Notes

Introduction 1. In the January 2006 elections in Palestine, Hamas won 76 seats in the

132-seat Palestinian parliament. 2. Road map: a plan to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict outlined by U.S.

President Bush in 2002. 3. Quartet: a group of international actors consisting of the United States,

Russia, EU, and UN that was formed in 2002 for the purpose of resolv-ing the Israel-Palestine conflict.

Chapter 1 1. Alvaro de Soto was the Under-Secretary General, United Nations Special

Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representa-tive of the Secretary General to the Palestinian Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority, and Envoy to the Quartet (June 1, 2005 to May 7, 2007).

2. Interview conducted on March 22, 2006, in the interviewee’s office in Ramallah.

3. Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam (Oasis of Peace) is a community inhab-ited by Jewish and Palestinian Israeli citizens located between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem that promotes dialogue, cooperation, and peace through various programs and initiatives.

4. Interview conducted with Abdessalam Najjar on March 15, 2006, at Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam (Oasis of Peace).

5. The Israeli government defines the Palestinian hudna as “a temporary respite from fighting designed to gain time to regroup and rearm”; “a tactical ploy for gaining time to build up their strength for the next round of terrorist attacks”; and “a mere tactical truce in keeping with Islamic history” (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2003, p. 39–42).

6. Interview conducted with Asher Susser in his office at Tel Aviv University on March 23, 2006.

7. Interview conducted with Daniel Levy in his office in Tel Aviv on March 16, 2006.

notes214

8. Interview conducted on March 22, 2006, in the interviewee’s office in Ramallah.

9. Interview conducted with Omar in his home on March 9, 2006. 10. Interview conducted with Abdessalam Najjar on March 15, 2006, at

Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam (Oasis of Peace). 11. Interview conducted with Erez at the Peace Now office in Jerusalem on

March 13, 2006. 12. Interview conducted with Efraim Inbar in his office at Bar-Ilan Univer-

sity on March 16, 2006. 13. Israel’s road map obligations include: freezing settlement construc-

tion, dismantling unauthorized settlement outposts, opening Palestin-ian institutions in East Jerusalem, and facilitating the movement of PA representatives.

14. According to the Agreement on Movement and Access (AMA) signed on November 15, 2005, Israel’s obligations include: easing West Bank checkpoints, reaching targets for movement through crossing points in and out of Gaza, and facilitating a seaport and airport in Gaza.

Chapter 2 1. Online: http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal/index.html. 2. Online: http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/vCouncilRes.

Chapter 3 1. An extensive list of Israelis who actively support Palestinian rights can

be found in Carey and Shainin’s (2002) The other Israel: Voices of refusal and dissent.

Chapter 4 1. It is noteworthy that in a joint press conference with U.S. Secretary of

State Condoleezza Rice, Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni announced that Israeli security must precede any deal with the Palestinians and that Palestinian obligations under the road map concerning Israel’s security needs would have to be met before a Palestinian state could be estab-lished. Livni justified Israel’s position by stating that “nobody wants to see another terror state in the region.” BBC News online, November 4, 2007. Retrieved November 5, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7077412.stm.

2. Interview conducted with Mahdi Abdul Hadi in his office in Jerusalem on March 21, 2006.

3. Interview conducted with Tanya Reinhart at her home in Tel Aviv on March 12, 2006.

notes 215

4. Interview conducted with Ilan Pappe in his office at Haifa University on March 21, 2006.

5. Interview conducted in the office of the PLO Negotiations Affairs Department on March 29, 2006.

6. Interview conducted with Daniel Levy at his office in Tel Aviv on March 16, 2006.

7. Interview conducted with Abdessalam Najjar on March 15, 2006 at Neve Shalom–Wahat al-Salam (Oasis of Peace).

Chapter 5 1. Muhammad al-Shaybani (d. 805) is considered to be “the father of the

science of the Islamic law of nations” (Khadduri, 1966, p. 57). Accord-ing to Majid Khadduri, Shaybani is “the most important jurist to write on the siyar” (p. 22), as “he was the first to consolidate all the legal materials relevant to the subject and to provide perhaps the most detailed study of it” (p. 56).

