Notes

Introduction

1. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man: Ideology of Advanced Industrial soci-ety (Boston: Beacon Press, 1991).

2. Manfred B. Steger, Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).

3. Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002); Charles Derber, People before Profit (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002); Leslie Sklair, Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); George Ritzer, McDonaldization of Society (Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 1996).

4. See Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defense of Globalization (New York: Oxford Univer-sity Press, 2004); Martin Wolf, Why Globalization Works (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004); Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006); and Pete Engardio, ed., Chindia: How China and India Are Revolutionizing Global Business (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007).

5. Alex MacGillivray, A Brief History of Globalization (New York: Carroll and Graff Publishers, 2006).

6. David Held and Anthony McGrew, Globalization/Anti-Globalization (Cam-bridge, UK: Polity Press, 2002).

7. Nayan Chandra, Bound Together (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007). 8. See, for example, works cited in Note 2 and Note 3. 9. George Ritter’s later commentary, The Globalization of Nothing (Thousand

Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, 2004), also falls into this category of literature. 10. Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Cen-

tury (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006). 11. Matt Taibbi, “The Flathead Genius of Thomas L. Friedman, https://www

.byliner.com/matt-taibbi/stories/flathead 12. Aqueil Ahmad, “The World is (Not) Flat—A Critique of Tom Friedman’s The

World Is Flat,” Globalization volume 7, issue 1, http://globalization.icaap.org/content/v7.1/ahmad.html.

13. Steger, Globalization. 14. For this line of thinking, check the following sources: Jeffrey A. Bader, “Chi-

na’s Emergence and Its Implications for the United States,” presentation at the Brookings Council, The Brookings Institution, February 14, 2006, http://www.brookings.edu/views/speeches/bader/20060214.htm}; William R. Hawkins,

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American Weakness, Chinese Strength. ForntPageMagazine.com, Wednesday, May 27, 2009; Tom Barry, “The Expanding Anti-Immigration Bandwagon,” International Relations Center, August 11, 2006, http://rightweb.irconline.org/articles/display/The_Expanding_Anti-Immigration_Bandwagon.

15. See, for example, John Gray, False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta Books, 1998); Joseph Stiglitz, “Globalism’s Discontents,” http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Global_Economy/Globalisms_Discontents.html.

16. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization, Without Global Consciousness,” Humanity & Society 27, no. 2 (May 2003): 125–42.

17. Friedman, The World Is Flat. 18. Humayun Kabir, ed., Rabindranath Tagore: Towards Universal Man (New Delhi:

Asia Publishing House, 1961); Aqueil Ahmad, “Can Science Lead the Way?—Profile of the Universal Man,” Journal of Human Relations 20 (1972): 14–29.

19. Kabir, Rabindranath Tagore, 32–33. 20. Ahmad, “Globalization, Without Global Consciousness,” 132. 21. Edward Said, “The Clash of Ignorance,” The Nation, October 22, 2001, 11–13. 22. In the middle of 1986, I tried calling my home in Aligarh, India, from Islam-

abad, the capital of Pakistan, while my father lay critically ill. Despite week-long frantic efforts, even high-level interventions from our Pakistani hosts, the call did not go through. Only after reaching home ten days later did I find that my father had died while I was in Islamabad. Mobile phones make that sound like the eighteenth century.

23. Marshal McLuhan, The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989); Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Proj-ect on the Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe Books, 1972); Miha-jlo Mesorovic and Eduard Pestel, Mankind at the Turning Point: The Second Report to the Club of Rome (New York: Dutton, 1974); Alvin Toffler, Third Wave (New York: Morrow, 1980).

Chapter 1

1. Ludwig von Bertalanffy, General Systems Theory: Foundations, Development, Application (New York: G. Braziller, 1969).

2. Talcott Parsons, The Social System (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1951); Kenneth Boulding, The Social System of the Planet Earth (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1980).

3. See, for example, Danny Burns, Systemic Action Research: A Strategy for Whole System Change (Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2007); William Pasmore, Designing Effective Organizations: The Sociotechnical Systems Perspective (New York: Wiley, 1988); Robert L. Morasky, Behavioral Systems (New York: Praeger, 1982).

4. See David M. Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), 170–71.

NOTES 249

5. M. Francis Abraham, Perspectives on Modernization: Toward a General Theory of Third World Development (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1980).

6. Ulrich Beck, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash, Reflexive Modernization: Poli-tics, Traditions, and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1994).

7. Marion Levy, Modernization and the Structure of Societies, Vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1966); Bret L. Billet, Modernization Theory and Economic Development: Discontent in the Developing World (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cam-bridge, UK: Polity Press, 1991).

8. W. W. Rostow, The Process of Economic Growth (New York: W. W. Norton, 1962); Lloyd G. Reynolds, “The Spread of Economic Growth in the Third World: 1850–1980,” Journal of Economic Literature (21, 3, 1983, 941–80).

9. For further details on social contract theory, see David Braybrooke, “The Insoluble Problem of the Social Contract,” Dialogue 15, no. 1 (1976): 3–37; Jean Hampton, Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

10. Parsons, The Social System. 11. Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society, translated by W. D. Halls

(New York: Macmillan, 1984); Mustafa Emirbayer, ed., Durkheim: Sociologist of Modernity (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003).

12. Peter L. Berger and T. Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1966); Joel M. Charon, Symbolic Interactionism: An Introduction, an Interpretation, and Integration (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pear-son Prentice Hall, 2007); John P. Hewitt, Self and Society: A Symbolic Interac-tionist Social Psychology (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1984).

13. Charles Harper, Exploring Social Change: America and the World (Upper Sad-dle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007).

14. H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, trans. and ed., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958).

15. Ferdinand Tonnies, Community and Society (Ann Arbor, MI: Michigan Uni-versity Press, 1995).

16. See Arif Dirlick, Global Modernity: Modernity in the Age of Global Capitalism (Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers, 2007).

17. Harper, Exploring Social Change, chapter 12. 18. See for example, Andre Gunder Frank, Crisis in the World Economy (London:

Heineman, 1980); Samir Amin, Imperialism and Unequal Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1977); B. N. Ghosh, Dependency Theory Revisited (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001).

19. Andre Gunder Frank and Barry Gills, eds., The World System: Five Thousand Years or Five Hundred? (New York: Routledge, 1993).

20. Samir Amin, Capitalism in the Age of Globalization (London: Zed Books, 1997), xii.

21. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York: Academic Press, 1974); World Inequality: Origins of and Perspectives on the World Systems

250 NOTES

(Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1975); and World-Systems Analysis: An Intro-duction (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004).

22. Christopher Chase-Dunn and Salvatore Babones, Global Social Change: His-torical and Social Perspectives (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006). See also Paul Baron, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Press Review, 1957); Alvin Y. So, The South China Silk District: Local Historical Transformation and World-System Theory (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1986); Leslie Sklair, Sociology of the Global System (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).

23. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (New York: Penguin Books, 2006). See also Ralf Dahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959); C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); C. Wright Mills, The Marxists (New York: Dell, 1962).

24. D. Stanley Eitzen and Maxine Baca Zinn, Globalization: Transformation of Social Worlds (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson, 2006).

25. See, for example, Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011).

26. Immanuel Wallerstein, “Robinson’s Critical Appraisal Appraised,” Interna-tional Sociology 27, no. 4 (July 2012): 524–28.

27. See Immanuel Wallerstein, World Inequality and World-Systems Analysis; Joseph Stiglitz, Globalization and Its Discontents (New York: W. W. Norton, 2002).

28. Irving L. Horowitz, Three Worlds of Development: The Theory and Practice of International Stratification (New York: Oxford University Press, 1972).

29. See David Slater, Geopolitics and the Post-Colonial: Rethinking North-South Relations (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2004).

30. Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington, ed., Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

Chapter 2

1. See, for example, Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability (Boston: Pearson [Allyn and Bacon], 2006), part three, chapter 10.

2. “How to Deal with a Falling Population,” The Economist, July 28, 2007, 13. 3. UN Population Division, Long Range Population Projections: Based on 1998

Revision (New York: UN Population Division, 2000). 4. Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine Books, 1968); Gor-

don Conway, The Doubly Green Revolution and Food for All in the Twenty-First Century (Ithaca, NY: Comstock Publications, 1998).

5. The Green Revolution is not without critics who consider it an unmiti-gated disaster for local agriculture, environments, and small farmers; see, for

NOTES 251

example, Vandana Shiva, The Violence of Green Revolution: Third World Agri-culture, Ecology, and Politics (London: Atlantic Highlands, 1991).

6. Population Reference Bureau, “2005 World Population Data Sheet,” http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx.

7. Donella Meadows, Jorgan Randers, and Dennis Meadows, The Limits to Growth: The 30 Year Update (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publi-cations, 2004).

8. See, for example, Mihajlo Mesorovic and Eduard Pastel, Mankind at the Turn-ing Point: The Second Report to the Club of Rome (New York: Dutton, 1974); Ervin Laszlo et al., Goals for Mankind (New York: Dutton, 1977).

9. Aqueil Ahmad, “Preferable and Probable Future Goals in India,” in Goals in a Global Community, Vol. 3, The International Values and Goals Studies, ed. E. Laszlo and J. Bierman (New York: Pergamon Press, 1978).

10. Meadows, Randers, and Meadows, The Limits to Growth. 11. Total fertility rate (TFR) refers to the average number of children a woman is

expected to have during her lifetime. For this data, see Brady E. Hamilton, Paul D. Sutton, and Stephanie J. Ventura, “Revised Birth and Fertility Rates for the 1990s and New Rates for Hispanic Population,” National Vital Statistics Report 51, no. 12 (August 2003): 1–94.

12. US Bureau of the Census, 2010 Census. 13. Mark W. Nowak, “Immigration and US Population Growth: An Environmen-

tal Perspective,” Negative Population Growth, Special Report, http://www.npg.org/specialreports/imm&uspopgrowth.htm.

14. US Congress, “Child Survival and Health Program Fund,” FY 2006 Appropria-tions Act, Title II (or Title V, Section 518).

15. RAND Corporation, “Do Public Attitudes toward Abortion Influence Atti-tudes toward Family Planning?,” http:www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB5042/index1.html.

16. For further discussion on the evolution of national population policies, see John May, World Population Policies: Their Origin, Evolution, and Impact (New York: Springer, 2012).

17. Thomas Malthus, An Essay on Population (New York: Dutton, 1958). 18. Paul Demeny and Geoffrey McNicoll, eds., The Political Economy of Global

Population Change, 1950–2050 (New York: Population Council, 2006). See Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability (New York: Pearson Education, 2006), chapter 10.

19. See, for reference, John C. Caldwell, Demographic Transition Theory (Dor-drecht: Springer, 2006).

20. For further details on the demographic transition theory and general global and regional population trends, see David Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), chapter 13—“The Global Dynamics of Population: Demographics Trends”; US Bureau of the Census, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2005.

252 NOTES

21. Carin Zissis, “India’s Muslim Population,” Backgrounder, June 22, 2007. 22. Robert Rutherford and Vinod Misra, An Evaluation of Recent Fertility Trends

in India (Mumbai, India: International Institute for Population Studies, 2001). 23. Population Reference Bureau, “2005 World Population Data Sheet,” http://

www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx.

24. See Aqueil Ahmad, “Gain-Drain Ratio in the Global Exchange of Scientific and Technical Manpower,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 5 (July 1970): 215–22.

25. Details about the structure and functions of the British Commonwealth are provided in Chapter 5.

26. Quoted from Nancy Jackson, “A Walk through Historic Paris,” Saudi Aramco World, July/August 2012, 18. See also Ian Coller, Arab France: Islam and the Making of Modern Europe, 1798–1831 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2011).

27. The Economist, May 19, 2012, 63. 28. Georges Lemaitre and Cecile Thoreau, “Estimating the Foreign Born Popula-

tion on a Current Basis” (Paris: OECD, 2006). 29. The Economist, August 26th, 2006, 43. 30. Peter Wonacott, “Indian Scientists Return Home as Economy Improves,” Wall

Street Journal, March 16, 2012. 31. 2005–6 Community Survey, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC,

http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/aff_acs2006_quickguide.pdf. 32. Ibid. 33. John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moses, From Slavery to Freedom: A History

of African Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000). 34. Anne Farrow, Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited

from Slavery (New York: Ballantine Books, 2005); Dorothy Schneider and Carol J. Schneider, Slavery in America (New York: Checkmark Books, 2007).

