Notes

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. Department of Transport, International Comparisons of Transport Statistics 1970-92 (London: HMSO, 1995).

2. European Round Table of Industrialists, Missing Networks: A European Challenge (Brussels: 1990).

3. European Commission, Growth, Competitiveness, Employment: The Challenges and Ways Forward into the 21st Century (Brussels: 1994).

4. Department of Transport, Transport Statistics: Great Britain 1996 (London: HMSO, 1997).

5. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Economies at a Glance: Structural Indicators (Paris, OECD, 1996).

6. S. Buckold, Bottlenecks in European Infrastructure (Rotterdam: ECIS, 1997).

7. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, An International Comparative Study on Infrastructure (The Hague: Sdu Publishers, 1996).

8. European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Investment in Transport Infrastructure in the 1980's (Paris: OECD, 1992).

9. European Centre for Infrastructure Studies, The State of European Infrastructure (Rotterdam, ECIS, 1996).

CHAPTER 2 ORGANISATIONAL FRAMEWORK

1. OECD, Public Management: OECD Country Profiles (Paris: OECD, 1992).

2. European Centre for Infrastructure Studies, The State of European Infrastructure (Rotterdam: ECIS, 1996).

3. R. Harman, New Directions: A Manual of European Best Practice in Transport Planning (London: Transport 2000, 1995).

4. Commissariat General du Plan, Transport 2010 (Paris: La Documentation Fran~aise, 1992).

5. European Commission, The New Regional Programmes under Objectives 1 and 2 of Community Structural Policies (Brussels: EC DG XVI March 1995).

6 European Commission, Annual Report on the Cohesion Fund (Brussels: 1996).

7. European Round Table of Industrialists, Missing Links (Brussels: 1984) and Missing Networks: A European Challenge (Brussels: 1990).

8. European Commission, Communication on Financing the Trans­European Networks (Brussels: EC COM(94)860, 1994).

245

246 Notes

9. European Commission, Growth, Competitiveness, Employment: The Challenges and Ways Forward into the 21st Century (Brussels: 1994).

10. European Commission, Proposal for a Council Regulation Laying Down General Rules for the Granting of Community Financial Aid in the Field of Trans-European Networks (Brussels: EC COM (94 )62, 1994 ).

11. 'Community Guidelines for the Development of the Trans-European Transport Network', Official Journal of the European Communities, L228, 9 September 1996.

12. High Level Group on Public-Private Partnership Financing of TEN Transport Projects, Final Report (Brussels: European Commission DG VII, May 1997).

13. European Commission High Level Group for High Speed Rail Network, Report of Sub-Group on Financing (Brussels: EC DG VII, 1993).

14. C. Martinand, L 'Experience Fran9aise du Financement Prive des Equipements Publics (Paris: Economica, 1993).

15. E.R. Powell, 'Deciding New Railway Infrastructure in the European Union: British and French Experiences', European Transport Forum, Seminar M, 11-15 September 1995 (London: PTRC, 1995).

CHAPTER 3 ROADS

1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation: Funding and Allocation Strategies (Paris: OECD, 1994).

2. J. Huber, 'Road Construction in the Federal Republic of Germany', Routes/Roads No. 288 (September 1995), 8-21.

3. United Nations, Annual Bulletin of Transport Statistics for Europe and North America 1995 (Geneva: UN ECE, 1996).

4. Department of Transport, International Comparisons of Transport Statistics 1970-92 (London: HMSO, 1996).

5. European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Mobility, Transport and Traffic (Paris: Euro-CASE, 1996).

6. Associazione Italiana Societa Concessionarie Autostrade e Trafori 'Strade del Portugallo - Piano Stradale Nazionale', Informazioni No. 1-2/1995 (Rome: AISCAT, 1995).

7. European Commission Motorway Working Group, Financing of the Trans-European Road Network (Brussels: EC DG VII, 1994).

8. Cour des Comptes, La Politique Routiere et Autoroutiere: Evaluation de la Gestion du Reseau National (Paris: Direction des Journaux Officiels, 1992).