2. The Treaty of Hudaybiyya was a ten-year peace treaty that was signed between the Prophet Muhammad and the Quraysh tribe of Mecca in 628.

3. “Slay those who ascribe divinity to aught beside God wherever you may come upon them, and take them captive, and besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every conceivable place. Yet if they repent, and take to prayer, and render the purifying dues, let them go their way for God is much-forgiving, a dispenser of grace” (Quran, 9:5).

Chapter 6 1. Interview conducted on March 22, 2006, at the interviewee’s office in

Ramallah.

Glossary

Abbasid: Muslim empire that ruled from 750 to 1258.Asbab an-nuzul: reason for revelation.Asharism: a dominant philosophy within Sunni Islam.Awa’id: human activity or practices.Awliyyah: friend, protector, or ally.Ayah (plural: ayat): a sign; a verse of the Quran.Bida: innovation in religion.Caliph: successor of the Prophet; title given to the leader of the Muslim com-

munity following the death of the Prophet.Dar al-harb: abode or war; non-Muslim territory.Dar al-Islam: abode of Islam; Muslim territory.Daruriyyat (singular: daruriyyah): essentials or necessities.Dhimmi: protected non-Muslim citizen of an Islamic state.Fard: an obligation.Fard ayn: an individual obligation.Fard kifayah: a collective obligation.Fatwa (plural: fatawa): legal verdict, opinion, or ruling.Fiqh: understanding; jurisprudence.Fitnah: sedition; tribulation.Hadith (plural: ahadith): report or narration; narration of a statement, action,

ruling, or characteristic of the Prophet Muhammad.Hajiyyat (singular: hajiyyah): complementary.Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca.Hijra/hijrah: migration; migration of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca

to Madina in 622.Hikma: wisdom.Hudna: cease-fire; settlement; peace-treaty.Hudud: boundaries; prescribed punishments.Hukm (plural: ahkam): law or ruling.Ibadah (plural: ibadat): act of worship.Ijma: consensus.Ijtihad: intellectual exertion; independent juristic reasoning.Ikhtilaf: juristic disagreement.Illah (plural: ilal): cause or rationale.Intifada: to shake off or shake out; uprising.

glossary218

Istidlal: inference; a method of interpretation based on acceptance of prevail-ing customs, principles, and precedents.

Istihsan: to deem good; juristic preference.Istiqra: induction.Istislah: to act in the public interest.Jahiliyyah: era of ignorance; pre-Islamic period.Jihad: to strive, struggle, or exert effort; armed struggle.Jizya: a tax applied to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state.Madrassa: traditional Muslim school.Mafasid: harm or corruption.Maqasid (singular: maqsad): objectives.Masalih: benefit or interest.Maslaha: public benefit or interest.Maslaha mursala: to act in the public interest.Mu’amalat: social dealings or civil transactions.Mujtahid (plural: mujtahidun): one who engages in ijtihad or juristic

reasoning.Naskh: abrogation.Nass: clear text.Qatl: killing.Qawa’id: maximQiyas: analogical reasoning.Qital: fighting.Quran: holy book of Islam, revealed by God to the Prophet Muhammad

between 610 and 632.Rashidun: literally meaning ‘rightly guided’; refers to the four caliphs who

succeeded the Prophet Muhammad, namely, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

Risalah: prophethood.Ray: the use of personal opinion.Razism: the philosophy associated with the Muslim theologian Fakr al-Din

al-Razi (d.1209).Sabr: patience.Saghir: to vanquish or overpower.Sahaba: companions of the Prophet Muhammad.Shariah: Islamic law; a legal, moral, and ethical code that encompasses the

beliefs and practices of Islam.Sira/sirah: biography of the Prophet Muhammad.Siyar: branch of Islamic law dealing with international relations.Sunnah: conduct or manner; the statements, actions, rulings, and characteris-

tic of the Prophet Muhammad.Surah (plural: surat): a chapter of the Quran.Tabi’un: successors of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad.Tahsiniyyat (singular: tahsiniyyah): embellishments.Ta’lil: ratiocination; seeking the underlying intent of a ruling.

