Notes

PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1 . Fukuyama 1989, 1992. 2 . Huntington 1993, 1996. 3 . Kagan 2008. 4 . Mahbubani 2013. 5 . Harrison and Mitchell 2007. 6 . Gartzke and Weisger 2008. 7 . Huntley 1996; Mitchell et al 1999; Harrison 2002. 8 . Mitchell 2002; Harrison 2004a, 2004b. 9 . Stoute 2011.

10 . Huntley 1996. 11 . Harrison 2002. 12 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, 2013b. 13 . Eatwell and Wright 1993. 14 . Virk 2010. 15 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 9.

CHAPTER 1

1 . Suu Kyi 2011b, p. 5. 2 . Fukuyama 1989, 1992. 3 . Huntington 1991. 4 . Zakaria 2011; Bull and Watson 1984. 5 . Wilson and Dragusanu 2008; O’Neill 2011. 6 . Fukuyama 2011a. 7 . Using information on various institutional features of a regime, the Polity IV

project codes information about states’ polity scores on a scale from − 10 (fully autocratic) to +10 (fully democracy). As of 2010 (last year of available data), Nigeria scores 4, Turkey 7, Brazil, Mexico, and Indonesia have 8’s on the scale, while India and South Africa score 9’s. For more information, see http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm .

202 Notes

8 . Suu Kyi 2011, p. 5. 9 . Huntington 1993; 1996.

10 . Ferguson 2011; Mahbubani 2013. 11 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, 2013b. 12 . Kagan 2008. 13 . Kant 1991, p. 47. 14 . Yafi 2012; Berman 2013. 15 . Mahbubani 2008; Mahbubani 2013. 16 . Fukuyama 1989. 17 . Ibid, p. 3. 18 . Hegel 1952. 19 . Fukuyama 1989, pp. 17–18. 20 . Fukuyama and Mahbubani 2010, p. 7. 21 . For discussion of these challenges see Snyder 2000; Zakaria 2003; Plattner

2008; Cox et al 2010; Gat 2010; Levisksy and Way 2010; Sorenson 2012. 22 . For comprehensive analyses of this extensive literature, see Harrison 2010;

Mitchell 2012; Hayes 2013; Quddus Snyder 2014. 23 . Fukuyama 1992, pp. 57–60; Huntley 1996, Mitchell Gates and Hegre 1999;

Russett and Oneal 2001; Harrison 2002, 2004c; Quddus Snyder 2013a, 2013b.

24 . Wright 2011. 25 . Nasr 2009. 26 . Ibid, p. 116. 27 . Fukuyama 2011a. 28 . Fukuyama and Mahbubani 2010; Fukuyama 2011a. 29 . Fukuyama 2011b. 30 . For excellent overviews of this literature see Russett and Oneal 2001; Chernoff

2004. 31 . Harrison 2010. 32 . Most prominently, Finnemore and Sikkink 1998; Wendt 1999; Risse et al

1999. 33 . Harrison 2004a; Harrison and Mitchell 2007. 34 . Whitehead 2001; Pevehouse 2005. 35 . Harrison 2010, p. 161. 36 . Pye 1990; Zakaria 2011. 37 . Norris and Inglehart 2003; Inglehart and Welzel 2005. 38 . Waltz 1986, p. 340. 39 . Harrison 2010; Mitchell 2012. 40 . Rawls 1999. 41 . Harrison and Mitchell 2007; see also Brown 2002; Martin and Reidy 2006,

especially the excellent chapter by Leif Wenar. 42 . See also Bull 1977. 43 . Rosenau 1990; Giddens 1990, 1999; Nye 1990; Held and McGrew 1999;

Slaughter 2005. 44 . Rosenau 1990, p. 261; see also Nye 1990, 2004.

Notes 203

45 . Huntington 1993, 1996. 46 . Fukuyama 2006, p. 342. 47 . Jackson 2007; Katzenstein 2011. 48 . Bull and Watson 1984. 49 . Zakaria 2008. 50 . Mahbubani 2008. 51 . Wilson and Dragusanu 2008; Wilson and Purushothaman 2003; O’Neill

2001. 52 . O’Neill 2011. 53 . Ibid, p. 8. 54 . Kaplan 2010. 55 . Kaplan 2012. 56 . O’Neill 2011; Kennedy 1993. 57 . Ferguson 2011. 58 . Ferguson 2012, 2013b. 59 . Spengler 1962 [1919]. 60 . Rachman 2011; Bremmer 2012. 61 . Kupchan 2012. 62 . Barber 1995. 63 . Adapted from Barber 1995, p. 5. 64 . Esposito 1999; Snyder 2000. 65 . Giddens 1999. 66 . Kagan 2008. 67 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, 2013b. 68 . We adapt the title of Robert Kagan’s (2012) most recent book. 69. Deudney, 2007; Ikenberry, 2001; 201170. Deudney and Ikenberry, 201271. Deudney and Ikenberry, 2012, p. 8 72 . Mahbubani 2013. 73 . Goldstein 2011. 74 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2013. 75 . Ibid; for a counterperspective, see Lake 2011. 76 . Mearsheimer and Walt omit Fukuyama’s End of History , Huntington’s Clash

of Civilizations , and Rawls’ The Law of Peoples from their list. In the pres-ent book, we emphasize the critical importance of female, feminist, and non-Western contributions to IR scholarship to our analysis.

77 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2013, p. 4. 78 . Ibid, p. 5. 79 . Ibid, p. 36. 80 . Ibid, p. 36. 81 . Hedley Bull (1966) made a similar argument in his famous debate with

J. David Singer, a claim that Singer (1970) rebuked strongly. 82 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2013, p. 38. 83 . Ibid, p. 40. 84 . Ibid, pp. 42–43.

204 Notes

85 . Snidal and Wendt 2009, p. 4. 86 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2013, p. 43. 87 . Huntington 1996, p. 13. 88 . Kadera et al 2003. 89 . Harrison 2010. 90 . Mitchell et al 1999; Cederman 2001; Gleditsch 2002; Mitchell 2002;

Kadera et al 2003; Cederman and Gleditsch 2004; Boix 2012; Gleditsch and Bormann 2012; Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, 2013b, 2014.

91 . Harrison 2010; Mitchell 2012. 92 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2013, p. 37. 93 . Harrison 2010; Mitchell 2012. 94 . Waltz 1962; Harrison 2002, pp. 147–148. 95 . Harrison 2002. 96 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2013, p. 42. 97 . Pye 1990, p. 16. 98 . Hoffman 1960, p. 4.

PART I AND CHAPTER 2

1 . Michael Wood “Legacy: A Search for the Origins of Civilization,” BBC Television Series (1992) [program 2, 3–5 minutes]. See also Wood, 1992.

2 . Huntley 1996; Wendt 1999; Mitchell 2002; Harrison 2002, 2004a, 2004b.

3 . The strength of the democratic community exceeded that of the autocratic community after World War II when we consider the interaction between the degree to which countries are democratic or autocratic and their material capabilities (Kadera et al 2003).

4 . Keohane 1996, p. 463. 5 . Fukuyama 1989; Huntley 1996; Mitchell et al 1999; Harrison 2002. 6 . Kadera et al 2003; Cederman and Gleditsch 2004. 7 . Wendt 1999; Mitchell 2002; Harrison 2002, 2004a, 2004b. 8 . The data on democracy comes from the Polity IV project as described in

Chapter 1 . The baseline number of countries is calculated using the Correlates of War Project’s definition of system membership based on population size, membership in the United Nations or League of Nations, and diplomatic recognition by major powers. See the Correlates of War Project, http://www.correlatesofwar.org/ (last visited April 12, 2012).

9 . Harrison 2010, p. 161. 10 . Huntington 1991, p. 16. 11 . Mitchell et al 1999; Green 1999, Cederman 2001; Harrison 2010; Boix 2012;

Strand et al 2012. 12 . Pevehouse 2002a, p. 515; Gleditsch and Ward 2006, p. 912. 13 . Whitehead 2001, p. 443.

Notes 205

14 . See the longer list provided by Huntington 1991, p. 37. 15 . Huntington 1991, p. 38. 16 . Ibid, p. 44. 17 . Huntington 1991; Pridham 1991; Green 1999; Whitehead 2001; Gleditsch

2002; Pevehouse 2005; Strand et al 2012. 18 . Fukuyama 1992; Huntley 1996; Mitchell et al 1999; Harrison 2002; Snyder,

Quddus 2013a, 2013b; Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a. 19 . Fukuyama 1992, pp. 28–29. 20 . Snyder, Quddus 2013a, pp. 210 and 218–226. 21 . Mitchell et al 1999; Harrison 2002, 2004a, 2010. 22 . Wendt 1999, pp. 270–272. 23 . Russett and Oneal 2001; Pevehouse 2005; Deudney 2007. 24 . Russett and Oneal 2001. 25 . Pevehouse and Russett 2006; Mitchell et al 2008. 26 . Cederman and Gleditsch 2004. 27 . Lake 1992; Mitchell et al 1999. 28 . Kadera et al 2003; Harrison 2004a. 29 . Harrison 2004a; Mitchell 2002, 2012; Hayes 2012. 30 . Thomas Risse 2000; Schimmelfennig et al 2006. 31 . Elkink 2011, p. 1653. 32 . Rawls 1999. 33 . Mitchell 2002. 34 . Finnemore and Sikkink 1998; Williams 2001; Harrison 2004. 35 . Fukuyama 2012, pp. 1–2. 36 . Mitchell 2002; Harrison 2004a. 37 . Fukuyama 1992, p. 29. 38 . Kozhemiakin 1998. 39 . Harrison and Mitchell 2007; Strand et al 2012. 40 . Wendt 1999. 41 . Mitchell 2002, pp. 749–759; Harrison 2002, 2004b. 42 . Kant 1991, p. 104. This is one component of Kant’s (1991, pp. 99–105) broader

arguments which identify three key conditions for perpetual peace: 1) repub-lican forms of government domestically, 2) an international federation of free states, and 3) a principle of cosmopolitanism, or universal hospitality.

43 . Russett and Oneal 2001. 44 . Thompson 1996; Gleditsch 2002; Rasler and Thompson 2005. 45 . Harrison 2004a, 2010. 46 . Dorenspleet 2005; Wendt 1999. Wendt refers to this as first- and second-

degree internalization of a Kantian culture. 47 . Linz and Stepan 1996, p. 74. 48 . Whitehead 2001; Huntington 1991; Starr 1992; Solingen 2012. For a sophis-

ticated discussion of the similarities and differences between the various terms used to describe diffusion, see Solingen 2012.

206 Notes

49 . Diamond 2010, p. 108; Huntington 1991, p. 101; Linz and Stepan 1996, p. 76.

50 . Harrison 2004b, pp. 11–12; Wendt 1999, p. 375. 51 . Kant 1991, pp. 107–108. 52 . Rawls 1999, p. 44. 53 . Huntington 1991; Finnemore and Sikkink 1998; Russett and Oneal 2001;

Mitchell 2002, Kadera et al 2003; Harrison 2004a, 2010; Strand et al 2012. 54 . Starr 1992; Starr and Lindberg 2003. 55 . According to the Polity IV Project ( http://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr

/inscr.htm ), 96 of 164 countries (58.5%) had democracy scores 6 or higher (on a scale from 0 to 10) in 2010. The 2011 Freedom House survey data records 87 of 194 countries (45%) free and 60 of 194 (22%) countries partially free; http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2011

56 . Kant 1991, p. 130. 57 . Huntington 1991, p. 102, emphasis added. 58 . Elkink 2011. 59 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 18. 60 . Inglehart and Welzel 2005, pp. 2–3; see also Lipset 1957; Rosenau 1990. 61 . Risse et al 1999; Russett and Oneal 2001; Harrison 2002. 62 . Harrison 2002; Snyder 2013a, 2013b. 63 . Huntington 1991, pp. 46–108. 64 . Ibid, p. 50. 65 . Ibid, pp. 48 and 50. 66 . Ibid, p. 69. 67 . Ibid, p. 72. 68 . Ibid, p. 78. 69 . Wright 2011. 70 . Nasr 2009, p. 185. 71 . Huntington 1991, pp. 87–98. 72 . Ibid, pp. 102–104. 73 . Huntington 1991. 74 . Rosenau 1990; Held and McGrew 1999; Giddens 1999; Russett and Oneal

2001; Gartzke 2007; Gartzke and Weisiger 2012. 75 . B ü the and Milner 2008; Snyder 2013a, 2013b. 76 . Inglehart and Welzel 2005; Wright 2011. 77 . Wright 2011. 78 . Nasr 2009, p. 22. 79 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 7. 80 . Nasr 2008, p. 168; see also Gartzke 2007. 81 . Mahajan 2012; Mahbubani 2013. 82 . Nasr 2009, p. 254. 83 . Ferguson 2012, p. 2; see also de Soto 2011. 84 . Fukuyama 2012, p. 4.

Notes 207

85 . Nasr 2009, p. 254. 86 . Mahajan 2012, p. 130. 87 . Lawson and Gilman 2009. 88 . Mahajan 2012, p. 129. 89 . Bellaigue 2012. 90 . Roy 2012b, p. 16. 91 . Wright 2011, p. 26. 92 . Ibid, p. 27. 93 . Norris and Ingelhart 2003a, 2003b, p. 68. 94 . Lawson and Gilman 2009, p. 17. 95 . Ibid. The figure of 60 percent is for Iran (p. 7). 96 . Lawson and Gilman 2009; see also Mahajan 2012. 97 . Wright 2011, p. 185. 98 . Ibid, p. 167. 99 . Mahajan 2012, p. 197.

100 . Risse et al 2001. 101 . Tocqueville 2011, p. 157. This is consistent with the empirical literature on

civil wars and human rights that finds more wars and human rights viola-tions in the middle of the Polity regime scale. States that experience regime change are also at higher risk for civil wars. See Hegre et al 2001; Davenport and Armstrong 2004.

102 . Nasr 2009, p. 184. 103 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 161. 104 . Wright 2012, p. 7. 105 . Wright 2011, p. 10. 106 . Nasr 2009, p. 24. 107 . Stourton 2010. 108 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 163. 109 . Roy quoted in Stourton 2011a, p. 3; see also Roy 1994. 110 . Roy 2012, pp. 8–9; see also Roy 1994. 111 . Wright 2011, p. 94; see also Nasr 2008, pp. 5–84. 112 . Wright 2011, p. 91. 113 . Ibid, p. 111. 114 . Filiu 2011, p. 96. 115 . Nasr 2009, p. 241; Kuru 2013, p. 6. 116 . Stourton 2010, p. 3. 117 . Kuru 2013, p. 2. 118 . Nasr 2009, p. 251. 119 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 163. 120 . Nasr 2009, p. 32. 121 . Ibid, p. 36. 122 . Ibid, p. 37–38. 123 . Ibid, pp. 43–44.

208 Notes

124 . Ibid, pp. 45–49. 125 . Ibid, p. 49. 126 . Ibid. 127 . Bellaigue 2012, 1–2 minutes. 128 . Bellaigue 2012; see El Feki (2013) for an interesting discussion of the extent

to which even attitudes toward sexuality have been called into question across the Middle East by the events of the Arab Spring.

129 . Roy 2012a, p. 14. 130 . Filiu 2011, p. 105. 131 . Kuru 2013, p. 4. 132 . Ibid, p. 8. 133 . Wright 2011; Stourton 2011a. 134 . Fukuyama 1989, 2011. 135 . Wright 2011, p. 7. 136 . Ibid, p. 55. 137 . Wright 2001, p. 5. 138 . Wright 2011, p. 6. 139 . Filiu 2011, p. 108. 140 . Wright 2011, p. 253. 141 . Roy 2012, pp. 15–16; Filiu 2011, pp. 132–133. 142 . Roy 2012, p. 5. 143 . Ibid, p. 9. 144 . Wright 2011, p. 149. 145 . Ibid, p. 139. 146 . Ibid, p. 143. In his recent television series, Civilization (program 5), Niall

Ferguson visits a shop in Istanbul where colorful hijabs are being sold, giving striking visual demonstration of their beauty and expression of individual personality and independence. Few Western designers could compete with stunning display of chique of offer.

147 . Wright 2011, pp. 144–145. 148 . Mahajan 2012, p. 207. 149 . Wright 2011, p. 166. 150 . Ibid, pp. 166, 171, and 175. 151 . Mahajan 2011, pp. 213 and 216. 152 . Wright 2011, p. 10. 153 . Nasr 2009, p. 259. 154 . Bishara 2011, pp. 165–168; Nasr 2009, p. 259. 155 . Bellaigue 2012. 156 . Nasr 2009, p. 260. 157 . Rosenau 1990; Slaughter 2004. 158 . Wright 2011, p. 27. 159 . Lynch 2012. 160 . Ibid, pp. 11–12.

Notes 209

161 . Nye 2011, pp. 101, 104, and 108. 162 . Rasler 1996, p. 133. 163 . Marietta 2008, p. 768. 164 . Ibid, p. 772. 165 . Rasler 1996, p. 134. 166 . Ibid, p. 134. 167 . Ibid, p. 135. 168 . Ibid, pp. 140–144. 169 . Ibid, p. 138 Figure 2 and p. 141 Table 1. 170 . Ibid, p. 145. 171 . Filiu 2011, p. 46; Wright 2011, p. 27. 172 . Lynch 2012, p. 76. 173 . Ibid, pp. 78–80. 174 . Wright 2011, p. 34. 175 . Filiu 2011, p. 53. 176 . Wright 2011, pp. 30–36. 177 . Filiu 2011, p. 56. 178 . Ibid, p. 64. 179 . Wright 2012, p. 2. 180 . http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yE1fIn64pjI . 181 . Lynch 2012, p. 74. 182 . Rasler 1996, p. 146. 183 . Ibid, p. 146. 184 . Lynch 2012, p. 77. 185 . Wright 2011, p. 34. 186 . Elkink 2011, p. 1653. 187 . Ibid, p. 1657. 188 . Rasler 1996, pp. 135 and 137. 189 . Elkink 2012, p. 1660. 190 . Bishara 2011, p. 191. 191 . Wright 2011, p. 26. 192 . Lynch 2012, pp. 81–82. 193 . Filiu 2011, p. 53. 194 . Fukuyama 1989, 1992. 195 . Holmes 1997, p. 274. 196 . Rose 2011, p. xiv; see also Ajami 2011, p. 21. 197 . Zantovsky 2011, p. 2. 198 . Giddens 1999, p. 14. 199 . Brown 1990, pp. 3–4. 200 . Wood 1992. The book was based on a major BBC television series. 201 . Wood 1992, p. 157. 202 . A search for “mummy portrait of Artemidorus” using Google Images will

allow the reader to see the portrait.