9. Associaci6n Espanola de Ia Carretera, 'Las Carreteras de Las Communidades Aut6nomas', Carreteras, September-October 1995.

10. I. Jones, H. Zamani and R. Rachel, Financing Models for New Transport Infrastructure (Brussels: European Commission DG VII, 1996).

11. S. Trosa and M. Schreiner, 'Private Financing of Public Infrastructure in Germany', OECD New Ways of Managing Infrastructure Provision (Paris: OECD Public Management Occasional Paper No.6, 1994).

Notes 247

12. R. Izquierdo, Comparaci6n entre Ia Recaudaci6n Fiscal del Transporte por Carretera y las Inversiones en Carreteras en Espana (Madrid: Camara de Comercio e Industria, 1991).

13. Commission of the European Communities, Proposal for a Council Directive on the Charging of Transport Infrastructure Costs to Heavy Goods Vehicles (Brussels: EC COM(87)716, 1988).

14. Ministero dei Trasporti, Canto Nazionale dei Trasporti (Rome: annual). 15. Centro Europa Ricerche, Rapporto No. 6 (Rome: CER, 1995). 16. European Commission, Towards Fair and Efficient Pricing in Transport

(Brussels: EC COM(95)691, 1996). 17. European Commission, Modification of the Proposal for a Council

Directive on the Charging of Transport Infrastructure Costs to Heavy Goods Vehicles (Brussels: EC COM(90)540, Brussels, 1991).

18. European Commission, Proposal for a Council Directive on the Charging of Heavy Goods Vehicles for the Use of Certain Infrastructures (Brussels: EC COM(96)331, 1996).

19. Association Suisse des Transports Routiers (ASTAG), Redevance sur le Traffic Des Poids Lourds Liee aux Prestations (Bern: ASTAG, 1995).

20. Associazione Italiana Societa Concessionarie Autostrade e Trafori, 'Un Quadro d'Insieme del Sistema Europeo della Grande Viabilita', Informazioni No. 3-4/1994 (Rome: AISCAT 1994).

21. European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Statistical Trends in Transport 1965-88 (Paris:OECD, 1994).

22. G. Camimilla, 'Toll Motorways', Routes/Roads, No. 288, September 1995, 54-71.

23. E. Shragl, 'Rapport National du Chef de la Delegation Autrichienne', 24° Conference d'Etude et d'Information de l'ASECAP, Barcelona, 12-15 May 1996 (Paris: ASECAP, 1996).

24. NEA, The Allocation and Charging of Road Infrastructure Costs in the European Community to Vehicle Categories (Brussels: EC DG VII, 1989).

25. European Centre for Infrastructure Studies, The State of European Infrastructure (Rotterdam: ECIS, 1996).

26. Association Europeene des Concessionaires d'Autoroutes et d'Ouvrages a Peage, Information (Paris: ASECAP, 1996).

27. Associazione Italiana Societa Concessionarie Autostrade e Trafori, 'Le Tariffe Chilometriche di Pedaggio in Europa', Informazioni No. 1-2/1995 (Rome: AISCAT, 1995).

28. Ministere de l'Equipement, du Logement des Transports et de la Mer, Le Nouveau Schema Directeur Routier National (Paris: MELTM, 1990).

29. Conseil National des Economies Regionales et de la Productivite, La France et ses Autoroutes (Paris: CNERP/COFHUAT, 1990).

30. J. de Vet, Meeting the Needs of Cities: Transportation Infrastructure, Finance and Urban Development (Paris: OECD, 1996).

31. M. Burdeau, 'L'Experience Fran<;aise de la Concession d'Autoroutes a Peage: Bilan et Perspectives', Les Cahiers des Autoroutes Franqaises, No. 13 (Paris: Association des Societes Fran<;aises d'Autoroutes, 1996).

32. P. Merlin, Les Transports en France (Paris: La Documentation Fran<;aise, 1994).

248 Notes

33. J.A. Gomez Ibanez and J.R. Meyer, Going Private: The International Experience with Transport Privatisation (Washington: Brookings Institution, 1993).

34. Associazione Italiana Societa Concessionarie Autostrade e Trafori, Notes about the Toll Motorway and Toll System in Italy (Rome:AISCAT, 1994).