glossary 219

Taqlid: unquestioning following of previous opinions or rulings.Tariqa: way or path; religious circle or group often associated with Sufism.Tawhid: oneness or unity of God; monotheism.Ulema (singular: alim): religious scholars.Ulum (singular: ilm): knowledge or science.Umma/ummah: people, community, or nation; the Muslim world.Umayyad: Muslim empire that ruled from 661 to 750.Usul: sources or principles.Usul al-fiqh: principles of Islamic jurisprudence.Usuli (plural: usuliyyun): scholars of Islamic jurisprudence.Wasa’il (singular: wasila): means.Zakat: compulsory alms.Zulm: oppression.

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Index

Abbasid Empire, 7, 141, 143, 163, 207, 208

Abduh, Muhammad, 144Abraham, Prophet, 19, 179, 191abrogation (naskh), 6, 13, 146–48,

156, 160, 164, 167, 207acquisition of territory, 54–56, 61,

65–66, 210Advisory Opinion of the

International Court of Justice, 44–45

Afghanistan, 2, 109, 149, 152African National Congress (ANC),

80, 82, 84–85, 120Al-Aqsa Mosque, 57, 78Al-Azhar University, 149–52al-Banna, Hassan, 150al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid, 169, 174al-Husayni, Haj Amin, 20, 150al-Juwayni, Abd Allah, 168–69al Qaeda, 2, 154, 187, 198–99al-Shatibi, Abu Ishaq, 169–77, 195,

208, 211analogy (qiyas), 96, 138, 170Annan, Kofi, 2, 203anti-Semitism, 19apartheid, 5, 9, 11, 35, 74–75,

78–87, 98–99, 106, 115, 120, 205

Arabia, 18, 139, 149, 157, 162–63, 189, 195

Arabic, 18, 116Arab-Israeli conflict, 2, 26, 47, 49,

55Arabs, 3, 18–24, 35–39, 63, 108,

118, 152, 188Arafat, Yassir, 25, 28, 129

armed force, 13, 53, 56, 123, 128, 131, 142, 154, 159, 178, 181, 187, 195–96, 200–201, 205–8, 210

armed struggle, x, 6, 28, 85, 110, 113, 124, 142, 145, 149–50, 158, 195, 207–8

asymmetry, 3–5, 12, 17, 30, 34–39, 45, 125, 206

Azzam, Abdullah, 152–53

Balfour Declaration, 19–20, 22, 90Balfour, Arthur, 19, 90Bantustan, 27, 83–84Begin, Menachim, 21Begin-Sadat (BESA) Centre for

Strategic Studies, 42, 95Ben-Gurion, David, 23–24bin Laden, Osama, 2, 153–54blame, 22, 40borders, 3, 28, 53, 55, 62, 65, 93,

127, 199boycott, 35, 117, 120, 125–27Britain, 5, 19–22, 34, 47, 78,

83–84, 90, 108, 128, 205British Mandate, 18–19, 22, 60, 90,

150, 203B’Tselem, 30, 78, 113, 199

Camp David, 26, 28, 32, 207checkpoints, 25–26, 30, 112, 127,

198–99children of Israel, 180–82, 190–92chosen people, 32Christianity, 32, 38Cold War, 5, 75, 83, 97, 101, 103,

205

index234

colonialism/colonization, ix, 3, 7, 34, 44, 80, 83, 88–89, 98–100, 108, 110, 115, 136, 144–46, 148–50, 154, 205

