Name: ____________________________________ Project RECEIVED: _________________________ Project DUE: _______________________________ Project is worth ________________ total points Our third quarter project will be based on the concepts of Meiosis and Genetics. During this project we will specifically look at the effect of genes on the outward appearance of an organism. After this project, you should be able to answer the following questions: What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype? Do some traits require more than one gene to be fully expressed? How is there so much variation in the way children look even if they come from the same parents? How many chromosome pairs does each human parent have? How many chromosomes does each parent "donate" to the next generation? Are some genes and gene characteristics expressed over others.... are dominant and recessive genes responsible for how a baby looks? 1 Project Procedure: Check Here After completing each step ______ Use the key to analyze your genes on each chromosome . While doing this, you will need to analyze your parents traits (to determine if you are homozygous or heterozygous for a particular trait). Note: If you live with 1 parent, are adopted, etc., you may assume your parents’ genotypes are heterozygous (if you want to prove that your mom/dad is homozygous dominant (RR rather than Rr), you must investigate your grandparents also (no, I will not be giving extra credit for grandparents’ genetic make-up). Complete the Phenotype and Genotype trait analysis for yourself and your parents. ______ Pick a spouse and analyze their traits ______ Complete Punnett squares to predict your offspring’s potential traits. ______ Complete Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratio for your potential child (you and your spouse are the parents) ______ Make chromosomes for you and for your spouse ______ Have your baby; and write your baby’s alleles on a Karyotype (page 15). ______ Determine the genotype and phenotype of your offspring, write them actual genotype and phenotype columns on page 16. ______ Draw your offspring or use pictures to make him/her and INCLUDE A KEY for at least 10 traits. ______ Type the answers to questions on the process of heredity.
Transcript
Name: ____________________________________
Project RECEIVED: _________________________
Project DUE: _______________________________
Project is worth ________________ total points
Our third quarter project will be based on the concepts of Meiosis and Genetics. During this project we will
specifically look at the effect of genes on the outward appearance of an organism.
After this project, you should be able to answer the following questions: What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype?
Do some traits require more than one gene to be fully expressed?
How is there so much variation in the way children look even if they come from the same parents?
How many chromosome pairs does each human parent have?
How many chromosomes does each parent "donate" to the next generation?
Are some genes and gene characteristics expressed over others.... are dominant and recessive genes
responsible for how a baby looks?
1
Project Procedure:
Check Here After completing each step
______ Use the key to analyze your genes on each chromosome . While doing this, you will need to analyze your parents traits (to determine if you are homozygous or
heterozygous for a particular trait). Note: If you live with 1 parent, are adopted, etc., you may
assume your parents’ genotypes are heterozygous (if you want to prove that your mom/dad is
homozygous dominant (RR rather than Rr), you must investigate your grandparents also (no, I will
not be giving extra credit for grandparents’ genetic make-up). Complete the Phenotype and Genotype trait analysis for yourself and your parents.
______ Pick a spouse and analyze their traits
______ Complete Punnett squares to predict your offspring’s potential traits.
______ Complete Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratio for your potential child (you and your spouse are the
parents)
______ Make chromosomes for you and for your spouse
______ Have your baby; and write your baby’s alleles on a Karyotype (page 15).
______ Determine the genotype and phenotype of your offspring, write them actual genotype and
phenotype columns on page 16.
______ Draw your offspring or use pictures to make him/her and INCLUDE A KEY for at least 10 traits.
______ Type the answers to questions on the process of heredity.
Chromosome #1
Face Shape A round face is dominant over a square face
Round Square
RR, Rr rr
Chromosome #2
Chin Prominence A prominent jaw (you can feel the bone) is dominant over a less promi-nent jaw.
Very Less
Prominent Prominent
II, Ii ii
Chromosome #3 Chin Shape
A round chin is dominant over a square chin (if your chin is pointed at all, it is square)
Round Square
SS, Ss ss
Chromosome #4
Chin Cleft
A chin cleft is dominant over a smooth chin. If your chin sweeps upward in the middle, you have a cleft.