35. Greg Behrman, The Most Noble Adventure (New York: Free Press, 2007). 36. Newman, Sociology, 491. 37. Robert E. Scott and David Ratner, “NAFTA’s Cautionary Tale,” Economic Pol-

icy Institute, Washington, DC, July 20, 2005, Issue Brief #214. 38. Migration Policy Institute, Mexican Immigrants to the US: The Latest Estimates

(Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2004). 39. Public Policy Institute of California, “Just the Facts: Immigrants in California,”

June 2008, http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/jtf/JTF_ImmigrantsJTF.pdf. 40. “Where Black and Brown Collide,” The Economist, August 4, 2007, 26–27. 41. The EU added 12 members between 2004 and 2007: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech

Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slova-kia, and Slovenia.

42. Giovanni Peri, Immigrants’ Complementarities and Native Wages: Evidence from California (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007).

43. For a comprehensive account of rural-urban migration in China, see Lin Fei, “Rural-Urban Migration in China: Recent Trends and Future Challenges”

NOTES 253

(paper presented at the International Conference on Contemporary China Studies, Economic Institute of Anhui Academy of Social Sciences, Peo-ple’s Republic of China, January 5–7, 2007), http://www.hku.hk/china/full_papers/4C-3.pdf.

44. Herbert Gans, “The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All,” Social Policy 2 (July/August 1971): 20–24.

45. Ferdinand Tonnies, Community & Society—Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (New York: Harper and Row, 1963).

Chapter 3

1. Amartya Sen, “How to Judge Globalism,” The American Prospect, January 1–14, 2002.

2. For further details on Chinese inventions, see Simon Winchester, The Man Who Loved China (New York: Harper Collins, 2008).

3. Sen, “How to Judge Globalism”; and Debiprasad Chattapdhyaya, History of Science and Technology in Ancient India (Calcutta, India: Firma KLM, 1991).

4. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization: Boon or Bane?” Share the World’s Resources, 2004, http://www.stwr.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=37.

5. In addition to the references on globalization cited in the Introduction, see also the following works: Simon Head, The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the Digital Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Pietra Rivoli, The Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2006); Robyn Meredith, The Elephant and the Dragon: The Rise of India and China and What It Means for All of Us (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007).

6. Robert B. Reich, The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 3.

7. Marshall McLuhan, The Global Village: Transformations in World Life and Media in the 21st Century (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).

8. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Morrow, 1980). 9. Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman, In Search of Excellence: Lessons from

America’s Best-Run Companies (New York: Harper and Row, 1982). 10. Daniel I. Okimoto, Between MITI and the Market: Japanese Industrial Policy

for High Technology (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987). Others have questioned the role of Japanese government and MITI in the so-called “Japanese Miracle.” See, for example, Scott Callon, Divided Sun: MITI and the Breakdown of Japanese High-Tech Industrial Policy, 1975–1983 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995).

11. See, for example, Aqueil Ahmad’s treatment of the Indian government’s policy of protectionism and isolation from the global economy and technology until the late 1980s and the early 1990s: “New Information Technology in India: The Electronics Riddle,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 29, no. 4 (July 1986): 399–410; and “India’s Search for Technological Self-Reliance,”

254 NOTES

in India: Fifty Years of Democracy and Development, ed. Y. K. Malik and Ashok Kapur (New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation, 1998).

12. Alvin Toffler, Power Shift: Knowledge, Wealth, and Power at the Edge of the 21st Century (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). See also Alvin and Heidi Toffler, Creating a New Civilization: The Politics of the Third Wave (Atlanta, GA: Turner Publications, 1995).

13. Peter F. Drucker, Landmarks of Tomorrow: A Report on the “New Post-Modern” World (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1996); Peter Drucker and Isao Nakauchi, Drucker on Asia: A Dialogue between PeterDrucker and Isao Nakauchi (Newton, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997); W. Edwards Dem-ing, The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education (Cambridge, MA: MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 1993); Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990).

14. For further details, see the EU website: http://europa.eu/index_en.htm. 15. Further details about these regional economic blocs are available elsewhere;

for example, check the following sources: S. Weintraub, NAFTA’s Impact on North America: The First Decade (Washington, DC: CSIS Press, 2004); Denis Hew, ed., Roadmap to an ASEAN Economic Community (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005).

16. Saw Swee-Hock, ed., AEAN-China Economic Relations (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007).

17. For such diametrically opposed views, see Edward Luce, Time to Start Think-ing: America in the Age of Descent (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2012); and Daniel Gross, Better, Stronger, Faster: The Myth of American Decline . . . and the Rise of a New Economy (New York: Free Press, 2012).

18. Ian Mount, “Argentina: The Cost of Being Truthful,” http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/13argentina-the-cost-of-being-truthful/axzz20f2NbM4U.

19. Joshua Cooper Ramo, “Globalism Goes Backward,” Fortune, Nov. 20, 2012, http://finance.fortune.cnn.com/2012/11/20/global-economy-backward.

20. Nandan Nilekani, Imagining India: The Idea of a Renewed Nation (New York: Penguin Press, 2009).

21. Peter Engardio, ed., Chindia: How China and India are Revolutionizing Global Business (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007).

22. Nouriel Roubani, “The Risk of a Hard Landing China: The Two Engines of Global Growth—US and China—Are Now Stalling.” REG Monitor, November 4, 2008, 1.

23. The Christmas decorations and ornaments industry has already shifted to China from Europe and America.

24. See the following works by Aqueil Ahmad: “Globalization and the Develop-ing Countries, with Especial Reference to Cuba,” Globalization 1, no. 1 (Fall 2001): http://www.globalization.icaap.org/v1.1/aqueilahmad.html); and “Sci-ence and Society in Cuba in the Context of Techno-Economic Globalization,” Journal of Business Chemistry 2, no. 3 (September 2005): 112–18.

25. “India-Pakistan Trade Expected to Receive Another Boost,” Times of India, August 17, 2012, 13.

NOTES 255

26. Jaleel Ahmad, “Why Are There So Many Preferential Trade Areas? A Politi-cal Economy Perspective,” Global Economic Review 37, no. 1 (March 2008): 51–62.

27. Peter Marsh, The New Industrial Revolution: Consumers, Globalization and the End of Mass Production (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).

28. See, for example, Sebastian Mallaby, Op Ed, Washington Post, November 28, 2005.

29. Rana Foroohar, “Go Glocal,” Time, August 20, 2012, 26–32. 30. Paul Baron, The Political Economy of Growth (New York: Monthly Press Review,

1957); Leslie Sklair, Globalization: Capitalism and Its Alternatives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).

31. “China’s African Misadventures,” Newsweek, December 3, 2007, 46. 32. UNDP, Human Development Report 2005, p. 1, http://hdr.undp.org/reports/

global/2005. 33. Jeffrey D. Sachs, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (Lon-

don: Penguin Books, 2005). 34. “The Magnificent Seven,” The Economist, April 29, 2006, 51–52. 35. UNDP, Human Development Report 2005, 4. 36. Ingrid Eckerman, The Bhopal Saga—Causes and Consequences of the World’s

Largest Industrial Disaster (Bloomington: Indiana Universities Press, 2004). 37. Pradip K. Ghosh, ed., Appropriate Technology in Third World Development

(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984). 38. Vandana Shiva, The Violence of Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture,

Ecology, and Politics (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zed Books, 1999); and Seeds of Suicides: The Ecological and Human Costs of Globalization (New Delhi: Research Foundation for Science, Technology, and Ecology, 2000).

39. The metaphor of “culture of consumerism” first came to my attention in the works of Leslie Sklair.

40. “There is enough for everyone’s need but not for everyone’s greed,” al la Mahatma Gandhi.

41. See, for example, Vandana Shiva, Afsar Jafri, and Kanwar Jalees, The Mirage of Market Success: How Globalization Is Destroying Farmers’ Lives and Livelihoods (New Delhi: Navdanya, 2003).

42. Robert T. Moran, ed., Global Business Management in the 1990s (Osprey, FL: Beacham, 1990).

43. Wallace V. Schmidt et al., Communicating Globally: Intercultural Communica-tion and International Business (Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2007).

44. Gary P. Ferraro, The Cultural Dimension of International Business (Upper Sad-dle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998).

45. Quoted from Andrew Kupfer, “How to Be a Global Manager,” Fortune, March 14, 1988, 58.

46. See, for example, Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity, Peace, and Sustainability (New York: Pearson Education, 2006).

47. The China Year Book of 1996, per Schaffer Library of Drug Policy, http://www.druglibrary.org.shcaffer/history/om/om15.htm

256 NOTES

48. UNESCO, “The Globalization of the Drug Trade,” UNESCO Sources 111 (April 1999): 4–8.

49. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2008, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2008.html.

50. David M. Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Structure of Everyday Life (Thou-sand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), 276.

51. Lora Lumpe, ed., Running Guns: The Global Black Market in Small Arms (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002).

52. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute website, http://www.sipri.org. See also Gideon Burrows, No-Nonsense Guide to the Arms Trade (Oxford, UK: New Internationalist, 2002).

53. Michael Klare, “The New Arms Race: Light Weapons and International Secu-rity,” Current History 96 (April 1997): 173–78.

54. Dipankar Bannerjee and Robert Muggah, Small Arms and Human Insecurity (Colombo, Sri Lanka: Regional Center for Strategic Studies, 2002).

55. See the following article for further details about the nuclear proliferation deals by A. Q. Khan, the Pakistani nuclear scientist. William Broad, David Sanger, and Raymond Bonner, “A Tale of Nuclear Proliferation: How the Paki-stani Built His Network,” New York Times, February 12, 2004.

56. For a comprehensive and up-to-date look at the problem of trafficking of women and children, see Karen Beeks and Delila Amir, eds., Trafficking and the Global Sex Industry (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006).

57. Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, Written Statement to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 57th Session, Item 12(a) of the Pro-visional Agenda.

58. Janice Raymond, “Legitimating Prostitution as Sex Work: UN Labor Organi-zation (ILO) Calls for Recognition of Sex Industry,” Coalition Against Traf-ficking in Women, http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/26/119/html.

59. Janice Raymond, “Prostitution as Violence against Women: NGO Stonewall-ing in Beijing and Elsewhere,” Women’s Studies International Forum 21, no. 1 (1998): 1–9.

60. UN Commission on Status of Women, “Captive Daughters,” http://www.captivedaughters.org/un.html.

61. Frank Laczko, “Human Trafficking: The Need for Better Data.” International Organization for Migration, November 2002.

62. William Finnegan, “The Countertraffickers: Recruiting the Victims of the Global Sex Trade,” The New Yorker, May 5, 2008, 49.

63. Polaris Project website, http://www.polarisproject.org. 64. Barbara Starr, “Former Soviet Union a Playground for Organized Crime: A

Gangster’s Paradise,” ABC News, September 14, 1998, 1. 65. US State Department, “Trafficking in Persons Report 2007,” http://gvnet.com/

humantrafficking/USA-2.htm. 66. Lena H. Sun, “The Search for Miss Right Takes a Turn toward Russia: Mail-

Order Brides Are Met via Internet and on ‘Romance Tours,’” Washington Post, March 8, 1998, http://www.encount.com/media/wahpost98.htm.

NOTES 257

Chapter 4

1. Michael H. Glantz, “The Global Challenge,” The World & I, April 1997, 24–31.

2. See, for example, UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Cli-mate Change—Human Solidarity in a Divided World (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); Ronald Bailey, ed., Earth Report 2000: Revisiting the True State of the Planet (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000); A. K. Ghosh, J. K. Ghosh, and Barun Mukhopadhyay, eds., Sustainable Environment: Statistical Analysis (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003).

3. E. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered (New York: Harper and Row, 1973).

4. For further details on Gandhi’s life and message, see Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World (New York: The New American Library—A Mentor Book, 1954).

5. One of the best sources of this type of information are the annual editions of State of the World published by the Worldwatch Institute, Washington, DC, http://worldwatch.org/stateoftheworld.