Communism, 97–98, 101competing international norms, 9,

11, 74, 87–88, 103, 120, 205conflict resolution, x–xi, 4–5,

10–12, 27, 30, 36, 40–41, 68–69, 73, 75–76, 79, 87, 103, 121–22, 130, 137, 158–59, 203, 205, 209

constructive engagement, 85constructivism/constructivist

perspective, x, 5, 10–13, 68, 73–77, 83, 85, 96, 102–3, 159, 163, 195, 205

contextualization, 6, 11, 13, 132, 158, 160–62, 165–67, 200–201, 208, 210

counterterrorism, 6, 88, 91, 98, 110, 131

crimes against humanity, 79, 209critical theory, 73Crusades, 7, 18

de Soto, Alvaro, 29, 37–39, 44, 94, 111–13, 213

decolonization, 40, 74, 77, 80, 82–84, 86–89, 98, 145, 205

dignity, 41–42, 170, 191–92, 195–96, 201

double-movement, 161–62

Egypt, 1, 18, 25, 31, 54, 63, 91, 129, 137, 144–45, 150, 153, 191

equality, 5, 9, 35, 41–42, 62, 74, 77, 79, 82–83, 85–89, 120, 123, 170, 193, 195–96, 201, 205

ethnic cleansing, 3, 23–25, 45, 56, 113, 209

Europe, 3, 7, 18–21, 34, 37, 78–79, 86, 93, 96, 99–100, 108, 111,

114, 116, 119, 125, 129, 145, 149, 157–58, 198, 203, 206

European Union, 128, 198even-handed, 39–40, 111existential threat, 92extremism, 108, 153–54, 177

facts on the ground, 28–29, 82Fatah, 81, 126–27final status issues, 3, 12, 26, 28, 54,

66, 69, 130, 210fiqh, 137, 140, 143, 159, 172, 175First World War, 3, 18, 47Fourth Geneva Convention, 44–45,

50–52, 55, 58–59, 61–62, 66, 69, 85

framing, 79, 88, 128, 199, 200, 204–5, 207

Gandhi, Mahatma, 115–16, 121Gaza Strip, 25, 28–29, 41–42,

53–55, 60, 62, 65–66, 81, 84, 92, 101, 109, 112–13, 128

generous offer, 28Geneva Initiative, 34, 95, 125Golan Heights, 25, 53, 65Green Line, 92, 118

hadith, 138, 148, 153, 156, 164–65, 175–76, 188

Haganah, 20, 22Hamas, 3–4, 6, 20, 31–32, 34,

41–42, 81, 84, 93, 107–9, 111–13, 121, 123–24, 126, 130–31, 149, 153–55, 198, 206–7, 211

Hamas Charter, 149, 153–54Hanbal, Ahmad Ibn, 139, 148Haycraft Commission, 20Hebrew, 17–19, 24Herzl, Theodor, 23, 100Hezbollah, 33, 123, 153, 209historical context, 17, 106, 157,

163, 165, 195, 204, 207Holocaust, 38, 91, 125

index 235

homeland, 19, 28, 41, 43, 62, 64, 83–84, 178–79, 181–82, 190–92

Hope-Simpson Commission, 20house demolition, 50–51, 54, 78,

126Hudaybiyya, 143, 188–89, 215hudna, 46human rights, ix, 6, 30, 38, 41,

45, 52, 62, 64, 67–68, 76–80, 83, 86–88, 90, 95, 97–98, 101–2, 109–10, 113, 131, 170, 195–96, 199, 201, 204–5

Ibn Hazm, 148Ibn Taymiyyah, 144, 169identity, x, 1, 5–6, 10, 12, 31, 34,

42, 65, 68, 73–75, 79–80, 85–87, 95–98, 100–103, 110, 118, 143, 157–58, 204–6, 209

identity crisis, 100–101, 110ijtihad, 159, 165, 168, 170, 174–76independence, 4, 24, 27–28, 83,