Present Absent
CC, Cc cc
Chromosome #5 Mid-digital hair Hair on the second (middle) joint of the fingers is dominant to hair-
less fingers.
HAIR NO HAIR
NN, Nn nn
Hair No Hair
Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely compli-
cated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story,
and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated.
Chromosome 1: Face Shape
Circle the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom Round/Square RR, Rr, rr
Dad Round/Square RR, Rr, rr
Me Round/Square RR, Rr, rr
Spouse Round/Square RR, Rr, rr
Chromosome 2: Chin Prominence
Circle the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom Very/Less II, Ii, ii
Dad Very/Less II, Ii, ii
Me Very/Less II, Ii, ii
Spouse Very/Less II, Ii, ii
Chromosome 3: Face Shape
Circle the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom Round/Square SS, Ss, ss
Dad Round/Square SS, Ss, ss
Me Round/Square SS, Ss, ss
Spouse Round/Square SS, Ss, ss
Chromosome 4: Chin Cleft
Circle the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc
Dad Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc
Me Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc
Spouse Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc
Chromosome 5: Mid-digital hair
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
2
Chromosome #6
Nose Shape
A rounded nose is dominant over a pointed nose.
Rounded Pointed
UU, Uu uu
Chromosome #9
Ear Attachment
Lobed ears are dominant to at-tached ears.
Lobed Attached
ZZ, Zz zz
Chromosome #10
Ear Hair
Hairy ears are dominant over hairless ears.
Hairy Hairless
DD, Dd dd
Chromosome #7 HAND CLASPING When clasping your hands together (without thinking about it!), left thumb on top of their right is dominant over right thumb.
LEFT RIGHT
QQ, Qq qq
Chromosome #8
Lip Size
Thick lips are dominant over thin lips.
Thick Thin
JJ, Jj jj
Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely compli-
cated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story,
and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated.
Chromosome 6: Nose Shape
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 7: Hand Clasping
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 8: Lip Size
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 9: Ear Attachment
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 10: Ear Hair
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
3
Chromosome #11
Dimple Presence The presence of dimples are domi-nant over not hav-ing dimples.
Present Absent
KK, Kk kk
Chromosome #12
Eyelashes Thick eyelashes are dominant over thin eyelashes.
Thick Thin
MM,Mm mm
Chromosome #13
BENT LITTLE FINGER
Little fingers that bend dramatically towards the 4th finger are domi-nant to straight little fingers.
BENT STRAIGHT
LL, Ll ll
Chromosome #14
Eye Shape
Almond shaped eyes are dominant over round eyes.
Almond Round
VV, Vv vv
Chromosome #15
HITCHHIKER’S THUMB
A straight thumb is dominant to
hitchhiker’s thumb.
STRAIGHT HH THUMB
OO, Oo oo
Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely compli-
cated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story,
and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated.
Chromosome 15: Hitch-hiker’s thumb
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 13: Bent little finger
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 14: Eye Shape
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 11: Dimple Presence
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 12: Eyelashes
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
4
Chromosome #19
Widow’s Peak
A widow’s peak is dominant over an absent widow’s peak.
Present Absent
PP, Pp pp
Chromosome #20
Cheek Freckles
Freckles on cheeks are dominant over no freckles on cheeks.
Present Absent
BB, Bb bb
Chromosome #16
Eyebrow Type
Thick eyebrows are dominant over thin eyebrows.
Thick Thin
TT, Tt tt
Chromosome #17
Eyebrow Spacing
Separate eye-brows are domi-nant over con-nected eyebrows
Separate Connected
EE, Ee ee
Chromosome #18
LONG SECOND TOE
A second toe that is longer than the big toe is domi-nant over a shorter 2nd toe.