35. M. Doglio, 'II Problema Finanziario nell'Esperienza della Societa Autostrade SpA', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, II Finanziamento Privata della Infrastrutture dei Trasporti (Rome: CNR, 1995)

36. F. Pasquali, 'II Finanziamento di un Autostrada a Pedaggio in Regime de Project Financing dalla Teoria aile Applicazioni Concrete', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, II Finanziamento Privata della Infrastrutture dei Transporti (Rome: CNR, 1995).

37. R. Izquierdo, A. Zaragoza and C. Bonelly, 'Private Financing of Spanish Roads', PTRC European Transport Forum, Seminar L (London: PTRC, 1994).

38. Delegaci6n del Gobierno en las Sociedades Concesionarias de Autopistas Nacionales de Peaje, Memoria 1994 (Madrid, 1995).

CHAPTER 4 RAILWAYS

1. I. Denkhaus, 'Separation of Infrastructure and Operations of Railways in Europe-Institutional Consequences on the International Level', PTRC European Transport Forum 1-5 September 1997 (London: PTRC, 1997).

2. J. Steer, 'Investing in Rail', PTRC Summer Annual Meeting, Stream A, 1992 (London: PTRC, 1992).

3. European Commission High Level Group for the High Speed Network, Report from the Finance Sub-Group (Brussels: EC DG VII, 1993).

4. Commission of the European Communities, A Strategy for Revitalising the Community's Railways (Brussels: EC COM(96)41, 1996).

5. J. Preston, et a!. European Railway Comparisons (Leeds: Institute for Transport Studies Working Paper No. 48, 1994).

6. B. Hylen, 'Access to Rail Infrastructure: Regulation and Pricing in Ten European Countries', PTRC Summer Annual Meeting Seminar M, 1995 (London: PTRC, 1995).

7. J.E. Nilsson, 'Swedish Case Study: Vertical Unbundling of Infrastructure and Operations', IBRD, Comparative Analysis of Railway Refonn and Privatisation (Washington: IBRD, 1995).

8. 'Restructuring Railways Part 2: Sweden, Germany and France', Japan Railway and Transport Review, No.8, September 1996, 22-39.

9. F. Verloop, 'NS Reorganises to Accommodate Directive 91/440', European Railway Review, November 1995.

10. Universitat (Sic) Autonoma de Barcelona, Direct User Charges for Transport Infrastructure in the European Union (Brussels: EC DG II, Brussels, 1997).

11. Banverket, Investment Plan for Swedish Trunk Railways 1994-2003 (Borlange: 1994).

Notes 249

12. A. Bonnafous, Transports: Le Prix d'une Strategie Vol 2, (Paris: Commissariat General du Plan, 1995).

13. G. Knieps, 'Track Access Charging in Germany', European Railway Review, March 1996.

14. F. Befahy, 'Thoughts on Privatisation and Access to Networks', European Conference of Ministers of Transport, fVhy Do We Need Railways? (Paris: OECD, 1995).

15. M.P. Strohl, Europe's High Speed Trains: A Study in Ceo-Economics (Westport, C: Praeger, 1993).

16. R. Roy, The Macro-economic Effects of the PBKAL (Rotterdam: European Centre for Infrastructure Studies, 1996).

17 C. Martinand, Financement Prive des Equipements Publics (Paris: Economica, 1993).

18. P. Rouvillois, Rapport sur les Perspectives en Matiere de la Creation de Nouvelles Lignes Ferroviaires a Grande Vitesse (Paris: 1996).

19. II Sole- 24 Ore 30.10.1997. 20. J. Pellegrin, 'France', European Conference of Ministers of Transport

Round Table 87, High Speed Trains (Paris: OECD, 1992). 21. H. Cuq and D.Bussereau, Une Nouvelle Donne pour la SNCF (Paris:

Assemblee Nationale, 1993). 22. H. Haenel, Regions, SNCF: Vers un Renouveau du Service Public (Paris:

Senate Commission, 1994).