6. “Kyoto Protocol,” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php.

7. For recent developments in international agreements on climate change, see the UN Climate Change Conference 2007, Bali, Indonesia, December 3–14.

8. For IPCC’s website, go to http://www.ipcc.ch. 9. Christopher Bright, “Invasive Species: Pathogens of Globalization,” Foreign

Policy 116 (Fall 1999): 50–64. 10. Seth Shulman, Undermining Science: Suppression and Distortion in the Bush

Administration (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006); Mark Maslin, Global Warming: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 2004).

11. Joyce Brennfleck Shannon, ed., Worldwide Health Sourcebook (Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2001).

12. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2010 Global Hunger Index (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2010).

13. “Changing Hunger, Disease, and Poverty . . . with Water,” http://www.globalwater.org/background.htm.

14. Ron Nielson, The Little Green Handbook: Seven Trends Shaping the Future of Our Planet (New York: Picador, 2006).

15. Sandra Postel, Pillars of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999).

16. Global Health Council: Women’s Health, http://www.globalhealth.org/view_top.php3?id=225.

17. Colleen Barry, “Global Infant Mortality Rate Lowest in Years,” Newser, Sep-tember 3, 2007, http://www.newser.com/story/7437.html?refid=YTF_S.

18. “Disparities in Infant Mortality Rates,” http://digsitevalue.org/k/infant-mortality-rate-geography-iq.

258 NOTES

19. “HIV/AIDS Fact Sheet,” Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, December 2012, http://www.kff.org/hivaids/3030.cfm.

20. Global HIV Initiatives Network website, http://www.ghi-net.org. 21. For this set of data, see Scott Sernau, Global Problems: The Search for Equity,

Peace, and Sustainability (Boston: Pearson Education, 2006), 283–87. 22. See, for example, John P. Geyman, Healthcare in America: Can Our Ailing

System Be Healed? (Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007); David A. Shore, The Trust Crisis in Healthcare: Causes, Consequences, and Cures (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

23. For a brief summary of the American healthcare system, see Kevin M. Gerber, The US Healthcare System: Fundamental Facts, Definitions, and Statistics (Chi-cago, IL: AHS Press, 2006).

24. “The Cuban Healthcare Paradox,” Office of Education Abroad, University of North Carolina-Charlotte, https://edabroad.uncc.edu/programs/latin-america/cuban-health-care-paradox; Rory Carroll, “First World Results on a Third World Budget,” The Guardian, London, September 12, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/sep/12/film.health.

25. B. Meesen and B. Bloom, “Economic Transition, Institutional Changes, and the Healthcare System: Some Lessons from Rural China,” Journal of Economic Policy and Reform 10, no. 3 (July, 2007): 209–32.

26. David Blumenthal and William Hsiao, “Privatization and Its Discontents—The Evolving Chinese Health Care System,” The New England Journal of Medi-cine 353, no. 11 (September 15, 2005): 1165–70.

27. Gao Qiang, Ministry of Health Press Release, July 1, 2005. 28. Blumenthal and Hsiao, “Privatization and Its Discontents.” 29. Simone Brandt, Michael Garris, Edward Okeke, and Josh Rosenfeld, “Access

to Care in Rural China: A Policy Discussion” (paper presented at the Interna-tional Economic Development Program, The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, April 2006).

30. Shaun Rein, “Health-Care Reform, Chinese Style,” Bloomberg Business Week, August 21, 2009.

31. Global HIV Initiatives Network website, http://www.ghi-net.org.

Chapter 5

1. Felix K. Alonge, Principles and Practices of Governing Men: Nigeria and the World in Perspective (Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press, 2005).

2. Dates about ancient history are only tentative and approximate. 3. For general reference to the material on systems of governance, see the fol-

lowing sources: John A. Garraty and Peter Gay, eds., The Columbia History of the World (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Hywel Williams, Cassell’s Chro-nology of World History: Dates, Events and Ideas That Made History (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005); J. M. Roberts, The New Penguin History of the World (London: Allen Lane, 2002).

NOTES 259

4. John A. Boyle, The Mongolian World Empire, 1206–1370 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1977).

5. For a comprehensive discussion of the Islamic law (Sharia), see Mawil Izzi Dien, Islamic Law: From Historical Foundations to Contemporary Practice (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2004).

6. Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, The World: A History (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007), 255–58; Garraty and Gay, The Columbia History of the World, 604–19.

7. Fernandez-Armesto, The World, 709. 8. “Global Muslim Networks: How Far Have They Travelled,” The Economist,

March 8, 2008, 67–68. 9. For scholarly analysis of the Arab Spring, see Toby Manhire, The Arab Spring:

Rebellion, Revolution, and a New World Order (London: Guardian Books, 2012); Hamid Dabash, The Arab Spring: End of Post-Colonialism (New York: Zed Books, 2012).

10. See, for example, Roger Owen, The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012).

11. Charles L. Harper, Exploring Social Change: America and the World (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2007).

12. The King of Brunei who enjoys almost absolute power may be considered an exception.

13. Thailand, Cambodia, and Bhutan continue to have some form of constitu-tional monarchy. Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Camer-oon, and Ghana also have a history of constitutional monarchy in the recent past.

14. Larry Diamond, “The State of Democratization at the Beginning of the 21st Century,” The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 6 (Winter/Spring 2005): 13–18.

15. See, for example, Abbas Amanat and Frank Griffel, Shari’a: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007).

16. For a description of representative versus direct or participative democracy, see Eva Dekany-Szenasi, “Direct vs. Representative Democracy,” in Direct Democracy: The Eastern and Central European Experience, ed. Andreas Auer and Michael Butzer (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2001).

17. Gregory A. Fossedal, Direct Democracy in Switzerland (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002).

18. For further details on patterns of democracy, see Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms in Thirty-Six Countries (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).

19. See, for example, Samar Basu, The UNO, the World Government, and the Ideal of World Union as Envisioned by Sri Aurobindo (Pondicherry, India: Sri Aurobindo World Ashram, 1999); John A. Moore and Jerry Pubantz, The New United Nations: International Organizations in the Twenty-First Cen-tury (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006); Marcus Fonda, The United Nations in the Twenty-First Century: Management and Reform

260 NOTES

Processes in a Troubled Organization (Lenham, UK: Rowan and Littlefield, 2006).

20. Philip J. Strollo, “League of Nations Timeline,” WorldatWar.net, http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/league18-46.html.

21. For these, see John Plowright, The Causes, Course and Outcomes of World War Two (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).

22. Lora Kahn, ed., Darfur: Twenty Years of War and Genocide in Sudan (New York: PowerHouse, 2007).

23. For a detailed description of the UN system and its diverse functions, the reader is referred to the following websites: http://www.un.org/aboutun and http://www.un.org.

24. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization and the Developing Countries, With Espe-cial Reference to Cuba”; and “Science and Society in Cuba in the Context of Globalization,” Journal of Business Chemistry, 2, 3 (September 2005): http://chemistry.org/article/?article=83.

25. For the history of the UN’s arms embargoes in the post–Second World War period, see “International Arms Embargoes,” Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, http://www.sipri.org/contents/armstrade/embargoes.html.

26. Andreas Zimmerman et al., eds., The Statute of the International Court of Jus-tice: A Commentary (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006).

27. For some particular cases of compliance or noncompliance of ICJ rulings of recent years, the reader is referred to the following source: Constance Schulte, Compliance with Decisions of the International Court of Justice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

28. Michael J. Struett, Building the International Criminal Court (New York: Pal-grave Macmillan, 2008).

29. For further details on the International Criminal Court, its structure, and its activities, refer to the following sources: William A. Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004); International Criminal Court website, http://www.icc-cpi.int/En-Menus/icc/pages/default.aspx.

30. For further details about the EU, see the following sources: John Pinder, The European Union: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007); John McCormick, Understanding the European Union (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).

31. For further details on the history and structure of NATO, see Gustav Schmidt, ed., A History of NATO: The First Fifty Years (Houndmills, UK: Palgrave, 2001); Ronald D. Asmus, Opening NATO’s Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002).

32. For Commonwealth structure and membership, see W. D. McIntyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth (New York: Palgrave, 2001).

33. For some of this information, the author is indebted to Sir William Dale, The Modern Commonwealth (London: Butterworths, 1983).

NOTES 261

Chapter 6

1. Michael Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and other Figures (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2002).

2. Yasmin Khan, The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 128–42.

3. Siddiq Salik, Witness to Surrender (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978); R. LaPorte, “Pakistan in 1971: The Disintegration of a Nation,” Asian Survey 12, no. 2 (1972): 97–108.

4. Heinrich Harrer, Seven Years in Tibet (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1954); “Inva-sion and Illegal Annexation of Tibet: 1949–1951,” The Government of Tibet in Exile online, April 27, 1999, http://tibet.net/whitepaper/white2.html.

5. Ewa Tabeau and Jakub Bijak, “War-Related Deaths in the 1991–1995 Armed Conflicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Critique of Previous Estimates and Recent Results,” European Journal of Population 21, nos. 2–3 (2005): 187–215.

6. Mark Kurlansky, Nonviolence: Twenty-Five Lessons from the History of a Dan-gerous Idea (New York: Modern Library, 2006).

7. Anup Shah, “Arms Trade—A Major Cause of Suffering,” Global Issues, Janu-ary 5, 2013, http://globalissues.org/issues/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of suffering.

8. See International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 42, no. 2, Special issue on Terrorism (October 2005).

9. US Department of State, “List of Foreign Terrorist Organizations,” http://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm.

10. Cindy Combs, Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003); Albert J. Bergson and Omar Lizardo, “International Terrorism and the World System,” Sociological Theory 22, no. 1 (2004): 38–52.

11. This definition is informed by the following sources: Aqueil Ahmad and Michael Sileno, “Pre- and Post-9/11 Sociological Response to Terrorism,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 42, no. 2 (October 2005): 189–206; Jonathan R. White, Terrorism: An Introduction (Stanford, CA: Wad-sworth Thomson Learning, 2002); Gus Martin, Understanding Terrorism: Challenging, Perspectives, and Issues (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2003).

12. For this line of explanations, see Aqueil Ahmad, “Powerful Reaction to Power-lessness,” Peace Review 8, no. 10 (September 1996): 423–29; and “Terrorism as Powerful Reaction to Powerlessness in Global Society” (paper presented at the Association of Humanist Sociology, Annual Meeting, Newport, RI, November 15–18, 2001).

13. Ahmad and Sileno, “Pre- and Post-9/11 Sociological Response to Terrorism.” 14. Rabindra Ray, The Naxalites and Their Ideology (Delhi: Oxford University

Press, 1988).

262 NOTES

Chapter 7

1. David M. Newman, Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006), 99.

2. George H. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behav-iorist (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

3. James Davison Hunter and Joshua Yates, “In the Vanguard of Globalization: The World of American Globalizers,” in Many Globalizations: Cultural Diver-sity in the Contemporary World, ed. Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 323–24. See also James L. Watson, Golden Arches in East: McDonald’s in East Asia (Stanford, CA: Stanford Uni-versity Press, 1977).

4. This mentality was challenged by the Swedeshi (indigenous) Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in the 1930s as a part of India’s struggle for freedom from Britain.

5. These observations are based on the author’s several professional visits to China in the 1980s.

6. While reading these accounts, it is instructive to keep in mind 2008’s global economic downturn/recession affecting the United States, China, Europe, and all the other national economies. It is, however, assumed that the cultural cor-relates of globalization will remain largely intact as the global economy picks up steam again.

Chapter 8

1. For a better understanding of scientific paradigms and scientific revolutions, see Thomas. S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 3rd ed. (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1996).

2. Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 92. 3. Derek J. de Solla Price, Science since Babylon (New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press, 1961). 4. Robert K. Merton, On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandian Postscript (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1993). 5. Allan D. Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1987). 6. See, for example, Michael Kerrigan, Ancient Rome and the Roman Empire

(New York: DK Publications, 2001). 7. Quoted from “Iraq: The Cradle of Civilization,” in Legacy: The Origins of Civi-

lization, documentary series by Michael Wood, produced by Maryland Public Television and Central Independent Television, UK.