210 Notes

203 . http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/aes/m/mummy_case_-_artemidorus.aspx .

204 . Wood 1992, cover jacket sleeve. 205 . http://www.facebook.com/elshaheeed.co.uk . 206 . The shocking image is available on Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Death_of_Khaled_Mohamed_Saeed . 207 . Wood 1992, pp. 156–157.

CHAPTER 3

1 . Whitehead 2001; Mitchell 2002; Kadera et al 2003; Harrison 2002, 2004a, 2004b; Boix 2012; Strand et al 2012.

2 . Bishar 2011, pp. 157–172. 3 . McCoy and Miller 2012, p. 921. 4 . Bueno de Mesquita et al 2003, ch. 9, pp. 439–454. 5 . McCoy and Miller 2012, pp. 923–924. 6 . Plattner 2011b; Piccone 2012. 7 . Piccone and Alinikoff 2012a. 8 . Ibid, p. 39; see also Ozel and Ozcan 2011; Sukma 2011. 9 . Kuru 2013, p. 6.

10 . Elkink 2011, p. 1661. 11 . Nasr 2009; Snyder 2013a, 2013b. 12 . Nye 2011, p. 109. 13 . Plattner 2011a, pp. 11–12. 14 . Skepticism about the post-Iraq War world UN Security Council has been

expressed, for example, by Kagan 2008, p. 77. 15 . Western and Goldstein 2011. 16 . Weiss 2011. 17 . Virk 2010. 18 . Ibid, p. 3; Piccone and Alinkoff 2012a, p. 39. 19 . Buzan (2004, p. 154) notes that pluralist and solidarist accounts of interna-

tional society are not necessarily opposites, but exist along a spectrum. 20 . Virk 2010, p. 63. 21 . Ibid, pp. 50–54, 75, and 57. 22 . Piccone and Alinikoff 2012, p. 35. 23 . Ibid, p. 40. 24 . Western and Goldstein 2011, p. 56; Piccone and Alinikoff 2012a.

Pevehouse (2005) shows how regional institutions also help facilitate the spread of democracy among member states. Some organizations like the Organization of American States (OAS) explicitly allow for sanctions against member states to protect threats to democratic regimes. In July 2009, the OAS expelled Honduras from the organization after a coup. Similarly, Paraguay was expelled from MERCOSUR in June 2012 after experiencing a coup.

Notes 211

25 . Piccone and Alinikoff 2012b, p. 1. 26 . Wright 2012, p. 2. 27 . Gleditsch and Bormann 2011, pp. 13–16; see also Whitehead 2001; Gleditsch

2002; Pevehouse 2002a, 2002b, 2005; Kadera et al 2003; Gleditsch and Ward 2006; Strand et al 2012.

28 . Kadera et al 2003; Starr and Lindborg 2003; Brinks and Coppedge 2006; Elkink 2011.

29 . Starr and Lindborg 2003, p. 516; Russett and Oneal 2001. 30 . Russett and Oneal 2001; Pevehouse 2005. 31 . Brinks and Coppedge 2006, p. 470. 32 . Gleditsch 2002, pp. 143–145. 33 . Elkink 2011, p. 1660. 34 . Slaughter 2004, p. 135. 35 . Levitsky and Way 2010, pp. 41–45. 36 . Starr and Lindburg 2003, p. 492; see also Thompson 1996; Kozhemiakin

1998; Gleditsch and Ward 2000. 37 . Brinks and Coppedge 2006, p. 464. 38 . Gleditsch and Ward 2006. 39 . Brinks and Coppedge 2006, pp. 465 and 467. 40 . Levitsky and Way 2010, pp. 41–45. 41 . Schonfeld 1972. 42 . Toynbee cited Kaplan 2012, p. 334. 43 . Gleditsch and Bormann 2012, pp. 14–16. 44 . Kaplan 2012, pp. xx–xxi. Kaplan also notes that the town of Sidi Bouzid

where the revolutions began in is today the most economically backward region of Tunisia. It lies just beyond a demarcation ditch dug by the Roman general Scipio that marked the extent of civilized territory (2012, p. xxi).

45 . Gleditsch and Bormann 2012, p. 15. 46 . Wright 2012, p. 98. 47 . Gleditsch and Bormann 2012, p. 15. 48 . Davidson 2012, pp. 205–208. 49 . Kaplan 2012, p. 148. 50 . Western and Goldstein 2011, pp. 57–58. 51 . Keohane 2003. 52 . Ibid. 53 . Lake 1992; Gleditsch and Bormann 2012, pp. 17–18; Mitchell et al 1999;

Strand et al 2012. 54 . Gleditsch and Bormann 2012, p. 17; Virk 2010, pp. 83–92. 55 . O’Hanlon 2011, pp. 301–302. 56 . Slaughter 2011. 57 . Keohane 2003; Gleditsch 2002; Pevehouse 2002a, 2002b, 2005; Gleditsch

and Ward 2006. 58 . BBC News Europe website, July 4, 2011. Djokovic is sympathetic to the

Serb nationalist cause, and this is a reason for his popularity. However, that

212 Notes

nationalist protest is now expressed through sports and not ethnic cleansing is symbolic of progress.

59 . Harrison and Mitchell 2007; Mitchell and Diehl 2012. 60 . Vandewalle 2012. 61 . ibid, p. 2. 62 . Keohane 2003, p. 294; see also Kennedy et al 1999, p. 8. 63 . Nye 2003, p. 131. 64 . Brown 1990, pp. 4–5. 65 . Brown 1990, p. 4. 66 . As of 2010, for example, Serbia scored 5 on the Polity IV − 10 to +10 polity

scale (with +10 being the highest democracy score). Kosovo and Serbia scored 8, while Croatia and Macedonia scored 9. See http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm .

67 . Kotkin 2010; Longworth 2005. 68 . Levitsky 2011, pp. 19, 21, and 22. 69 . Brown 1994, p. 5. 70 . Steinberg 2011. 71 . Zanktosky 2011. 72 . Ibid, pp. 5–6. 73 . Huntington 1996; Kagan 2008. 74 . Levitsky and Way 2009, pp. 354–355; see also Zakaria 2003. 75 . Way 2011, p. 24. 76 . Ibid, p. 24. 77 . Huntington 1996, pp. 137–138 and 166. 78 . Ibid, pp. 138–139. 79 . Roy 2012a, 2012b. 80 . Yafi 2011, p. 92. 81 . Wright 2012, pp. 2–4. 82 . Roy 2012b, p. 11. 83 . Standage 2005. 84 . Brown 1994, p. 308. 85 . Bunce et al 2010, p. 329. 86 . Way 2011. 87 . Gleditsch and Bormann 2012, p. 25; see also Vasconcelos 2012. 88 . Roy 2013, p. 19; see also Merlini and Roy 2012. 89 . As one commentator has observed, “(t)he 20th century may have been a

bloody and inhumane one, but when it came to an end there were many more democratic states in the international system than there had ever been before. Furthermore, the demand for greater political participation and human rights from peoples around the world remains a constant one – and as long as it does, the United States will be compelled (often against the advice of the real-ists) to ‘promote’ its values, enthusiastically or not. Nothing is guaranteed. . . . (b)ut . . . . by ignoring its own convictions and ideals, the United States could very easily find itself turning up on the wrong side of history.” Cox 2013, p. 51.

Notes 213

90 . Vasconcelos 2012; Roy and Merlini 2012. 91 . Stepan 2012. 92 . Gleditsch and Bormann 2012, p. 16; see also Kennedy et al 1999. 93 . Fukuyama 2012a, p. 5. 94 . Yom and Gause 2012, p. 74. 95 . Ibid, p. 86, Table 2. 96 . Davidson 2012. 97 . Berman 2013, pp. 64–65, emphasis added. 98 . Ibid, p. 65. 99 . Ibid, p. 66.

100 . Ibid, p. 73. 101 . Yafi 2012, pp. 90–93. 102 . Ibid, pp. 92–93. 103 . Mill 1978, p. 28. 104 . Fukuyama 1989, 1992. 105 . Yafi 2012, p. xiv; Mahajan 2012, p. 372.

PART II AND CHAPTER 4

1 . Fukuyama1989, p. 3. 2 . Gershman 2011a, p. 13. 3 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 3. 4 . Gershman 2011a, p. 13. 5 . Ibid, p. 13. 6 . Pye 1990. 7 . Ibid, p. 9. 8 . Ibid, pp. 6–7. 9 . Ibid, p. 13.

10 . Wilson and Dragusanu 2008. 11 . Ibid, pp. 11–12. 12 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 2. 13 . O’Neill 2011, p. 39. 14 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 23–26. 15 . Fukuyama 2001, 2011b; see also Fukuyama’s contribution to Booth and

Dunne 2002. 16 . Fukuyama 2001, 2011b. 17 . Mahbubani 2008; Zakaria 2011. 18 . Giddens 1999, p. 16. 19 . O’Neill 2011b. 20 . Pye 1990, pp. 6–7. 21 . Hague 2011, p. 1; Stourton 2011. 22 . Huntington 1996. 23 . Ibid, p. 97.

214 Notes

24 . Foroohar 2010. 25 . Huntington 1968; Bueno de Mequita and Downs 2005. 26 . Mahbubani 2008, pp. 44–45. 27 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 3. 28 . Fukuyama and Mahbubani 2010. 29 . Longworth 2005; Sixsmith 2010. 30 . Fukuyama 1992; Rosenau 1990; Lipset 1959. 31 . Fukuyama and Mahbubani 2010, pp. 1–2. 32 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 4; Bueno de Mesquita and Downs (2005) similarly argue

that some more sophisticated authoritarian regimes may prove more durable. 33 . Using these states as illustrations, the low-grade authoritarian states have

Polity IV scores in 2010 ranging from 1 (Venezuela) to − 7 (Belarus and Cuba), while the high-grade authoritarian states have scores ranging from 4 (Russia) to − 7 (China) to − 10 (Saudi Arabia).

34 . Levitsky and Way 2010. 35 . Gershman 2011a, p. 9. 36 . Potocki 2006, p. 49. 37 . Potocki 2011, p. 53. 38 . Ibid, p. 54. 39 . Ibid, p. 55. 40 . Ibid, p. 56. 41 . Ibid, p. 60. 42 . Ibid, p. 61. 43 . Ibid, p. 61. 44 . Ibid, p. 57 and p. 63, fn 14. 45 . Corrales 2011, p. 123. 46 . Ibid, p. 127. 47 . Ibid, p. 125. 48 . Corden and Neary 1982. 49 . Corrales 2011, p. 126. 50 . Ibid, pp. 127–129. 51 . Ibid, p. 133. 52 . Gershman and Gutierrez 2009, p. 36. 53 . Ibid, p. 38. 54 . Ibid, pp. 41–42. 55 . Ibid, p. 41. 56 . Gershman 2012. 57 . Corrales 2010. 58 . Bremmer 2006, p. 57. 59 . Corrales 2010. 60 . Nasr 2009, p. 51. 61 . Wright 2011, p. 91. 62 . Afshari and Underwood 2009, p. 7.

Notes 215

63 . Wright 2011, p. 102. 64 . Ibid, p. 107. 65 . Afshari and Underwood 2009, p. 10. 66 . Milani 2009, p. 12. 67 . Ibid, p. 14. 68 . Ibid, p. 15. 69 . BBC World Service Iran’s Currency Crisis , October 13, 2012, 5–6 minutes. 70 . Nasr 2009, p. 51. 71 . Mahbubani 2008, pp. 205–206. 72 . Kaplan 2012, p. 276; O’Neill 2011. 73 . Zin and Joseph 2012, p. 105. 74 . Ibid. 75 . Ibid, p. 107. 76 . Ibid, p. 109. 77 . Ibid, p. 109. 78 . Ibid, p. 110. 79 . Ibid, p. 110. 80 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 43. 81 . Zin and Joseph 2011, p. 111. 82 . Cited Diamond 2012, p. 10. 83 . Kaplan 2010, pp. 211 and 217. 84 . Ibid, pp. 207–208. 85 . Linter 2011, p. 153. 86 . The Economist , May 25, 2013, “The Burmese Spring.” 87 . Bremmer 2006, p. 35. 88 . Ibid, pp. 36–37. 89 . Ibid, p. 40. 90 . Kaplan 2012, p. 211. 91 . Bremmer 2006, pp. 43–44. 92 . Lankov 2012, p. 1. 93 . NPR Signs of Change Emerge in Korea , September 24, 2012. 94 . Lankov 2012, p. 1. 95 . Ibid, pp. 1–2. 96 . Kaplan 2012, p. 210. 97 . Ibid, p. 203. 98 . Ibid, p. 211. 99 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 5.

100 . Ibid. 101 . Fukuyama 2011a , p. 4. 102 . Ibid, p. 4. 103 . Shambaugh 2009, p. 4. 104 . Ibid, p. 6. 105 . Ibid, p. 5.

216 Notes

106 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 4. 107 . Shambaugh 2009, pp. 35–36. 108 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 4. 109 . MacKinnon 2011, p. 33. 110 . Ibid, p. 35. 111 . Ibid, p. 43. 112 . Ibid, p. 44. 113 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 4. China has also engaged in a significant buildup and

modernization of its military capabilities, especially expansion of its naval fleet. 114 . Bremmer 2006, p. 260. 115 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 4. 116 . Ibid, p. 4. 117 . Fukuyama 2012, p. 5. 118 . O’Neill 2011, p. 96. 119 . Diamond 2012, p. 11. 120 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 4. 121 . Ibid, p. 3. 122 . Ibid, p. 4. 123 . Diamond 2011, p. 11. 124 . Harrison 2004b, p. 109. 125 . Fukuyama 1989, p. 11. 126 . Rovnick 2012; McMurtrie 2012; see also Mahbubani 2013, pp. 26–27. 127 . Rasler 1996, p. 134. 128 . Shambaugh 2009, p. 5. 129 . The Economist January 12, 2013, p. 13. 130 . Fukuyama 2011a, p. 4. 131 . Devichand 2012, p. 11. 132 . Leonard 2008. 133 . Ibid. 134 . Devichand 2012, p. 11. 135 . Huntington 1996, p. 93; see also Dore 1984. 136 . Devichand 2012, p. 9. 137 . Leonard 2008, pp. 13–14. 138 . David Shambaugh cited Yahoo! News November 15, 2012. 139 . Daniel Bell quoted in Devichand 2012, p. 9. 140 . Devichand 2012, p. 10. 141 . Diamond 2012, p. 12. 142 . Nathan 2013, pp. 20–21. 143 . Huang 2013, p. 54. 144 . Ibid, p. 53. 145 . Ibid, p. 54. 146 . Krastev and Holmes 2012, p. 34. 147 . Ibid, pp. 34–36.

Notes 217

148 . Ibid, p. 36. 149 . Ibid, pp. 36–37. 150 . Ibid, pp. 38–39. 151 . Ibid, pp. 38–40. 152 . Stoner-Weiss and McFaul cited Roxburgh 2012, p. 217; see also Stoner-Weiss

2010, pp. 271–273. 153 . Stoner-Weiss and McFaul 2012, p. 82. 154 . Shevtsova 2012, pp. 19–20. 155 . Krastev and Holmes 2012, p. 41. 156 . Shevtsova 2012, p. 22. 157 . Ibid, pp. 20 and 24. 158 . Ibid, pp. 24–25. 159 . Krastev and Holmes 2012, p. 40. 160 . Ibid, p. 43. 161 . Dmitriev and Triesman 2012, p. 61. 162 . Ibid, p. 60. 163 . Ibid, pp. 67–68. 164 . Roxburgh 2012, pp. 183–192. 165 . Nye 2013, p. 2. 166 . Shevtsov 2012, p. 28. 167 . Triesman 2011, p. 3. 168 . Silitski 2010, p. 299. 169 . Dmitriev and Triesman 2012, p. 72. 170 . Mansfield and Snyder 1995; Snyder 2000. 171 . Mitchell and Prins 2004. 172 . Deudeny and Ikenberry 2009, pp. 8–9. 173 . Snyder 2013b, p. 40; Harrison 2004b, pp. 37–38. 174 . Deudney and Ikenberry 2009, p. 89. 175 . Buzan and Cox 2013, p. 1. 176 . Deudney and Ikenberry 2009, p. 91; see also Snyder 2013b, pp. 42–43. 177 . Nye 2011, pp. 100–109. 178 . Sorenson 2009, p. 401. 179 . Narlikar 2010a, p. 2. 180 . Sorenson 2008, p. 402; Narlikar 2010a, p. 3. 181 . Deudney and Ikenberry 2009, p. 90. 182 . Johnston 1999; Pravda 2001; Harrison 2004; Macfarlane 2008. 183 . Shirk 2007, p. 6. 184 . Fukuyama 1989, p. 18.

CHAPTER 5

1 . Ferguson 2013a, p. 4. 2 . Ibid, p. 4.

218 Notes

3 . Zakaria 2013, p. 1. 4 . Ibid. 5 . Deudney and Ikenberyy 2012, p. 15. 6 . Collier and Levitsky 1997; Pye 1990. 7 . Piccone and Alinkoffa 2012; Stuenkel and Jacob 2010. 8 . Soutron 2011; Kuru 2013. 9 . Rawls 1999, pp. 64–69.