LONG SHORT
WW, Ww ww
Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely compli-
cated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story,
and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated.
Chromosome 16: Eyebrow type
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 20: Cheek Freckles
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 19: Widow’s peak
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 18: Long Second Toe
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 17: Eyebrow spacing
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
5
Chromosome #21
Tongue Roll
The ability to curl your tongue is dominant to inabil-ity.
Curl Can’t Curl
FF, Ff ff
Chromosome #22
Information for this chromosome is part of the hair color trait.
Chromosome #23
Gender
XX = Female XY = Male
Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely compli-
cated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story,
and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated.
Chromosome 23: Gender
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom Female XX
Dad Male XY
Me
Spouse
Chromosome 21: Tongue Roll
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosome #3, 6, 8, 22
Hair Color The alleles for hair color are found on many chromosomes. Therefore, hair color is said to be polygenic (many genes). The alleles for hair color represent the amount of pigment that is incorporated into the hair as it grows. The greater the number of dominant alleles, the darker the hair. Alleles appear on chromosomes 3,6,8, and 22 in groups of 2.
Chromosomes 3,6,8,22: Hair color
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
POLYGENIC TRAITS Poly = many, genic = genes
Genetics is quite complicated and most traits are actually controlled by more than
one gene. In 7th grade, we are not required to talk about concepts such as in-complete dominance, codominance, and polygenic traits, but they are pretty in-
teresting. All traits that involve color and pigment are polygenic and quite compli-
cated. However, we thought you would want to estimate the skin, hair, and eye
color of your child. So, you are welcome to use this information, but you will not
be tested on it.
If you were unable to use the chart in class, use the science 7 website to see the
color pictures to determine your polygenic genotype.
Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely compli-
cated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple Mendelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story,
and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated.
Chromosome #11, 12
Eye Color The alleles for eye color are found on many different chromosomes. Therefore, eye color is said to be polygenic (many genes). Eye color is controlled by two sets of alleles. One pair of alleles (F) control the amount of pigment in the front of the iris. The other pair of alleles (B) control the amount of pigment in the back of the iris. The dominant al-leles “F” and “B” represent dark pigment. Alleles appear on chromosomes 11 and 12 in groups of two.
**Eye color comes from a combination of two black and yellow pigments called melanin in the iris of your eye. If you have no melanin in the front part of your iris, you have blue eyes. An increasing proportion of the yellow melanin, in combination with the black melanin, results in shades of colors between brown and blue, including green and hazel. **
HOW COMPLICATED DOES IT GET? http://openwetware.org/images/7/79/Eyecolor1.pdf
http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=29
http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/
R1/R9.full.pdf+html
http://www.as.ua.edu/
ant/bindon/
ant570/topics/
Skincolor.PDF
Chromosome #1, 2, 4
Skin Color The alleles for skin color are found on many different chromosomes. Therefore, skin color is said to be polygenic (many genes). The dominant allele (A) translates into a pro-tein called melanin. This is a dark pigment. Greater amounts of melanin = darker skin colors. Alleles appear on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 in groups of 2.
Chromosomes 1, 2, 4: Skin color
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
Chromosomes 11, 12: Eye color
Fill out the correct phenotype and genotype
Phenotype: Genotype:
Mom
Dad
Me
Spouse
7
AAAAAA AAAAAa AAAAaa AAAaaa AAaaaa Aaaaaa aaaaaa
BG Bg bG Bg
BG BBGG
BBGg
BbGG BbGg
Bg BBGg
BBgg BbGg Bbgg
bG BbGG
BbGg bbGG bbGg
bg BbGg
Bbgg bbGg bbgg
HHHHHHHH
HHHHHHHh
HHHHHHhh
HHHHHhhh
HHHHhhhh
HHHhhhhh
HHhhhhhh
Hhhhhhhh
hhhhhhhh
Red = special
8
Note: By completing Punnett Squares, you are able to
determine the probability (likelihood) that your offspring
will receive certain versions of each trait. To complete
these pages, refer to the traits analysis. You will not be
performing Punnett Squares for the polygenic traits (hair
color, skin color, eye color).
