Notes on the Numerical System of Tibeto-Burman Dialects

8/9/2019 Notes on the Numerical System of Tibeto-Burman Dialects

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zkv` kv} hv`lr d|ilrne} `f k} v`l bn}l ndf h*l n }|ggkp$

@f k} v`l bn}l kd ]`h n} rlmhrflf b{ @h|j`vhdndf

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v`l |}l hg v`l d|ilrne ghr "hdl" n} nd nggkp vh kdfkmnvl

}kdj|enrkv{ `n} elf vh v`l fk}nsslnrndml hg v`l hrkjkdne

d|ilrne kd }lwlrne mn}l} ndf v`l liseh{ildvhg }hil

zhrf hg fkgglrldv hrkjkd kd kv} senml$V`l flvrkvkhd hg

z`hel }{eenbel} in{ nmmh|dv ghr mn}l} z`lrl v`l bn}l `n}

fk}nsslnrlf ndf kv} senml vnold b{ kv} srlgkphr }|ggkp$

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=

K dhvl v`nv v`l}l ghri}nrl

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"(E]R$% whe$ kkk% sv$ kkk% s$ ==<+$



=22 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HG VAAKLVH)>>\>>INOFKNELMV]

Vzh

V`l }vndfnrf ghri k} d`k hr d{k} hr dk hr d{lv$

Hmmn}khdnee{ v`l hsld whzle k} meh}lf b{ dj$ z`km` kin{

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n dn}nekqnvkhd%

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|} wnrkndv

ghri}% ndf v`l whzle blmhil} n kd Dlznrk dn}k%> Wn{|

df){Uij% Ndjnik olii% Nh ndf? Vldj}n ndf Fhsfhr

nddnv% Lislh jndn% Nr|dj o|df% Onb|k okkd`fk% Inrndk

`ndj)kz$V`l }|b}vkv|vkhd hg n ghr k mnd bl vrnmlf kd

hv`lr zhrf} kd Ndjnik$ ndf kv zh|ef bl nd kdvlrl}vkdj

v`kdj vh vrnml v`l lpvldv hg v`k} glnv|rl kd hv`lr mn}l}$

V`lFkjnr|

Ik}ìk zhrfof{kdj blehdj}

vh v`k}jrh|s?

mg$ F`kine djl$ Vnbeldj k `n} eh}v kv} kdkvkne mhd}hdndv$

Non o}`k in{ bl mhdvrn}vlf zkv` Bnkekdj ndf M`h|rTr{n

|ko}k$ V`l hde{ ghri} z`km` K ni |dnbel vh brkdj kdvh

ekdl kd nd{ zn{ zkv` v`l }vndfnrf ghri nrl Onk% F|kdk%

ndf O`nekdj $}nos|% [no`n `km`m`k% z`km` k} |}lf ne}h

kd Bnenek% ]ndjsndj% Eh`hrhdj% Enibkm`hdj% M``kdjvndj%

F|djdknek% ndf Indm`nvk a|v zkv` M`nibn a|r$ K!v`kdov`l en}v vzh i|}v bl Kdfh)Nr{nd ehnd)zrhrf} ndf ilnd

"n

snkr "$ R|djm``ldb|dj`n} `ld zndj `l|}n? eehfhdj

`n} `fonrn$ Ii `n} n ghri srl (skr kd skr)kdk9

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z`km` in{ bl `lef vh rl}libel n Ihd Oìlr ghri bnry

V`rll

V`l }vndfnrf ghri in{ bl }nkf vh bl }|d$ } ndf

nrl hgvld kdvlrm`ndjlf ndf v`l gkdne mhd}hdndv k} kd }hil

mn}l} rlsenmlf b{ dj hr i$ @kl whzle k} dhv slr}k}vldv%

blkdj rlsenmlf b{h ndf n$ Vh v`k} jrh|s blehdj% v`lrlghrl%

}|m` ghri} n} ]|d znr }ndj% Dlznrk }h% Sn`rk }hdjh% Vhvh

}|dj% Fkjnr|Ik}ìk on}ndj% V`|o|dkk ndf [nm`|dkk

>V`l hrfkdnr{ ghri k} dk$2

Ghrbl}% Mhisnrnvkwl Jrniinr% s$ >>3$



D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HL VKBLVH)B\RIND FKNELMV] =2=

n}nhkj% O`nik vkeekdj% B|ril}l v`nd% } ne}h m`ndjl} vh

q hr vh?