10 . Ibid, p. 72. 11 . Ibid, pp. 75–76. 12 . Ibid, p. 77. 13 . Thirkell-White 2006, p. 421. 14 . Ibid, pp. 438–439. 15 . Pye 1990, p. 13. 16 . Harrison 2010, p. 160; Harrison and Mitchell 2007; Rawls 1999; Wendt

1999; Bull 1977. 17 . Piccone and Alinikoff 2012a; Kuru 2013. 18 . Ozel and Ozcan 2011. 19 . Kuru 2013, p. 6. 20 . Sukma 2011. 21 . Piccone and Alinikoff 2012a, p. 40. 22 . Ibid, p. 39. 23 . Stuenkel and Jacob 2010. 24 . Narlikar 2010a. 25 . Nasr 2009, p. 94. 26 . Ibid, pp. 89–90. 27 . Ibid, p. 85. 28 . Ibid, p. 85. 29 . Stourton 2010; Kinzer 2008, p. 237. 30 . Nasr 2009, p. 236. 31 . Ibid, p. 112. 32 . Kinzer 2008, p. 235. 33 . Deudney and Ikenberry 2012, p. 16. 34 . Franck 1992; Mitchell and Diehl 2012. 35 . Diamond 2012, p. 5. 36 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 23. 37 . Diamond 2012, pp. 5–6. 38 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 37–39; Yahoo! News July 12, 2012. 39 . Diamond 2012, p. 7. 40 . Ibid, pp. 7–8. 41 . Ibid, p. 7. 42 . Ibid, pp. 8–9. 43 . Ibid, p. 9. 44 . Ibid, p. 13.

Notes 219

45 . Mahajan 2009, p. 23. 46 . Radelet 2010, pp. 9 and 13; Robertson 2012. The 17 countries are: Botswana,

Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, S ã o Tom é and Pr í ncipe, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. While backsliding from countries on this list has occurred (e.g., Mali since 2012) others such as Kenya and Nigeria have also taken great strides.

47 . Radelet 2010, p. 12. 48 . Ibid, pp. 13–14. 49 . Ibid, p. 15. 50 . Ibid, pp. 15–21. 51 . Diamond 2012, p. 256. 52 . Robertson 2012, p. 5. 53 . Mahajan 2009, p. 45. 54 . Ibid, p. 47. 55 . Ibid, p. 20. 56 . The Economist March 2, 2013, p. 3. 57 . Mahajan 2009, p. 7. 58 . Robertson 2012, p. 126. 59 . Ibid, pp. 126, 128, and 141. 60 . Stolte 2012, p. 3. 61 . Mahajan 2009, pp. 15–17. 62 . Kaplan 2010, p. 298. 63 . O’Neill 2011b Interview on The Charlie Rose Show , 2011, 26–29 minutes. 64 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 109. 65 . Kaplan 2012, p. 200. 66 . Broadman 2008, p. 1; see also Boillard 2013. 67 . Kaplan 2010, pp. 296–297. 68 . Diamond 2011, pp. 306–307; The Economist March 2, 2013, p. 10. 69 . Shifter 2011. 70 . Ibid, pp. 108–109. 71 . Ibid, p. 110. 72 . Ibid, p. 111. 73 . Ibid, p. 111. 74 . Ibid, p. 112. 75 . Ibid, p. 118. 76 . Kaplan 2012, pp. 333–346. 77 . Shifter 2011, p. 113. 78 . Ibid, pp. 114–115. 79 . Ibid, p. 115. 80 . Llosa 2013, p. 4. 81 . Diamond 2010, pp. 200–204. 82 . Ibid, p. 207.

220 Notes

83 . Kaplan 2012, pp. 178–179. 84 . Ibid, p. 185. 85 . Ibid, p. 186. 86 . Little 2013. 87 . Kaplan 2012, p. 151. 88 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 165. 89 . Huntington 1991, pp. 31–34. 90 . Strand et al 2012; Bremmer 2008. 91 . Strand 2012, p. 12. 92 . Ibid, pp. 9–10; Boix 2011. 93 . Ferguson 2013a, p. 4. 94 . Gershman 2011b, p. 2. 95 . Ibid, p. 2. 96 . Mitchell et al (1999) show that higher amounts of interstate war in the

international system increase the proportion of democratic states, with large spikes occurring after World Wars I and II.

97 . Risse et al 1999, pp. 19–20. 98 . Gershman 2011b, p. 3. In the US context, Mossberger et al (2008) find

many benefits of Internet access for improving the quality of life for citizens in democracies, including increased voter turnout and civic engagement in politics and improved incomes for minority group members (e.g., African Americas, Latinos).

99 . Gershman 2011b, p. 3. 100 . Risse et al 1999, pp. 264–267. 101 . Doorenspleet 2005, p. 48. 102 . Bremmer 2006, p. 160. 103 . Levitsky and Muiillo 2008, pp. 115 and 122. 104 . Kaplan 2012, p. 341. 105 . Fukuyama 2012b, p. 58. 106 . Huntington 1991, p. 290. 107 . Jenne and Mudde 2011. 108 . Ibid, p. 148. 109 . Ibid, p. 148. 110 . Ibid, p. 148. 111 . Ibid, pp. 153–154. 112 . Huntington 1991, pp. 290–291. 113 . Kupchan 2011, pp. 154 and 162. 114 . Cooper 2000; Wendt 1999; Little 1995; Buzan 1993. 115 . The Economist March 2, 2013. 116 . Strand et al 2012. 117 . Bull and Watson 1984, pp. 220–223. Many of these principles are reflected

in human rights treaties ratified by a large number of states including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and

Notes 221

the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). Both treaties have been in force for over forty years.

118 . Suu Kyi 2011b, p. 5. 119 . Bull and Watson 1984, pp. 220–222. 120 . Ibid. 121 . Ibid, pp. 222–223. 122 . Deudeney and Ikenberry 2012, p. 16. 123 . Bull and Watson 1984, p. 223. 124 . Suu Kyi 2011b, p. 5. 125 . Wendt 1999. 126 . Suu Kyi 2011b, p. 6. 127 . Ibid, p. 6. 128 . Parekh 1992, p. 168. 129 . Ibid, p. 169. 130 . Ibid, pp. 171–172. 131 . Ibid, p. 172. 132 . Bull and Watson 1984, p. 224. 133 . Ibid, p. 224. 134 . Rawls 1999. 135 . Risse et al 1999. 136 . Suu Kyi 2010, p. 167. 137 . Ibid, p. 168. Kant made a similar argument in his philosophical writings. 138 . Bull and Watson 1984, p. 223. 139 . Aydin 2007, p. 2. 140 . Ibid, p. 196. 141 . Ibid, pp. 191 and 195–196. 142 . Ibid, p. 202. 143 . Ibid, p. 193. 144 . Ibid, p. 203. 145 . Nasr 2009, p. 262; see also Mahbubani 2008, p. ix. 146 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 12. 147 . Parikh 2008, p. 267. 148 . Suu Kyi 2010, p. 170. 149 . Ibid, p. 173. 150 . Pye 1990, p. 11. 151 . Ibid, p. 12. 152 . O’Neill 2011a, pp. 21–22. 153 . Jensen 2006; Lee and Mitchell 2012. 154 . Aydin 2007, p. 194. 155 . O’Neill 2011a, pp. 21–22. 156 . Ibid, p. 79. 157 . Nasr 2009, pp. 252–253. 158 . Wright 2011.

222 Notes

159 . Bishara 2011, pp. xi–xii. 160 . Dibashi 2012. 161 . Suu Kyi 2011a, pp. 7–8. 162 . Ibid, p. 9. 163 . Ibid, p. 10.

PART III AND CHAPTER 6

1 . Huntington 1996, p. 82. 2 . Huntington 1993, 1996. 3 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 49. 4 . Mahbubani quoted Stephens 2007; Madison 2001. 5 . Zakaria 2011, pp. 65–67. 6 . Ferguson 2011, p. 304; Pomeranz 2000; McNeil 1963. 7 . Zakaria 2011, p. 64. 8 . Kennedy 1988, p. 690. 9 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 26.

10 . Kaplan 2012. 11 . Buzan and Little 2000; Watson 2009. 12 . Woods 1992, p. 199; Zakaria 2011, pp. 67–68. 13 . Ferguson 2011, p. 4. 14 . Wood 1992. 15 . Ibid. 16 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 49. 17 . Fukuyama 1992, p. 18. 18 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 9. 19 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 32–33. 20 . Ibid, pp. 20–22. 21 . Mill 1978, p. 60. 22 . Mahbubani 2013. 23 . National Intelligence Council 2012, p. 2. 24 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 10. 25 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 18–22. 26 . O’Neill 2011a, pp. 32–33; Wilson and Purushothaman 2003. 27 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 41. 28 . O’Neill 2011b. 29 . O’Neill 2011a, pp. 4–5. 30 . O’Neill 2012; BBC World Service 2013. 31 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 151. 32 . Ibid, p. 57. 33 . Ibid, p. 66. 34 . Ibid, p. 60.

Notes 223

35 . Ibid, p. 62. 36 . Ibid, p. 6. 37 . Ferguson 2011, p. 346 footnote 21. 38 . Tammen et al 2000. 39 . Zakaria 2011, pp. 2–4. 40 . O’Neill 2011a, pp. 98–99. 41 . Ibid, p. 100. 42 . Ibid, p. 193. 43 . Ibid, p. 101. 44 . Ibid, p. 102. 45 . Sharma 2012, p. 209. 46 . The Economist 2013, March 2, pp. 11–13. 47 . Sharma 2012, pp. 193–194. 48 . Ibid, p. 131. 49 . Kaplan 2010, pp. 45–46; Meredith 2007, p. 14. 50 . Ferguson 2011, p. 139. 51 . Sharma 2012, p. 30. 52 . Zakarai 2011, p. 2. 53 . O’Neill 2011a , p. 2. 54 . Zakaria 2011, p. 2. 55 . Plattner 2011, p. 31. 56 . Birdsall and Fukuyama 2011b, pp. 2–3. 57 . BBC World Service 2013. 58 . Bull and Watson 1984, p. 219. 59 . Spengler 1962 [1919]; Farrenkopf 2001. 60 . Bull and Watson 1984, pp. 224–227. 61 . Ibid, pp. 224–226. 62 . Ibid, p. 227. 63 . Ibid, p. 228. 64 . Huntington 1996, pp. 81–121. 65 . Ibid, p. 82. 66 . Ibid, pp. 83–84. 67 . Ibid, p. 84. 68 . Ibid, p. 84. 69 . Ibid, pp. 85–86. 70 . Ibid, pp. 87–88. 71 . Ibid, pp. 89–90. 72 . Mahbubani 2008; Ferguson 2011; Mahbubani 2013. 73 . Ferguson 2011, p. 308. 74 . Tammen et al 2000, p. 17. 75 . Ferguson 2012, p. 2. 76 . O’Neill 2011a, pp. 225–226. 77 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 4.

224 Notes

78 . Ibid, p. 5. 79 . Ferguson 2011. 80 . Ferguson 2011; Mahbubani 2008, pp. 51–99. 81 . Fukuyama 1989, 1992. 82 . Ferguson 2012, p. 1. 83 . Ferguson 2011a , pp. 85–86. 84 . Ferguson 2011a, p. 11. 85 . Ferguson 2011b. 86 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 52. 87 . Ferguson 2011, p. 19. 88 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 21. 89 . Ibid, pp. 150–151. 90 . Huntington 1996, p. 109. 91 . Mahbubani 2008, pp. 127–174; Nasr 2009, pp. 1–27. 92 . Ferguson 2011, p. 4; Zakaria 2011, pp. 67–68. 93 . Wright 2011, p. 19. 94 . Huntington 1996, pp. 95–96. 95 . Holms 1997, pp. 278–279. 96 . Ferguson 2011, p. 285. 97 . Nasr 2009, p. 24; Ferguson 2011, p. 275. 98 . Zakaria,2011, pp. 16–17. 99 . Ibid, p. 19.

100 . Harrison 2002, p. 204a; Snyder 2013a, 2013b. 101 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 8. 102 . Cox 2012. 103 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 9. 104 . O’Neill 2011a. 105 . Kagan 2012, p. 20. 106 . Ibid, p. 72. 107 . Mahbubani 2008, pp. 26–42 and 176–178. 108 . Ikenberry 2001. 109 . Lake 2009. 110 . Fukuyama and Mahbubani 2010, p. 2. 111 . Diamond 2011, p. 306. 112 . Mahbubani 2013. 113 . Kagan 2012, p. 73. 114 . Plattner 2011, p. 37. 115 . Levy and Thompson 2010. 116 . Mehta 2011, p. 112. 117 . Kagan 2012. 118 . Nye 1990, pp. 190–195. 119 . Fukuyama 1989, p. 3. 120 . Rachman 2011, p. 99.

Notes 225

121 . Birdsall and Fukuyama 2011a, 2011b. 122 . Ibid, p. 46. 123 . Williams 2012, p. 8. 124 . O’Neill 2011a , p. 22; Giddens 1997. 125 . Kupchan 2012. 126 . Mahbubani 2013. 127 . Owen 2010, p. 267. 128 . Legro 2005, p. 34. 129 . Giddens 1999, p. 18; Castells 2006, p. 89. 130 . Lynch 2000. 131 . Rawls 1999. 132 . Cochran 1999; Shapcott 2001; Mahbubani 2013. 133 . Fukuyama 1992; Harrison 2004a. 134 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 47. 135 . Ibid. 136 . Narlikar 2010, pp. 8–15. 137 . Ibid, pp. 139–146. 138 . Mahbubani 2008. 139 . Huntington 1996, p. 82. 140 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 8. 141 . Ibid, p. 125. 142 . Ibid, p. 3.

CHAPTER 7

1 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2008, 2013a. 2 . Fukuyama 1992. 3 . Kagan 2008. 4 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, p. 175. 5 . Ibid, p. 175. 6 . Morris 2010, p. 588. 7 . Jacques 2009; Halper 2010; McGregor 2010. 8 . Kupchan 2012, p. 87. 9 . Ibid, p. 88.

10 . Garztke and Weisger 2013a. 11 . Holsti 1991; Senese and Vasquez 2008. 12 . Mitchell and Prins 1999; Gibler 2012. 13 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, p. 174. 14 . Ibid, p. 175. 15 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013b, p. 33. 16 . Wendt 1999, pp. 355–356; Garton Ash (2004, p. 134) explicitly uses this

term in relation to his discussion of the crisis of trans-Atlantic relations over the Iraq War.

226 Notes

17 . Wendt 1999, p. 356. 18 . Owen 1997, p. 235; Knutsen 1992, pp. 147–150. This reading of Hegel differs

from Fukuyama’s which regards Hegel as completing Kant’s peaceful vision for global order (Owen 1997, p. 235 fn 6). We seek to reconcile these compet-ing interpretations of Hegel. Following Gartzke and Weisger (2013a) we hold that democracies find an “other” in other democracies as democracy spreads. Nevertheless, the intense political conflicts this generates will not lead to a breakdown of peace between members of Kant’s pacific union.

19 . Harrison 2004a, 2010. 20 . Carroll 2001, pp. 13–14. 21 . Ibid, pp. 13–14. 22 . Garzke and Weisiger 2013a, p. 182. 23 . Ibid, p. 174. 24 . Keohane and Nye 2012. Barbieri (1996) shows that asymmetric trading rela-

tionships, in which one state is more dependent on trade than the other state, can increase the risks for militarized disputes.

25 . King 2010, pp. 3–8. 26 . Kennedy 1993, Friedman 2008; Kaplan 2012. 27 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013b, p. 33. 28 . Kagan 2004, p. 112. 29 . Sorenson 2011, pp. 2–8. 30 . Schmitter 2012, p. 40. 31 . Ibid, p. 43. 32 . Ibid, p. 44. 33 . Deudney and Ikenberry 2012, p. 7. 34 . Dafoe et al 2013. 35 . Harrison 2010, p. 160. 36 . Garzke and Weisiger 2013a, p. 171. 37 . Garzke and Weisiger 2013b, p. 34. 38 . Solingen 2012. 39 . Mitchell and Prins 1999. 40 . Huth and Allee 2002, Dixon and Senese 2002. 41 . Colaresi et al 2010. 42 . Leeds 2003. 43 . Kennedy 2001, pp. 77–78; Harrison 2004, pp. 142–147; see also Ikenberry

and Kupchan 2004; Anderson et al 2008; Harrison 2009; Kennedy 2010; Ikenberry 2010.

44 . Kagan 2004, p. 150. 45 . Anderson et al 2008, p. 264; see also Cox 2010, p. 110. 46 . Bergsten 2012, p. 2. 47 . Ibid, p. 4. 48 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, p. 180. 49 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013b, p. 174.

Notes 227

50 . Harrison 2010, p. 160. 51 . Schmitter 2012, p. 44. 52 . Little 2013; Financial Times 2013. 53 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013b, p. 33. 54 . Little 2013. 55 . Boix 2012; Dorenspleet 2005. 56 . Garzke and Weisiger 2014. 57 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, pp. 173–174. 58 . Russett and Oneal 2001, pp. 125–126; Harrison 2002, pp. 154–156, 2010,

pp. 160–161. 59 . Gartzke and Gleditsch 2006, p. 57. 60 . Terhalle 2011. 61 . Ibid, p. 344. 62 . For an interesting case study of India as an emerging democracy that falls into

this pattern, see Narlikar (2013b). For example, Narlikar notes that despite being a developing country India has worked against agricultural trade lib-eralization in the WTO in order to satisfy entrenched economic interests and lobby groups, even at the expense of its longer term economic interests. Whether this behavior is residual and will change over time as India continues to develop, or whether it provides a broader paradigm of behavior for postco-lonial democracies requires further analysis. Our intuition tends toward the former hypothesis.

63 . Narlikar 2010a, p. 160. 64 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 7. 65 . Deudney and Ikenberry 2012, p. 13. 66 . Kagan 2008, p. 53. 67 . Ibid, p. 62. 68 . Ibid, p. 89. 69 . Ibid, pp. 80–85. 70 . Ibid, pp. 71–73. 71 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a; Kagan 2004. 72 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, p. 172; see also Bennett 2006. 73 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, pp. 174–175; see also Zakaria 2003; Levitsky

and Way 2010. 74 . Maoz and Russett 1993. 75 . Mansfield and Snyder 1995. 76 . Bush 2011a. 77 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 125. 78 . Fukuyama 2012b. 79 . Dabashi 2012, p. 2; Vasconcelos 2012, p. 101. 80 . Kagan 2008, pp. 80–85. 81 . Kinzer 2010; Merlini and Roy 2013. 82 . Vasconcelos 2012, pp. 101–102.