CHAPTER 5 URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

1. Halcrow Fox, A Study into the Organisation and Operation of Urban Public Transport in the 12 Member States (Brussels: EC DG VII, 1993).

2. H. Hondus, 'How can Tramways and Light Rail be Made More Readily Affordable?' Public Transport International, No.3 (1995), 71-7.

3. C. Quin, M. Houee and A Meyere, Le Financement des Transports Collectifs Urbains dans les Pays Developpes (Paris: Ministere de l'Equipement, des Transports et de laMer, 1990).

4. P. Hall and C. Hass-Klau, Can Rail Serve the City? (Farnborough: Gower, 1985).

5. B. Simpson, City Centre Planning and Public Transport: Case Studies from Britain, West Gennany and France (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1988).

6. E. Bieber, 'Regionalisation of Public Transport in Germany: Rhein­Main Pilot Study', European Transport Forum Annual Summer Meeting Seminar C 1996 (London: PTRC, 1996).

7. N. Caltot, 'Modalites de Gestion du Service Public des Transport Urbains',Administration No. 168 (July 1995), 28-30.

8. M. Mathieu and B. Canepa, Les Transports Collectifs pour Liberer la Ville, (Noisiel: Les Presses du Management, 1992).

9. Ministere de l'Equipement, du Logement, des Transports et du Tourisme, Circulaire Relative aux Aides de l'Etat aux Transports Collectifs de Province (Paris: MELTT, 1994).

10. Janes, Urban Transport Systems 1996-7 (London, 1996).

250 Notes

11. London Research Centre and l'Institut d' Amenagement et d'Urbanisme de la Region d'Ile-de-France (IAURIF), Paris, London: A Comparison of Transport Systems (London: HMSO, 1992).

12. A Bonnafous, Transports: Le Prix d'une Strategie (Paris: Commissariat General du Plan, 1995).

13. H. Cuq and D. Bussereau, Une Nouvelle Donne pour Ia SNCF (Paris: Assemble National, 1994).

14. Ministere de l'Equipement, du Logement, des Transports et du Tourisme, Urban Public Transport in France (Paris: MELTT, 1994).

15. E. Minivielle, 'Le Financement des Transports Collectifs Urbains de Province depuis 1975', Notes de Synthese: Transport Urbain (Paris: OEST, 1994).

CHAPTER 6 INLAND WATERWAYS

1. Department of Transport, Transport Statistics: Great Britain I996 (London: HMSO, 1997).

2. Department of Transport, International Comparisons of Transport Statistics I970-I992 (London: HMSO, 1995).

3. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, An International Comparative Study on Transport Infrastructure (The Hague: 1996).

4. European Conference of Ministers of Transport, Inland Wate!Way Transport in ECMT Countries to the Year 2000: A New Dimension (Paris: OECD, 1990).

5. European Commission Communication on the Creation of a European Inland Wate!Way Network (Brussels: EC COM (92) 231, 1992).

6. Knight Wendling/DHV, Klem in het Net: Knelpunten in de Europese Infrastructuur voor het Goederenvervoer (The Hague: 1994).

7. European Centre for Infrastructure Studies, The State of European Infrastructure (Rotterdam, 1996).

8. Commission Gregoire (1983), Schema Directeur des Voies Navigables (1985), and Commission Chassagne (1989).

9. A Bonnafous (ed.), Transports: Le Prix d'une Strategie (Paris: Commissariat General du Plan, 1995).

CHAPTER 7 EUROPEAN AIRWAYS

1. European Commission, Air Traffic Management: Freeing Europe's Airspace, Brussels: EC COM (96) 57, 1996).

2. Eurocontrol, European Air Traffic Control Harmonisation and Integration Programme (Brussels: 1993).

3. Association of European Airlines, Air Traffic Control in Europe (Brussels: 1989).

Notes 251

4. Association of European Airlines, Towards a Single System for Air Traffic Control in Europe (Brussels: 1989).

5. Comite des Sages, Expanding Horizons (Brussels: EC DG VII, 1994). 6. International Civil Aviation Organisation Future European Air Traffic

SeiVices System Concept (Paris; ICAO, 1988). 7. Department of Transport, Privatisation of the National Air Traffic

SeiVices (London: HMSO, 1994). 8. European Civil Aviation Conference, Air Traffic Control in Europe:

ECAC Strategy for the 1990s (Paris: 1990). 9. European Parliament Resolutions 27.9.1994 and 14.2.1995.