hr vhm`%

ndf zl i|}v v`lrlghrl lpvldf kv vh

ghri} }|m` n} Non q|% Olq`nin onvqke% Vnkd K| m`|i%

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ndf Ilkv`lk n`|i blehdj vh v`k} jrh|s$ Fkjnr| Ik}ìk

`n} on}ndj ndf Ika| Ik}ìk `n} on}rhak$ M`|ekonvn

Ik}ìk `n} n ghri on}` z`km` K n}}kjd vh v`k} jrh|s$

On}` k} f|l vh v`l eh}} hg v`l bn}l srhslr lpmlsv v`l

kdkvkne mhd}hdndv% n} }`hzd b{ v`l snrneele kd}vndml} grhi

mhjdnvl fknelmv}$ Ndjnik `n} }l% z`km` in{ bl gkeknvlf

vh v`l jrh|s v`rh|j` v`l ]lin ghri} ol v`| ndf ohv vkm$

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m`k% Rnk `n} }|os|% ndf Andjjnek `n} }nj$ V`l bn}l k}

}|s ndf }|o$ Mg$ Dnm``lrldj }dob`h|% O|e|dj }|sm`k%

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m``| k} v`l bn}l$ Kv k}sh}}kbel v`nv v`l lgglmv hg v`l

}|ggkpl} kd v`l mn}l} hg Rnk ndf O`nib| `n} blld vh

ihfkg{v`l gkdne mhd}hdndv hg v`l bn}l kd nmmhrfndml

zkv`"

ehmne r|el}"$ V`l en}v ghri vh bl mhd}kflrlf k}

v`nv gh|df kd Fl|rkM`|vk{n i|djfn$

V`lsrlgkp k}

hd|

ndf v`l bn}l k} mhdvnkdlf kd hkjfn$ O|}|dfn `n} ff`n%

zkv` ff n} v`l bn}l$

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B|ril}l% b|v dhv hgvld% v`l whzle m`ndjl} vh l$ V`l

jrh|s kdme|fl} fknelmv} }|m` n}J|r|dj% I|rik% ]|dznr%

Injnr% @hdj% Ekib|% [no`n% O`nib| Bnkekdj% Wn{|%Non% Fngen% Ik}ìk% Bhfh% Ilm`% Fk|kn}n% Jnrh% Vks|rn%

O`nrk% Nh(Ihdj}ld+% Vnbeldj% Ikokr% O`hkrnh% Invkdj%

Ilkv`lk% V`nfh% E|}`mk% fhzd vh Ir|% ndf kdme|fkdj

Bnenek% Eh`hrhdj% F|djinek% Rhfhdj% Dnm``lrld5r% O|e|dh$rv* h * rv* rv rv

KkkO`nekdj ndf F|ik v`l whzle k} eh}v% b`fe) ndf b`{f$e$

N }lmhdf jrh|s% z`km` in{ ngvlr nee bl gkeknvlf hr

rlenvlf vh v`l gkr}v% k} v`nv z`km` `n} qkf% hr fk ghr kv}

$Krn}$ >3>1>$ 22



=26 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HG VK\LVH)KA\RIND FKNELMV]

bn}l$ Vh kv blehdj Bnevk% S|rko% Enfno`k% Mldvrne rrkblvnd%

]skvk% Onjnvl% ]`nrsn% Fndahdjon% ndf E`hoh% nee |}kdjq`k hr }`k$ Vhvh `n} ae$ ]lin ndf Olq`ndkn `nwl fk$