228 Notes

83 . Ibid, pp. 7–8. 84 . Hague 2011. 85 . Stourton 2011b, p. 5. 86 . Hague 2011. 87 . Pevehouse 2005. 88 . Kinzer 2008, pp. 224–225. 89 . Scherpereel and Zierler 2011. 90 . Ibid, p. 34. 91 . Ibid, p. 31. 92 . Vasconcelos 2012, p. 21. 93 . Kinzer 2008, pp. 225–226. 94 . Financial Times 2012. 95 . Sikorski 2011. 96 . Kinzer 2008, pp. 224–225. 97 . Williams 2001; Harrison 2004. 98 . Peceny 1997; Oren 1995. 99 . Shahin 2005, p. 10; see also Vasconcelos 2012, pp. 31–32.

100 . Vasconcelos 2012. 101 . Ibid, p. 111. 102 . Shahin 2005, p. 10. 103 . Giddens 1999, p. 16. 104 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 175. 105 . Ibid, pp. 175–234. 106 . Ibid, p. xii. 107 . Narlikar 2010a, p. 143. 108 . Mahbubani 2008, p. xii. 109 . Krook 2010. 110 . Towns 2010, p. 3; see also Ellerby 2013. 111 . Towns 2010, p. 9. 112 . Ibid, pp. 10–11; Bush (2011b, p. 116) notes a double standard. Western

powers often leverage quotas for developing countries when they remain “off the table” in developed countries (most conspicuously the United States). This represents a variant of the “liberal hypocrisy” dis-cussed later in this chapter. However, it has now been well established by scholars of gender that well-designed quotas are by far and away the fastest way to increase women’s representation in democracies. We therefore agree with Towns and others that the adoption of quo-tas across the developing world has important political lessons for the established democracies. The lesson is that the Western powers should start to practice what they are preaching about democratic participa-tion and gender equality.

113 . Towns 2010, pp. 11–12.

Notes 229

114 . O’Neill 2011a , p. 8. 115 . O’Neill 2011a, pp. 8, 14 and 15. 116 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 35. 117 . Birdsall and Fukuyama 2011, p. 52. 118 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 169; O’Neill 2001. 119 . Plattner 2011, p. 34. 120 . Mahbubani 2008, pp. xi–xii. 121 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 170. 122 . Plattner 2011a, pp. 34–36. 123 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 173. 124 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 175; Mahbubani 2013, p. 245. 125 . O’Neill 2011a, p. 178. 126 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 120–121; Robertson 2012, p. 59. 127 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 120. 128 . Mitchell and Powell 2011, p. 101. 129 . Ibid, pp. 102–103. 130 . Ibid, p. 104. 131 . Kennedy 2006, p. 245. 132 . Piccone and Alinikoff 2012, p. 40. 133 . Welsh 2011, p. 4. 134 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 240–242. 135 . Ibid, pp. 244–246. 136 . Kennedy 2006, p. 245. 137 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 26. 138 . Ibid, p. 32. 139 . Garztke and Weisiger 2014, p. 30; Gartzke 2013, p. 22. 140 . Vasconcelos 2012, p. 103. 141 . Byman 2011, p. 123. 142 . Ibid, p. 134. 143 . Ibid, p. 134. 144 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2008; Thies 2013. 145 . King 2010, p. 173. 146 . Magnus 2009, p. 301. 147 . Kennedy 1993, p. 43; Birdsall and Fukuyama 2011b, p. 21. 148 . Huntington 2004, p. 180. 149 . Kupchan 2012, pp. 156–166. 150 . Huntington 2004, pp. 223–230. 151 . Kennedy 1993, p. 44 original emphasis. 152 . King 2010, p. 195. 153 . Rawls 1999, pp. 38–39. 154 . Fukuyama 1992, p. 278. 155 . King 2010, p. 194.

230 Notes

156 . Magnus 2009, pp. 266–267. 157 . King 2010, pp. 172–173. 158 . King 2010; Kaplan 2012; Kennedy 1993. 159 . O’Neill 2011, pp. 117–127. 160 . Freidman 2008. 161 . Kennedy 1993, pp. 118–119. 162 . O’Neill 2011, pp. 124–125. 163 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 136–137. 164 . Rachman 2011, p. 203. 165 . Helm 2012, p. 166. 166 . Ibid. 167 . Ibid, pp. 240–241. 168 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 137. 169 . Friedman 2008, pp. 371–412. 170 . Bueno De Mesquita et al 2003, pp. 15–23; see also Bueno De Mesquita

2012. 171 . Hegel 1961; Parekh 2008, p. 2. 172 . Fukuyama 1992. 173 . Mahbubani 2013, pp. 3–4. 174 . Friedman 2008, p. 5. 175 . Helm 2012, p. 237. 176 . Ferguson 2011, p. 324. 177 . Friedman 2008, pp. 403–404. 178 . Giddens 1999, p. 16. 179 . Bjarnegard 2010; see also Bjarnegard 2013. 180 . Ibid, p. 7. 181 . Ibid, p. 27, Table 1. 182 . Bjarnegard 2008, p. 7. 183 . Childs and Webb 2012. 184 . Narlikar 2010b; Garzke and Weisiger 2013a; Snyder 2013b; Bush 2011. 185 . Bjarnegard 2008, p. 22. 186 . Ellerby 2013, p. 26. 187 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 112. 188 . Bjarnegard 2008; Ellerby 2013. 189 . Garzke and Weisiger 2013a. 190 . Rawls 1999. 191 . Kagan 2012. 192 . Fukuyama 1992, pp. 166–170, 2012a. 193 . Fukuyama 1992, p. 182; see also Fukuyama 1992, pp. 162–166 for a fasci-

nating discussion of the Platonic roots of the concept of “thymos.” This is truly Fukuyama at his most profound.

194 . Fukuyama 1992, p. 190. 195 . Bull and Watson 1984, p. 435.

Notes 231

CHAPTER 8

1 . Cited Wood 1992, p. 211. 2 . Mahbubani 2013. 3 . Kant 1991, p. 41. 4 . Friedman 2005, p. 463. 5 . Alexander 2011, p. 35. 6 . Filiu 2011, pp. 60–61. 7 . Fisher 2013. 8 . Diamond 2013a. 9 . The Economist March 16, 2013b, p. 48.

10 . Giddens (1984) provides the classic analysis. For important discussions of this issues pertaining to international relations see Wendt (1987) and Dessler (1989).

11 . Rosenau (1990) also adopts this approach, and for the same reason. See also Nye 1990, 2011; Kennedy 1993.

12 . Berman 2013. 13 . Diamond 2013b. 14 . Friedman 2005, pp. 449–450. 15 . Mearsheimer and Walt 2013. 16 . Connolly 2001, 19–21 minutes. 17 . Mahbubani 2008, p. 127. 18 . Doorenspleet 2005. 19 . Waltz 1986, p. 340. 20 . Huntley 1996, Mitchell et al 1999; Cederman 2001; Harrison 2002, 2004a,

2004b, 2010; Mitchell 2002; Quddus Snyder 2013a, 2013b. 21 . Mahbubani 2013, p. 47. 22 . Huntington 1991. 23 . Pye 1990, pp. 15–16. 24 . Khalil 2013. 25 . Fukuyama 1989. 26 . Wilson and Dragusanu 2008. 27 . Pye 1990. 28 . Lloyd 2013, p. 2; see also McFaul and Stoner-Weiss 2008. 29 . The Economist , March 16, 2013b, p. 48. 30 . Lloyd 2013, p. 2. 31 . Krastev and Holmes 2012, p. 40. 32 . Zakaria 2011, p. 94. 33 . Mahbubani 2013, see also Ferguson 2011, p. 313. 34 . Fukuyama 1989, 1992; Barbour 1995; Ferguson 2013. 35 . Little 2013, 22 minutes. 36 . Ham 2012, p. 32. 37 . Mahbubani 2008; O’Neill 2011a ; Kennedy 1987.

232 Notes

38 . The Economist March 16, 2013a, p. 18. 39 . Bergen 2013, p. 60. 40 . Kaplan 2010; Boillot 2013. 41 . Kaplan 2012. 42 . Wood 1992; Watson 2009; Buzan and Little 2000. 43 . Toynbee 1952, p. 6. 44 . Ferguson 2011. 45 . Kagan 2012. 46 . Birdsall and Fukuyama 2011a, 2011b. 47 . Kupchan 2012. 48 . Cox 2013, p. 381. 49 . Gartzke and Weisiger 2013a, 2013b. 50 . Ferguson 2002. 51 . Narlikar 2013a. 52 . Friedman 2008, p. 56. 53 . Mahbubani 2013. 54 . Kupchan 2012, pp. 156–161; for a similarly pessimistic account, see Ferguson

2013b. 55 . Dionne 2013; see also Fukuyama 2012b; Deudney and Ikenberry 2012. 56 . Schiffrin et al 2012. 57 . Inglehart and Werlzel 2005. 58 . Bueno de Mesquita et al 2004; Bueno de Mesquita 2012. 59 . Kennedy et al 1999, p. 10. 60 . Garton Ash 2004. 61 . Strange 1987, pp. 24–32. 62 . Arblaster 1984, p. 10. 63 . Wood 1992, p. 211.

Bibliography

Afshari, Ali and H. Graham Underwood. (2009) “Iran in Ferment: The Green Wave,” Journal of Democracy 20(4):6–10.

Ajami, Fouad. (2011 [1995]) “The Sorrows of Egypt,” in Gideon Rose (Ed.), The New Arab Revolt: What Happened, What It Means and What Comes Next , New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 2–22.

Alexander, Jeffrey C. (2011) Performative Revolution in Egypt: An Essay in Cultural Power . New York, NY: Bloomsbury.

Anderson, Jeffrey, G. John Ikenberry, and Thomas Risse. (Eds.) (2008) The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Arblaster, Anthony. (1984) The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism. Oxford: Blackwell.

Aydin, Cemil. (2007) The Politics of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-Islamic and Pan-Asian Thought . New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Barber, Benjamin. (1995) Jihad Versus McWorld. Toronto, Canada: Times Books. Barbieri, Katherine. (1996) “Economic Interdependence: A Path to Peace or a

Source of Interstate Conflict?” Journal of Peace Research 33(1):29–49. BBC News Europe. (2011) “Wimbledon Champion Djokovic Gets Rapturous

Serb Welcome.” July 4. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14022467 .

BBC World Service. (2012) “Iran’s Currency Crisis.” October 13, 2012. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00zhrbt

BBC World Service. (2013) “Business daily: Banking on the BRICs.” March 27. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p015zlhd

Bellaigue, Christopher de. (2012) “Green Shoots from the Arab Spring.” BBC Radio Four Analysis program, broadcast November 18, 2012. Transcript unavailable to download. Program available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nt3yg

Bennett, Scott D. (2006) “Towards a Continuous Specification of the Democracy-Autocracy Connection,” International Studies Quarterly 50(2):513–537.

Bergen, Peter. (2013) “What Went Right? Critics of the War are Missing the Big Picture: Afghanistan Is Much Better off Today,” Foreign Policy , March/April:60–62.

234 Bibliography

Bergsten, C. Fred. (2012) “Why the Euro Will Survive: Completing the Continent’s Half Built House,” Foreign Affairs 91(5):X–Y.

Berman, Sheri. (2013) “The Promise of the Arab Spring,” Foreign Affairs , 92(1):64–74.

Birdsall, Nancy and Francis Fukuyama. (2011a) “The Post-Washington Consensus: Development After The Crisis,” Foreign Affairs , 90(2):45–53.

Birdsall, Nancy and Francis Fukuyama. (Eds.) (2011b) New Ideas About Development After the Financial Crisis. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Bishara, Marwan. (2012) The Invisible Arab: The Promise and Peril of the Arab Revolution . New York, NY: Nation Books.

Bjarnegard, Elin. (2010) Men in Politics: Revisiting Patterns of Gendered Parliamentary Representation in Thailand and Beyond. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Government, Uppsala University, Sweden.

Bjarnegard, Elin. (2013) Gender, Informal Institutions and Political Recruitment: Explaining Male Dominance in Parliamentary Representation . New York, NY: Palgrave.

Boillot, Jean-Joseph. (2013) Chindiafrique : Le Chine, L’Inde Et L’Afrique Feront Le Monde De Demain . Paris: Odile Jacob.

Boix, Charles. (2012) “Democracy, Development and the International System,” American Political Science Review 105(4):809–827.

Booth, Ken and Tim Dunne. (Eds.) (2002) Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of Global Order . New York, NY: Palgrave.

Bremmer, Ian. (2006) The J-Curve . New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. Bremmer, Ian. (2012) Every Nation For Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero

World. New York, NY: Penguin. Brinks, Daniel and Michael Coppedge. (2006) “Diffusion Is No Illusion:

Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy,” Comparative Political Studies 39(4):463–489.

Broadman, Harry G. (2008) “China and India Go To Africa: New Deals in the Developing World,” Foreign Affairs 87(2):1–5.

Brown, J.F. (1991) Surge to Freedom: The End of Communist Rule in Eastern Europe . Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Brown, J.F. (1994) Hopes and Shadows: Eastern Europe After Communism . Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Brown, Chris. (2002) “The Construction of a ‘Realistic Utopia’: John Rawls and International Political Theory,” Review of International Studies 28(1):5–21.

Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randloph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. (2003) The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce. (2012) Principles of International Politics (5th edition). Washington, DC: C.Q. Press.

Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and George Downs. (2005) “Development and Democracy,” Foreign Affairs 84(5):77–86.

Bibliography 235

Bull, Hedley. (1966) “International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach,” World Politics 28(3):361–376.

Bull, Hedley. (1977) The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics . Basingstoke: Macmillan.

Bull, Hedley and Adam Watson. (Eds.) (1984) The Expansion of International Society . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Bunce, Valieria, Michael McFaul, and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss. (2010) “The Changing Character of the Global Struggle for Democracy,” pp. 325–336 in Valeria Bunce, Michael McFaul, and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss (Eds.), Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Post-Communist World , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bush, Sarah. (2011a) The Democracy Establishment . Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Politics, Princeton University, USA.

Bush, Sarah. (2011b) “International Politics and the Spread of Quotas For Women in Legislatures,” International Organization 65(1):103–137.

Buthe, Tim and Helen V. Milner. (2008) “The Politics of Foreign Direct Investment into Developing Countries: Increasing FDI through International Trade Agreements?” American Journal of Political Science 52(4):741–742.

Buzan, Barry. (1993) “From International System To International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School,” International Organization 47(3):327–352.

Buzan, Barry. (2004) From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Buzan, Barry and Michael Cox. (2013) “China and the US: Comparable Cases of ‘Peaceful Rise’?” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 6(2):109–132.

Buzan, Barry and Richard Little. (2000) International Systems in World History: Remaking The Study of International Relations . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Byman, Daniel. (2011) “Israel’s Pessimistic View of the Arab Spring,” Washington Quarterly 34(3):123–136.

Carrales, Javier. (2010) “Cuba’s Latest Reforms Won’t Work.” Huffington Post , September 28. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/javier-corrales/cubas-latest-reforms-wont_b_741392.html

Carrales, Javier. (2011) “A Setback for Chavez,” Journal of Democracy 22(1):122–136.

Carroll, Susan J. (2001) “Representing Women: Women State Legislators as Agents of Policy-Related Change,” in Susan J. Carroll (Ed.), The Impact of Women in Public Office , Bloomington, IN: Indiana State University Press, pp. 3–21.

Castells, Manuel. (2008) “The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communications Networks, and Global Governance,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 616:78–93.

236 Bibliography

Cederman, Lars-Erik. (2001) “Back To Kant: Reinterpreting the Democratic Peace as a Macro-Historical Learning Process,” American Political Science Review 95(1):15–32.

Cederman, Lars-Erik and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. (2004) “Conquest and Regime Change: An Evolutionary Model of the Spread of Democracy and Peace,” International Studies Quarterly 48(3):603–629.

Chernoff, Fred. (2010) “The Study of The Democratic Peace and Progress in International Relations,” International Studies Review 6(1):49–78.

Childs, Sarah and Paul Webb. (2011) Sex, Gender and The Conservative Party: From Iron Lady to Kitten Heels . New York, NY: Palgrave.

Cochran, Molly. (1999) Normative Theory in International Relations: A Pragmatic Approach . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Colaresi, Michael P., Karen Rasler, and William R. Thompson. (2007) Strategic Rivalries: Position, Space and Conflict Escalation . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Collier, David and Steven Levitsky. (1997) “Democracy With Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research,” World Politics 49(3):430–451.

Connolly, Billy. (2001) “Appearance on Desert Island Discs .” Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/desert-island-discs/castaway/a8162b65

Cooper, Robert. (2000) The Postmodern State and World Order . London. The Foreign Policy Centre.

Corden, W. Max and J. Peter Neary. (1982) “Booming Sector and De-industrialization in a Small Open Economy,” The Economic Journal 92(368):825–848.

Cox, Michael. (2010) “Transatlantic Relations in the Shadow of the Cold War,” in George Lawson, Chris Armbruster, and Michael Cox (Eds.), The Global 1989: Continuity and Change in World Politics , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 97–111.

Cox, Michael. (2012) “Power Shifts, Economic Change and the Decline of the West?” International Relations 26(4):369–388.

Cox, Michael. (2013) “Fighting for Freedom the American Way,” Harvard International Review , Spring:48–51.

Cox, Michael, George Lawson, and Chris Armbruster. (2010) The Global 1989: Continuity and Change in World Politics . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dabashi, Hamid. (2012) The Arab Spring: The End of Post-Colonialism . New York, NY: Zed Books.

Dafoe, Allan, John R. Oneal, and Bruce Russett. (2013) “The Democratic Peace: Weighing the Evidence and Cautious Inference,” International Studies Quarterly 57(1):201–214.

Davenport, Christian and David A. Armstrong II. (2004) “Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996,” American Journal of Political Science 48(3):538–554.

Bibliography 237

Davidson, Christopher M. (2012) After The Sheikhs: The Coming Collapse of the Gulf Monarchies . London: Hurst and Company.

Dessler, David. (1989) “What’s At Stake in the Agent-Structure Debate?” International Organization 43(3):441–473.

Deudney, Daniel H. (2007) Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory from the Polis to the Global Village . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Deudney, Daniel H. and G. John Ikenberry. (2009) “The Myth of Autocratic Revival,” Foreign Affairs 88(1):77–93.