89–90, 98, 154, 174international community, 5–6, 9,

29, 48, 64–67, 76, 80, 82–84, 86, 96, 98, 109, 112, 118, 125, 130, 152, 200, 203

international humanitarian law, 6, 52, 65–66

international law, 3–4, 19, 28, 30, 38, 40–41, 43–45, 47, 49, 54, 56, 61–63, 66–67, 75–77, 79–80, 87, 90, 107, 109–11, 113, 131, 141, 143–44, 195–96, 201, 204–5, 209

international norms, x, 5–6, 9, 45, 49, 65, 67–68, 73, 77, 79–80, 82–83, 85, 87, 95, 96–98, 102, 143, 157, 195–96, 201, 204–5, 209

international relations, x-xi, 4, 10–12, 30–31, 73–77, 83, 91, 96–97, 100, 102–3, 105, 121,

135–36, 140–41, 147, 157–59, 162, 192, 203, 205

International Solidarity Movement, 78

interpretation, x, 6–8, 11, 13, 32–33, 36, 122, 135–41, 143, 145, 147, 149, 158–60, 162–63, 165–67, 173, 175, 195–96, 200, 207–8, 210

intifada, 116first, 25, 27, 93, 99, 101, 114,

116–21, 124, 131, 197, 106second, 26, 81, 92, 106, 110–12,

114, 124, 126, 197, 207nonviolent, 11–13, 102, 105,

113, 116, 125–26, 131Iraq, 2, 67, 108–10, 129, 137, 154,

199Iraq Study Group, 3Islam, ix, xi, 1, 6–8, 13, 18, 31–34,

37, 39, 93, 101–2, 105, 108, 114, 121–24, 130–32, 136, 138, 141–49, 152–54, 157–60, 163–64, 174, 177–81, 186, 194, 200, 206, 210

and conflict resolution, 10history, 1, 7, 18, 38, 139, 143,

155, 162, 207Islamic doctrines of war and peace,

6, 13, 135, 139–41, 158–59Islamic law, xi, 8, 11, 13, 122, 132,

136–40, 143–52, 157, 160, 164, 166–76, 180, 196–97, 207–8, 210

Islamic legitimacy, x, 6, 8, 13, 122, 124, 131–32, 160, 175, 210

Islamic resistance, 92Islamic state, 138, 141, 143–44,

180Islamic Studies, x, xi, 10–11Islamic threat, 4, 93, 102

objectives of, x, 146, 156, 192–93, 208–9

relations with the West, xi, 1, 38, 48, 108, 203, 206

index236

Islamic threat (continued)resurgence of, 3, 8, 31, 131,

136–37, 146, 157, 207Islamic Jihad, 81, 121, 124, 131,

153, 207Israel, ix-xi, 1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 22–39,

41–45, 48–69, 78, 80–83, 86–103, 105–12, 114–21, 123–26, 128–31, 135, 150, 153, 155, 197–200, 204–6, 209

children of, 180–82, 190–92kingdom of, 18

Israel lobby, 36, 38, 94–95, 99, 204, 206

Israel-Palestine conflict, ix-xi, 1–5, 7–8, 10–12, 17, 19, 22, 25–27, 31–32, 35–36, 39, 45, 47–50, 64, 67–68, 73–77, 80–81, 88–89, 91, 94, 98, 100, 102–3, 105–9, 111, 128, 131, 153, 159, 201, 203–5, 207

istiqra, 176–77

Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 20, 98Jerusalem, 3, 18, 21, 25–26, 28, 30,

41, 43, 49–60, 65–67, 69, 82, 113, 116, 118, 125, 150, 152, 174, 210

Jewish Agency, 20Jewish National Fund, 20Jews, 3, 18–22, 31–32, 37–38, 42,

59, 90, 93, 98–101, 114, 118, 125, 127–28, 144, 148, 151, 153–54, 164, 188, 190, 199

jihad, ix–x, 1–2, 6–13, 20, 93, 122–24, 131–32, 135, 137–39, 141–60, 164, 171, 179, 185, 187–88, 190, 192, 194, 196–98, 200–201, 205, 207–8, 210