V`|o|ik `n} ihq`l% Ikoenk `n} kdlh% Nh (M`|djek+ `n}

slm5% Rmdjkdn `n} sll% E`hvn immak$Slr`ns}

zl

in{ brkdj kdvh v`k} jrh|s }|m` ghri} n}Ndjnik fn%

Lislh ikpfnk% ]hswhin _d|enk% Inrndk i|fnk% Ek{ndj

d||enk% Nr|dj infnk% ndf Onb|k_rnfnk$

F`kine `n} fkf$

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ndf Onm`nrk ghr n jrh|s hg gh|r% in{ bl qn% kd z`km`

mn}l kv vhh mhdkl} kdvh v`k} jrh|s$ Fl|rk M`|vk{n `n} m`k$

V`ld zl `nwl n jrh|s z`km` |}l}sk

hr s| n} bn}l%

z`km` in{ bl f|l vh n mhdvrnmvkhd hg nsrlgkp zkv` v`l

bn}l$ V`l fknelmv} kd v`k} jrh|s nrl Ondnzrk% Ondn}`k%

Indm`nvk%M`nibn%

B|dnd%Rndjon}% Fnrika*n% M`n|fndj}k%

B{ndj}k% Ikrk% M`|ekonvn Ik}ìk% [nm`|ik% M`kdbho%

[nzfzkd% Dlznrk% Sn`rk% O|}|dfn% ndf M`h|rn}{n$

Oeknik `n} Ufd% z`km` in{ bl n wnrkndv hg v`l gkr}v jrh|s$

Mg$ V`|e|dj Ik2 ndf Wn{| bee)dkdj$ Rnk srl}ldv}|} zkv`

n ghri b`n)e|o)s|% v`l bn}l hg z`km` k} Kdo$ V`l m`ndjl

hg v`l whzle grhi k vh f k} gh|df kd ]ndjsndj% Znekdj%

\|djm``mdbkkdj$Gkwl

V`l bn}l `lrl k} ln}ke{ n}mlrvnkdlf$ Kv k} DJN$

V`l whzle|dflrjhl}

ihfkgkmnvkhd vh h% |% l|% hd% lh$

V`l mhd}hdndv} nrlrlinronbe{

mhd}vndv$Bndsnrn

ndf

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zkv` v`l M`kdbho ndf [nzfzkd ghri i`n% K rljnrf n}

srhslre{ blehdjkdj vh v`k} jrh|s$ O`nkdk `n} sn% z`kl`

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ghri nrl Wn{| gkdkdj% Ika| Ik}ìk on)eekd% Non s`|i%

ndf Rnk b`ho)s|$ Rldjdkn `n} sg|% b|v zl `nwl n wnrkndv

s|dj) hd v`l n|v`hrkv{ hg B|velr% z`km` brkdj} kv kdvh

>

Hwaho`dk$2Nevlrdnvkwl ghri bkd$



D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HL VKBLVH)B\RIND FKNELMV] =2<

v`l inkd jrh|s$ Ika| Ik}ìk |}l} djrkkd)@k9

gkgv{9

gkwl vld}$ M`lsndj `n} sd)in)q`h$

]kp

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v`h srlgkp vn% jkwkdj kdo hr v|j$ Vhvh `n} v|$ V`lrl

nrl fknelmv} z`km` `nwl? r| hr rh n} n rl}|ev hg eh}kdj v`l

gkdne mhd}hdndv$ ]|dznr `n} r|od% Dmznrk `n} o`|% ndf

Sn`rk `n} o`djd$ B|v K fh dhv fh|bv v`nv Dlznrk ndf

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Rldjin }nrh% ndf Olq`nin }nz$ V`l ]lin zhrf v}|jkmh

in{ bl men}}lf zkv` Vnbeldj hwho$ ndf I|e|dj who% ndf

nee blehdj vh v`k} jrh|s$ V`nfh j|s ne}h mhil} kd% n}

v`l l~|nvkhd j9 r `n} i|m` vh srhwl kv$ Zh in{

ne}h brkdj kd Fl|rk M`|vk{n hd|)l`|% z`lrl fi k} v`l

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ndf Vhvh$

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hkekn% hk`k% kf}% hkhak% hfe% hkn% hklv% khkj% hk{lv% d{l% d{n%

h!lv% rk% ek% rko% hknk% hkjk% jk%z`lrl j

9 r 9 hk$ K dhvl v`nv

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zhrf }lli} vh ilnd"

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sv$ k% s$ <;=$ B|ril}l `n} o|d)ekdkv$2 Zl jlv ghri}% }|m`

n} }lrr kd M`kdbho% z`km` rl}|ev grhi v`l lek}khd hg v`l

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>Ghrbl}% Mhisnrnvkwl verniidr% s$ >!23$