Deudney, Daniel H. and G. John Ikenberry. (2012) “Democratic Internationalism: An American Grand Strategy for a Post-Exceptionalist Era.” Report for the Council on Foreign Relations International Institutions and Global Governance Program . Available at: http://www.cfr.org/united-states/democratic-internationalism-american-grand-strategy-post-exceptionalist-era/p29417

Devichand, Mukul. (2012) “ China’s Battle of Ideas .” BBC Radio Four Analysis Program, broadcast July 9, 2012. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01kjs1l .

Diamond, Larry. (2010) The Spirit of Democracy: The Struggle to Build Free Societies Throughout the World. New York, NY: Times Books.

Diamond, Larry. (2011) “Democracy’s Third Wave Today,” Current History November:299–307.

Diamond, Larry. (2012) “East Asian Democracy: The Coming Wave,” Journal of Democracy , 22(1):5–13.

Diamond, Larry. (2013a) “Democratic Development” Courseara Massively Online Open Course. Available at: https://www.coursera.org/course/democraticdev

Diamond, Larry. (2013b) “Why Wait for Democracy?,” The Wilson Quarterly , Winter, 2103. Available at: http://www.wilsonquarterly.com/article.cfm?AID=2237

Dionne, E.J. (2013) “Political Dysfunction Spells Trouble for Democracies.” Washington Post , May 19. Available at: http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013–05–19/opinions/39376697_1_democracy-politics-super-majority

Dixon, William J. and Paul D. Senese. (2002) “Democracy, Disputes, and Negotiated Settlements,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(4):547–571.

Dmitriev, Mikhail and Daniel Triesman. (2012) “The Other Russia: Discontent Grows in the Hinterlands,” Foreign Affairs 91(5):1–5.

Doorenspleet, Renske. (2005) Democratic Transitions: Exploring the Structural Sources of the Fourth Wave. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.

Dore, Ronald. (1984) “Unity and Diversity in Contemporary World Culture,” in Hedley Bull and Adam Watson (Eds.), The Expansion of International Society , Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp.407–430.

Eatwell, Roger and Anthony Wright. (1993) Contemporary Political Ideologies . London: Pinter.

The Economist . (2013) “Reform in China: Great Expectations,” January 12. The Economist. (2013) “Emerging Africa: A Hopeful Continent,” Special Report,

March 2.

238 Bibliography

The Economist. (2013) “The First Southern Pope,” March 16(a). The Economist. (2013) “The Old Regime and the Revolution,” March 16(b). The Economist. (2013) “Special Report: A Burmese Spring,” May 25. El Feki, Shreen. (2013) Sex and The Citadel: Intimate Life in A Changing Arab

World . New York, NY: Pantheon. Elkink, Johan A. (2011) “The International Diffusion of Democracy,” Comparative

Political Studies 44(12):1651–1674. Ellerby, Kara. (2013) “The Diffusion of Inclusion: The West Ain’t Best.”

Typescript: University of Delaware. Esposito, John L. (1999) The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. Farrenkopf, John. (2001) Prophet of Decline: Spengler on World History and Politics .

Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University. Ferguson, Niall. (2002) Empire: The Rise and Demise of British World Order and

the Lessons for Global Power . New York, NY: Basic books. Ferguson, Niall. (2011a) Civilization: The West and the Rest . New York, NY: Allen

Lane. Ferguson, Niall. (2011b) The Six Killer Apps of Prosperity . TED Lecture. Available at:

http://www.ted.com/talks/niall_ferguson_the_6_killer_apps_of_prosperity.html

Ferguson, Niall. (2012) “The BBC Reith Lectures 2012: The Rule of Law and Its Enemies.” Lecture 1: The Human Hive . Broadcast on BBC Radio Four, June 19, 2012. Transcript at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00729d9/episodes/player

Ferguson, Niall. (2013a) “Turning Points: 2012 in Review.” Available at: http://www.niallferguson.com/journalism/history/turning-points

Ferguson, Niall. (2013b) The Great Degeneration: How Institutions Decay and Economies Die . New York, NY: Penguin.

Filiu, Jean-Pierre. (2011) The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons from the Democratic Uprising . London: Hurst.

Financial Times . (2012) “Erogan and Gul Differ on Country’s EU Aspirations.” November 22.

Financial Times . (2013) “Poland Relaunches Drive to Join Euro.” February 28. Finnemore, Martha and Kathryn Sikkink. (1998) “International Norm Dynamics

and Political Change,” International Organization 52(3):887–917. Fisher, Max. (2013) “Watch Jon Stewart mock Egyptian President Morsi for arrest-

ing famous satirist Bassem Youssef,” The Washington Post blog, April 2. Available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/04/02/watch-jon-stewart-mock-egyptian-president-morsi-for-arresting-famous-satirist-bassem-youssef/

Foroohar, Rana. (2010) “The Scary New Rich. The Daily Beast , March 5, 2010. Available at: http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/03/05/the-scary-new-rich.html

Bibliography 239

Franck, Thomas. (1992) “The Emerging Right of Democratic Governance,” American Journal of International Law 86(1):46–91.

Friedman, Thomas. (2005) The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty First Century . New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Friedman, Thomas. (2008) Hot, Flat and Crowded: Why We Need a Green Revolution and How It Can Renew America . New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Fukuyama, Francis. (1989) “The End of History?” The National Interest 16(Summer):3–18.

Fukuyama, Francis. (1992) The End of History and the Last Man. New York, NY: The Free Press.

Fukuyama, Francis. (2001) “The West Has Won.” The Guardian , October 11. Fukuyama, Francis. (2006) The End of History and the Last Man (2nd edition)

New York, NY: The Free Press. Fukuyama, Francis. (2011a) “Is China Next?” The Wall Street Journal , March 12. Fukuyama, Francis. (2011b) The Origins of Political Order: From Pre-Human

Times to the French Revolution . New York, NY: Farrer, Straus and Giroux. Fukuyama, Francis. (2012a) “The Drive For Dignity.” Foreign Policy January 12,

2012. Available at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/01/12/the_drive_for_dignity

Fukuyama, Francis. (2012b) “The Future of History,” Foreign Affairs 91(1):53–61.

Fukuyama, Francis and Kishore Mahbubani. (2010) “The End of History Twenty Years On: An Exchange,” National Political Quarterly 27(1):7–10.

Gartzke, Erik. (2007) “The Capitalist Peace,” American Journal of Political Science 51(1):166–191.

Gartzke, Erik. (2010) “Liberal Determinants of Systemic Inter-State Peace.” Typescript. University of California, San Diego, CA.

Gartzke, Erik and Kristian S. Gleditsch. (2006) “Identity and Conflict: Ties that Bind and Differences that Divide,” European Journal of International Relations 12(1):53–87.

Gartzke, Erik and Alex Weisiger. (2008) “Dynamic Difference and the Democratic Peace.” Typescript. University of California, San Diego, CA.

Garztke, Erik and Alex Weisiger. (2013a) “Permanent Friends? Dynamic Difference and the Democratic Peace,” International Studies Quarterly 57(1):171–185.

Gartzke Erik and Alex Weisiger. (2013b) “Fading Friendships Alliances, Affinities and the Activation of International Identities,” British Journal of Political Science 43(1):25–52.

Gartzke, Erik and Alex Weisiger. (2014) “Under Construction: Development, Democracy and Difference of Systemic Liberal Peace,” International Studies Quarterly , forthcoming.

Gat, Azar. (2010) Victorious and Vulnerable: Why Democracy Won in the Twentieth Century and How It Is Still Imperiled. New York, NY: Rowan and Littlefield.

240 Bibliography

Gershman, Carl. (2011a) “How Can We Support Democracy Throughout the World?” Interview with the President of the National Endowment for Democracy, September 2011. Available at: http://www.revue-lebanquet.com/acrobat/29/Gershman29.pdf

Gershman, Carl. (2011b) “The Fourth Wave: Where the Middle East Revolts Fit in the History of Democratization—and How We can Support Them.” The New Republic , March 14.

Gershman, Carl. (2012) “Who Killed Cuban Dissident Oswaldo Paya?” Washington Post , July 24. Available at: http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012–07–24/opinions/35486764_1_cuban-government-varela-project-christ ian-liberation-movement

Gershman, Carl and Orlando Gutierrez. (2009) “Can Cuba Change? Ferment in Civil Society,” Journal of Democracy 20(1):36–54.

Gibler, Douglas M. (2012) The Territorial Peace: Borders, State Development, and International Conflict . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Giddens, Anthony. (1984) The Constitution of Society. Cambridge: Polity. Giddens, Anthony. (1990) The Consequences of Modernity . Cambridge: Polity. Giddens, Anthony. (1997) The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy .

Cambridge: Polity. Giddens, Anthony. (1999) Runaway World: How Globalization Is Changing Our

Lives . London: Profile. Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. (2002) All International Politics Is Local: The Diffusion

of Conflict, Integration, and Democratization . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede and Nils Bormann. (2012) “Crises, Transitions and Democratization: Disaggregating Regime Change.” Paper Presented at the British International Studies Association Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 2012.

Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede and Michael D. Ward. (2000) “Peace and War in Time and Space: The Role of Democratization,” International Studies Quarterly 44(1):1–29.

Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede and Michael D. Ward. (2006) “Diffusion and the International Context of Democratization,” International Organization 60(4):911–933.

Goldstein, Joshua. (2011) Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide . New York, NY: Penguin Group.

Green, Daniel M. (1999) “Liberal Moments and Democracy’s Durability: Comparing Global Outbreaks of Democracy—1918, 1945, 1989,” Studies in Comparative International Development 34(1):83–120.

Hague, William. (2011) “Speech to Lord Mayor’s Banquet,” Mansion House, London, May 4, 2011. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/we-will-continue-to-fight-against-terrorism-wherever-it-rears-its-head

Bibliography 241

Halper, Stefan. (2010) The Beijing Consensus. How China’s Authoritarian Model Will Dominate the Twenty First Century. New York, NY: Perseus.

Ham, Anthony. (2012) Madrid City Guide. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications.

Harrison, Ewan. (2002) “Waltz, Kant and Systemic Approaches to International Relations,” Review of International Studies 28(1):143–162.

Harrison, Ewan. (2004a) The Post-Cold War International System: Strategies, Institutions and Reflexivity . London: Routledge.

Harrison, Ewan. (2004b) “State Socialization, International Norm Dynamics and the Liberal Peace,” International Politics 41(4):521–542.

Harrison, Ewan. (2004c) “Kant and Systemic Approaches to International Relations,” Review of International Studies 30(1):153–157.

Harrison, Ewan. (2009) “The Contradictions of Unipolarity,” in Annette Freyberg-Inan, Patrick James, and Ewan Harrison (Eds.), Rethinking Realism in International Relations: Between Tradition and Innovation , Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp.76–99.

Harrison, Ewan. (2010) “The Democratic Peace Research Program and System Level Analysis,” Journal of Peace Research 47(2):155–165.

Harrison, Ewan and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell. (2007) “Might Makes Right Versus Right Makes Might? Two Systemic Democratic Peace Tales.” Paper Presented at the ECPR Standing group on International Relations 6th Pan-European Conference, Turin, Italy, September 12–15.

Hayes, Jarrod. (2013) “The Democratic Peace and the New Evolution of an Old Idea,” European Journal of International Relations 18(4):767–791.

Hegel, G.W.F. (1961) Phenomenology of the Mind . London: Allen Unwin. Hegre, Havard, Tanja Ellingsen, Scott Gates, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. (2001)

“Towards a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992,” American Political Science Review 95(1):33–48.

Held, David and Anthony McGrew. (1999) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture . Cambridge: Polity.

Helm, Dieter. (2012) Carbon Crunch: How We’re Getting Climate Change Wrong And How To Fix It. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Hoffman, Stanley. (1960) Contemporary Theory in International Relations . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Holmes, Leslie. (1997) Post-Communism . Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Holsti, K. J. (1991) Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order,

1648–1989 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huang, Yasheng. (2013) Democratize or Die: Why China’s Communists Face

Reform or Revolution,” Foreign Affairs 92(1):47–54. Huntington, Samuel P. (1968) Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven,

CT: Yale University Press. Huntington, Samuel P. (1991) The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late

Twentieth Century . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

242 Bibliography

Huntington, Samuel P. (1993) “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs 72(3):22–49.

Huntington, Samuel P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, NY: Touchstone Books.

Huntington, Samuel P. (2004) Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity . New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Huntley, Wade L. (1996) “Kant’s Third Image: Systemic Sources of the Liberal Peace,” International Studies Quarterly 40(1):45–76.

Huth, Paul K. and Todd L. Allee. (2002) The Democratic Peace and Territorial Conflict in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ikenberry, G. John. (2001) After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order After Major Wars . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Ikenberry, G. John. (2010) Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis and Transformation of the American Order . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Ikenberry, G. John and Charles Kupchan. (2004) “Liberal Realism,” The National Interest 77:38–49.

Inglehart, Ronald and Christian Welzel. (2005) Modernization, Cultural Change And Democracy: The Human Development Sequence . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Jacques, Martin. (2009) When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World. New York, NY: Allen Lane.

Jenne Erin K. and Cas Mudde. (2012) “Hungary’s Illiberal Turn: Can Outsiders Help?” Journal of Democracy 23(3):147–155.

Jensen, Nathan M. (2006) Nation-States and the Multinational Corporation: A Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Johnston, Alastair Iain. (1999) “Realism(s) and Chinese Security Policy in The Post-Cold War Period,” in Ethan B. Kapstein and Michael Mastanduno (Eds.), Unipolar Politics: Realism and State Strategies After The Cold War , New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 261–318.

Kadera, Kelly M., Mark J. C. Crescenzi, and Megan L. Shannon. (2003) “Democratic Survival, Peace, and War in the International System,” American Journal of Political Science 47(2):234–247.

Kagan, Robert. (2004) Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (expanded edition). London: Atlantic.

Kagan, Robert. (2008) The Return of History and the End of Dreams. New York, NY: Vintage.

Kagan, Robert. (2012) The World America Made. New York, NY: Knopf. Kant, Immanuel. (1991) Kant’s Political Writings . Edited by Hans Reiss. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. Kaplan, Robert D. (2010) Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American

Power. New York, NY: Random House.

Bibliography 243

Kaplan, Robert D. (2012) The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us About Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate . New York, NY: Random House.

Kennedy, Paul. (1988) The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500–2000 . New York, NY: Fontana.

Kennedy, Paul. (1993) Preparing for the Twenty First Century . London: Fontana. Kennedy, Paul. (2001) “Maintaining American Power: From Injury to Recovery,”

in S. Talbott and N. Chanda (Eds.), The Age of Terror: America and the World After September 11th , New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kennedy, Paul. (2006) The Parliament of Man: The Past, Present and Future of the United Nations . New York, NY: Random House.

Kennedy, Paul. (2010) Back to Normalcy. The New Republic . December. Kennedy, Paul, Emily Hill, and Robert Chase (Eds.) (1999) Pivotal States: A New

Framework for US Policy in the Developing World . New York, NY: Norton. Keohane, Robert O. (1996) “International Relations: Old and New,” in R.E.

Goodin and H.D, pp. 462–478. Klingemann (Eds.), A New Handbook of Political Science , Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Keohane, Robert O. (2003) “Political Authority After Interventions: Gradations of Sovereignty,” in J.L. Holzgrefe and R.O. Keohane (Eds.), Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 275–298.

Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye. (2012) Power and Interdependence (4th edition). New York, NY: Longman.

Khalil, Shaimaa. (2013) “The Documentary: Egypt’s Challenge—Free to Speak.” BBC World Service , May 5. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p017shlz

King, Stephen D. (2010) Losing Control: The Emerging Threats to Western Prosperity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Kinzer, Stephen. (2008) Crescent and Star: Turkey Between Two Worlds . New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Kinzer, Stephen. (2010) Reset: Iran, Turkey and America’s Future. New York, NY: Times Books.

Knutsen, Torbjorn L. (1995) A History of International Relations Theory. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Krastev, Ivan and Stephen Holmes. (2012) “Putinism Under Siege: An Autopsy of Managed Democracy,” Journal of Democracy 23(3):33–45.

Krook, Mona Lena. (2010) Quotas for Women and Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kupchan, Charles. (2012) No-One’s World: The West, The Rest and The Coming Global Turn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kuru, Ahmet T. (2013) “Muslim Politics without an ‘Islamic’ State: Can Turkey’s Justice and Development Party Be a Model for Arab Islamists?.” Brookings Doha Center Policy Briefing. Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2013/02/21%20akp%20model%20kuru/BDC_AKP%20Model_Kuru.pdf?_lang=en

244 Bibliography

Lake, David A. (1992) “Powerful Pacifists: Democratic States and War,” American Political Science Review 86(1):24–37.

Lake, David A. (2009) Hierarchy in International Relations . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Lake, David A. (2011) “Why ‘isms’ are Evil: Theory, Epistemology, and Academic Sects as Impediments to Understanding and Progress,” International Studies Quarterly 55(2):465–480.

Lankov, Andrei. (2012) “The Risk in Reforming North Korea.” Washington Post , September 4. Available at: http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012–09–04/opinions/35496332_1_kim-jong-eun-north-koreans-reformers

Lawson, Sandra and Douglas B. Gilman. (2009) “The Power of the Purse: Gender Equality and Middle Class Spending.” Goldman Sachs Global Economic paper. Available at: http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/focus-on/investing-in-women/bios-pdfs/power-of-purse.pdf

Lee, Hoon and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell. (2012) “Foreign Direct Investment and Territorial Disputes,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(4):675–703.

Leeds, Brett Ashley. (2003) “Alliance Reliability in Times of War: Explaining State Decisions to Violate Treaties,” International Organization 57(4):801–827.

Legro, Jeffrey. (2005) Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Leonard, Mark. (2008) What Does China Think? New York, NY: Public Affairs. Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. (2010) Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid

Regimes After the Cold War . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Levy, Jack S. and William R. Thompson. (2010) “Balancing on Land and at Sea:

Do States Ally Against the Leading Global Power?” International Security 35(1):7–43.

Linter, Bertil. (2011) Aung San Suu Kyi and Burma’s Struggle For Democracy. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.

Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan. (1996) Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe . Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Lipset, Seymour Martin. (1959) “Some Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy,” American Political Science Review 53(1):69–105.

Little, Allan. (2013) “The Documentary: Europe Moves East.” BBC World Service , January 9. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p012s481

Little, Richard. (2005) “Neorealism and the English School: A Methodological, Ontological and Theoretical Reassessment,” European Journal of International Relations 1(1):9–34.