Jordan, 1, 17–18, 25, 31, 33, 35, 90–91, 153, 155

just peace, ix–x, 3–7, 12, 17, 26, 30, 40–42, 45, 49–50, 64–65, 69, 82, 103, 110, 124, 132, 192, 200, 204, 208, 210

just resolution, x, 4, 6, 11–12, 26, 40, 45, 47–48, 64, 67, 76–77, 80, 88, 91, 102, 106, 109, 130–31, 163, 198, 203–4, 210–11

just war, 91justice, x, 35, 40–45, 48–49, 64, 90,

116, 121, 124, 148, 152, 154, 157, 168–69, 177–78, 183–84, 190–96, 203

killing, 51–52, 54, 65, 113, 119, 142, 152, 154, 178, 181, 190–92

King-Crane Commission, 19

land, 3, 12, 17, 19–20, 23–26, 28–29, 32, 34, 41–42, 51–52, 54–55, 57, 59–61, 65–67, 100, 107, 109, 113–14, 119, 151–53, 155, 174, 178–80, 182–83, 191–92

League of Nations, 19Lebanon, 18, 31, 33, 99, 129, 153,

155literalism, 160, 168, 170

MacDonald White Paper, 20–21Madina, 137, 142–43, 147–48,

164, 174, 179–80, 183, 186, 188–89

Maliki school, 148, 171, 175, 211Mandela, Nelson, 120maqasid, x, 7, 10–11, 13, 158, 160,

162, 167–73, 175–77, 194, 200–201, 205, 208, 210–11

maslaha, 170–71, 173–75, 177, 196, 208

massacre, 25, 51–52, 120, 154, 209matrix of control, 26Maududi, Abul A’la, 146, 149Mecca, 122–23, 147–48, 162, 174,

179–80, 187, 189, 208media coverage, 38, 50, 94–95,

106–7, 116, 118–19, 155, 198–99

index 237

Middle East, 1–2, 10, 21, 39, 41, 44, 47–48, 58–59, 64–65, 81–90, 95, 107, 124, 129, 153, 157

moral power, 9, 97, 135, 197, 205, 209

multilateral, 4, 39, 82, 87, 110Muslim, ix, xi, 1, 3, 6–9, 18–20,

31–33, 37–40, 95, 108, 114, 122–23, 129, 135–66, 170, 172–75, 177–97, 200, 203, 208–10

Muslim Brotherhood, 150Muslim world, ix, xi, 1, 3, 8–9, 11,

19, 31, 108, 114, 123, 135–37, 143–45, 148, 150, 153–56, 159, 162, 165, 172, 175, 200, 203, 210

myths, 17, 23, 28, 32, 86, 94

naskh, 6, 13, 146–48, 155–56, 207negotiations, 4, 26, 32, 36, 40,

42–44, 55, 60, 65, 67, 81, 84, 112–13, 125, 127, 152, 197, 207

Neturei Karta, 115Neve Shalom—Wahat al-Salam

(Oasis of Peace), 32, 42, 125, 213

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 88

nonviolence, x, 5–13, 33, 82, 85, 102–3, 105, 113–28, 130–32, 155, 158, 160, 195–201, 204–8, 210–11

normative framework, x, 6, 12, 26, 40, 45, 47–50, 64, 67, 69, 76–77, 82, 91, 102, 130, 204, 210

obstructions to peace, 50, 56, 58–59, 61, 65–66

occupation, 2–3, 8, 12, 25, 27, 30, 34, 36, 50–54, 59–61, 65–66, 69, 80, 84, 87, 92, 98–99, 101, 105–7, 109–11, 114, 117, 119,

124–26, 130, 144–45, 151–55, 197, 199, 205–7

Occupied Territories, 22, 25, 29–30, 36, 45, 49–53, 55–56, 58–61, 65–66, 69, 84, 92, 99, 101, 109, 113, 118, 125, 150–51