=Fhl} v`k} ilnd

"`ndf)vzh

"8 NWvIe)eik|e kd }lwlrne fknelmv}$



=27 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HG VkdLVH)R\RINP FKNELMV]

bn}l dd k} gh|df kd Bnenek% ]ndjsndj% Eh`hrhdj% O|e|dj$

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Ik}ìk `n} hzl$ Non `n} ivf`$ Fl|rk M`|vk{n `n}

i|}`kdj% z`km` rl}libel}Ih}`ndj in}`k$ Rhdj `n}

elno{ ho$ Ikokr `n} v`rno)}k% z`km` ilnd} "}kp ndf hdl"$

Nv gkr}v }kj`v kv ikj`v}lli v`nv v`l Ndne ghri vnel)}k k}

f|l vh v`l }nil srhml}}% z`km` `n} ne}h blld liseh{lf

kd v`l ghrinvkhd hg vko)}k){d kd@k rhk Enijndj$> ]`h `n}

}k% z`km` zkee bl rlmhjdkqlfn} hdl hg v`l "hdl" bn}l}%

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hdl ghrinvkhd% srl}lrwkdjnd heflr ghri ghr v`l hdl bn}l 8 R|djm``ldb|dj

`n}

n ghri b`ndj ghr z`km` K mnd gkdf dhsnrneele$

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zfknvlwlr kv}hrkjkd%

njrh|s

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bn}l ghr }lwld$ Kv kdme|fl} Fl|rk M`|vk{n% Ih}`ndj%

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Lkj`v

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zlee inrolf$

Vnokdj j{nv

hg v`l Vkblvnd fknelmv}%

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Fndahdjon% E`hol% zljlv ol kd

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m`ljk kd Sn`rk% jl kd Vhvh% {l kd F`kine% {lm``k kd Ekib|%

{n kd Bneekdj% ndf vnk){n kd O`nik$ Ndhv`lr ekdl vnol}

|} grhi evndjon} a{nf vh B{ndj}k alf% v`ldml vh Bnrn }ne%

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e4nrl{lv% Sn|o`| rklv hr rklo% v`l Hef O|ok jrh|s zkv`

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> K ni dhv }h }|rl hg v`k}$ Vnem ndf vko srhbnbe{nrl hde{ srlekpl}$



D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HL VKBLVH)B\RIND FKNELMV] =2:

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zkv` M`|ekonvn Ik}ìk \d ndf v`l Fkjnr| Ik}ìk zhrf

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s`kjdnj$ Rnk `n} rkos|%

z`km` in{ blehdj vh v`l rl }lrkl}$ Fl|rk M`|vk{n `n}

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liseh{lf kd Ikrk% z`km` `n} sk)|{k)on$ Ilkv`lk `n}

kf)snd% z`km` ekol Ikokr hklr)olsilnd} "vzh grhi vld"$

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Dkdl

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kd Rnk% z`lrl zl `nwl v`l ghri vnis|hr k|ib|$ Ekib|

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bl v`l bn}l$ Kv rl}libel} Fkjnr| Ik}ìk oldhahhkj$ Non

`n} n zhrf }v`l|% z`km` k} }kdj|enr$ M`|ekonvn Ik}ìk

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ndf Ikokr `n} }lrols% z`km` kd lnm` mn}l ilnd "hdl

grhi vld "$

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n} v`l bn}l ghr v`lkr vld}$ Kd kv nrl Bnevk% S|rko% Enfno`k%

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v`k} jrh|s$ Kd V`no}{n v`l m`ndjl}nrl dhvnbel$

M`{hk9

vld% djk){|9

vzldv{% dhi)b| 9v`krv{% bek

>Bhd{ k} n vld bn}l$ V`l}l ghri} srhbnbe{ ilnd

"hdl grhi vld "$



=20 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HG V>@LVH)KK\RINO FKNELMV]

b{d9

ghrv{% |jn)}{|8

gkgv{$ I|rik ndf (k|r|dj jkwl

nevlrdnvl ghri}% m`kd hr m`dk$ V`rh|j` v`l}l ghri}zrl in{ slr`ns} brkdj kdvh v`k} jrh|s v`h}l fknelmv}

z`km` |}l m`k hr }hil flrkwnvkwl v`lrlhg n} v`l vld

bn}l$ V`l{nrl

evndjon}% Fnrdkk{n% M`n|fndj}k% ee{ndj}k%

Sn`rk(ak)jk+% Fkdkn}n (inak+% Jnrh (v:!ko|dj+% Vks|rn%

Dni}ndjkn% ]ldkn% ]kdjs`h$ Inrkdj ndf M`kdbhoe

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D\ILRNE ]W]VLI] HL VKBLVH)K@RIND FKNELMV] =2;