Llosa, Alvaro Vargas. (2013) “The End of the Latin American Left: Will Huge Chavez’s Revolution Die With Him,” Foreign Policy , February 7, 2013. Available at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/02/07/the_end_of_the_latin_american_left_chavez

Bibliography 245

Lloyd, John. (2013) “Russia’s Reckoning.” Yahoo! News, May 7. Available at: http://news.yahoo.com/column-russias-reckoning-192651005.html

Longworth, Phillip. (2005) Russia: The Once and Future Empire from Pre-History to Putin . New York, NY: St Martins Press.

Lynch, Marc. (2000) “The Dialogue of Civilizations and International Public Spheres,” Millennium 29(2):307–330.

Lynch, Marc. (2012) The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East . New York, NY: Public Affairs.

Macfarlane, Neil. (2008) “The ‘R’ in BRICs: Is Russia An Emerging Power?,” International Affairs 82(1):41–57.

MacKinnon, Rebecca. (2011) “China’s Networked Authoritarianism,” Journal of Democracy 22(2):32–46.

Madison, Angus. (2001) The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: OECD Development Center.

Magnus, George. (2009) The Age of Aging: How Demographics are Changing the Global Economy and our World . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Mahajan, Vijay. (2009) Africa Rising: How 900 Million African Consumers Offer More Than You Think . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Mahajan, Vijay. (2012) The Arab World Unbound: Tapping into the Power of 350 Million Consumers. San Francisco, CA: Wiley.

Mahbubani, Keshore. (2008) The New Asian Hemisphere: The Irresistible Shift of Global Power to the East . New York, NY: Perseus.

Mahbubani, Keshore. (2013) The Great Convergence: Asia, The West and The Logic of One World. New York, NY: Public Affairs.

Mansfield, Edward D. and Jack Snyder. (1995) “Democratization and the Danger of War,” International Security 20(1):5–38.

Maoz Zeev and Bruce Russett. (1993) “Normative and Structural Causes of the Democratic Peace 1946–1986,” American Political Science Review 87(3):624–638.

Marietta, Morgan. (2008) “‘From My Cold, Dead Hands’: Democratic Consequences of Sacred Rhetoric,” Journal of Politics 70(3):767–779.

Martin, Rex and David A. Reidy. (2006) Rawls’s Law of Peoples: A Realistic Utopia? Oxford: Blackwell.

McFaul, Michael and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss. (2008) “The Myth of the Authoritarian Model: How Putin’s Crackdown Holds Russia Back,” Foreign Affairs 87(1):68–84.

McGregor, Richard. (2010) The Party: The Secret World of China’s Communist Rulers . New York, NY: Harper.

McKoy, Michael K. and Michael K. Miller. (2012) “The Patron’s Dilemma: The Dynamics of Foreign Supported Democratization,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(5):904–932.

McMurtie, Beth. (2012) “China Continues to Drive Foreign-Student Growth in the United States,” Chronicle of Higher Education , November 12. Available at: http://chronicle.com/article/China-Continues-to-Drive/135700/

246 Bibliography

McNeill, William H. (1963) The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Mearsheimer, John J. and Stephen M. Walt. (2008) The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy . New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Mearsheimer, John J. and Stephen M. Walt. (2013) “Leaving Theory Behind: Why Hypothesis Testing Has Become Bad for IR.” Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Research Working Paper Series (January). Available at: https://research.hks.harvard.edu/publications/workingpapers/citation.aspx?PubId=8723&type=FN&PersonId=101

Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. (2012) “Do New Democracies Support Democracy? Reluctant India,” Journal of Democracy 22(4):101–113.

Meredith, Robyn. (2007) The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What it Means for All of Us. New York, NY: Norton.

Merlini, Cesare and Olivier Roy. (2012) Arab Society in Revolt: The West’s Mediterranean Challenge. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Milani, Abbas. (2009) “Iran In Ferment: Cracks in the Regime,” Journal of Democracy 20(4):11–15.

Mill, John Stuart. (1978 [1859]) On Liberty . Edited by Elizabeth Rapaport. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin. (2002) “A Kantian System: Democracy and Third Party Conflict Resolution,” American Journal of Political Science 46(4):749–759.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin. (2012 ) “Norms and the Democratic Peace,” in John A. Vasquez (Ed.), What Do We Know about War (2nd edition), Rowman and Littlefield.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Brandon C. Prins. (1999) “Beyond Territorial Contiguity: Issues at Stake in Democratic Militarized Disputes,” International Studies Quarterly 43(1):169–183.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Brandon C. Prins. (2004) “Rivalry and Diversionary Uses of Force,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6):937–961.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Emilia Justyna Powell. (2011) Domestic Law Goes Global: Legal Traditions and International Courts . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin and Paul F. Diehl. (2012) “Caution in What You Wish For: The Consequences of Right to Democracy,” Stanford Journal of International Law 48(2):33–62.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, Kelly M. Kadera, and Mark J.C. Crescenzi. (2008) “Practicing Democratic Community Norms: Third Party Conflict Management and Successful Settlements,”in Jacob Bercovitch and Scott Sigmund Gartner (Eds.), International Conflict Mediation: New Approaches and Findings , London: Routledge, pp. 243–264.

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, Scott Gates, and H å vard Hegre. (1999) “Evolution in Democracy-War Dynamics,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 43(6):771–792.

Bibliography 247

Morris, Ian. (2010) Why the West Rules — For Now: The Patterns of History and What They Reveal About the Future. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Mossberger, Karen, Caroline J. Tolbert, and Ramona S. McNeal. (2008) Digital Citizenship: The Internet, Society, and Participation. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Narlikar, Amrita. (2010a) New Powers: How To Become One and How To Manage Them . New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Narlikar, Amrita. (2010b) “New Powers in the Club: The Challenges of Global Trade Governance,” International Affairs 86(3):717–728.

Narlikar, Amrita. (2013a) “Unfair Trade,” Foreign Affairs , Available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/139127/amrita-narlikar-and-dan-kim/unfair-trade#

Narlikar, Amrita. (2013b) “India Rising: Responsible to Whom?” International Affairs 89(3):595–614.

Nasr, Vali. (2009) The Rise of Islamic Capitalism: Why the New Muslim Middle Class Is the Key to Defeating Extremism . New York, NY: Free Press.

Nathan, Andrew J. (2013) “China at the Tipping Point: Foreseeing the Unseeable,” Journal of Democracy 24(1):20–25.

National Intelligence Council. (2012) Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds . Available at: http://www.dni.gov/files/documents/GlobalTrends_2030.pdf

National Public Radio. (2012) “Signs of Economic Change in North Korea,” September 24, 2012. Available at: http://www.npr.org/2012/09/24/161670006/north-korea-to-announce-economic-changes .

Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart. (2003a) Rising Tide: Gender Equality And Cultural Change Around The World . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehardt. (2003b) “The True Clash of Civilizations,” Foreign Policy 135:62–70.

Nye, Joseph, S. (1990) Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power . New York: NY: Basic books.

Nye, Joseph S. (2004) Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York, NY: Public Affairs.

Nye, Joseph S. (2006) Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History . New York, NY: Longman.

Nye, Joseph S. (2011) The Future of Power . New York, NY: Public Affairs. Nye, Joseph S. (2013) “What Russi and China Don’t Get About Soft Power.”

Foreign Policy , Available at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/04/29/what_china_and_russia_don_t_get_about_soft_power

O’Hanlon, Michael. (2011) “Winning Ugly in Libya: What the United States Should Learn from Its War in Kosovo,” in Gideon Rose (Ed.), The New Arab Revolt: What Happened, What It Means and What Comes Next , New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 300–305.

Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi. (2012) Reforming the Unreformable: Lessons From Nigeria . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

248 Bibliography

O’Neill, Jim. (2001) “Building Better Global Economic BRICS,” Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper No.66.

O’Neill, Jim. (2011a) The Growth Map: Economic Opportunity in the BRICs and Beyond . New York, NY: Penguin.

O’Neill, Jim. (2011b) “Interview with Charlie Rose,” April 12, 2011. Available at: http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11612

O’Neill, Jim. (2012) “Interview with Charlie Rose.” January 19, 2012. Available at: http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/12097

Owen, John. (1997) Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politics and International Security. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Owen, John. (2010) The Clash of Ideas in World Politics: Transnational Networks, States and Regime Change, 1510–2010 . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Ozel, Soli and Ozcan, Gencer. (2011) “Do New Democracies Support Democracy? Turkey’s Dilemma’s,” Journal of Democracy 22(4):124–138.

Parekh, Bhikhu. (1992) “The Cultural Particularity of Liberal Democracy,” Political Studies , 40(1):160–175.

Parekh, Bhikhu. (2008) A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for An Interdependent World. New York, NY: Palgrave.

Peceny, Mark. (1997) “A Constructivist Interpretation of the Liberal Peace: The Ambiguous Case of The Spanish-American War,” Journal of Peace Research 34(4):415–430.

Pevehouse, Jon C. (2002a) “Democracy from the Outside In? International Organizations and Democratization,” International Organization 56(3):515–549.

Pevehouse, Jon C. (2002b) “With a Little Help from My Friends? Regional Organizations and the Consolidation of Democracy,” American Journal of Political Science 46(3):611–626.

Pevehouse, Jon C. (2005) Democracy From Above: Regional Organizations and Democratization . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Pevehouse, Jon C. and Bruce Russett. (2006) “Democratic International Governmental Organizations Promote Peace,” International Organization 60(4):969–1000.

Piccone, Ted. (2012) “Do New Democracies Support Democracy? The Multilateral Dimension,” Journal of Democracy 22(4):139–152.

Piccone, Ted and Emily Alinikoff. (2012a) “Rising Democracies and the Arab Awakening: Implications for Global Democracy and Human Rights.” Brookings Institution Report. Available at: http://www.cic.nyu.edu/mgo/docs/rising_democracies_piccone.pdf

Piccone, Ted and Emily Alinikoff. (2012b) “Rising Democracies Take on Russia and China.” The National Interest . Available at: http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/rising-democracies-take-russia-china-6525?page=show

Bibliography 249

Plattner, Marc. (2008) Democracy Without Borders: Global Challenges to Liberal Democracy . New York, NY: Rowan and Littlefield.

Plattner, Marc. (Ed.) (2011a) “Do New Democracies Support Democracy: A Forum,” Journal of Democracy 22(4):95–152.

Plattner, Marc. (2011b) “From the G8 to the G20,” Journal of Democracy 22(1):31–38.

Pomeranz, Kenneth. (2000) The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Potocki, Roger. (2011) “Belarus: A Tale Of Two Elections,” Journal of Democracy 22(3):49–62.

Pravda, Alex. (2001) “Foreign Policy,” in Stephen White, Alex Pravda, and Zvi Gitleman (Eds.), Developments in Russian Politics , New York, NY: Palgrave, pp. 221–240.

Pridham, Geoffrey. (Ed.) (1991) Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe . New York, NY: St Martins Press.

Pye, Lucian. (1990) “Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism,” American Political Science Review 84(1):3–19.

Rachman, Gideon. (2011) Zero-Sum Future: American Power in the Age of Anxiety . New York, NY: Simon And Schuster.

Radleet, Steven. (2010) Emerging Africa: How 17 Countries Are Leading The Way . Washington, DC: Center for Global Development.

Rasler, Karen A. (1996) “Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution,” American Sociological Review 61(1):132–152.

Rasler, Karen A. and William R. Thompson. (2005) Puzzles of the Democratic Peace: Theory, Geopolitics and the Transformation of World Politics . New York, NY: Palgrave.

Rawls, John. (1999) The Law of Peoples . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Rengger, N.J. (2000) International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order: Beyond International Relations Theory? New York, NY: Routledge.

Risse, Thomas. (2000) “Let’s Argue! Communicative Action in World Politics,” International Organization 54(1):1–39.

Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink. (Eds.) (1999) The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Robertson, Charles. (2012) The Fastest Billion: The Story Behind Africa’s Economic Revolution . London: Renaissance Capital.

Rose, Gideon. (2011) “Introduction,” in Gideon Rose (Ed.), The New Arab Revolt: What Happened, What It Means and What Comes Next , New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations, pp. 300–305.

Rosenau, James. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

250 Bibliography

Rovnick, Naomi. (2012) “Behind the Boom in Chinese Students at U.S. Colleges.” National Journal , November 13. Available at: http://www.nationaljournal.com/thenextamerica/education/behind-the-boom-in-chinese-students-at-u-s-colleges-20121113

Roxburgh, Angus. (2012) The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and The Struggle For Russia . London: I.B. Taurus.

Roy, Olivier. (1994) The Failure of Political Islam . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Roy, Olivier. (2012a) “The Transformation of the Arab World,” Journal of Democracy 23(3):5–18.

Roy, Olivier. (2012b) “Islam: The Democracy Dilemma,” in Robin Wright (Ed.), The Islamists Are Coming: Who They Really Are , Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, pp. 13–20.

Roy, Olivier. (2013) “There Will Be No Islamist Revolution,” Journal of Democracy 24(1):14–19.

Roy, Olivier and Merlini, Cesare. (Eds.) (2012) Arab Society in Revolt: The West’s Mediterranean Challenge . Washington, D.C.: Brookings.

Russett, Bruce and John R. Oneal. (2001) Triangulating Peace: Democracy, Interdependence and International Organizations . New York, NY: Norton.

Scherpereel, John A. and Matthew C. Zierler. (2011) “Barriers to Socialization: Turkey and Regional International Organizations,” European Integration 33(1):19–36.

Schiffrin, Anya, Eamon Kirscher-Allen, Joseph A. Stiglitz, and Jeffrey D. Sachs. (2012) From Cairo to Wall Street: Voices From The Global Spring . New York, NY: The New Press.

Schimmelfennig, Frank, Stefan Engert, and Heiko Knobel. (2006) International Socialization in Europe: European Organizations, Political Conditionality and Democratic Change . New York, NY: Palgrave.

Schmitter, Philippe C. (2012) “European Integration: A Way Forward?” Journal of Democracy 23(4):39–46.

Schonfeld, Andrew. (1972) The BBC Reith Lectures 1972: Europe: Journey to An Unknown Destination, Lecture 4. European Foreign Policy Towards Asia and the Soviet Bloc . Transcript at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/features/the-reith-lectures/transcripts/1970/

Senese, Paul D. and John A. Vasquez. (2008) The Steps to War: An Empirical Study . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Shahin, Emad El-Din. (2005) Political Islam: Ready for Engagement? Working paper, FRIDE. Available at: http://kroc.nd.edu/sites/default/files/Engaging_Political_Islam.pdf

Shambaugh, David. (2008) China’s Communist Party: Atrophy Versus Adaptation . Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

Shapcott, Richard. (2001) Justice, Community and Dialogue in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bibliography 251

Sharma, Rachir. (2012) Breakout Nations: In Pursuit of the Next Economic Miracles. New York, NY: Norton.

Shevtsova, Lilia. (2012) “Putinism Under Siege: Implosion, Atrophy or Revolution?” Journal of Democracy 23(3):19–32.

Shifter, Michael. (2011) “Latin America: A Surge to the Center,” Journal of Democracy 22(1):107–121.

Shirk, Susan L. (2007) China: Fragile Superpower . Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sikorski, Radoslaw. (2011) “Speech on Euro-Crisis by Polish Foreign Minister,” Financial Times , November 28.

Silitski, Vitali. (2010) “Contagion Deterred: Pre-emptive Authoritarianism in the Former Soviet Union (The Case of Belarus),” in Valerie Bunce, Michael McFaul, and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss (Eds.), Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Post-Communist World , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press pp. 274–299.

Singer, J. David. (1970) “The Incomplete Theorist: Insight without Evidence,” in Klaus Knorr and James N. Rosenau (Eds.), Contending Approaches to International Politics , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 62–86.

Sixsmith, Martin. (2011) Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East. London: BBC Books.

Slaughter, Anne-Marie. (2005) A New World Order . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Slaughter, Anne-Marie. (2011) “Why Libya Sceptics were proved badly wrong.” Financial Times , August 24. Available at: http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/18cb7f14-ce3c-11e0–99ec-00144feabdc0.html

Snidal, Duncan and Alexander Wendt. (2009) “Where there is International Theory Now,” International Theory 1(1):1–14.

Snyder, Jack. (2000) From Voting To Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict . London: W.W. Norton.

Snyder, Quddus. (2013a) “Integrating Rising Powers: Liberal Systemic Theory and the Mechanism of Competition,” Review of International Studies 39(1):209–231.

Snyder, Quddus. (2013b) “The Liberal Trading State: Liberal Systemic Theory and the Mechanism of Socialization,” Journal of Peace Research 50(1):33–45.

Snyder, Quddus. (2014) “Taking the System Seriously: Another Liberal Theory of International Politics.”Forthcoming: International Studies Review.

Solingen, Etel. (2012) “Of Dominoes and Firewalls: The Domestic, Regional and Global Politics of International Diffusion,” International Studies Quarterly 56(4):631–654.

Sorenson, Camilla T.N. (2008) The Contingent Rise of China: The Development of Chinese Post-Cold War Security Policy. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Sorenson, Georg. (2011) A Liberal World Order In Crisis: Choosing Between Imposition and Restraint. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

252 Bibliography

Soto, Hernando de. (2011) “The Real Mohamed Bouazizi.” Foreign Policy , December 16. Available at: http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/12/16/the_real_mohamed_bouazizi#.UVNx-odBZlI.twitter

Spengler, Oswald. (1962 [1919]) The Decline of the West . New York, NY: Knopf. Standage, Tom. (2005) A History of the World in Six Glasses . New York, NY:

Walker and Company. Starr, Harvey. (1991) “Democratic Dominoes : Diffusion Approaches to the Spread

of Democracy in the International System,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35(2):356–381.

Starr, Harvey and Christina Lindborg “Democratic Dominoes Revisited: The Hazards of Governmental Transitions, 1974–1996,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 47(4):490–519.

Steinberg, Jonathan. (2011) “1848 and 2011: Bringing Down the Old Order is Easy—Building a New One is Tough,” Foreign Affairs . Available at: http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68306/jonathan-steinberg/1848-and-2011

Stepan, Alfred. (2012) “Tunisia’s Transition and the Twin Tolerations,” Journal of Democracy 23(2):89–102.