Olso Accords, 25–28, 35, 43, 81, 84, 92, 95, 111, 113

oppression, 7, 146, 178–79, 181–82, 184–87, 190–94, 196, 200–201, 208, 210

Ottoman Empire, 7, 18–19, 47, 208

Palestine, ix, 1, 3, 6, 8, 12, 17–29, 31–32, 34, 36, 41, 44–45, 47–49, 51–56, 59–61, 63–65, 67, 69, 76, 78, 80–84, 87, 90, 92, 97–100, 102, 106–7, 109, 112–15, 117–21, 123–24, 130–31, 136, 150–55, 158, 180–81, 198, 203–4, 206–7, 209–10

Palestine Solidarity Committee, 78Palestinian Liberation Organisation

(PLO), 25–28, 35, 112, 118, 125, 129, 151

Palestinian nonviolence, x, 6, 82, 103, 117, 121, 124, 127–28, 130–31, 197, 200–201, 205–6

pariah state, 87, 96–97, 99, 198partition of Palestine, 12, 17, 20,

22–23, 45, 55, 150Peace Now, 42–43, 114peace process, x-xi, 3–4, 6, 12, 17,

25–30, 35, 40–41, 43, 45, 92, 94–95, 102, 111, 129, 203–4

Peel Commission, 20, 23Philistines, 17–18policy of injuries, 51–54, 65, 112,

117, 206political Islam, 6polls/surveys, 1–2, 33, 35, 39–40,

66, 68, 92–93, 106–8, 118, 125–26, 128–30, 153, 155, 199, 200, 209

index238

promised land, 32propaganda, 17, 199Prophet Muhammad, 7, 13, 18,

108, 122–23, 138–39, 142–43, 148, 153, 156, 160, 164–66, 168, 171, 176, 178–79, 182–89, 191, 193–94, 197, 207–9, 211

Prophetic Traditions, xi, 6, 137–40, 142, 153, 155–58, 161, 164, 167, 170, 210

public opinion, 67, 79, 95, 105–6, 108, 128

Qaradawi, Yusuf, 170Qassam rocket fire, 81, 113, 209Qassim, Shaykh Izzeddin, 20, 150,

207qital, 142, 144, 147–48, 187–88,

196qiyas, 138, 160, 163, 170, 173–75Quartet, 3, 29, 37, 44, 94, 111–12,

213Question of Palestine, 12, 28, 45,

47–49, 51–55, 59, 61, 64, 69, 76, 90, 112, 117, 130, 204, 209–10

Quran, xi, 6–9, 13, 123, 135–44, 146–47, 155–58, 160–62, 164–71, 173, 175, 177–96, 200–201, 205, 207–8, 210

Quraysh tribe, 123, 148, 180, 185Qutb, Sayyid, 136, 146, 149

racial equality, 5, 9, 74, 77, 79, 82–83, 85–88, 120, 195–96, 201, 205

realism/realist perspective, 75–77, 187

refugees, 10, 22, 24, 28, 54, 60, 63–64, 112

restoration of rights, 6, 10, 43, 64, 110, 204

Rida, Rashid, 144

right of return, 3, 22, 25, 27, 29, 41–43, 51, 62–67, 69, 90, 113, 209–10

Roadmap, 6, 26, 28–29, 43–44, 84, 111, 114, 129, 213

sanctions, 4–5, 9, 35, 38, 48, 60, 67, 75, 79–80, 82–87, 89, 109, 111, 120, 125, 142, 179, 205