8. For these and other ancient contributions to science, see William P. D. Wight-man, The Growth of Scientific Ideas (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953).

NOTES 263

9. George Sarton, “Chaldean Astronomy of the Last Three Centuries B.C.,” Jour-nal of the American Oriental Society 75, no. 3 (1955): 166–73.

10. For further details about ancient Chinese contributions to science and tech-nology, see the following sources: Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, Vols. 1–6 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1974–2000); Robert K. G. Temple, The Genius of China (London: Andre Deutsch, 2007).

11. Simon Winchester, The Man Who Loved China (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 66.

12. Ibid., 66, 67. 13. R. K. Narayan, My Days: Autobiography (Chenai, India: Indian Thought Pub-

lications, 2006). 14. Herbert H. Gowen, “‘The Indian Machiavelli’ or Political Theory in India Two

Thousand Years Ago,” Political Science Quarterly 44, no. 2 (1929): 173–92; L. K. Jha and K. N. Jha, “Chanakya: The Pioneer Economist of the World,” International Journal of Social Economics 25, nos. 2–4 (1998): 267–82.

15. A. Rahman, ed., Science and Technology in Indian Culture—A Historical Per-spective (New Delhi: National Institute for Science, Technology and Develop-ment Studies, 1984); Irfan Habib, “Interaction of Scientific Ideas in the Asian Culture Area,” in Science and Technology Policy for National Development: A Window on the Asian Experience, ed. Aqueil Ahmad and Hugh Russell, 21–30 (Paris: UNESCO, 1988).

16. G. E. Andrews, ed., Ramanujan Revisited: Proceedings of the Centenary Con-ference, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, June 1–5, 1987 (Boston: Academic Press, 1988); B. C. Brendt and R. A. Rankin, Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary (Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society, 1995).

17. These accounts are partially based on the author’s visit to Egypt in 1975. See also L. Adkins and R. Adkins, The Little Book of Egyptian Hieroglyphics (Lon-don: Hodder and Stoughton, 2001); Paul T. Nicholson et al., Ancient Egyp-tian Materials and Technology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

18. Quoted from Chapel Hill Herald Staff Reports, January 13, 2007, 3. 19. William F. Hank and Don S. Rice, eds., Word and Image in the Maya Culture:

Explorations in Language, Writing, Representation (Salt Lake City, UT: Univer-sity of Utah Press, 1989); A. Hyatt Verrill, Old Civilizations of the New World (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1929).

20. Aqueil Ahmad, “Non-Western Sources of Knowledge” (plenary lecture at Walden University Summer Session, Indiana University, Bloomington, July 13, 1992).

21. Francis Robinson, Atlas of the Islamic World (Oxford, UK: Equinox, 1984), 16. 22. For further details on the history of science and technology in the Islamic

world, see the following sources: Michael H. Morgan, Lost History: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Scientists, Thinkers, and Artists (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2007); Osman Bakr, The History and Philosophy of Islamic Science (Cambridge, UK: Islamic Texts Society, 1999); Ziauddin

264 NOTES

Sardar, An Early Crescent: The Future of Knowledge and the Environment in Islam (London: Mansell, 1989).

23. For an overview of his career, see Shams Inati, “Ibn Sina,” in History of Islamic Philosophy, ed. Hossein Seyyed Nasr and Oliver Leaman (New York: Rout-ledge, 1996).

24. This brief note on al-Baruni and the following discussion on Ibn Khaldun’s contributions to our knowledge are duly informed by Robert Boruch, “Ideas about Social Research, Evaluation, and Statistics in Medieval Arabic Lit-erature: Ibn Khaldun and al-Baruni,” Evaluation Review 8, no. 6 (December 1984): 823–42.

25. Olivier Leaman, Averroes and His Philosophy (London, UK: Routledge and Keegan Paul, 1998).

26. Boruch, “Ideas about Social Research.” 27. Ibid., 830. 28. Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History (New York: Oxford University Press,

1963). 29. Peter Lu and Paul Steinhardt, “Decagonal and Quasi-Crystalline Tilings in

Medieval Islamic Architecture,” Science 315, no. 5815 (February 23, 2007): 1106–10.

30. George Basalla, The Rise of Modern Science: External and Internal Factors (Lex-ington, MA: Heath, 1968).

31. In his most recent book, Newsweek journalist Fareed Zakaria builds a scenario of a world in which America is no longer the leading political and indus-trial power because of the technoeconomic rise of other nations. See Fareed Zakaria, The Post-American World (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).

32. Xiaoying Qi, “A Case of Globalized Knowledge Flows: Guanxi in Social Science and Management Theory,” International Sociology 27, no. 6 (2012): 707–23.

33. “China—Inside the Dragon,” National Geographic, Special Issue, May 2008, 70.

34. Ashlee Vance, “Chinese Supercomputer Tianhe-1A Bumps U.S. Out of the Lead,” New York Times, October 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/technology/28compute.html?ref=ashleevance.

35. Miniwatts Marketing Group, Internet World Stats, http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm.

36. “The Dragon’s Way or the Tiger’s?” Business Week, November 20, 2006, 55. 37. Ted Tschang, “China’s Software Industry and Its Implications for India,” work-

ing paper # 25, OECD, Dev/Doc, 2003. 38. “India-China Technology and Trade Target,” BBC News South Asia, December

16, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12006092. 39. Carlo M. Morel, et al., “Health Innovation Networks to Help Developing

Countries Address Neglected Diseases,” Science Magazine, July 15, 2005, 401–4. 40. Aqueil Ahmad, “Globalization of Nuclear Technology and Threat: Myth and

Reality,” International Journal of Contemporary Sociology 46, no. 1 (April 2009): 93–111.

NOTES 265

41. Etel Solingen, Industrial Policy, Technology, and International Bargaining for Designing Nuclear Industries in Argentina and Brazil (Cambridge, UK: Cam-bridge University Press, 1999).

42. David Sheinin and Beatriz Figallo, “Nuclear Policy in Cold War Argentina,” MACLAS Latin American Essays, March 2001, http://www.questa.com/library/1G1-92615137/nuclear-politics-in-cold-war-argentina.

43. H. S. Sahiken, “Will Manufacturing Head South?” Technological Review 96 (1993): 28–29; H. A. Dassabach, “Where Is North American Automobile Pro-duction Headed: Low-Wage Lean Production,” Electronic Journal of Sociology 1, no. 1 (September 1994): http://www.sociology.org/content/vol001.001/dassbach.html.

44. National Science Foundation/National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006 (Washington, DC: National Science Board, 2012).

45. Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 46. Derek de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science (New York: Columbia Univer-

sity Press, 1963). 47. Narayan Murthy on collaborative international relay teams in “The World in

2005,” The Economist, p. 103. 48. Karen A. Holbrook, “The Fight for Science and Math: New Ways of Teach-

ing These Subject Are Key,” Chief Executive, March 2006, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Holbrook%2c+Karen+A,-314.

49. Brent Staple, “Why American College Students Hate Science,” New York Times, May 25, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/25/opinion/25thu4.html.

50. Michelle Thaler, “Where Have All the Graduate Students Gone?” The Chris-tian Science Monitor, July 25, 2002, 25.

51. India and China have traded places back and forth as the top two contributors in American higher education enrollment over the years. See the Institute of International Education’s Open Door Fast Facts for 2011.

52. For further details on other such shifts, compare the Institute of International Education’s Open Door Fast Facts for 2006 and 2011.

53. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators 2006, p. 1–13. 54. Speech at the Royal Society in Oxford, November 3, 2006, recorded. 55. National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), Manufacturing Institute,

2005 Skills Gap Report. 56. NAM, Manufacturing Institute, 2011 Skills Gap Report. 57. The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 2011 and 2012 editions. 58. William J. Broad, “US is Losing its Dominance in the Sciences,” New York

Times, May 3, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/03/us-is-losing-its-dominance-in-the-sciences.html?ref=williamjbroad

59. For further details on such interesting S&T/R&D data, the readers are referred to the annual Science and Engineering Indicators 2012 of the National Science Foundation/National Science Board.

60. National Science Foundation/National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2012, chapter 4.

266 NOTES

61. “Can Anyone Steer This Economy?” Business Week, November 20, 2006, 62. 62. The European Organization for Nuclear Research website, http://public

.web.cern.ch/Public/Welcome.html. The Hadron Collider suffered technical glitches at its first test run but is now fully operational.

63. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology website, http://www.oist.jp/oist-nutshell.

64. European Space Agency website, http://www.esa.int/ESA. 65. James Watson, TheDouble Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the

Structure of DNA (New York: Athenaeum, 1968). 66. Such information and details about the Human Genome Project are readily

available on the Internet. However, for an authoritative source, the reader is referred to Michael A. Palladino, Understanding the Human Genome Project (San Francisco, CA: Pearson/Benjamin Cummings, 2006).

67. National Science Foundation/National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006, 1–10.

68. On American students abroad, see Institute of International Education, Open Door 2011 Fast Facts.

69. “Higher Education: The Future Is Another Country,” The Economist, January 3, 2009, 43.

70. Robert Lomas, The Invisible College: Royal Society, Freemasonry and the Birth of Modern Science (London: Headline, 2002).

71. Derek J. de Solla Price, Little Science, Big Science, 85. 72. Ibid. 73. Diane Crane, Invisible Colleges (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972);

Daryl Chubin, Sociology of Science: An Annotated Bibliography on Invisible Col-leges (New York: Garland, 1983).

74. See P. G. Altbach, “Globalization and the University,” Tertiary Education and Management 10, no. 1 (2004): 3–25; D. Crystal, English as a Global Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

75. Thomas L. Friedman, The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006). See also, Aqueil Ahmad, “The World Is (Not) Flat—A Critique of Tom Friedman’s The World Is Flat,” Book Review, Globalization, 7, no. 1 (Spring 2008): http://globalization.icaap.org/contents/v7.1/ahmad.html.

76. UN International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland, http//www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx.

77. Internet World Stats, “Top 20 Internet Countries,” 2012, http://www.internetworldstats.com/top20.htm.

78. See also “Rising in the East,” The Economist, January 3, 2009, 47. 79. Quoted from “Iraq: The Cradle of Civilization.” 80. For further details about the development of atomic bomb, see Richard

Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986).

81. J. Robert Oppenheimer, Oppenheimer, Letters and Recollections, ed. Alice K. Smith (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980), 1.

NOTES 267

82. R. H. Holloway, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: Politics, Rhetoric, and Self-Defense (Newport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1993).

83. Bertrand Russell, comment, Glasgow Forward, August 18, 1945. 84. Sandra I. Butcher, “The Origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto,” Pugwash

History Series #1, May 2005, http://www.pugwash.org/publication/phs/history9.pdf

85. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press, 2003). 86. Norman Moss, Klaus Fuchs: The Man Who Stole the Atom Bomb (London:

Grafton Books, 1987). 87. Sam Robert, The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case (New York:

Random House, 2001). 88. David Fischer, History of the International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna:

IAEA, 1997). 89. Others with known nuclear weapons capability include Canada, Israel, Argen-

tina, and of late, perhaps Iran. 90. Thomas Graham Jr., Common Sense on Weapons of Mass Destruction (Seattle,

WA: Washington University Press, 2004). 91. Mohammed Ibrahim Shaker, The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (New York:

Oceanic Publishers, 1980). See also Jennifer Mackby, “The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,” Center of Strategic and International Studies, Aug. 26, 2009. http://csis.org/publication/comprehensive-nuclear-test-ban-treaty.

92. Aqueil Ahmad, “Science and Technology in Contemporary India and China: An Overview,” Society and Science 5, no. 1 (January/March): 87–95.

93. Sumit Ganguli, “Behind India’s Bomb: The Politics and Strategy of Nuclear Deterrence,” Foreign Affairs 80, no. 5 (September/October 2001): 136–42; M. V. Ramana and A. H. Nayar, “India, Pakistan, and the Bomb,” Scientific American, December 16, 2001, 72–83.

