Date post: | 07-Jul-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vitor-leite-goncalves |
View: | 218 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 37
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
1/37
Sustainable Resource Technology NOTE 7(Principles in Sustainable Energy Technologies)
Joonhong Park
Yonsei CEE Department2015. 11. 18.
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
2/37
Energy Conversion Efficiencies
Chemical
Energy (fossil
fels etc.!
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
$0%&5 '
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
3/37
Cogeneration/CHP
Chemical
Energy (fossil
fels etc.!
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
$0%&5 '
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
Recovery of Waste
Heat (Combined
Heat and Power)
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
4/37
Solar Power
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
)eco*ery of +aste
,eat (Com-ine
,eat an Po/er!
Solar Power
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
5/37
olar Po/er ystems
• o/ temperatre
• ,igh temperatre
% Dish collectors % tirling engines
% Po/er to/ers
% "rogh collectors
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
6/37
Sun-induced Heat
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
)eco*ery of +aste
,eat (Com-ine
,eat an Po/er!
Sun-induced Heat
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
7/37
perational principle of an ocean
thermal energy con*erter
(pilot scale!
Pmp
ConenserE*aporator
"r-ine
Electric po/er generator
Ammonia
Liquid
Ammonia
a!or
Col
+ater
(5oC!
+arm+ater
(25oC!
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
8/37
Photovoltaics (Solar Light)
nlight
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
100 '85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
P"otovoltaics
&0%&5 '
"rning snlight into
Electricity /ith high efficiency
at lo/ cost sing common
materials.
(n%p 3nction in a solar cell!
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
9/37
Wind power
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electricalenergy
#echanicalenergy
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
Wind !ower
,ori4ontal ais /in tr-ine6 rotor iameter7 machine rating7
rotational spee nm-er of -laes7 the generator
En*ironmental impacts6 electromagnetic interference7 ecological impact7 noise
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
10/37
Wave power
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electricalenergy
#echanicalenergy
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
Wave !ower
9lo-al energy ensities6 :e/ ;ealan (100!7 oth orea%Japan ( 15!
Po/er is a fnction of /a*e height (h!
nshore e*ices7 ffshore e*ices (alter Dck7 Pelamis!
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
11/37
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
12/37
"io!ass
Chemical
Energy
(?iomass!
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
$0%&5 '
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
Recovery of Waste
Heat (Combined
Heat and Power)
C2
iation
C%fiation
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
13/37
#eother!al
"hermalEnergy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanicalenergy
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
)eco*ery of +aste
,eat (Com-ine
,eat an Po/er!
$eot"ermal
En*ironmental impact@
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
14/37
$ast "reeder % $usion
:clearEnergy
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
$0%&5 '
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
Recovery of Waste
Heat (Combined
Heat and Power)
%ast &reeder
%usion
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
15/37
$ast "reeder ($ission)
100 fissions
2&2 netrons proce
A&
lost
A2 -y P
121 -y 2A8B
8 in P
1A in 2A8 B
A in 2A5 B
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
16/37
& variety of ther!al reactors
#y!e #"ermal
Power('W)
Coolant 'oderator Core
olume(m)
ol P*
('W+m)
%uel
Ratin,('W+
tonne)
.it
Coolant#em!
(oC)
#agno 225%
18$5
C2 9raphite &%
21
0.5%
0.8$
2.2%
A.15
00
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
17/37
$usion
:clearEnergy
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
$0%&5 '
20%0 '
100 '
85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
Recovery of Waste
Heat (Combined
Heat and Power)%usion
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
18/37
Potential uses of $usion technology
S/LAR
01CLAR
=ast
=ission
"hermal
=ission
=sion
9eothermal
(raioacti*ity!
,eat
#HR'ALElectricity
LC#R2CAL
?iomass=ossil
=els,yrogen ?atteries
CH'2CAL
+in
+a*e
#echanical
,yro "ial
9eothermal
(original accretion!