CHAPTER 8 AIRPORTS

1. European Centre for Infrastructure Studies, The State of European Infrastructure (Rotterdam: 1996).

2. Association of European Airlines, Capacity of Aviation Systems in Europe (London: 1987).

3. Stamford Research Institute, A European Planning Strategy for Air Traffic to the Year 2010 (Menlo Park, CA: 1990).

4. Airports Association Council International, Communique No. 27 (Brussels: 1991).

5. Airports Council International Europe, Sources of Finance for Airport Development in Europe (Brussels: 1995).

6. R. Doganis, The Airport Business (London: Routledge, 1992). 7. Swedish Civil Aviation Administration, Annual Report (Stockholm:

1994). 8. Aeroports de Paris, Plan Quinquennial1995-99 (Paris: 1995). 9. Copenhagen Airport, Airport Charges SuiVey (Copenhagen: 1994).

10. A.J. Wright, European Airports (London: Ian Allen ABC Guides, 1995). 11. Airports Council International Europe, Sources of Finance for Airport

Development in Europe (Reigate UK: PPS Publications, 1995). 12. Service des Bases Aeriennes, Activite des Aeroports Franr;;ais (Paris:

1994). 13. F. Billand, '11 Gruppo Hochtief - Le Experienze di Privatizzazione di

Aeroporti in Europa', in Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, II Finanziamento Privato delle Infrastrutture dei Trasporti (Rome: 1995).

14. Cranfield University, Department of Air Transport, The Economic Performance of European Airports (Cranfield: 1995).

15. European Commission, Application of Articles 92 and 93 of the Treaty and Article 61 of the EC Agreement on State Aids in the Aviation Sector (Brussels: Official Journal C350/5, 12 October 1994).

16. M. Booth, 'Privatisation', Institution of Civil Engineers, Airport Capacity and Development Funding (London: Thomas Telford Publishing, 1996).

17. European Commission, Towards Fair and Efficient Pricing in Transport (Brussels: EC COM(95)691, 1996).

252 Notes

18. European Commission, Report on Guidelines for the Trans European Airport Network (Brussels: SEC(94)1863, 1994).

19. European Commission, Growth, Competitiveness, Employment: The Challenges and Ways Forward into the 21st Century (Brussels: 1994).

20. International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), Statement by the Council to Contracting States on Charges for Airports and Route Navigation Facilities (Montreal: Document 8718-C/975, 1967 and Document 9082/2, 1981).

CHAPTER9 SEAPORTS

1. European Sea Ports Organisation, Report of an Enquiry into the Current Situation in the Major Community Sea Ports (Brussels: ESPO, 1996).

2. J. Reeves 'Shipping Lines' Interests', Waterfront Conference Co., Financing European Seaport Development, London, 11-12 July 1995.

3. G. De Monie, 'Privatisation of Port Structures', L. Bekemans and S. Beckwith ( eds ), Ports for Europe (Bruges: College of Europe, 1992).

4. F. Suykens, 'Some Thoughts on European Sea Ports Policy', The Dock and Harbour Authority Journal, January-February 1997.

5. Transports Etudes Recherches, Les Entreprises de Manutention Portuaire (Paris: OEST, 1994).

6. B.C. Kruk, 'Technical Developments Towards the Year 2000', Proceedings of the 13th International Port Training Conference (Rotterdam: 1995).

7. E. Van Hooydonk, 'The Legal Aspects of the Hanseatic Tradition', L. Bekemans and S. Beckwith ( eds ), Ports for Europe (Bruges: College of Europe, 1992).