94. “We are a Nuclear Power, The Weird and Scary Saga of How an Isolated, Bankrupt Nation Went Nuclear – and How the United States Failed to Stop It” Newsweek, October 23, 2006, cover story. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-152884108.html

95. Graham, Common Sense on Weapons of Mass Destruction; Bill Keller, “Nuclear Nightmares,” New York Times Magazine, May 26, 2002, 22, 24–29, 51, 544–55, 57; Jonathan R. White, “The Threat of Nuclear Terrorism,” in Terrorism: An Introduction (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning, 2002), 248–51.

96. See, for reference, Ronald Mendell, The Quiet Threat: Fighting Industrial Espi-onage in America (Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas, 2003); Kevin D. Mitnick and William L. Sim, The Art of Deception: Controlling Human Element of Secu-rity (Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley, 2002); Organization of Economic Coop-eration and Development, Global Knowledge Flows and Economic Development (Paris: OECD, 2004).

97. Juergen Baetz, “Germany Decides to Abandon Nuclear Power by 2022,” Associated Press, May 30, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory?id=13717078.

268 NOTES

98. Spreading the Atom: Stopping the Wrong Sort of Chain Reaction, Report, The Economist, May 22, 2008, 79.

99. For the proposal to develop this type of a consortium, see Ahmad, “Nuclear Technology and Threat.”

Chapter 9

1. See Karen Armstrong, Battle for God (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000); Karen Armstrong, Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today’s World (New York: Anchor Books, 2001); Mark Kurlansky, Nonviolence: Twenty-Five Lessons from the History of a Dangerous Idea (New York: Modern Library, 2006).

2. Kurlanski, Nonviolence, 31. 3. Kurlansky, Nonviolence, 36–37. 4. Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces (Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press, 1972); and The Power of Myth (New York: Doubleday, 1988). 5. Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World (New York: A Mentor

Book, 1954). 6. For further details on the partition of India, see Yasmin Khan, The Great Parti-

tion: The Making of India and Pakistan (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007).

7. For a brief history of India’s nonviolent and nonsectarian struggle for freedom under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, see Louis Fischer, Gandhi: His Life and Message for the World.; Calvin Kytle, Gandhi, Soldier of Nonviolence: An Introduction (Washington, DC: Seven Locks Press, 1982).

8. For further reference, see the following sources: Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Scribner, 1948); The Christian Encyclopedia, 2001; Statistical Yearbook of the Church 2004; The Catholic Ency-clopedia, Vol. IX, Central Statistics Office of the Vatican Library.

9. For further reference, see the following sources: Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (New York: Modern Library, 2000); Mohammed Hedayetullah, Dynamics of Islam: An Exposition (Victoria, Canada: Trafford, 2006); Moham-med Ayoub, Islam: Faith and History (Oxford, UK: Oneworld, 2004).

10. For further reference, see the following sources: Swami Bhaskarananda, The Essentials of Hinduism: A Comprehensive Overview of the World’s Oldest Reli-gion (Seattle, WA: Viveka Press, 1994); Robin Rinehart, ed., Contemporary Hin-duism (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2004); Ashok Vohra, Arvind Sharma, and Mrinal Miri, eds., Dharma, the Categorical Imperative (New Delhi: DK Printworld, 2005).

11. Karen Armstrong, Buddha (New York: Viking, 2001); Jacob N. Kinnard, The Emergence of Buddhism (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2000); Narendra K. Dash, ed., Concept of Suffering in Buddhism (New Delhi: Kaveri Books, 2005).

12. Mark Tully and Satish Jacob, Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi’s Last Battle (London: Jonathan Cape, 1985).

13. For further reference, see Gurinder Singh Mann, Sikhism (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2004); William O. Cole, Understanding Sikhism (Edinburgh,

NOTES 269

UK: Dunedin Academic, 2004); Khushwant Singh, The Illustrated History of the Sikhs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).

14. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, “Taoism,” ReligiousTolerance.org, http://www.religioustolerance.org/taoism.htm.

15. For further reference, see Livia Kohn, ed., Taoist Identity: History, Lineage and Ritual (Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2002); James Miller, Daoism: A Short Introduction (Oxford, UK: Oneworld, 2003); Wang Yi’e, Dao-ism in China: An Introduction, trans. by Zeng Chuanhui, ed. Adam Canzit (Warren, CT: Floating World, 2006).

16. For further reference, see Christine E. Hayes, The Emergence of Judaism (West-port, CT: Greenwood Press, 2007); Jacob Neuser, Judaism: The Basics (New York: Routledge, 2006); Louis Jacobs, Judaism and Theology: Essays on the Jew-ish Religion (Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell, 2005).

17. Baha’i Faith, “Bahá’u’lláh: The Promised One of All Ages,” http://www.bahai.us/welcome/founders-and-history/bahaullah/.

18. For reference, see Michael D. McMullen, The Baha’i: The Religious Construc-tion of a Global Identity (Atlanta, GA: Rutgers University Press, 2000); Peter Smith, A Short History of Baha’i Faith (Rockport, MA: Oneworld Publications, 1996).

19. For further reference, see Max Weber, Confucianism and Daoism, abridged (London: London School of Economics, 1984); Yao Xinzhong, An Introduc-tion to Confucianism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000); John Renard, 101 Questions and Answers on Confucianism, Daoism, and Shinto (New York: Paulist Press, 2002).

20. For further reference, see Joseph Kilagawa, On Understanding Japanese Reli-gions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987); Scott C. Littleton, Shinto: Origins, Rituals, Festivals, Spirits, and Sacred Places (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); John Renard, 101 Questions and Answers on Confu-cianism, Daoism, and Shinto (New York: Paulist Press, 2002).

21. For reference, see Rudi Jansama and Sneh Rani Jain, Introduction to Jainism (New Delhi: Sunrise Publishers, 2006); Kailash Chand Jain, Lord Mahavira and His Times (New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1991).

22. For further reference, see Peter Clark, Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to an Ancient Faith (Brighton, UK: Sussex Academic Press, 1998); Cyrus R. Pang-born, Zoroastrianism: A Beleaguered Faith (New York: Advent Books, 1983).

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Index

Abbasids, 130 Abrahamic religions, 225– 31, 234, 236–

37, 240– 44 Abu Bakr, Caliph, 228 Affordable Health Care Act, 119– 20 Afghanistan, 6, 18, 26, 39, 91– 94, 128–

29, 134, 141, 148, 150– 51, 156– 63, 165, 225

Africa, 41– 42, 43, 73, 80– 81, 98, 115– 17, 134

African Americans, 45, 51, 53, 55 African Union, 142 agriculture, 53– 54, 83– 84, 114– 15, 183,

185 Ahura Mazda (deity), 242 AIDS/HIV, 37, 43, 114, 117– 18 Airbus, 66 ALCOA, 25 Algeria, 48 Al Gilani Library, 183 Ali, Caliph, 228– 29 Al- Qaeda, 158– 59 Al- Shabab, 159 Amelio, William J., 89 American Medial Association, 120 Amin, Idi, 148 Amin, Samir, 23– 24, 28 Amritsar massacre, 233 Analects, The (Confucius), 239 Andorra, 134 Angola, 42, 80 Annan, Kofi , 81, 144 Apple Computers, 65, 84, 201 Arabic/Islamic culture, 180, 182, 187–

88 Arab League, 161

Arab Spring, 3, 133 ArcelorMittal, 88 Archimedes, 183 Argentina, 26, 29, 39, 68, 70– 71, 118,

156, 181, 195– 96 Aristotle, 183 Armenia, 149 arms trade, 11, 15, 89, 93– 95, 99– 101,

160, 166 Arthashastra (Chanakya), 185 Aryabhatta, 186 Ashoka, Emperor, 128, 185, 232 Asian Development Bank, 77 Asiatic religions, 226, 244 Assad, Basher al, 141, 163 Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 68, 70 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal, 130 Atlas of the Islamic World (Robinson),

188 Aurangzeb, Emperor, 130, 233 Australia, 26, 41– 42, 49, 73, 91, 93,

115– 16, 118, 120, 136, 180, 209, 213 Austria, 42, 149, 205, 218 automobile industry, 69, 171, 176,

196– 98 Averroes (Ibn Rushd), 189 Aztecs, 187

Babism, 237 Babones, Salvatore, 24 Baha’ism, 226, 228, 237– 38 Bahaullah, 237 Bahrain, 134, 229 balance of power, 29– 30, 80– 81 Bali, 166

Page numbers in italics refer to fi gures and tables.

290 INDEX

Bangladesh, 26, 39, 71, 82– 83, 155, 193, 230

Ban Ki- moon, 144 Baron, Paul, 24 Beijing, 57, 58 Beirut attacks, 158 Belgium, 42, 70, 131, 134, 148 Benghazi attacks, 159, 162 Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 17 Bhagvad Geeta, 215, 231 Bhagwati, Jagdish, 4 Bharati Enterprises, 88 Bhindranwale, 233 Bhopal explosion, 83 Bhutan, 134 Bhutto, Benazir, 159 Bible, 227– 28, 236 bin Laden, Osama, 6, 158– 59, 161– 62 birth control, 38– 39, 41, 45 Biruni, Abu Rayhan Ibn Ahmad al- ,

189 Blair, Tony, 204 Bloom, Allan, 182 Boeing aircraft, 66 Boko Haram, 159 Bolivia, 26, 68 Bollywood, 171, 175 Bono, 82 Born, Max, 215 Boruch, Robert, 189 Bosnia- Herzegovina, 148, 151, 156 Boulding, Kenneth, 17 Bound Together (Chandra), 5, 7 Boutros- Ghali, Boutros, 144 Boyle, Robert, 210 Brahma, 230 Brandt, Simone, 122 Brazil, 3– 4, 5, 26, 29, 39, 57, 67– 68,

70– 71, 73, 82, 108, 118, 143, 181, 192– 93, 195– 96, 206

Bretton Woods, 6, 10, 61– 62, 81 BRIC countries, 5, 6, 71, 73 Bridgman, Percy, 215 Brief History of Globalization, A (Mc-

Gillivray), 5

Bright, Christopher, 110 Britain. See Great Britain British Council, 209 British East India Company, 63, 130 British National Space Center, 207 British Royal Society, 210 British Space Agency, 207 Broad, William J., 205 Brunei, 118, 134 Buck, Pearl S., 172 Buddha, 231– 32, 238 Buddhism, 105, 156, 185, 226, 230– 33,

235, 238– 40 bureaucracy, 62, 132, 183– 84, 239 Burkina Faso, 41Burma, 52, 133 Bush, George W., 37, 107– 8, 147, 162,

205, 217– 18 Byzantine Empire, 129

Calderon, Felipe, 92 California, 54, 55, 98 Caliphates, 130, 228 Cambodia, 91, 98, 108, 157, 232 Campbell, Joseph, 224 Canada, 26, 42, 49, 53, 63, 70, 74, 79–

80, 93, 118, 120, 136, 143, 150, 182, 206– 8, 218

Canadian Bureau of International Education, 209

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 77

Cannon of Medicine, The (Ibn Sina), 189

capital fl ows, 77– 80, 100, 160, 166, 170 capitalism, 3– 5, 23– 24, 27, 29– 30, 58,

85, 190 CARE, 122 Carrefour, 71, 84 Carter, Jimmy, 109 Castro, Fidel, 68, 133– 34 Caterpillar, 77 Catholicism, 38, 39, 226– 27, 243– 44 Celera Genomics, 208 Center for American Progress, 108

INDEX 291

Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Science and Technology (CISST), 12– 13

Central American Free Trade Agree-ment (CAFTA), 56, 68, 70, 73

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 99, 159

Centre National d’Etudes Spactiales (CNES), 207

CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), 206– 7

Chanakya (Kautilya), 185 Chandra, Nayan, 5, 7 Chandragupta, Emperor, 185 Chase- Dunn, Christopher, 24 Chavez, Hugo, 68– 69, 74, 138 Cheney, Dick, 162 Chernobyl, 220 Chiang Kai- shek, 133, 172 Chile, 29, 68, 117– 18, 133, 138, 195 China, 3– 5, 13, 22, 26– 29, 34, 39– 40,