Chromosome #2
Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii)
Me: ______ x Spouse ______
______
Chromosome #3
Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss)
Me: _______
x
Spouse _______
Chromosome #1
Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr)
Me: ______ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #4
Chin Cleft (CC, Cc, cc)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #5
Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #6
Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #7
Hand clasping (QQ, Qq, qq)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a round face?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a prominent chin?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio:
______________ ___________________
What is the percent chance your child will have a
round chin? _____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a cleft?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have mid-digital hair?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a round nose?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
clasp right over left?
_____________
9
Chromosome #8
Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #9
Ear Attachment (ZZ, Zz, zz)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #10
Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #11
Dimples (KK, Kk, kk)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #12
Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #13
Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #14
Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #15
Hitchhiker’s thumb (OO, Oo, oo)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have thin lips?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have attached ears?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have thin eyelashes?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a straight little
finger?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a round eyes?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a HH thumb?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have hairless ears?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have no dimples?
_____________
10
Chromosome #17
Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #18
Long 2nd Toe
(WW, Ww, ww)
Me: _______
x
Spouse _______
Chromosome #16
Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #19
Widow’s Peak (PP, Pp, pp)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #20
Cheek Freckles (BB, Bb, bb)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #21
Tongue Roll (GG, Gg, gg)
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Chromosome #23
GENDER
Me: ____ x Spouse ______
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have thin eyebrows?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
___________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
___________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a connected eye-
brows? _____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have a widow’s peak?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will
have no cheek freckles?
_____________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will be
able to curl his/her
tongue? ___________
Genotypic Ratio:
__________________
Phenotypic Ratio:
__________________
What is the percent
chance your child will be
a boy? _____________
a girl? _____________
Genotypic Ratio: Phenotypic Ratio:
______________ ___________________
What is the percent chance your child will have a
short second toe? _____________
11
Polygenic– Skin
BONUS:
You can use FOIL (like in algebra) to start helping you find
all the possible combinations of genes. Your Punnett Square
will have up to 64 squares in it!!!
Mom: ________________ x Dad ________________
Polygenic—Eye Color
Mom: ______ x Dad ______
12
Chromosome Number Traits ACTUAL Genotype ACTUAL Phenotype
1 Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr)
2 Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii)
3 Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss)
4 Chin Cleft (CC. Cc, cc)
5 Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn)
6 Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu)
7 Hand-clasping (QQ, Qq, qq)
8 Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj)
9 Ear Lobe Attachment (ZZ. Zz. zz)
10 Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd)
11 Dimple Presence (KK, Kk, kk)
12 Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm)
13 Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll)
14 Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv)
15 Hitchhiker’s Thumb (OO, Oo, oo)
16 Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt)
17 Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee)
18 Long Second Toe (WW, Ww, ww)
19 Widow’s Peak (PP, Pp, pp)
20 Cheek Freckle Presence (BB, Bb, bb)
21 Tongue Roll (FF, Ff, ff)
22 Part of polygenics Part of polygenics Part of polygenics
23 Gender (XX, or XY)
POLYGENIC Hair Color (H)
POLYGENIC Skin Color (A)
POLYGENIC Eye Color (B and G)
HELPFUL HINT:
The polygenic traits are spread out on a bunch of chromosomes, but you
need to put them back together to figure out what the phenotypes are.
Instead of writing them twice, just put the eye color (B’s and G’s from 11
and 12), skin color (A’s from 1,2, and 4), and hair color (H’s from 3,6,8, and
22) on the bottom under polygenic).
16
Please type answers in complete sentences!
Total Points: 60
Rewrite the following sentence and sign it.
My Genetics project is due ___________________. I understand that the following activity is a DRAFT to
help me complete my answers to the analysis questions. Once I finish this draft, I will type (or write*)