Stephens, Philip. (2007) “Anchors Away.” BBC Radio Four Analysis Program, broadcast March 15, 2007. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00775f6

Stolte, Christina. (2012) “Brazil in Africa.” Chatham House Briefing Paper . Available at: http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/186957

Stoner-Weiss, Kathryn. (2010) “Comparing Apples and Oranges: The Internal and External Dimensions of Russia’s Turn Away from Democracy,” in Valerie Bunce, Michael McFaul, and Kathryn Stoner-Weiss (Eds.), Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Post-Communist World , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 253–273.

Stourton, Edward. (2010) “Turkey Will Remain Secular Insha’Allah.” BBC Radio Four Analysis Program, broadcast October 18, 2010. Transcript at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/programmes/analysis/transcripts/18_10_10.txt

Stourton, Edward. (2011a) “Egypt’s New Islamists,” BBC Radio Four Analysis program, broadcast June 13, 2011. Transcript at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/programmes/analysis/transcripts/analysis_13_06_11.pdf

Stourton, Edward. (2011b) “William Hague’s Middle East,” BBC Radio Four Analysis program, date June 13, 2011. Transcript at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/analysis/8072547.stm

Stoute, Steve. (2011) “Steve Stoute Looks to Beyonce For Inspiration.” NPR Tell Me More occasional series. Transcript available at: http://www.npr.org/2011/12/12/143579902/steve-stoute-looks-to-beyonce-for-inspiration

Strand, H å vard, H å vard Hegre, Scott Gates, and Marianne Dahl. (2012) “Why Waves? Global patterns of Democratization, 1820–2008.” Paper presented at the British International Studies Association Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 2012.

Bibliography 253

Strange, Susan. (1987) States and Markets . London: Pinter. Stuenkel, Oliver and Jabin T. Jacob. (2010) “Rising Powers and the Future of

Democracy Promotion: The Case of India and Brazil,” Portuguese Journal of International Affairs Autumn/Winter(4):23–30.

Sukma, Rizal. (2011) “Do New Democracies Support Democracy? Indonesia Finds a New Voice,” Journal of Democracy 22(4):110–123.

Suu Kyi, Aung San. (2011a) The BBC Reith Lectures 2011: Securing Freedom, Lecture One: Liberty, Broadcast on BBC Radio Four, June 28. Transcript at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/reithlectures

Suu Kyi, Aung San. (2011b) The BBC Reith Lectures 2011: Securing Freedom, Lecture Two: Dissent , Broadcast on BBC Radio Four, July 5, 2011. Transcript at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/reithlectures

Tammen, Ronald L., Douglas Lemke, Carole Alsharabati, Brian Effird, Jacek Kugler, Allan C. Stam III, Mark Andrew Abdollahian, and A.F.K. Organski. (2000) Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century . New York, NY: Chatham.

Terhalle, Maximillian. (2011) “Reciprocal Socialization: Rising Powers and the West,” International Studies Review 12(4):341–361.

Thies, Cameron G. (2013) The United States, Israel and the Search for International Order: Socializing States . New York, NY: Routledge.

Thirkell-White, Ben. (2006) “Political Islam and Malaysian Democracy,” Democratization 13(30):421–441.

Thompson, William R. (1996) “Democracy and Peace: Putting the Cart Before the Horse,” International Organization 50(1):141–174.

Tocqueville, Alexis De. (2011) The Ancien Regime and the French Revolution . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Towns, Ann E. (2010) Women and States: Norms and Hierarchies in International Society . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Toynbee, Arnold. (1952) The BBC Reith Lectures 1952: The World and The West, Lecture 6: The World and the Greeks and the Romans , Broadcast November 16. Transcript available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00h9lpw

Triesman, Daniel. (2011) “Vote May Mark Beginning of the End for Putin.” CNN Opinion , December 7. Available at: http://www.cnn.com/2011/12/06/opinion/treisman-russia-putin-vote

Vandewalle, Dirk. (2012) “After Qaddafi.” Foreign Affairs 91(6):8–15. Vasconcelos, Alvero de. (2012) Listening to Unfamiliar Voices: The Arab Democratic

Wave . European Institute For Security Studies report. Available at: http://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/detail/article/listening-to-unfamiliar-voices-the-arab-democratic-wave/

Virk, Kudrat. (2010) Developing Countries and Humanitarian Intervention in International Society After the Cold War , D.Phil. Thesis, Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Oxford.

Waltz, Kenneth N. (1962) “Kant, Liberalism and War,” American Political Science Review 59(2):331–340.

254 Bibliography

Waltz, Kenneth N. (1986) “A Response to My Critics,” in Robert O. Keohane (Ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics , New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 322–346.

Watson, Adam. (2009) The Evolution of International Society: A Comparative Historical Analysis . New York, NY: Routledge.

Way, Lucan. (2011) “The Lessons of 1989,” Journal of Democracy 22(4):17–27. Weiss, Thomas G. (2011) “RtoP Alive and Well After Libya,” Ethics and

International Affairs 25(3):287–292. Welsh, Jennifer. (2011) “Civilian Protection in Libya: Putting Coercion and

Controversy Back into RtoP,” Ethics and International Affairs 25(3):1–8. Wendt, Alexander E. (1987) “The Agent-Structure Problems in International

Relations Theory,” International Organization 41(3):335–370. Wendt, Alexander E. (1999) Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press. Western, Jon and Joshua S. Goldstein. (2011) “Humanitarian Intervention Comes

of Age,” Foreign Affairs 90(6):48–59. Whitehead, Laurence. (2001) The International Dimensions of Democratization:

Europe and the Americas (expanded edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Williams, David. (2012) International Development and Global Politics: History, Theory and Practice . New York, NY: Routledge.

Williams, Michael C. (2001) “The Discipline of the Democratic Peace: Kant, Liberalism and the Social Construction of Security Communities,” European Journal of International Relations 7(4):525–553.

Wilson, Dominic and Raluca Dragusanu. (2008) “The Expanding Middle: The Exploding World Middle Class and Falling Global Inequality,” Goldman Sachs Global Economics Paper Number 170.

Wood, Michael. (1992) Legacy: A Search for the Origins of Civilization . London: Network Books.

Wright, Robin. (2011) Rock the Casbah: Rage and Rebellion Across the Islamic World . New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Wright, Robin. (2012a) “The Middle East: They’ve Arrived,” in Robin Wright (Ed.), The Islamists Are Coming: Who they Really Are , Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, pp.1–12.

Wright, Robin. (2012b) “Assad’s Playbook is Now Empty.” The Atlantic , December 14. Available at: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/12/assads-playbook-is-now-empty/266259/

Yafi, Wissam S. (2012) Inevitable Democracy in the Arab World: New Realities in an Ancient Land. New York, NY: Palgrave.

Yahoo! News . (2012) “In Historic Visit, Clinton Reaches Out To Laos,” July 12, 2012. Available at: http://news.yahoo.com/historic-visit-clinton-reaches-laos-042535067.html

Bibliography 255

Yahoo! News . (2012) “China Names Conservative, Older Leadership,” November 15, 2012. Available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/15/us-china-congress-idUSBRE8AD1GF20121115

Yom, Sean. L and F. Gregory Gause. (2012) “Resilient Royals: How Arab Monarchies Hang On,” Journal of Democracy 23(4):74–88.

Zakaria, Fareed. (2003) The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad . New York, NY: Norton.

Zakaria, Fareed. (2008) The Post American World . New York, NY: Norton. Zakaria, Fareed. (2011) The Post American World (Release 2.0). New York, NY:

Norton. Zakaria, Fareed. (2013) “The Indian Spring,” Washington Post , January

17. Ava i lable at : ht tp://a r t ic le s .wa sh ing tonpost .com/2013 – 01–17/opinions/36410308_1_middle-class-protests-politics

Zantovsky, Michael (201a) “1989 and 2011: Compare and Contrast,” World Affairs Journal July/August. Available at: http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/1989-and-2011-compare-and-contrast

Zin, Min and Brian Joseph. (2012) “The Opening In Burma: The Democrats’ Opportunity,” Journal of Democracy 23(4):104–119.

Africa, 101, 106, 108–10, 114, 137, 190

Al-Qaeda, 7, 42–3America, 17, 44, 50, 77–8, 90–1, 102,

107, 111, 133–5, 137, 142–3, 151, 165, 167, 169–70

Arab countries, 38–9, 43, 137Arab League, 54, 57–8Arab Spring, 1–3, 5–7, 10–12, 17, 20,

22, 24, 27–8, 35–7, 39–41, 43–4, 48–9, 53–9, 61, 63–5, 67–72, 75–7, 79, 85, 88, 92–3, 101–2, 105, 110, 112–14, 125, 140, 145–6, 157, 159, 175, 177, 179, 182–8, 190, 200, 208

Asia, 7, 16–17, 77, 88, 90, 101, 107, 114, 132–3, 137, 140

authoritarianism, 3, 7, 24, 50, 70–2, 75–81, 83, 85, 87–9, 91, 93, 95–7, 99, 102–4, 107, 116, 121, 123, 150, 187, 191

high-grade, 3, 88, 103, 189low-grade, 80–1, 188

authoritarian regimes, 2–3, 31, 34, 39, 44, 68, 70, 78–80, 92, 98, 101, 143, 159, 214

competitive, 80, 82, 104authoritarian states, 1–3, 30, 36, 61,

72, 101–2, 145, 149–50, 153, 173, 186, 188, 194

high-grade, 80, 188, 214low-grade, 80, 98, 188, 214

authoritarian systems, 27, 71, 76, 98, 102

autocracies, 4, 7, 18, 55–6, 58, 65–6, 69, 103, 107, 113–14, 117, 149, 151, 154, 157–8, 162, 173–4, 185, 198

regimes, 30, 34, 47–8, 72, 80, 93, 96–7, 113–14, 121, 188–9

autocratic community, 4, 18, 28, 54–6, 58, 143, 157–8, 172, 194, 204

backsliding, 3, 10, 102–3, 115–17, 159, 189, 198, 219

Balkans, 6, 61–4, 68, 111, 160, 186bandwagoning, 36, 105, 142–3, 145Bangladesh, 16, 133–4Barber, Benjamin, 17–18, 203Belarus, 7, 64, 80–2, 96, 111, 114,

188, 214Bjarnegard, Elin, 230Boix, Charles, 204, 210, 220, 227Brazil, 3, 35, 55, 57, 77–9, 101–3,

105, 109–11, 116–17, 124, 132–4, 141, 145, 157, 165–6, 177, 179, 181, 189, 196, 201

Brazilian Spring, 102BRICs, 16, 77–8, 94, 132, 134–5Britain, 129, 131–2, 143, 160, 166,

196, 198Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 210, 214,

230, 232Bull, Hedley, 118–20, 201, 203,

220–1, 223, 230Burma, 7, 16, 81, 85–7, 107–8,

114, 119, 121–3, 125, 134, 188, 192

Index

258 Index

Burmese Spring, 86Buzan, Barry, 210, 217, 220, 222, 232

capitalism, 3, 5–13, 16–20, 30, 37, 41, 79, 90, 103–4, 106, 129, 135, 138, 140–1, 144–5, 147, 150, 168, 173, 175, 178–9, 190–1, 194, 198–9

capitalist, 9, 18–19, 27, 41, 146, 185, 191, 194

CCP (Chinese Communist Party), 88–9, 92–3

Cederman, Lars-Erik, 204–5, 231China, 3–4, 7, 9, 12, 14, 16–17, 33–4,

41, 57–8, 76–81, 85–93, 97–8, 102, 107–10, 114, 129–30, 132–7, 139–42, 145, 150, 157, 163, 165–6, 188–9, 192–3, 214, 216

civilizations, 5, 7, 10, 15, 25, 49–51, 66, 122, 127, 129, 131, 133, 136–7, 139, 141–2, 156, 191, 203–4, 208

clash, 5, 8, 15, 18–19, 131, 149, 151, 156, 162, 167–8, 170, 173–4, 179, 196–7

of civilizations, 3–5, 12, 14–15, 18–19, 22, 179

of democratizations, 18–19, 149, 154, 156, 162, 167–8, 170, 173–4, 195–7

coercion, 45–6, 80, 88, 92, 186Cold War, 1–2, 4–5, 7–9, 11–14,

17, 19–20, 22, 24, 27–9, 35–6, 53–4, 56, 59, 76, 78, 86, 97–9, 108, 114, 129–30, 136–7, 144, 147, 149, 154, 157–9, 167, 170, 173–5, 177–8, 181, 183–5, 199

communism, 8, 30, 42, 48–9, 67, 71, 75, 107, 145, 150–1, 153, 187

concessions, 45–6, 80, 88, 90, 98, 157, 166, 188

confl ict, 4, 6, 9, 12, 14, 18, 30, 35, 62,

65–6, 98, 123, 149–54, 156–9, 162, 181, 194–6

cooperation, 20, 98, 149–50, 152, 157, 171

countries, 3, 12, 16, 28–33, 35, 48–9, 59, 62, 68–70, 72, 77, 84–6, 88–90, 94–5, 98, 102–3, 106, 108, 111–14, 116–17, 123–4, 130, 133, 137, 143, 159–60, 163, 165–6, 171–2, 180, 186–7, 190, 192, 204, 206, 219

developing, 3, 16, 55–7, 63, 77–8, 82, 88, 91, 98, 101, 113, 115, 117–21, 123–5, 129, 131, 133, 136–9, 143–7, 157, 163–5, 167–9, 173, 178–9, 188–90, 193–8, 200, 228

crisis, 4, 75, 77–8, 90, 115, 132–3, 135, 152, 155–6, 164, 188, 199, 225

Cuba, 7, 80, 82–3, 87, 114, 188, 214cultures, 14, 41, 50–1, 120–1, 123,

139, 190–1, 193indigenous, 118, 120–1, 190

democraciesemerging, 3–4, 7–8, 13, 19, 54–5,

57–8, 63–4, 101–6, 115–17, 142–3, 149, 154, 156–62, 164–7, 171–4, 187, 189–91, 195–6, 227

established, 3–4, 8, 19, 103–4, 115–17, 142, 144, 149–50, 152–3, 156–8, 161–2, 164, 166, 171–4, 190, 194–6, 198, 228

stable, 68, 71, 181, 189democracy, 34–6, 158, 172

critical mass of, 28–9, 53, 107export of, 2, 186global, 33, 165, 173levels, 30, 59movements, 78, 125new, 38, 70, 157–8, 195promotion, 68, 143

Index 259

democratic, 2, 11, 19, 33, 41, 53, 56, 62, 84, 93, 108, 111, 113, 143, 145, 147, 149, 155, 166, 170, 173, 179, 188, 194, 197–8, 204

bandwagon, 63, 154, 191change, 32, 55clubs, 152, 158, 195consolidation, 111, 117, 159, 187development, 65, 180diffusion, 8, 12, 154fraternity, 8, 149, 172, 195global, 4, 115, 117, 200governance, 59, 70, 141ideals, 20, 200institutions, 62, 115–16, 161,

171, 199norms, 30, 90order, 5, 17, 142, 145, 150, 162,

191, 194peoples, 13, 104, 155, 174post-Western, 8, 15, 142–4,

193–6, 200reforms, 92–3, 160regimes, 29, 70, 135, 158, 210regional communities, 54, 58, 61–2,

64, 67, 186revolutions, 12, 60, 72, 76societies, 9, 120, 159, 169, 197, 199spillover, 58, 61–2, 156states, 2, 23, 27–8, 30–1, 33, 53–4,

60, 72, 104, 110, 153–5, 162, 184–5, 212, 220

transitions, 1, 3, 6, 10, 12, 29, 31, 54–5, 60–2, 64, 69–70, 78, 80, 103, 107–8, 113, 159, 164, 174, 181, 195

world, 19, 103, 107, 150, 154democratic community, 2, 4, 18–19,

23–4, 28–33, 36, 54–6, 62–3, 72, 97–8, 105, 115–17, 119–20, 142–3, 149–50, 152–9, 161–2, 164–6, 170–1, 173–4, 182, 185, 189, 194–6, 199, 204

strong, 2, 12, 15, 55, 58, 156, 184democratic peace, 12–13, 23democratic socialization, 4, 7, 11,

27–9, 34, 36, 53global, 12, 27, 36, 185process of, 28, 35–6, 156,

184–5, 187democratization, 2, 6, 13, 16, 18,

28–36, 55, 59, 64–5, 69–72, 75–7, 80, 92, 106–7, 111–16, 119, 129, 149–50, 156–7, 162, 164, 167–8, 170, 173–4, 180–1, 184–6, 196–7

encouraging, 30, 75fourth wave of, 7, 101, 112–15,

117, 198process, 70, 75stable, 6, 59, 64–5, 68third wave of, 34–5, 185waves of, 12, 29, 106, 115, 190

democratizion, trends, 43, 69, 108, 110

demonstrations, 2, 32, 45–6, 50, 54, 57, 59, 61, 102, 119, 189, 198

Deudney, Daniel, 19, 203, 205, 217–18, 226–7, 232

developing world, 3–4, 7–8, 12–13, 15–16, 18–20, 49, 51, 55, 63, 75, 102, 117–23, 125, 129, 131, 135, 137, 146–7, 162, 164, 166, 169–70, 173, 175, 177–8, 182, 187, 190–1, 194–8, 200, 228

Diamond, Larry, 206, 216, 218–19, 224, 231

Dubai, 37, 41, 55, 85, 134

East Asia, 87, 106–8, 112, 136–7, 155, 190

Eastern Europe, 1–2, 9, 12, 29, 35, 53–4, 63–5, 67–9, 71, 112, 140, 145, 160–1, 186–7, 195

ECB (European Central Bank), 153, 155

260 Index

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 57

economic development, 13, 17, 37, 40–1, 65, 79, 85, 106, 113, 123, 131, 156, 171, 185

economic growth, 3, 17, 34, 69, 76, 80, 88–9, 96, 108, 129, 133, 169

economic modernization, 2, 7, 11, 16, 27, 36–9, 44, 48, 53, 112–13, 185

economic reforms, 82–3, 171ECOWAS (Economic Community of

West African States), 57education, 29, 34, 38–9, 44, 88,

108, 137Egypt, 25, 38, 40, 43, 46–7, 50–1,

54–5, 59–60, 62, 64–6, 68–70, 72, 102–3, 109, 115, 133–4, 159–60, 167, 180–1, 186–7, 192–3, 195

elections, 65, 80–3, 93–5, 110, 116–17, 172, 192

elites, 30, 32, 55, 59–60, 64, 66, 84, 92, 96, 105, 160, 181, 198

end of history, 4–5, 8, 73, 149EU (European Union), 54, 60–1, 65,

68, 81, 106, 111–12, 115–16, 140, 153, 155–6, 159–63, 165–6, 188, 195, 199

Euro, 7, 116, 155–6crisis, 4, 94, 149, 153–6,

161, 195–7Europe, 2, 17, 44, 58–62, 64, 68,

72, 81, 106, 112, 117, 138, 142–3, 145, 159, 167, 169, 174, 191–3, 198

European Central Bank (ECB), 153, 155

European Union, see EU (European Union)