43, 45– 46, 49– 50, 52, 54, 57, 65– 75, 78– 80, 82– 83, 86, 88– 91, 93, 98– 99, 106– 8, 114, 121– 25, 133– 34, 142– 43, 147, 152, 155– 56, 172– 75, 180– 85, 192– 98, 201– 9, 213, 216– 19, 225– 27, 232– 35, 238– 39, 244 ancient, 62– 63, 128– 29, 180, 182– 85

China Mobile, 195 Chin Dynasty, 128 Chinese Academy of Sciences, 209 Chinese Cooperative Medical Scheme,

122, 123 Chinese Ministry of Health, 121 Chinese National Offshore Oil Corpo-

ration (CNOOC), 69, 79, 80 Chinese National Peoples’ Congress,

122 Chinese National University of De-

fense Technology, 193– 94 Chirac, Jacques, 150 Chisinau, Moldova, 98 Christ, 183, 226 Christianity, 223– 28, 230 Chronicles of India (Al- Biruni), 189

Chrysler, 196 Chuang- tzu, 235 Chubin, Daryl, 211 Churchill, Winston, 135 Citgo, 79, 84 “clash of civilizations/cultures,” 10, 56,

60, 160, 164, 190, 230, 243 Clinton, Bill, 108– 9, 147, 217– 18 Clinton, William J., Foundation, 77 Clinton Global Initiatives, 122 Closing of the American Mind, The

(Bloom), 182 Club of Rome, 15, 34– 36 Coalition Against Traffi cking in

Women (CATW), 96– 97 Cold War, 29, 52, 152, 216 Cole, USS, attack, 158 colleges and universities, 201– 3,

208– 9 Colombia, 91– 92, 98, 159 colonialism, 25– 26, 47– 48, 50, 54, 58,

62– 63, 131– 32, 139, 171, 191– 92 Columbus, Christopher, 187 Comision Nacional de Energia

Atomica (CNEA), 196 Communism, 29, 52, 67, 133– 34, 172

collapse of, 29, 52, 97 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

(CTBT), 217, 220 computers, 176, 193– 95 confl icts

global, 155– 67 religious, 224– 25, 232– 34, 243– 44

confl ict theory, 10, 24– 25, 30 Confucianism, 226, 234– 35, 238– 39 Congo, 15, 18, 26, 73, 80, 93 Congo, Democratic Republic of, 42,

157, 218 Congo, Republic of, 141 Constantine I, Emperor, 226 consumerism, 11, 70– 71, 73, 75, 79–

80, 84– 86, 100, 170– 71, 173 core, 26– 30, 75 core- periphery relations, 51, 54, 129,

131, 180– 81, 213

292 INDEX

corporations, 24, 110– 11, 124 See also multinational corporations

(MNCs) cosmic consciousness, 9– 10 Costa Rica, 70, 117 Council for Mutual Economic Assis-

tance (COMECON), 52, 143 Council on the American Family, 38 Crane, Diane, 211 Crick, Francis, 207 Croats, 156 Cuba, 27, 49, 52, 67, 68, 74, 117, 118,

120– 21, 123, 133– 34, 143, 152 missile crisis, 143, 216

currency markets, 66, 77– 78 Cyprus, 149 Czechoslovakia, 29

Dalai Lama, 73, 155, 173, 232 Darfur, 142, 225 Darwin, Charles, 42 Dell, Inc., 89 Deming, Edwards, 66 democracy, 30, 135– 39, 175 Democratic Party, 138 demographic transition theories

(DTT), 10, 42– 59, 60, 101, 114 Deng Xiaoping, 40, 121, 174 Denmark, 42, 48, 134, 136, 150, 205 Department of Defense, 66 Department of Energy, 207, 215 dependency theory, 23– 25, 27– 28, 30

See also world systems/dependency theory

Dependency Theory Revisited (Ghosh), 24

Derber, Charles, 4 development models, 19– 21, 28– 29,

78– 79, 81 Dharma, 231 Dharmic traditions, 226, 229, 231,

241, 244 Diamond, Larry, 135 dictatorships, 132– 34 digital divide, 15, 213– 14

Dire, General, 233 disasters, natural, 78, 106, 145 diseases and epidemics, 114– 15, 118,

121– 22, 130, 133 Disney, 65, 174 Dominican Republic, 70 Dow Chemicals, 25 Drucker, Peter, 66 drug trade, 11, 15, 56, 71, 89– 93, 99–

101, 160, 166 Dubai Ports World, 79 Duke Power, 113 Durkheim, Émile, 20– 21 Dutch colonialism, 25, 63, 90 Dutch East India Company, 63

Eastern Europe, 56, 98– 99, 129, 181 East Timor, 15, 141, 156 Economic and Social Commission for

Asia and the Pacifi c (ESCAP), 145 Economic and Social Commission for

Western Asia (ESCWA), 145 Economic Commission for Africa

(ECA), 145 Economic Commission for Europe

(ECE), 145 Economic Commission for Latin

America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 145

economic growth, 38– 39, 41, 45, 71– 72, 105– 9, 112, 124

economic meltdowns and depressions, 63 1987, 18, 78 2008– 9, 8, 29, 70, 78 2012– 14, 67, 70– 71, 78

Economist, 175, 221 education, 43, 47, 50, 53, 76, 87, 117,

118, 191, 201– 10 Egypt, 3, 23, 123, 133, 157, 194

ancient, 128– 29, 182, 186 Ehrlich, Paul, 34 Einstein, Albert, 214– 15 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 112 Ellerman, Derek, 98

INDEX 293

El Salvador, 26, 70– 71 Emancipation Proclamation, 95 embargoes, 143 empires, 128– 29, 131– 32

See also colonialism and specifi c countries

energy, 37, 69, 105, 106, 109, 112– 14, 220

Engardio, Pete, 4 English language, 174– 75, 211 environment, 11, 29, 35– 37, 58, 83– 84,

103– 25 Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), 108 Erasmus program, 209 Ethiopia, 42, 50, 133 European Commission, 149 European Common Market, 68, 70 European Court of Auditors, 149 European Court of Justice, 149 European Economic Community

(EEC), 15, 65, 70, 148 European Parliament, 149 European Space Agency (ESA), 207 European Union (EU), 1, 3, 11, 29, 56,

65, 70, 143, 148– 50, 152– 53, 219 Euro Zone, 3, 18, 67, 70, 78– 79, 150 Exploring Globalization, 2 extraverted economies, 28 Exxon- Mobil, 25

Falklands War, 156 Family Research Council, 38 FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces

of Colombia), 159 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),

99, 159 Fermi, Enrico, 215 fertility rates, 36– 43, 45– 46, 51 fi nancial institutions, 29, 63, 77– 80,

100 Financial Times, 71 Finland, 42, 45, 205 First World, 29 Flint, Robert, 190

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 82, 146

food and nutrition, 114– 16, 124 restaurants, 79, 85– 86, 170– 72,

174– 75 Ford Foundation, 77 Ford Motors, 196 foreign direct investments (FDIs), 27,

67, 69, 71, 77, 79– 80 foreign language study, 209– 10 Foroohar, Rana, 77 Four Modernizations policy, 40 France, 2, 25– 26, 42, 43, 48– 49, 56, 67,

70, 78– 79, 93, 131, 137– 38, 142– 43, 148– 50, 171– 72, 174, 199, 208– 9, 216, 218, 228

Franco, Francisco, 133 Frank, Andre Gunder, 23, 25 Frank, Tommy, 148 free markets, 66– 67, 69, 73, 75, 100, 152 Friedman, Tom, 6, 213 Fritz, Jack, 205 Fuchs, Klaus, 216 Fukushima disaster, 4, 58, 220 Fulbright- Hays Program, 209 Fuller, Buckminster, 245 furniture industry, 7, 73, 176

G7 nations, 78 G8 nations, 26, 29, 78– 79, 82 G20, 26 Gaddafi , Muammar, 133, 219 Gandhi, Indira, 233 Gandhi, Mahatma, 85, 105, 224– 25 Gans, Herbert, 58, 82 Granth Sahib, Guru, 234 Gasprom, 85 Gates, Melinda and Bill, Foundation,

77, 122 Gaza Strip, 157 Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, 22, 58 General Agreement on Trade and

Tariffs (GATT), 61 General Motors, 196 Genghis Khan, 129

294 INDEX

Germany, 26, 43, 49, 56, 67, 70, 79, 88, 93, 97, 110, 114, 148– 50, 174, 194, 196, 199, 205, 213, 220, 218

Germany (continued)East, 29 Nazi, 133, 140, 147, 150, 214

Ghana, 52 Ghaznavi, Mahmud, 189 Ghosh, B. N., 23, 24 Giddens, Anthony, 66 Giza pyramids, 186 global consciousness, 8– 10, 31, 75– 77,

82, 86– 89, 101, 105, 113, 166 Global Healthcare Information Net-

work, 118 Globalization (Steger), 4, 6 Globalization/Anti- Globalization (Held

and McGrew), 5 “Globalization: Boon or Bane,” 62, 171 globalized structures, defi ned, 1– 2 Global Village, The (McLuhan), 15, 64 global warming, 106, 109– 12 Goethe Institute, 209 Go Glocal, 77 Golden Temple, 233– 34 Golden Triangle, 91 Gore, Al, 36, 108, 111 governance, 127– 54 Great Britain, 26, 48, 67, 97, 118, 134,

136, 150, 162, 171, 196, 206, 216 Commonwealth, 11, 48, 77, 151,

153, 209 Empire, 25, 26, 48, 63, 90, 139– 32,

135, 151, 171, 174, 186 Greece, 3, 67, 93, 149, 150

ancient, 23, 95, 183 greenhouse gases, 110, 113 Green Parties, 106 Green Revolution, 34, 83, 114 Grenada, 156 Guatemala, 70, 91, 98 Guinea, 42, 80 Gulf States, 49, 118 Gulf War, 156– 57 Gurudwaras, 233

Hadith, 130 Haiti, 49, 115 Hamas, 157 Han Dynasty, 128 Haqqani group, 159 Harappa, 180, 185 Hardy, G. H., 186 Harper, Charles, 21– 22 health and medicine, 43– 44, 114– 15,

117– 24, 125, 145, 189, 208 health maintenance organizations

(HMOs), 119 Held, David, 5 Hezbollah, 159, 162– 63 Hinduism, 130, 165, 224– 26, 229– 34,

243 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 215, 240 Hispanic immigrants, 45, 51, 53– 56 Hitler, Adolf, 133, 215 Hizbut- Tahrir, 130 Hobbes, Thomas, 20 Ho Chi- Minh, 134 Hollande, François, 2 Hollywood, 171– 72 Home Depot, 75 Honda, 88– 89, 196, 198 Honduras, 56, 70– 71 Hong Kong, 65, 88 Horowitz, Irving, 29 Huawei Technologies, 73, 84, 195 Hudson Bay Company, 63 Hui peoples, 235 Human Development Index (HDI),

26– 27 Human Development Report, 81 Human Genome Project (HGP),

207– 8 human rights, 74, 152 human traffi cking, 15, 48– 49, 56, 89,

95– 101 Hungary, 29 hunger and malnutrition, 34, 82, 115,

118, 125, 191 Hunter, James, 170– 71 hurricanes, 108, 113

INDEX 295

Hussein, Saddam, 133, 156, 229 Hutchison Telecommunications, 73 Hutterites, 105 hygiene, 43, 115 Hyundai, 84, 196

Iacocca, Lee, 111 IBM, 65, 84, 89 Ibn Khaldun, 189– 90 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 189 Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 188– 89 ICBMs, 4 Ikea, 84 Imam Mehdi, 229 Incas, 187 Inconvenient Truth, An (fi lm), 36, 111 India, 3– 6, 13– 14, 22, 26– 29, 34, 39–

43, 45– 46, 49– 50, 64– 65, 67– 69, 71– 74, 80, 82– 83, 85– 86, 88– 89, 93, 98, 106– 8, 114, 119, 122– 23, 135– 36, 141, 143, 147, 152, 158– 59, 165, 172– 75, 180– 82, 184– 86, 189, 192– 98, 201– 9, 213, 216– 18, 229– 30, 232– 33, 237, 241– 42, 244 ancient, 62, 128– 30, 182, 184– 86 independence and partition, 25,

