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NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1)...

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NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1)
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Page 1: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

NOTES: Skeletal System

(Ch 5, part 1)

Page 2: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very

active tissues.

Page 3: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

BONE STRUCTURE:*Bone structure reflects its function.

Page 4: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Parts of a long bone:

• EPIPHYSES: -enlarged portions at ends of a long bone;-covered with cartilage;-articulate (form JOINTS) with other bones.

Page 5: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Parts of a long bone:• DIAPHYSIS:

-shaft of bone (located between the epiphyses)

• PERIOSTEUM:-tough, vascular covering that encloses the entire bone except where the articulate cartilage is

Page 6: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 7: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Types of Bone Tissue:

COMPACT BONE: has a continuous matrix with no gaps; found in the wall of the diaphysis

Page 8: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Types of Bone Tissue:

SPONGY BONE (a.k.a. cancellous bone): has irregular interconnecting spaces between bony plates that reduce the weight of bone.

Page 9: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

**both compact and spongy bone are strong and resist bending

Page 10: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

**the center of the diaphysis is a hollow chamber (MEDULLARY CAVITY), lined with a thin layer of cells (ENDOSTEUM) and filled with soft connective tissue (MARROW)

Page 11: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

BONE MARKINGS

• Bones not smooth but can have bumps, holes, ridges– These are called bone markings

• Purpose:– Muscles, tendon, ligament attachments– Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass

through

Page 12: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 13: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

• Two categories of bone markings– Projections/processes

• Grow out from bone surfaces• Example trochanter

– Depressions/cavities• Indentations into bone• Example fissure

Page 14: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 15: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Microscopic Structure of Bone:

• bone cells = OSTEOCYTES; located in small chambers (LACUNAE) which form concentric circles around central canals

• intercellular material = mostly COLLAGEN(gives bone its strength and elasaticity) and inorganic salts (make bone hard and resistant to crushing).

Page 16: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 17: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Microscopic Structure of Bone:

• compact bone contains OSTEONScemented together

• central canals (HAVERSIAN CANALS) contain blood vessels that nourish the cells of osteons

• diffusion from the surface of the thin, bony plates nourishes the cells of spongy bone

Page 18: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 19: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 20: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Bone Development and Growth Intramembranous Bones:

• layers of connective tissue form membranes at the site of future bones;• some cells mature and differentiate into bone-producing cells (OSTEOBLASTS);• osteoblasts deposit bony matrix around themselves and SPONGY BONE forms in all directions within the layers of connective tissues;

Page 21: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Intramembranous Bones

• osteoblasts completely surrounded by matrix are mature OSTEOCYTES• EXAMPLE: the broad, flat bones of the skull form in this way and fuse together at sutures.

Page 22: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 23: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 24: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 25: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Bone Development and Growth

Endochondral Bones:• most bones in the body develop in this way• develop as hyaline cartilage “models”; later replaced by bone tissue• primary ossification center appears first in the diaphysis• later, secondary ossification center appears in the epiphyses

Page 26: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 27: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Endochondral Bones

• an epiphyseal plate remains between the primary and secondary ossification centers• long bones continue to lengthen until the epiphyseal plate are ossified (hardened)• a developing long bone thickens as compact bone is deposited beneath the periosteum

Page 28: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 29: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Endochondral Bones• in the middle of the diaphysis, OSTEOCLASTS break down bone tissue and the resulting space becomes the medullary cavity, which later fills with marrow• the bone in the central regions of the epiphyses and diaphysis remain spongy bone• the hyaline cartilage on the ends of the epiphyses persists throughout life as articular cartilage

Page 30: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 31: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.
Page 32: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

**throughout life, osteoclasts continually break down bone matrix and

osteoblasts replace it; these opposing processes of resorption and deposition

of calcium help to maintain calcium levels in the body**

Page 33: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

BONE FUNCTION:

Support and Protection• bones shape and form body structures• bones support and protect softer, underlying tissues

Page 34: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

BONE FUNCTION:

Body Movement• bones and muscles function together as LEVERS• a lever consists of: a rod, a pivot (fulcrum), a resistance, and a force that supplies the energy

Page 35: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

BONE FUNCTION:

Blood Cell Formation• depending on stage of life, blood cell formation occurs in the :

-yolk sac (embryo)-liver and spleen-bone marrow

Page 36: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

• Marrow can be:-RED: stores RBCs, WBCs, and platelets-YELLOW: stores fat

Page 37: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

BONE FUNCTION:

Storage of Inorganic Salts• matrix of bone tissue contains large quantities of calcium phosphate

Page 38: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

• blood calcium levels vary; when blood calcium is:LOW: osteoclasts break down bone, releasing calcium saltsHIGH: osteoblasts form bone tissue and store calcium salts

Page 39: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

Storage of Inorganic Salts

• bone also stores small amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium, and carbonate

Page 40: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

• 5 main types of bones which are based off of their shape

1) Long bones- Longer than they are

wide, mostly compact bone

- Examples Femur, phalanges, etc…

BONE TYPES

Page 41: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

2) Short bones- Cube-shaped with thin layer of compact

bone- Examples wrist, ankle

BONE TYPES

Page 42: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

3) Sesamoid- Embedded in tendons- Examples pisiform or patella

BONE TYPES

Page 43: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

4) Flat bones- Thin, curved with parallel layers of

compact bone- Examples frontal bone, sternum

BONE TYPES

Page 44: NOTES: Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) · 2019. 10. 14. · Skeletal System (Ch 5, part 1) Individual bones are the organs of the skeletal system. A bone contains very active tissues.

5) Irregular bones- Do not fit in other categories- Examples vertebrae, bones within sinus

BONE TYPES


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