$RA2#A#2/0AL
320#2C
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
19/37
$uel Cells
ChemicalEnergy
"hermal
Energy
(heat!
Electrical
energy
#echanical
energy
100 '85%&5 '
&0%&5 '
%uel Cells
&0%&5 '
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
20/37
"he crrent ses of nsstaina-le energy technologies. ,o/
a-ot the potential ses of sstaina-le energy technologies@
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
21/37
Sustainability
• General Definition: meeting the needs of the present generation withoutcompromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs.
• Don’t do these: exhausting a natural resource, leaving large costs for future
generations or doing irreversible harm to the planet.
• An energy technology is considered sustainable if:
1. t contributes little to manmade climate change.
!. t is capable of providing power for many generations w"o
significant reduction in the si#e of the resource, and
$. t does not leave a burden to future generation.
☞ t is very difficult to say if an energy technology is truly sustainable or not.
21
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
22/37
he !a'or energy transfor!ations fuels and groupings
S/LAR
01CLAR
=ast
=ission
"hermal
=ission
=sion
9eothermal
(raioacti*ity!
,eat
#HR'ALElectricity
LC#R2CAL
?iomass=ossil
=els,yrogen ?atteries
CH'2CAL
+in
+a*e
#echanical
,yro "ial
9eothermal
(original accretion!
$RA2#A#2/0AL
320#2C
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
23/37
1nsustainables vs Sustainables
Unsustainable : Fossil fuels, Large-scalehydropower, Thermal unclear reactors
Sustainable : Solar, Wind, Wave, Tidal, Small-scale
Hydropower, Biomass, eothermal, Fastnuclear reactors, !uclear fusion
☞ Do you accept the classification%
☞ &hat are your rationales for it%
2A
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
24/37
Capaility to provide energy for !any generations
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
25/37
Radiative %orcin, 4
$lobal #em!erature C"an,e
25
,alocar-ons
:2
C,
C2
tratospheric
o4one
"ropospheric
o4one
lfate
=ossil
=el
?rning
(?lack C!
=ossil
=el
?rning
(rganic C!
) a . i a t i * e =
o r c e ( + m % 2
!
C o o l i n g
+ a r m i n g A
%2
%1
0
1
2
?iomass
?rning
#ineral
Dst
an se
(al-eo!
olar
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
26/37
*ther Concerns
9eneral Polltion
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
27/37
#eneral Pollution Concerns
Source Potential causes for concern
il 9lo-al climate change7 air polltion -y *ehicles7 aci rain7 oil spills7 oil rig accients
:atral gas 9lo-al climate change7 methane leakage from pipes7 methane eplosions7 gas rigaccients
Coal 9lo-al climate change7 aci rain7 en*ironmental spoliation -y open%cast polltion7mining accients7 health effects on miners
:clear po/er )aioacti*ity7 misse of fissile an other raioacti*e material -y terrorists7
proliferation of nclear /eapons7 lan polltion -y mine tailings7 health effects onranim miners
?iomass Effect on lanscape an -ioi*ersity7 gron/ater polltion e to fertili4ers7 se ofscarce /ater7 competition /ith foo procing
,yroelectricity Displacement of poplations7 effect on ri*ers an gron/ater7 ams (*isalintrsion an risk of accient!7 seismic effects7 o/nstream effects on agricltre7
methane emissions from s-mergen -iomass
+in po/erisal intrsion in lanscapes7 noise7 -ir strikes7 interference /ith
telecommnications
"ial po/er isal intrsion an estrction of /illife ha-itat7 rece ispersal of efflents(these concerns apply manly to tial -arrages7 not tial crrent tr-ines!
9eothermal energy )elease of pollting gases (27 ,27 etc!7 gron/ater polltion -y chemicalsincling hea*y metals7 seismic effects
olar energy eestration of large lan areas (in the case of centrali4e plant!7 se of toicmaterials in manfactre of some P cells7 *isal intrsion in rral an r-an
en*ironments
#l l l di f i ll t t
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
28/37
#loal loading fro! various pollutants
and hu!an disruption
2nsult 0atural
&aseline(tonnes+
year)
Human
*isru!tion2nde.