151, 155, 165, 224– 25 Indian Council of Scientifi c and In-

dustrial Research (CSIR), 12, 209 Indonesia, 26, 29, 43, 45, 57, 93, 130,

133, 137, 206, 208, 213, 230, 232 Industrial Revolution, 62, 179, 190– 92,

200 Indus Valley, 180, 185, 230 inequality, 3, 81– 82 infant mortality, 43, 45, 117, 121 Infeld, Leopold, 215 infl ation, 63, 71 information technology (IT), 14, 29,

49, 64, 66– 67, 71, 195 Infosys, 50, 71, 201 In Search of Excellence (Peters and

Waterman), 65 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC), 109, 112

international aid, 77, 78, 83 International Atomic Energy Agency

(IAEA), 216– 17, 219– 20 international conferences, 211, 213 International Court of Justice (ICJ),

146– 47 International Criminal Court (ICC),

147– 48 International Fertility Center, 38 International Finance Corporation

(IFC), 77 International Labor Organization

(ILO), 96, 146 International Monetary Fund (IMF),

1, 23, 25, 61, 70, 77– 78 International Organization for Migra-

tion, 98 International Space Station, 207 Internet, 14, 66, 172, 193– 95, 194, 211,

213 interstate highway system, 112– 13 “In the Vanguard of Globalization”

(Hunter and Yates), 170– 71 invisible colleges, 201, 210– 11, 219 Iran, 23, 93– 95, 119, 130, 134, 141,

143, 152, 165, 196, 206, 218– 19, 229, 237, 241– 42

Iran- Iraq war, 141, 155 Iraq, 93– 94, 133, 141– 42, 144, 148– 50,

156– 59, 162, 165, 180, 183, 229, 244

Iron Pillar, 185– 86 Islam (Muslims), 30, 39, 45, 48, 96,

130, 134, 163– 64, 180, 223– 26, 228– 30, 233– 35, 243 extremists, 159– 60 Golden Age, 187– 89 Sharia law, 130, 134 Shia, 163, 165, 228– 29, 237, 243 Sunni, 163, 165, 228– 29, 243

Islamabad attacks, 162, 166 Israel, 93, 118, 120, 136, 141, 147, 160,

162– 63, 205, 216, 219 Israeli- Arab confl ict, 142, 156– 57,

162– 63, 165

296 INDEX

Is Wal- Mart Good for America? (fi lm), 75

Italy, 3, 26, 39, 42, 67, 70, 97, 131, 148, 150, 162, 172, 196, 199, 209 Fascist, 133, 140, 150

Jainism, 226, 230– 31, 238, 241 Janjaweed militia, 142 Janki Foundation for Global Health-

care (Wattumal Foundation), 78 Janowski, John E., 205 Japan, 4, 26, 42, 43, 45, 61, 65– 66, 69,

78– 79, 88, 97, 118, 120, 136, 140, 143, 150, 172, 174– 75, 180– 81, 192, 196– 97, 199, 205, 207– 8, 213, 218, 220, 226, 232, 235, 238– 40, 244

Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), 65

Jerusalem, 237 jihads, 224, 243 Jobs, Steve, 201 Join Together Online, 94 Joliot- Curie, J. F., 215 Jordan, 39, 134 Jordan, Michael, 171 Judaism, 223– 24, 226, 228, 236– 37

Kabila, Joseph, 141 Kabila, Laurent, 141 Kaiser, Henry J., Family Foundation,

118 Kamen, Dean, 201 Karadzic, Radovan, 148 Karzai, Hamid, 92 Kashmir, 141, 155, 165 Kautilya (Chanakya), 185 Kazakhstan, 218 Kennedy, John F., 52 Kennedy, Robert F., Jr., 108 Kenya, 48, 73, 158 KFC, 174 Khan, Abdul Qadeer, 217 Khobar Towers attacks, 158 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 134 Khrushchev, Nikita, 52

Khufu, Pharaoh, 186 Kia, 84 Kim Il- sung, 134 Kim Jong- il, 171 Kim Jong- un, 68, 219 Kirchner, Cristina, 71 Klare, Michael, 94 K- Mart, 75 Korean War, 141, 155 Kosovo, 148, 156 Kuhn, Thomas, 179– 80, 199 Kulliat (Ibn Rushd), 189 Kurlansky, Mark, 157, 224 Kuwait, 39, 134, 142 Kyoto Protocol, 106– 9, 112

Laos, 91 Lao- tzu, 234– 35, 238 Large Hadron Collider, 207 Laws of Manu, The, 230 League of Nations, 140– 41 Lebanon, 159, 162– 63, 225 Lenin, V. I., 133 Lenovo, 50, 69, 73, 84, 88– 89, 195 Lesotho, 134 Libya, 3, 94, 133, 151, 157, 219 Liechtenstein, 134 life expectancy, 42– 43, 45, 121 lifestyles, 170– 76 Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 15,

34– 35 Lincoln, Abraham, 95 livable countries, 41– 42local cultures, 76– 77, 175 Locke, John, 20 London subway attacks, 158, 162, 166,

244 Los Alamos National Laboratory, 215 Lowes, 75 Lu, Peter, 190 Luther, Martin, 227 Luxembourg, 42, 70

Maastricht Treaty, 148 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 189

INDEX 297

MAD (mutually assured destruction), 220– 21

Mahabharata, 230 Mahathir, Mohammed, 133 Mahavira, Lord, 238, 241 Malawi, 42Malaysia, 29, 93, 118, 136, 208, 230,

232, 235, 244 Mali, 41, 115, 162 Malta, 149 Malthus, Thomas, 42– 43, 114 management practices, 87– 89, 101 Manhattan Project, 201, 215– 16 Mankind at the Turning Point (Club of

Rome), 15 manufacturing, 53, 63, 71, 75, 79 Maoist- Naxalite confl icts, 165 Mao Zedong, 40, 133, 172, 174, 235 Marcuse, Herbert, 3 Mariam, Mengisto, 133 Marketing Services, 73 Marsh, Peter, 75 Marshall Plan, 51 Marsh Arabs, 183 Maruti Suzuki, 197 Marx, Karl, 24, 57– 58 Marxism, 25, 30, 134 Masood, Commander, 92 maternal health, 117– 18, 121 mathematics, 183, 185– 87 Mauryan Empire, 128, 185, 232 Mayans, 187 McDonald’s, 65, 84– 86, 171, 174 McGillivray, Alex, 5 McGrew, Anthony, 5 McLuhan, Marshall, 15, 64 Mead, George Herbert, 169 Meadows, Donella and Dennis, 34,

36 Medicaid and Medicare, 119– 20 Meiji Restoration, 180, 239 Mennonites, 105 Mercedes Benz, 196– 97 Mercosur, 70, 74 Merkel, Angela, 220

Merton, Robert, 182 Mesopotamia, 23, 106, 180, 182– 83 Mexico, 2, 34, 39, 43, 49, 53– 58, 70– 71,

73– 74, 82– 83, 90– 92, 98, 119, 138, 143, 172, 181, 187, 195– 96

Microsoft, 84 Middle East, 18, 80, 96, 165, 194, 225–

26, 243 ancient, 128, 182

migration, 43, 46– 59, 114, 155, 166, 202– 3 illegal, 48– 49, 53– 55, 73– 74, 95

Migration Policy Institute, 50, 54 Millennium Development Project,

81– 82 Milosevic, Slobodan, 148 Ming Dynasty, 180 Mitterrand, François, 2 mixed- economies, 67– 68 mobile phones, 172, 176, 193, 213 modernization theory, 10, 19– 23,

27, 30– 31, 75, 82, 101, 125, 131, 190– 92

Mohammed, Prophet, 130, 228– 29 Mohenjo- Daro, 180, 185 Monaco, 134 monarchies, 134, 136 money laundering, 93, 95, 99 Mongolian Empire, 129, 183 Morales, Evo, 68 Mormons, 96 Morocco, 134 Mozambique, 42Mubarak, Hosni, 133 Mugabe, Robert, 115, 133 Muggah, Robert, 94 Mughal Empire, 129, 130, 233– 34 Muller, Hermann, 215 multidirectional fl ows, 193, 195– 98 multinational corporations (MNCs),

14, 21, 25, 27– 28, 50, 63, 68– 69, 79– 80, 82– 84, 86– 89, 170, 206

Mumbai attacks, 158, 162, 166 Muqaddimah (Ibn Khaldun), 189– 90 Murthy, Narayan, 201

298 INDEX

Musharraf, Parvez, 133 Mussolini, Benito, 133 Myanmar, 26, 52, 68, 91, 123, 128, 133,

232, 238, 243

Nanak, Guru, 233– 34 Narayan, R. K., 184– 85 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 133 National Academy of Engineering, 205 National Institutes of Health, 207 National Science Foundation (NSF),

13, 205, 209 nation- states, 132 Native Americans, 45, 105, 182, 186– 87 natural resources, 80, 105– 6 Needham, Joseph, 172, 184 Negative Population Growth, 37 neoliberalism, 10, 30, 67 neo- Marxism, 24– 25, 30 Nepal, 13, 26, 98, 115, 128, 134, 230,

232 Nestle, 83 Netherlands, 42, 70, 134, 217

See also Dutch colonialism New Agriculture Technology (NAT),

83 New Immigrant Survey, 49 Ne Win, 133 newly industrializing economics

(NIEs), 22, 26, 28, 85 New Mexico, 54 Newton, Isaac, 182 New York Federal District Court, 83 New Zealand, 42, 49, 118, 120, 136,

180, 209 Nicaragua, 70 Niger, 41Nigeria, 42, 73, 91, 142, 159 NIMBY, 109– 10, 124 9/11 attacks, 15, 49, 151, 156– 58, 160–

62, 164, 166, 190, 244 Nirvana, 232, 240 Nissan, 89, 196, 198 Nixon, Richard M., 108, 173 Nkrumah, Kwame, 52

Nlilekani, Nandan, 71 nongovernmental organizations

(NGOs), 37, 78, 106, 122, 145, 162 North American Free Trade Agree-

ment (NAFTA), 15, 53, 56, 68, 70, 73– 74, 196

North American Treaty Organization (NATO), 92, 150– 51, 153

Northern Ireland, 225, 243 North Korea, 4, 52, 67– 68, 93, 95, 115,

134, 141, 143, 152, 171, 196, 216, 218– 19, 235, 238

Norway, 41, 93, 134 Nowak, Mark, 37 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty

(NNPT), 217, 220– 21 nuclear technology, 4, 95, 143, 152,

156, 165, 181, 195– 96, 207, 214– 21 Nuremberg Trials, 147 Nyerere, Julius, 52

Oak Creek attacks, 234 Obama, Barack, 2, 55, 107, 109, 119 Occupy Wall Street, 3 offshoring and outsourcing, 53, 63, 69,

71, 75– 77, 87, 170 Oil and National Gas Commission of

India (ONGC), 79 oil industry, 18, 69, 79– 80, 85 Okinawa Institute of Science and

Technology (OIST), 207 Olympics (Beijing, 2008), 156, 232 Oman, 39, 134 Omar, Mullah, 92, 134, 161– 62 open- door policies, 67– 70 opium, 63, 90– 92 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 215 Organization of Economic Coopera-

tion and Development (OECD), 77, 205– 6

Ottoman Empire, 48, 129– 30, 149, 180 Oxfam, 122

Pakistan, 13, 39, 57, 71, 73– 74, 78, 83, 91, 93, 95, 130, 133, 141, 151, 158– 59,

INDEX 299

162, 165, 180, 185, 196, 201, 206, 216– 19, 225, 229– 30, 242 Palestinians, 141– 42, 144, 156 Panama, 156 Pan Am fl ight, 103, 158 Pan Islamic groups, 130 Paraguay, 70 parliamentary systems, 136– 37 Parsees, 241– 42, 45 Parsons, Talcott, 17 Pauling, Linus, 215 Peace Corps, 52 Pena Nieto, Enrique, 2 periphery, 26– 30, 75 Perlmutter, Howard, 88 Persia, medieval, 188– 89 Persian Gulf monarchies, 134 Peru, 91 Peters, Thomas, 65 Philippines, 34, 64, 71, 83, 91, 97– 99,

