhenderson777, Jhon22, Jim62sch, JimVC3, Jimbo Donal Wales, Jimmy Slade, Jj137,Jjthunder, JoanneB, JodyB, Joewithajay, John Carter, John Vandenberg, John254, JohnnyRush10, Jojhutton, Jon Harald Søby, Jonas Mur, Jonatan Crafoord, Jonathanfu, Jorcoga, Jordanl122, JoshCherry, JoshuaZ, Jossi, Jredmond, Jschnur, Jtkiefer, Juliancolton, Jurema Oliveira, Jwillbur, Jwissick, K, K kisses, K1Bond007, KIFIKA, Kaaveh Ahangar, Kamikaziekid, Katalaveno,Katieh5584, Kbh3rd, Kelisi, Kendrick7, Kidlittle, Kingpin13, Kingturtle, Kinneyboy90, Kintetsubuffalo, Kira842, Kmorozov, Koen Van de moortel, KoenDelaere, KoshVorlon, Kotra, Kozuch,Kpjas, Kralle, Kseferovic, Kungfuadam, Kusma, Kwertii, Kyle1278, L Kensington, LX, LarRan, Laurinavicius, LeeHunter, Lelkesa, LessHeard vanU, Liamcop, Liftarn, Lightmouse, Ligulem,LikeLakers2, Lmbhull, Longhair, Lordpanda, Lotje, LovesMacs, Lowellian, Luis rib, Luke334, Luna Santin, Lvl, MBlume, MONGO, Macellarius, Madmath789, Magahitoa, Magnus Manske,Mahamudra, Mannafredo, Marcinjeske, Mario777Zelda, Martorell, Marvoir, Marysunshine, Master shepherd, MatheoDJ, Matrixfighter, Mattgirling, Matthew Auger, MatveiGolovinski,Mausy5043, MaxMangel, Mayanklitoria, Mblumber, Mboverload, Mcorazao, Mcsee, MeegsC, Megyay, Mel Etitis, Melmann, Memty, Mentifisto, MetalMilitia, Michael Hardy, Michael Wiking,Michael read, Michellewillendrof, MikeVitale, Mikko Paananen, Milkman35, Millionsandbillions, Miron shevchuk, Mirv, MisfitToys, MishaPan, Mithaca, Modemac, Modernist, Moloch09,Moncrief, Monegasque, MonoAV, Montgomery '39, Morgan2317, Morgan695, Mortense, Morwen, Mouchoir le Souris, MrNerdHair, Mrwojo, Msikma, Mtd2006, Mxn, Myanw,Mygerardromance, NCraike, NGerda, NHRHS2010, Naddy, Nakon, Nataev, Nate winky mosby, Ne0Freedom, Neddyseagoon, Nemicide, Neutrality, Neverquick, NewEnglandYankee, NickWilson, Nicks221, Nicolae Coman, Nihil novi, Nihiltres, Nirvana2013, Njk, Noctibus, Noirish, Noosentaal, NorwegianBlue, Nostros, Nphar, Nsaa, Nubiatech, Nufy8, Nunh-huh, O.Koslowski,Obradovic Goran, Odie5533, Ohconfucius, Ohnoitsjamie, OliverTwisted, Olivier, Omicronpersei8, Orville Eastland, Oscabat, Oskral, Osprey39, Oxymoron83, PL, Pablito clavo un clavito,PatrikR, Paul August, PenguinUSA, Perstar, Petrb, Pgk, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Philip Trueman, Philipp Wetzlar, Photofiend, Phydend, PiCo, Piano non troppo, Pigman, Pilaf, Pilotguy,Pinethicket, Pinkadelica, Plastikspork, Poco88, Polymerbringer, Possum, Pottsbgstv, Prezuiwf, Prioryman, Profesoteric, Proofreader77, Prophetvcn, Proxxt, Pseudo-Richard, Pstanton, Psychade,Pádraic MacUidhir, Qmwne235, Qrsdogg, Qwyrxian, Qxz, R'n'B, R000t, RJHall, RUL3R, RadioFan, Radiofood, RafeyS, Ragemanchoo, Rake, Rama, Raphie, Rappin05, Raul654, Rbushlow,Rd232, Reaper Eternal, Rebel lonedog, Recognizance, RedHillian, RedRollerskate, Reddi, Redeem, Redtigerxyz, Reedy, Renowned linguist, RexNL, Reywas92, Rezonansowy, Rhobite, Rhrad,Riana, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), RickK, Ritchy, Rj, Rjwilmsi, Rob Lindsey, RobertG, Robma, Romanm, Ronhjones, Rotem Dan, RoyBoy, Roybadami, Rpresser,Rreagan007, Russian55, Rusty Russell, Ryan Vesey, Ryansca, SFK2, ST47, Salamurai, Sam Hocevar, Sam Korn, Samwaller29, Samwb123, SandyGeorgia, Sanfranman59, Santas back3, Sasha l,Satanailo, Schaengel89, Sciurinæ, Scjessey, Scohoust, Scott Burley, Scottandrewhutchins, SeNeKa, Seaphoto, Search4Lancer, Sergioroa, Sesshomaru, Sethulhu, Sfan00 IMG, Shakunsaini,Shirt58, Show