Sarakhsi, Shamseddin, 144, 146Second World War, 21–22, 37, 40,

79security, 2, 6, 10, 26–28, 30, 35–36,

43, 47–48, 51, 53–55, 60, 62, 64, 88, 91–95, 98, 100, 105–6, 109–13, 119, 128, 131, 148, 181, 187, 191–92, 195, 200, 206

self-defence, x, 5–7, 9, 11–12, 74, 87–88, 91, 94, 96, 98, 102–3, 105, 109, 116, 119–20, 122, 131, 147, 177–78, 181, 185, 192, 194, 200, 204–5, 208–11

self-determination, x, 4–6, 8–9, 11–13, 41, 64, 77, 80, 83, 87–90, 96, 98, 102–3, 105, 107, 110, 120, 131, 147, 159, 178, 195–96, 198, 201, 204–5, 211

Semites, 18Semitic languages, 18separation wall/barrier, 25–26,

28–29, 82, 109–10, 206shaming, 79, 97, 118–20, 197, 205shariah, 135–41, 144, 154, 159,

167–70, 172–74, 176–77, 180, 195–96

Sharpeville massacre, 120Shaw Commission, 20Shaybani, Muhammad, 136,

139–41, 144, 146, 215Shooting Back, 199Six-Day War (1967), 25, 51, 118,

151

index 239

siyar, 6, 10, 13, 135, 137, 139–42, 144, 157–58

South Africa, 5, 9, 11–12, 35, 67, 73–75, 78–87, 89, 95, 97–99, 102, 106, 115, 120, 125, 205

Stop the Wall, 78suicide bombings/terrorism, 50, 93,

107, 111, 113–14, 126, 128, 154–56

Sunnah, 160, 162, 166, 168, 171, 173, 175–76, 208

sympathy, 23, 37–39, 106–8, 114, 117, 120, 129–30, 206

Syria, 1, 18, 25, 33, 35, 53, 63

taqlid, 7, 138, 162terrorism, 2, 21, 38–41, 82, 85,

92–95, 97, 105, 107, 110–11, 113–14, 128, 130–31, 155, 206–7, 210

thematic induction, 194thematic inference, 176transnational advocacy groups/

networks, 5, 9, 49, 56, 67, 69, 74, 77–79, 83, 87–88, 96–97, 102, 116, 119–20, 131, 198–99, 204–6, 209–11

Turkey, 129, 153

ulema, 153Umar bin al-Khattab, 18, 165–67,

171, 188ummah, 1, 123, 153, 155, 157,

174, 196UN Charter, 36, 40, 48–50, 89,

157, 209unilateral, 4, 109–11, 124United Nations, 2, 4, 17, 21–23,

26, 28–29, 34, 36–40, 43–45, 47–69, 76, 80, 82, 84, 88–91, 94, 99, 106, 112, 130, 150, 154, 157, 203–4, 209

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), 26, 45, 47–48, 56, 64, 82, 90, 109, 112

United Nations Security Council (UNSC), x, 6, 12, 26, 37, 43, 45, 47–69, 76–77, 82, 89, 91, 102, 110, 113, 129–30, 203–4, 209–10

United States of America, xi, 2–3, 5, 21, 26, 28–29, 36–39, 41, 44, 75, 78, 82–86, 90–91, 93–95, 100–101, 108, 110–12, 114–15, 129, 204

foreign policy, 2, 37, 83–85, 112relations with Israel, 26, 36,

38–39, 93, 95, 100–101, 114

role in the peace process, 26, 28–29, 111

sanctions against South Africa, 5, 75, 85–86

support for Israel, 3, 21, 36–37, 44, 91, 94, 204

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 45, 62, 64, 67

usul, 162, 168–70, 175

war on terror, 2, 4, 6–7, 12, 41, 83, 88, 91, 103, 105, 109–11, 113, 131, 148, 153, 155, 181, 203

Weizmann, Chaim, 19, 22, 90West Bank, 25–28, 30, 37, 41–42,

53–55, 59–62, 65–66, 84, 92, 101, 108, 111, 113, 128, 130, 206

World Zionist Organization, 19–20, 90

YouTube, 199

Zahiri school, 148Zionism, 3–4, 19–25, 42, 90, 92,

98–100, 114, 124, 150–51, 153–54