Facebook, 44, 46–7, 50, 90Ferguson, Niall, 17, 133, 138–40,

202–3, 206, 208, 217, 220, 222–4, 230–2

fi nancial crisis, 3, 7, 10, 77–8, 91, 115, 132, 134–5, 138, 144, 155, 163–4, 172

Finnemore, Martha, 202, 205–6freedom, 1, 38, 44, 69, 79, 90–1, 95,

108, 112, 114, 118–21, 125, 149, 159, 168, 190, 193, 195

human, 20, 71, 192Friedman, Thomas, 169–70, 182, 226,

230–2Fukuyama, Francis, 1, 4, 6, 8–12,

14–15, 20, 22, 24, 30–1, 71, 73, 75, 79–80, 88–90, 131, 138, 143–4, 170, 174, 178, 183, 194, 201–6, 208–9, 213–17, 220, 222–7, 229–32, 234, 239

arguments, 11–12, 14, 144thesis, 10–11, 14

Gartzke, Erik, 152, 154, 156, 158, 201–6, 225–7, 229, 232

gender, 37, 152, 228generation, 6, 24, 37–8, 43, 67–8, 87,

89, 91, 108, 116, 178, 181geography, 16–17, 130, 139–40, 193Gershman, Carl, 213–14, 220Giddens, Anthony, 202–3, 206, 209,

213, 225, 228, 230–1Gleditsch, Kristian, 204–5, 211, 227global democratization, 4, 10, 15, 25,

27, 129, 153, 162, 173, 179, 187, 199–200

global governance, 162, 173, 196, 199globalization, 2, 14, 18, 34, 36, 49–50,

63, 66, 77–8, 163, 182global middle class, 2, 16, 20, 75,

77, 101, 107, 113, 123, 168, 187

global order, 5, 8, 15, 17, 20, 24, 143–4, 147, 149, 159, 184, 194–6, 200, 226

Index 261

Global Spring, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197–9

Goldman Sachs, 77, 133–4Goldstein, Joshua, 203, 210–11government, 10, 19, 41, 45, 58–9, 76,

84–5, 87–9, 93, 101–2, 104, 106, 111, 114, 121–4, 145, 189, 205

grand theory, 6, 20–2, 24, 183Greece, 35, 103, 116, 135, 155, 161Green Revolution, 40, 81, 84Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 77,

81, 109, 129, 132–4, 142, 165

Harrison, Ewan, 201–2, 204–6, 210, 212, 216–18, 224–8, 231

Hegel, Georg, 9–11, 13, 151, 170, 202, 226, 230

history, 5, 8–10, 13, 15–16, 18–19, 22, 38, 72–3, 77, 84, 91, 98, 107, 125, 131, 141, 147, 149, 151–2, 154, 170, 178–9, 191, 194, 203, 212

human, 50, 130–1, 145, 147humanitarian intervention, 56–7,

60, 63Huntington, Samuel, 2–4, 14–15,

23–4, 36, 66, 78, 112, 129, 136–7, 140, 178, 183, 185, 193, 201–6, 212–14, 216, 220, 222–5, 229, 231

Huntley, Wade, 201–2, 204–5, 231

Ikenberry, G. John, 203, 217, 221, 224, 226

immigration, 19, 160, 167–8, 170, 198imperialism, 118, 122, 138–9independence, 1, 3, 7, 9, 103, 111,

118–20, 200, 208India, 3, 16–17, 55, 57, 77–8, 85–6,

101–3, 105, 109–10, 116, 124, 129–30, 132–4, 136–7, 139, 142–3, 145, 157, 165–6, 177, 179, 189, 192–3, 196, 227

Indian Spring, 101–2Indonesia, 3, 16, 31, 38, 41, 55, 67,

103–5, 107, 116, 133–4, 177, 179, 187, 189, 192, 201

Inglehart, Ronald, 202, 206, 232instability, 61, 83, 86, 89, 162–3institutional, 113–14institutions, 6–7, 29–30, 42, 61, 70,

102–3, 113, 130, 137–40, 143, 145–7, 155, 161, 164, 168, 174, 179, 194, 196

regional, 30, 57, 210of Western liberalism, 138, 193

inter-democratic confl icts, 5, 15, 149–50, 152, 154–6, 158, 194–5

international forces, 7, 34, 36, 53, 63, 185–6

international institutions, 19, 30, 32, 58, 122, 146

international relations, 3, 5–6, 8, 12, 14, 20–1, 23–4, 136, 152, 181, 183, 193, 231

international society, 15, 118–20, 122, 135, 162–3, 172, 174, 190, 195

international system, 2, 4, 10, 12, 23–4, 27–8, 30, 32–5, 54, 117, 120, 124, 154, 158, 162–3, 179, 182, 184–5, 212, 220

interventions, 57, 60–1, 78, 108, 186Iran, 4, 7, 17, 38, 40–2, 47, 58, 60, 65,

67, 69, 83–5, 87, 103, 106, 114, 133–4, 157, 167, 188, 193, 207

Iraq War, 4, 6–7, 54, 56, 61, 91, 149, 152–5, 163, 195–6, 225

Islam, 14, 34–5, 37, 39–40, 42–3, 65–7, 104, 124, 140–1, 150, 162, 192

civilization, 138, 140, 193movements, 162parties, 67, 106societies, 40, 42, 140

Israel, 105, 167Italy, 133–5

262 Index

Jong-Un, Kim, 86–7

Kadera, Kelly, 204–6, 210–11Kagan, Robert, 18, 142–3, 159, 201–3,

210, 212, 224–7, 230, 232Kant, Immanuel, 11, 13, 24, 33, 152,

202, 205–6, 221, 231Kaplan, Robert, 16–17, 111, 203,

211, 215, 219–20, 222–3, 226, 230, 232

Kennedy, Paul, 17, 203, 212–13, 222, 226, 229–32

Keohane, Robert, 204, 211–12, 226Kosovo War, 31, 56, 60–4, 68Kupchan, Charles, 17, 203, 220,

225–6, 229, 232

Lake, David, 203, 205, 211, 224leaders, 2, 34, 42–4, 55, 57, 65–7, 82,

87–8, 90–1, 94–5, 98, 105, 107, 109, 111, 116, 158, 173

legitimacy, 11, 27, 30–1, 34, 36, 44, 49, 56, 69, 72, 76, 80, 98–9, 101, 145, 155, 162, 173

crisis, 34, 72, 80, 98Levitsky, Steven, 211–12, 214, 218,

220, 227liberal democracy, 9–10, 18, 67, 79,

111, 116, 144, 155, 168, 170, 174, 187, 200

liberalism, 8–9, 15, 21, 71, 99, 145, 153, 179, 199–200

liberty, 13, 40, 71, 92, 131Libya, 2, 40, 46–7, 54, 56, 58–63, 66,

68, 72, 103, 105, 115, 159–61, 181, 186, 195

Mahbubani, Kishore, 16, 20, 131, 141, 145, 166, 169, 173, 177, 191, 201–3, 206–7, 213–16, 218, 221–5, 227–32

Malaysia, 57, 85–6, 103–4, 107–8, 114, 134

Mearsheimer, John, 21–3, 203–4, 229, 231

middle class, 34, 37, 76–9, 88, 90, 92, 101, 106–7, 110, 117, 190, 198

Middle East, 1–2, 5–7, 11–12, 18, 27, 34, 36–9, 43–4, 48–51, 53–4, 62–7, 69–72, 75–6, 78, 85, 105, 113–14, 119, 125, 140–1, 158–9, 161–2, 177–8, 183, 185–7, 189, 208

military, 46, 64, 80–1, 85, 88, 108, 136, 142, 151, 153, 158, 195

Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin, 201–2, 204–6, 210–12, 217–18, 220–1, 225–6, 229, 231

modernization, 6, 11, 13–14, 17, 36–7, 39, 75, 77–8, 80, 95, 123, 186–7, 216

Nasr, Vali, 11, 106, 124, 202, 206–8, 210, 214–15, 218, 221, 224

NATO, 54, 56, 58, 61, 68, 111, 115, 186, 196

networks, 58, 61, 98, 172, 185Nigeria, 3, 103, 110, 117, 133–4,

165–6, 171, 177, 189–90, 192, 219

non-Westerncountries, 9, 163peoples, 75, 118–20, 122, 136, 138,

146, 161, 174, 193societies, 120, 124, 135–6,

139, 141, 150, 163, 168, 193–4, 196

world, 4–5, 17, 106, 118, 121–2, 129–30, 135, 137, 143, 146–7, 163–4, 191–3, 196–7, 200

North Africa, 2, 17, 60, 62, 64–5, 68–9, 159–61, 186

North Korea, 7, 81, 86–7, 114, 188Nye, Joseph, 202, 209–10, 212, 217,

224, 226, 231

Index 263

O’Neill, Jim, 16–17, 77, 112, 123–4, 130, 133, 142, 164, 201, 203, 213, 215–16, 219–25, 229–31

OAS (Organization of American States), 210

opposition, 34–5, 45, 60, 81–3, 85, 95–6, 154, 160–1, 165, 178

Organization of American States (OAS), 210

Pakistan, 16, 133–4, 166Palestine, 43, 105parties, 40, 42, 88, 92–3, 108, 118,

122, 172peace, 32, 37, 112, 149, 152, 154–5,

167, 193, 195, 226Pevehouse, Jon, 202, 204–5,

210–11, 228Philippines, 33, 35, 107, 133–4pluralism, 3, 15, 18, 41, 103–4, 108populations, 31, 40, 44–6, 55,

66–7, 69, 80–1, 86, 88, 90, 94, 97–8, 108, 129–34, 136–7, 163, 166, 168

power, 23, 30–1, 34, 39–40, 54, 62, 64–6, 69, 82, 84–5, 92–4, 97, 106, 116, 119–20, 122, 127, 136, 143, 145, 149, 162, 167, 186, 192, 195, 228

balance of, 63, 65, 122, 129, 136, 166

established democratic, 166, 196new, 98, 146, 157, 163share, 157–8, 173soft, 56, 189, 194

pressures, 2–4, 27, 29–32, 34, 39–40, 48, 54, 56, 58–9, 63, 67, 71–2, 96–7, 101, 105–7, 115, 149, 152, 155, 158, 163, 167, 185–6, 188

global, 63, 76, 115prosperity, 10, 20, 37, 90–1, 116, 122,

149, 168, 195–7protests, 2, 14, 36, 39, 45–9, 53–5,

60, 64, 84–5, 94, 96, 98, 101–2, 146, 186

Putin, Vladimir, 79, 94–6, 189Pye, Lucian, 123, 202, 204, 213, 218,

221, 231

Rasler, Karen, 47, 205, 209, 216Rawls, John, 13, 105, 202, 205–6,

218, 221, 225, 229–30refl exivity, 32–3, 36, 75, 143–4,

179–81, 184, 188reforms, 16, 19, 30, 32, 35, 39, 46, 63,

69, 81, 83–5, 87–8, 93, 96, 102, 110, 147, 160, 162, 166, 172, 174, 190, 196–7

regimes, 3, 31, 34, 41, 45–6, 54, 58–60, 63, 65, 69, 81–90, 92–9, 108, 145, 151, 169, 188–9, 201

legitimacy, 89–90, 92, 188semidemocratic, 113

region, 1–2, 6, 11, 27, 32, 37–8, 41, 44, 48, 50, 53–4, 57, 61, 64, 69–70, 72, 76, 95, 98, 103, 107, 110–11, 114, 151, 186

religion, 37, 39, 43, 66–7, 72, 104, 119, 140–1, 185

repression, 3, 39, 41, 45–6, 49, 54, 66, 69, 76, 80, 88–90, 92, 95, 99, 104, 121, 141, 186, 188

revolutions, 1–2, 11–12, 14, 27, 29–30, 35, 43, 46–7, 49, 53–5, 59, 63–7, 71, 75–6, 103, 111, 124–5, 146, 175, 177–9, 182, 184, 186–7, 211

Risse, Thomas, 202, 206–7, 220–1Rosenau, James, 202, 206, 208,

214, 231Roy, Olivier, 207–8, 212Russett, Bruce, 202, 205–6, 211, 227Russia, 3–4, 7, 57–8, 60, 64, 66,

77–80, 88–9, 93–8, 109, 111–12, 115, 132–4, 157, 165–6, 189, 214

264 Index

Serbia, 31, 61, 63, 65, 68, 98, 155, 186, 212

Singapore, 85–6, 88, 107, 114, 192Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 202, 208, 211Snyder, Jack, 202–3, 205, 217, 227socialization, 23, 27, 49, 72, 157

failed, 160–1process of, 2, 27–8, 53

social media, 46, 48, 108social networks, 47, 97, 114, 172societies, 9, 11, 33–4, 37, 41–2, 56,

58, 66, 71, 75, 79, 93, 96, 98, 104, 114, 120, 122–4, 139, 141, 143–7, 158, 174, 177–81, 186–8, 199–200

decent hierarchical, 13, 104developing, 168–9, 191postcolonial, 119–20, 190

South Africa, 3, 55, 103, 105, 110, 115, 155, 165, 177, 179, 189–90, 192, 219

Soviet Union, 28–9, 48–9, 60, 64, 78, 92, 97, 136–7, 151, 174

system, 29, 31, 63–4Starr, Harvey, 205–6, 211states, 2–3, 5–6, 14, 22, 27, 30–4,

36–7, 39, 41–2, 48, 51, 53–5, 58–9, 62, 64–6, 69, 77–8, 80, 83, 88, 93, 96–8, 103–7, 110, 112, 115, 118, 124, 142, 150–2, 156–7, 159–61, 163–6, 170, 172–4, 186, 188–90, 195, 199, 201, 207, 214, 220, 226

competitive authoritarian, 107–8post-Communist, 114–15system of, 2, 7, 14, 53–4, 185

strength, 7, 18, 54, 63, 65, 89, 113, 133, 139, 151, 153, 156, 184–5, 204

struggle, 1, 3, 7, 50, 117–20, 125, 131, 136, 138, 173–4, 180, 200

SuuKyi, Aung, 119, 121–2, 125, 201–2, 221–2

Syria, 46, 54, 56–60, 62, 69, 72, 81, 84, 181, 189

system, 33–4, 39, 53, 58, 69, 71, 85, 89, 91, 93–4, 96, 102, 163, 166, 169, 180, 197

Taiwan, 90, 93, 107–8, 181theory, 13, 20–4, 121, 152,

179–80, 184third wave, 2, 29, 33, 35–6, 70,

113, 185Third World, 121, 134–6, 175Towns, Ann, 211, 228transitions, 29–32, 35, 42, 59–60, 62,

65, 107–8, 171transnational, 2, 7, 34, 36, 185Tunisia, 37, 40, 43, 46–7, 54–5,

59–60, 62, 64, 66, 68–9, 72, 87, 102–3, 115, 125, 159, 161, 181, 186, 195, 211

Tunisian Revolution, 46–7Turkey, 3, 17, 37–8, 41–2, 53, 55,

57, 66–7, 69, 102–3, 105–6, 117, 124, 133–4, 155, 159–61, 167, 177, 179, 187, 189, 192, 195, 201

Turkish Spring, 102

UN (United Nations), 166United States, 21, 35, 55, 63, 68–9,

103, 110, 131–4, 137, 142, 145, 155, 159, 163, 165–7, 198, 212, 228

UNSC (UN Security Council), 19, 56, 164, 166, 196

UNSC Resolution, 56–7, 63, 166UN Security Council, see UNSC (UN

Security Council)

Venezuela, 7, 80, 82, 114, 157, 188, 214

Walt, Stephen, 21–3, 203–4, 229, 231Waltz, Kenneth, 23, 202, 204, 231war, 61–3, 72, 97, 124, 150–1, 207Wendt, Alexander, 151, 202, 204–6,

218, 220–1, 225–6, 231

Index 265

West, 2–10, 12–20, 22, 24, 27–30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48–50, 54, 56, 58–60, 62–8, 70, 72–3, 76–82, 84–8, 90–2, 94–6, 98, 102–6, 108, 110–12, 114, 116, 118–20, 122, 124, 127, 129–32, 134–44, 146–7, 149–50, 152, 154–75, 177–80, 182–4, 186, 188, 190–200

triumph of, 129, 149, 194Western, 17, 39, 41, 73, 96, 117–18,

121–2, 130, 134–5, 138, 144, 174, 182, 190, 192, 194, 196, 210–11, 228

civilization, 4, 130, 200concepts, 122, 141countries, 90, 136–7, 168, 196democracies, 145, 150, 159, 165,

167–8, 170, 189, 196, 198dominance, 49, 118–19, 122, 136,

142, 173imperialism, 122, 196institutions, 4, 129, 138, 171, 173, 178liberalism, 73, 120, 138, 140, 149,

190, 193

powers, 2–3, 34–5, 54, 56, 63, 122, 124, 135, 137, 139, 142–4, 146–7, 162–4, 173, 185–6, 194, 228

principles, 117, 119, 121, 190publics, 173, 196societies, 6, 120, 122, 140,

147, 167–8, 171, 179, 196, 199

states, 105, 130, 158, 163, 173

values, 17, 91, 118–19, 141Western Europe, 17, 81, 112, 129–30,

136, 186, 191West Germany, 55, 139women, 38–9, 43–4, 50, 101,

152, 172world history, 49, 142, 174, 177,

192–3world politics, 1, 3–10, 12–17, 20–1,

23–4, 28–9, 75, 78, 101, 103, 116, 119, 122, 129–31, 140, 149, 154, 156–7, 177–8, 180–5, 190, 192–3, 197

contemporary, 180, 182, 184