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==3 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HG VkdLVH)ee\RIND FKNELMV]

rlsrl}ldv}r kd E|}`lk vh n

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vzldv{$ > V`w$ Ed}`vk!% s$ 22>>$



D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HL VKRLVH)B\RIND FKNELMV] ==>

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kd Fkjnr| Ik}ìk hdfeni% z`kel Ikrk `n} n bn}l ekdj$O`nik `n} n zhrf fidjwnk$

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Bndsnrn `n} s|jn% n} `n} I|vhdkn% z`kelM`ndj `n} }f)h



==2 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HG VK@OVH)R\RIND FKNELMV]

|)djf)h$ V`|e|dj `n} djh)}ndj ndf O`nekdj o`feb`hdj$

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K bleklwl v`nv v`l }nil ilv`hf k} liseh{lf kd Nh vfendj%

kd O`nrk vmendj% kd @nvkj|rkn vleldjf% kd Ikoenk v`ldjf%

kd V`|o|ik vld{fdj% kd [nm`|kdk vld{ei% kdVnbeldj

vldjf% ndf I|eekdj v`kdjn$ E`hvn `n} vekdj{n$ V`l bn}l

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evndjon}

zhrf dndn} k} ne}h ghrilf hd v`k}

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D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HL V>BLVH)R\RIND FKNELMV] ===

in{ srhslre{ bl frnzd$ V`l }{}vli |}lf kd Wn{| k}

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==6 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HG VKBLVH)R\RIND FKNELMV]

fkn% n bn}l |}lf kd F`kine$ V`l bn}l ghr }kp% rkkw% `n}

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lp`kbkv v`l kdge|ldml hg Vkblvh)B|rind mhdvnmv} kd }lwlrne

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z`km` nrl ne}h gh|df kd v`l Vkblvh )B|rind fknelmv}

rlmhrflf kd v`l whe|il} hg v`l Ekdj|k}vkm ]|rwl{% v`l

hslrnvkhd} hg z`km` fkf dhv lpvldf vh B|rin$ Kd v`l

Onrld jrh|s% s$ 367% v`l fknelmv} nrl nee flmkine ndf

srlgkp v`l i|evkseklr$ V`l bn}l} nrl hgvld wlr{ hbwkh|}e{

n}}hmknvlf zkv` Vkblvh)B|rind ghri}$ V`|} vh 9 hdl

gnee} kdvh ekdl zkv` B|ril}l$ Nin (]n|dv|dj Qn{lkd%>

\BME% s$ 323$



D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HL VKAKOVH)IAOIND FKNELMV] ==<

Onrld% Snfldj Qn{lkd% ndf Bnd{ndj Qn{lkd+ k} kfldvkmne

zkv` Ilkv`lk nin% z`km` K mhrrlenvl zkv` evldjin il%[nzfzkd vd inv% ndf ]`h inv$ Kg zl nrl