119, 122– 23, 206, 208, 213, 238 Pinochet, Augusto, 133 Pizza Hut, 86, 174 Plato, 183 Poland, 150 Polaris Project, 98– 99 Polo, Marco, 172 population, 33– 60, 105, 114– 15, 191 Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 34 Portugal, 3, 90, 130– 31 postcolonial countries, 47– 48, 192 postindustrial societies, 29, 43, 53, 66,

192 poverty, 81– 82, 100, 115, 124– 25, 161,

191 Powell, Cecil, 215 preferential trade areas (PTAs), 74– 75,

100 Price, Derek de Solla, 200– 201, 210 Price of Inequality, The (Stiglitz), 3 prostitution, 95– 99 protectionism, 28, 67 Protestantism, 227– 28, 243– 44 public transportation, 112– 13 Pueblo Indians, 54

Pugwash Conferences, 215– 16

Qatar, 39, 134 Qin Dynasty, 180, 184 Quayle, Dan, 108 Quran, 130, 228 Qutub Minar, 185

racism, 36– 37 Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 148 Ramadan, 229 Ramanujan, Srinivasa, 186 Ramayana, 230 R&D, 65, 200– 208, 213 Reagan, Ronald, 92 Red Cross, 78, 157 Reich, Robert, 63– 64, 66 religion, 11, 22, 60, 170, 223– 46 Renaissance, 62, 171 Republican Party, 138 Ritzer, George, 4 Roberts, John, 2 Robinson, Francis, 188 Rockefeller Foundation, 77, 122 Romania, 29, 218 Rome, ancient, 23, 95, 128– 29, 183,

226 Rome Statute, 147 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 140, 214 Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 216 Rostow, Walt W., 19– 21 Rotblat, Joseph, 215 Rousseau, Jean- Jacques, 20 Rubik, Erno, 201 Rumsfeld, Donald, 148, 162 Russell, Bertrand, 184– 85, 215 Russia, imperial, 129 Russian Federation, 5, 26, 41, 43, 45,

71, 73, 80, 93, 97, 99, 107, 118, 137– 38, 142, 152, 181, 196, 207, 218– 20 See also Soviet Union

Russian Space Agency (RKA), 207 Rwanda, 15, 42, 141– 42, 144, 156

Sachs, Jeffrey, 81

300 INDEX

Sadat, Anwar, 133 Sahel, 115 Said, Edward, 10 Salafi sts, 159 Salah, 229 Samsara, 231– 32 Samsung, 84 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 2 Satya Sai Baba movement, 225 Saudi Arabia, 39, 97, 118, 130, 134,

148, 158 Save the Children, 78 Scandinavia, 43, 110, 199 Schroeder, Gerhard, 150 Schumacher, E. F., 105 Science and Civilization in China

(Needham), 184 science and technology, 11, 13– 15, 22,

62– 64, 67, 76, 170, 174, 176– 222 Science Policy Division, 13 Second World, 29 secularism, 135 semiperiphery, 26, 27, 42, 80 Sen, Amartya, 62 Serbs, 156 Sethi, P. K., 201 Shahadah, 229 Sheinin, David, 196 Shell, 25 Shintoism, 226, 239– 40 Shirazi, Ali Mohammed (Bab), 237 Siemens, 84 Sierra Leone, 41Sikhism, 226, 233– 34 Sikkim, 134 Singapore, 65, 88, 97, 123, 181, 205– 6,

208, 213, 232, 235, 238, 244 single- payer system, 118, 123 Skills Gap Survey, 204 Skinner, B. F., 239 Sklair, Leslie, 4 slavery, 51, 54, 58, 95– 100 Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 105 Smith, Adam, 67 social contract theories, 20

social Darwinism, 10 Socialism, 67– 68 Socrates, 183 Somalia, 18, 39, 73, 93, 115, 141, 159 Sony, 50, 84 South Africa, 6, 73, 80, 119, 136, 143,

194, 219 Southern Technology Council (STC),

12– 13 South Korea, 26, 49, 65, 88, 98, 118,

123, 144, 181, 197, 203– 6, 208, 213, 218, 235, 238

Soviet Union, 70, 92, 97– 98, 133, 142– 43, 181, 216– 18, 220 dissolution of, 26, 52, 67– 68 See also Russian Federation

space technology, 4, 181, 207 Spain, 3, 42, 54, 56, 62, 67, 97, 131,

133– 34, 150, 162, 209, 213 Moorish, 62, 130, 180, 187, 189

Sri Lanka, 13, 15, 27, 39, 45, 118, 123, 141, 148, 156, 159, 230, 232, 243

Standard Bank, 80 Staple, Brent, 202 Starbucks, 174 State Department, 97, 159 Steger, Manfred, 4, 6 Steinhardt, Paul, 190 Stevens, J. Christopher, 159 Stiglitz, Joseph, 3, 4 Stockholm International Peace Re-

search Institute, 93 structural- functionalism, 10, 20– 21,

30 Sudan, 18, 73, 80, 130, 141– 42, 225 Sufi s, 105, 225 Suharto, 133 Sukarno, 133 Suleiman the Magnifi cent, 129 Swam, 229 Swaziland, 134 Sweden, 41, 49, 56, 134, 136, 171, 196,

205 Swedeshi movement, 105 Switzerland, 42, 136, 171, 205

INDEX 301

symbolic interaction, 10, 21 Syria, 3, 93– 94, 129, 141, 157, 163,

165, 229 systems theory, 10, 11, 17– 19, 29– 30,

101 See also modernization theory;

world systems theory Szilard, Leo, 214– 15

Tablighi Jamaat, 130 Tagore, Rabindranath, 9– 10 Taibbi, Matt, 6 Taiwan, 65, 74, 88, 118, 181, 205, 208,

213, 235 Tajikistan, 118 Taliban, 92, 130, 134, 159, 161– 62, 165 Talmud, 236 Tamil culture, 180 Tamil Tigers (LTTE), 148, 156, 159 Tang Dynasty, 235 Tanzania, 42, 52, 158 Taoism, 226, 234– 36, 243 Tao- te- Ching, 235 Target, 71, 75, 84 Tata Steel and Group, 80, 195, 197 Taylor, Charles, 148 technology. See science and technol-

ogy technology development pyramid, 198telecommunications, 80, 193– 95 Teresa, Mother, 38 Terracotta Army, 184 terrorism, 11, 15, 158– 66 Tesco, 71, 84 Thailand, 45, 97, 98, 118, 232 Thatcher, Margaret, 52 Third Wave (Toffl er), 15, 64 Third World, 29 Thomson Consumer Electronics, 75 3M Company, 65 Three Mile Island, 220 Tibet, 73, 155– 56, 173, 232 Tito, Josip, 133 Toffl er, Alvin, 15, 64– 65 Tonnies, Ferdinand, 22, 58

Torah, 228, 236 Toshiba, 84 totalitarianism, 132– 33 total quality management, 66 Toynbee, Arnold, 190 Toyota, 84, 88– 89, 196, 198 trade, 10, 15, 62– 63, 66– 67, 70, 73– 76,

131– 32, 170, 174 Traffi cking Victims Protection Act, 99 Train, Russell, 108 travel and tourism, 114, 211 Trust- Mart, 174 Tunisia, 3, 133, 157, 189 Turkey, 26, 39, 56, 70, 91, 129– 30, 136,

149, 152, 172, 180, 213, 224

Uganda, 148 Ukraine, 218 Ullemas, 130 Umayyad Caliphate, 130 underground economy, 11, 89– 101,

160 unemployment, 75– 76 Union Carbide, 83 Union Oil Company of California

(UNOCAL), 80 United Arab Emirates, 134, 194 United Kingdom, 42, 49, 70, 93, 136,

142, 156, 199, 208– 9, 228, 244 See also Great Britain

United Nations (UN), 1, 11, 21, 25, 77, 132, 135, 139– 48, 153, 216– 17, 221 Charter, 144 General Assembly, 142, 144, 146–

47 peace- keeping, 141– 42, 156, 158,

162– 63 Secretariat, 144 Security Council, 142– 44, 146– 47

UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 78, 117, 122, 145

UN Commission on Human Rights, 96

UN Commission on the Status of Women, 97

302 INDEX

UN Conference on Trade and Devel-opment (UNCTAD), 145

UN conferences on environment and climate change, 109

UN Development Program (UNDP), 26– 27, 82, 145

UN Educational, Scientifi c and Cul-tural Organization, 13, 145

UN Environmental Program (UNEP), 109

UN Framework Convention on Cli-mate Change, 107

UN Industrial Development Organi-zation (UNIDO), 146

UN Millennium Declaration, 81, 115, 117, 124

United States, 42, 244 Afghanistan and, 156– 57, 163 CAFTA and, 70, 73 Civil War, 138 colonialism and, 26 Cuba and, 143, 152 culture and, 170– 72, 174 economy and, 69, 71, 78, 80 education and, 202– 3, 209– 10 election of 2008 and, 55 embassy attacks and, 158– 59 environment and, 110– 14 governance and, 137– 38 Grenada and Panama and, 156 Gulf War and, 156 health and, 119– 20, 125 illegal trade and, 91– 94, 97– 99 Iraq and, 149– 50, 156– 57 migration and, 47, 49– 57 MNCs and, 79, 88 NAFTA and, 70, 73– 74 NATO and, 150– 51 nuclear technology and, 214– 20 population and, 36– 37, 45, 52– 53,

58– 59 Revolutionary War, 131 science and, 66, 180, 182, 196, 199,

202– 9, 213 terrorism and, 158– 59, 161– 62

UN and, 140– 42, 147 See also specifi c agencies and laws

US Agency for International Develop-ment (US- AID), 37, 77

US Congress, 99, 107, 119, 137, 140 US Educational Foundation in India

(USEFI), 209 US Supreme Court, 2, 119, 137 Upanishads, 230 urbanization, 58– 60, 170 “Uses of Poverty, The” (Gans), 58

Vedas, 230 Venezuela, 68, 70, 74, 119, 123, 138,

143 Vietnam, 67– 68, 121, 123, 134, 152,

157, 213, 235, 238 War, 52, 108, 141, 155

Volkswagen, 196 Volvo, 196

Wahab, Mohammed, 130 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 24, 26, 28 Walmart, 65, 71, 75, 84, 88– 89, 174 War Crimes Tribunals, 147– 48 water, 106, 110– 11, 114– 15, 124– 25 Watergate scandal, 108 Waterman, Robert, 65 Watson, James, 207 wealth concentration, 29, 100 Weber, Max, 21, 62, 184 Westernization, 23, 30, 79– 80 Williams, S. Wells, 184 Wilson, Woodrow, 140 Winchester, Simon, 184 Wiseman, Paul, 70– 71 WMDs, 93, 100, 156, 214 Wolf, Martin, 4 Wolfowitz, Paul, 162 women, 39, 43, 45, 53, 95– 100, 117 Work of Nations, The (Reich), 63– 64 World Bank, 1, 5, 23, 25, 61, 77– 78,

80 World Drug Report (2008), 91 World Economic Forum, 106– 7, 82

INDEX 303

World Health Organization (WHO), 122, 145, 157

World Is Flat, The (Friedman), 6, 213 World Meteorological Organization,

109 World Social Forum, 106– 7 World System (Frank and Gills), 23 world systems/dependency theory

(WST), 10, 19, 23– 31, 51, 54, 58, 60, 75, 78– 80, 82, 94– 95, 100– 101, 122, 125, 129, 180– 81, 206

World Trade Organization (WTO), 25, 61, 66, 69, 123, 152

World War I, 140, 149, 155 World War II, 51, 61, 140, 150, 155,

214– 15, 240 Worldwatch Institute, 110

Xi Jinping, 122

Yang Yuanqing, 89 Yates, Joshua, 170– 71 Yemen, 3, 133, 157, 158 Yuan Dynasty, 235 Yugoslavia, 29, 133, 144, 148, 196 Yukawa, Hideki, 215 Yukos, 85

Zakaat, 229 Zarathustra, 241 Zenawi, Meles, 133 zero population growth (ZPG), 42– 43 Zhou Enlai, 40 Zimbabwe, 13, 73, 115, 133 Zoroastrianism, 226, 230, 241– 42