no mercy!, Simetrical, SimonP, Sirhcrehtal, Sjc196, Skarebo, Skizzik, Skrull, Skunkboy74, SkyWalker, Slakr, Slashme, SlaveToTheWage, Slightsmile, Snigbrook, Soadfan112,Solarra, Solomasc, Someone else, Special-T, Spencer, Spitfire, Spliffy, Squidyme2, Srnec, Stevage, SteveMcCluskey, Stickee, Storm Rider, Strichek, Subh83, Sugaar, Sunset skies,SuperHamster, Suriel1981, Surtsicna, Svns777, SweetNeo85, Sweetness46, Synchronism, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, THF, TShilo12, TableLily, Tanaats, Tar Heel, Tawker, Tbhotch, TedE,Teemu Ruskeepää, Tekto9, Tempodivalse, Terence, Tern, Terrasidius, Terrybarber, Texture, Tfeledy, The Belgain, The Disco King, The Fading Light, The Mysterious El Willstro, The ThingThat Should Not Be, The Wordsmith, The real Marcoman, TheDJ, TheKMan, Theda, Theodore7, Thingg, Think Fast, ThomasK, Thor Dockweiler, Thrawn Locke, Thumperward, Thunderbunny,Tide rolls, Tiger Khan, Tiptoety, Titanium Dragon, Tkynerd, Token34, Tolly4bolly, Tom harrison, TomGreen92, Tony1, Torgo, Tpbradbury, Travelbird, Trebor, Tregoweth, Treisijs, TriumphSisyphus, True Pagan Warrior, Truth666, Tuckerresearch, Tyrol5, Unim6, Unionhawk, Upurs145, Uruiamme, VLADIMIR Skokan, Valencerian, VegaDark, Vehement, Veinor, Velella,Velvetron, Verabatim, Versus22, Vgranucci, Visor, VolatileChemical, Vvnpants, Vzbs34, WBardwin, WODUP, Warofdreams, Wassabi 123, Wassermann, Wasted Sapience, Wayne Slam,Wayward, Where, Whiskey in the Jar, Whispering, WikHead, Wiki alf, WikiLaurent, Wikibetter, Wikieditor06, Wikifixerz, Wikipelli, Wikipeterproject, Will2k, Wimt, Winchelsea, Wlmg,WoodElf, WoodenTaco, Woohookitty, WriterHound, Wtmitchell, Wwefanandfreak, XD888, Xeno, Xerxesnine, Xhienne, Yanni576, Youandme, Zahid Abdassabur, Zarxos, Zereshk,Zmoney918, Zoe, Zone46, Île flottante, 2037 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Nostradamus by Cesar.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nostradamus_by_Cesar.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Er Komandante, Krupski Oleg, Mu,Paulo Cesar-1, Samuel Grant, Sumaru, Themedpark, Vonvon, 5 anonymous editsFile:Signature of Nostradamus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Signature_of_Nostradamus.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: NostradamusFile:Nostradamus birthplace.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nostradamus_birthplace.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Originaluploader was PL at en.wikipediaFile:Nostradamuss house at Salon-de-Provence.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nostradamuss_house_at_Salon-de-Provence.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Original uploader was Peter Lemesurier at en.wikipediaFile:Nostradamus CI 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nostradamus_CI_1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Magog the Ogre, Mu, Paulo Cesar-1, Sumaru,WikilackeyFile:Nostradamus epitaph.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nostradamus_epitaph.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Original uploaderwas PL at en.wikipediaFile:Nostradamus prophecies.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nostradamus_prophecies.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Zereshk aten.wikipediaFile:npix4.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Npix4.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: -

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/