8. M.Y. Le Garrec, La Decentralisation et le Regime Administratif et Financier des Ports Franqais (Bordeaux: 1993).

9. R. Rozenthal, Legal Aspects of Port Management, (Geneva: UNCTAD/ SHIP/693, 1993).

10. P. Merlin, Les Transports en France (Paris: La Documentation Fran<;aise, 1994).

11. T. Soames, 'Brussels and Seaports', Waterfront Conference Co., Financing European Seaport Development, London: 11-12 July 1995.

12. European Parliament, Directorate General for Research, European Sea Port Policy (Luxembourg, 1993).

13. G. Gueguen, Vers une Politique Portuaire Europeene (University of Rennes, 1993).

14. A.A. Pallas, 'Towards a Common Ports Policy? EU Proposals and the Ports Industry's Perceptions', Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 24, No.4, 1997.

15. C. Hinz, 'Prospects for a European Ports Policy: A German View', Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 23, No.4, 1996.

Notes 253

CHAPTER 10 FUNDING MECHANISMS FOR THE FUTURE

1. High Level Group on Public-Private Partnership Financing of TEN Transport Projects, Final Report (Brussels: EC DG VII/321!97/EN, 1997).

2. European Commission Green Paper, Public Procurement in the European Union: Exploring the Way Forward (Brussels: November 1996).

Index

aircraft delays 167-8 airports 179-201

key issues 15-6 ownership structures 191-2 pricing policies 199-202 private finance 238

air traffic control 166-78 air traffic flow management 169-71 air transport deregulation 179-80 airways 15, 165-78 Amsterdam airport 185 Arlanda rail link 119-23 Athens airport 192 Austria

high speed rail 104 railway track pricing 99 responsibility for road construction

44 toll roads 80-1 transport plans 20 vignettes 57

autonomous agencies 47-8, 233-4

barge fleet 158-9 Belgium

high speed rail 104 ports 217-9 private finance 35, 49 responsibility for road construction

44 road revenues and expenditures

51 transport plans 21-2, 161 urban transport 129-30

bonds 195, 242 Brussels airport 193-4 bulk terminals 205-6

cargo handling companies 223, 230 Christophersen Committee 31-2 co-financing 117, 135-9, 187-92 Cohesion Fund 27-8, 49 competition policy 228-9 container terminals 206-7 contract-plans

rail 100-2 road 45-6,65 urban transport 133, 143-4

Copenhagen airport 186-7 urban transport 141

decentralisation rail 115-9 roads 43-7 urban transport 128-30, 140

Denmark private finance 36 railway track pricing 100 responsibility for road construction

44 road revenues and expenditures 51 transport plans 19 urban transport 141, 150

Dennis package 151-4 developers' contributions 148-150

employment taxes 145-8 equity 196 Eurocontrol 172-6 European Civil Aviation Conference

171 European Investment Bank 29-30, 33 European Investment Fund 29 European Union

airports, investment in 197-9 budget 24-5 Cohesion Fund 27-8, 49 Directive 95/93 201 Directive 440/91 85-6 high speed rail network 114-5 ports policy 231-2 structural funds 25-7 tax harmonisation 57-9 Trans-European networks 30-4, 160,

198-9,231-2 transport policy 22-4, 231-2

Eurovignette 56 external costs 52

Finland

255

railway restructuring 91-2 railway track pricing 100 responsibility for road construction

44 urban transport 141-2

256

France airports 188-90 employment tax 146-8 ports 212-3, 219 private finance 36-7 railway restructuring 90-1 railway track pricing 97-9 regional railways 117-8 responsibility for road construction

43-6 road revenues and expenditures 51 TGV 105-7 toll roads 63-8 transport plans 19, 64 urban transport 137-9, 149

fuel tax 53,59-60,135

Germany high speed rail 103 ports 213-4 private finance 37, 49 railway restructuring 90 railway track pricing 99 responsibility for road construction

44 road revenues and expenditures 51 transport plans 19, 161 urban transport 135-7

Greece high speed rail 103 ports 220-1 responsibility for road construction

44 road revenues and expenditures 51 toll roads 80 transport plans 22

hypothecated taxation 59-60

income levels, per capita 1 infrastructure funds 59-61, 63 inland waterways 14-15, 155-164 interest rates 4, 66 investment in transport infrastructure

airports 179 airways 169 growth 9 inland waterways 160-1 modal split 11-2 rail 84,86 relationship to GDP 3, 9-11 roads 41