Commercial
ner,ySu!!ly
#raditional
ner,ySu!!ly
A,riculture 'anufacturin,5
ot"er
ea emission to air 127000 18 0.1 negligi-le negligi-le 0.5&
il aition to oceans 2007000 10 0. negligi-le negligi-le 0.5
Camim to air 1700 5. 0.1A 0.05 0.12 0.$0
lphr to air A1 mil 2.$ 0.85 0.005 0.01 0.1A
#ethane flo/ to air 10 mil 2.A 0.18 0.05 0.5 0.12
:itrogen fiation 10 mil 1.5 0.A0 0.02 0.$ 0.01
#ercry emission to air 27500 1. 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.$$
:2 flo/s to air AA mil 0.5 0.12 0.08 0.80 negligi-le
Particlate to air A7100 mil 0.12 0.A5 0.10 0.0 0.15
:on%methane hyrocar-on
to air
1 -illion 0.12 0.A5 0.05 0.0 0.A0
Car-on ioie to air 150
-illion
0.05 0.$5 0.0A 0.15 0.0$
& id + i C t t
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
29/37
&cid +ain, Caronate syste!
& id + i S* d .*
http://smb//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Carbonate_system_of_seawater.svg
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
30/37
&cid +ain, S* and .*
2(g! H ,2 ,2A
22(g! H 2 2A (g!
A(g! H ,2 ,2
2:2 (g! H ,2 ,:2 H ,:A
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
31/37
Strong vs Wea &cids
A1
S*0 d .* E i i f E h l i
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
32/37
S*0 and .* E!issions of Energy echnologies
#ec"nolo,y S/6 t+#W" 0/6 t+#W"
,yro /ith reser*oir $ 150
Diesel (0.25' ! 1285 A10%127000
,ea*y oil (1.5' ! /ithot
scr--ing
801A 17A00%27000
,yro rn%of%ri*er 1 120
Coal (1'! /Io scr--ing 52$ $00%57000
Coal /ith 2 scr--ing 10 &0%57000
:clear A 150
:atral gas A1 $$%17500
=el cell $0 %
?iomass plantation 2 17100%27500
a/mill /aste 2 &%17&00
+in po/er & $$%1A0
P 2 150
L d
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
33/37
Land use
#ec"nolo,y 3m6 !er #W"
(min a!!ro.)
3m6 !er #W"
(ma. a!!ro.),yro /ith reser*oir 0 200
,yro rn%of%ri*er 1 5
Coal 10
:clear 0.5 5
?iomass plantation 5AA 2200
a/mill /aste 1 A
+in po/er 25 115
P A0 5
E P
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
34/37
Energy Payac
#ec"nolo,y ner,y out!ut+
ner,y in!ut
,yro /ith reser*oir 205
,yro rn%of%ri*er 20
Coal(1'! /ithot 2 scr--ing $
Coal (2'! /ith 2 scr--ing 5
:clear 1
:atral gas 5
=el cell A
?iomass plantation 5
a/mill /aste 2$
+in po/er 80
P &
E t l t (E t liti )
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
35/37
Eternal cost (Eternalities)
Eternality6 the cost for polltant etc. that the technology creates.
S !!ari ed List of $actors to e considered
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
36/37
Su!!ari1ed List of $actors to e considered
when ea!ining sustainaility
Potential sstaina-le energy sorces
9lo-al change (especially 9,9 emissions!
9eneral Polltion (/ater7 soilIgron/ater7 ocean7 air7 /astes!
8/18/2019 Note 07 class about environmental engineering
37/37
2iscussion, hydro-electro-power with a reservoir
vs3 with a run-off-river
Potential sstaina-le energy sorces
9lo-al change (especially 9,9 emissions!
9eneral Polltion (/ater7 soilIgron/ater7 ocean7 air7 /astes!