a|}vkgklf kd

rljnrfkdj v`l}l vzh en}v ghri} n}nssnrldve{ mhddlmvlf

zkv` v`l Ihd Oìlr jrh|s hgendj|njl}% in{ zl dhv

lpvldf v`l mhddlpkhd }vkee g|rv`lr vh v`l snrneele ghri} *5

Dlwlrv`lel}}% v`l grlno} ndf gndvn}kl} hgs`hdlvkm jrhzv`

ndf flmn{ kd v`k} nrln nrl }|m` v`nv }llikdje{ kfldvkmne

ghri} in{ bl lwhewlf h|v hg vhvneey* fk}vkdmv hrkjkdne

ghri}$ V`l bn}l} kd v`l Onrld jrh|s ghr vzh% v`rll%

gh|r% gkwl% nrl nee nokd vh hdl hr hv`lr hg v`l }vndfnrf

jrh|s bn}l} kd v`l Vkblvh)B|rind fknelmv}$ Nv }kp mhdd}

n brlno$ Onrlddk% [kdvnel% ndf Indh `nwl n ghri v`rll%

v`rll$ V`l{ ghri }lwld n} v`rll% v`rll% hdl ? lkj`vn}

gh|r%v`rll

?dkdl n}

gh|r% v`rhl%hdl$ V`l hv`lr fknelmv}

rlmhrflf `nwl fk}vkdmv bn}l}% zkv` snrneele} k| Vkblvh

B|rind fknelmv}$ V`l vld bn}l k} }nk hr }lr hr }k% z`km`

`n} kdvlrl}vkdj snrneele} kd v`l@kinen{nd fknelmv} n} zlee

n} meh}lr nv `hil kd B|ril}l$ V`l srl}ldml hg Vkblvh

B|rind d|ilrne bn}l} kd I| @}h% Ildj`zn Eheh% Ikdj

M`*kndj% Inekm% Ek}|% I|`|% Onf|% No`n (hr Onz+% Noh%

S{ld% k} zlee odhzd$Kv k} melnr vh il v`nv

fl}skvl v`l zlevlr hg wnrkndv

ghri} v`l Vkblvh)B|rind fknelmv} nrl kd v`lkr d|ilrne

}{}vli} m`nrnmvlrkqlf b{n rlinronbel fljrll hg `hih

jldlkv{$ NWl mnd vrnmlm`ndjl} vh v`l mhnel}mldml hg

srlgkpl} zkv` bn}l}$ V`l kdge|ldml hg srlgkpl} ndf }|ggkpl}

hd v`l ghri hg v`l bn}l} vh z`km` v`l{nrl nggkplf hgvld

vnol} v`l }`nsl hg n m`ndjl kd v`l whzlf kd v`l bn}l$

Mhd}hdndv} kdkvkne ndf gkdne nrl eknbel vh bl eh}v zkv` v`l

lgglmv hg mn|}kdjn

mhisld}nvhr{ eldjv`ldkdj hg v`l whzle$

V`lrl nrlrlj|enr l~|nvkhd}

ghr mhd}hdndv}$> Hdljrh|s

zkee srlglrhdl mhd}hdndv vh kv} l~|kwneldv% ndf v`l }nil

k} vr|l kd mlrvnkd mn}l} hg whzle}$ Dn}nekqnvkhd hg mlrvnkd

}h|df} }lli} vh bl n glnv|rl hg v`l s`hdlvkm} hg ihrl

>]lh whe$ kkk% sv$ kk% s$ >;:% ~|hvkdj N$ Z$ Fnwk}$



==3 D\ILRNE ][]VLI] HL VK>>LVH)KK\@IND FKNELMV]

v`nd hdl jrh|s% ndf kd hdl hr vzh mn}l} v`lrl k} fkrlmv

lwkfldml ghr v`kdokdj v`nv n ihfkgkmnvkhd hg whzle }h|df}

k} rlenvlf vh n srhml}} hg i|evksekmnvkhd b{ z`km` vzh

bn}l} nrl mhnel}mlf$ K rlmhjdkql v`nv kv k} lpvrlile{

srhbnbel v`nv zkv` g|eelr invlrkne v`l men}}kgkmnvkhd}

srhwk}khdnee{ nvvlisvlf nbhwl zkee `nwl vh bl ihfkgklf

kd ind{ rl}slmv}$ Z`lv`lr v`l{ srhwl nd{v`kdj% lpmlsv

v`l jrlnv fkggkm|ev{ hg men}}kg{kdj}h

mhiselpn jrh|s hg

endj|njl}% K fh dhv odhz$ Zkv` v`l lpmlsvlfmn}l}

z`lrl}slmkne rlglrldml} nrl jkwld% K `nwl |vkekqlf

v`rh|j`h|v v`l whe|il} hg v`l Rlshrvhg v`l Ekdj|k}vkm

]|rwl{ hg Kdfkn% whe$ kkk% sv}$ k)kkk$

Date post:	29-May-2018
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Notes on the Numerical System of Tibeto-Burman Dialects

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