Ireland ports 219

Index

responsibility for road construction 44 road revenues and expenditures 51 transport plans 22 urban transport 130

Italy airports 190-2 ports 211-2, 220 private finance 37, 107-110 railway restructuring 93 responsibility for road construction 44 TAV 107-110 toll roads 68-73 transport plans 21 urban transport 131-2

landlord port authorities 230-1 leasing 49-50, 196, 237 Leipzig!Halle airport 194 light rail 129-30, 132, 134, 150 local transport authorities 90, 127, 131,

136-9, 140-1

Madrid suburban railways 127 urban transport 144-5

Mannheim Convention 159 maritime trade 12 metros 125-6 modal split

passengers 6 freight 8 investment 11-2

National Road Administrations 47 Netherlands

high speed rail 104 ports 215-7 private finance 38, 49 railway restructuring 91 responsibility for road construction

44 road revenues and expenditures 51 transport plans 18-9 urban transport 128-9

Norway private finance 48 responsibility for road construction

44 urban tolls 150-1

oil terminals 205 0restadsselskabet 150 0resund Crossing 36,47 Orly-VAL 36

Index 257

Paris airport 184-5 urban transport 142-4

political structures 17-8, 127-8, 223-4 Pont de Normandie 36 population 1 ports 203-232

key issues 16 labour reforms 207-9 legislation 209-13 private finance 237--8

Portugal ports 211, 219-20 private finance 49 railway restructuring 93 responsibility for road construction

44 toll roads 80 transport plans 21 urban transport 134

pricing policies see user charges private finance 4, 34--9, 48-50, 64--7,

73-9,119-123,192-4,196-7,235-42 public-private partnerships 191, 203,

221-31,239-242 public transport 125-153

railways 83-123 high speed 102-115 investment plans 84 key issues 13-4 private finance 237 regional 115-9 separation of infrastructure and

operations 85-93 track pricing 94--100

risk transfer 4, 235--6 roads 41-81

construction responsibility 43-50 key issues 13 private finance 237 toll roads 62-81 user charges 50-61

Rouvillois Committee 105-7

slot auctions 201-2 SOFERGIES 37 Spain

airports 183-4 high speed rail 103-4, 110--3 ports 209-10,220 private finance 38 railway restructuring 92-3 regional railways 118-9

responsibility for road construction 43-4,46-7

road revenues and expenditures 51 toll roads 73-9 transport plans 20, 73, 76 urban transport 133-4, 149

state aid 64-7, 72, 79, 129-41, 213-21, 226-7

Stockholm 151-4 Storebaelt Crossing 36, 47 Structural Funds 25-27 Sweden

airports 182-3 distance-related road taxes 54 private finance 38, 50, 119-123 railway restructuring 87-9 railway track pricing 94--7 regional railways 116-7 responsibility for road construction

44 transport plans 19-20 urban transport 140-1, 151-4

Switzerland distance-related road taxes 54-5 high speed rail 104 private finance 38-9 railway restructuring 93 railway track pricing 100 responsibility for road construction

44,60 Swiss Air Navigation Services Ltd

171 transport plans 21 urban transport 140 vignettes 56

Tagus bridge 49 taxes

distance-related 54--5 fuel 52-3 hypothecated 59--60 vehicle 52-4

tolls 62, 78, 150--2 transport demand

airports 179-80 airways 165 freight 1, 8 inland waterways 155-8 passengers 1, 6 road 42

Transport Infrastructure Committee 22 transport networks 5, 156 transport plans 18-22, 65, 73, 84, 100-2,

128-135,161,190-1

258

urban transport 125-154 key issues 14 tolls 150-4

user charges 23-4,50-60,62,94-100, 145,163,175-6,199-201,227-8, 234-5

vehicle licensing fees 53-4 versement transport 139, 146-8

Index

Vienna airport 187 employment tax 145

vignettes 55-7 Voies Navigables de France 162-4

Wijffels Committee 91

zone d'amenagement concerte 149