Notes
1 Latin American Social Policy: Challenging Gender Inequalities?
1 . The PE was preceded by PANES—the National Plan to Address the
Social Emergency ( Plan de Atenci ó n Nacional a la Emergencia Social ).
PANES was relaunched as the PE in 2007.
2 . While I have generalized here about left-wing governments in the
region, there are clearly important differences in their approaches. This
has been widely discussed in the broader literature; see, for example,
Weyland et al., 2010 and Levitsky and Roberts, 2011.
3 . This is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4 .
4 . The Chilean health system and the Plan AUGE are discussed in full
detail in Chapter 3 .
5 . This is consistent with findings in other contexts with close to univer-
sal coverage (Hanratty et al., 2007, cited in Frenz et al., 2013: 12).
6 . The two edited collections by Gita Sen and Priya Ö stlin (2002, 2009b)
are evidence of these.
7 . The work of authors such as Bergeron, 2001; Beneria, 2003; Elson,
2004; Marchand and Runyan, 2000; Pearson, 2004; Rai, 2004;
Seguino and Grown, 2006 and Waylen, 1998, 2004 has been central
in developing critiques of globalization from within a gendered politi-
cal economy framework.
8 . http://www.who.int/topics/health_systems/qa/en/index.html ,
accessed April 16, 2013.
2 A Gendered Political Economy of Health
1 . Although meso-level analysis of the health sector can also involve
looking at the composition of the government budget and considering
the share of public expenditure allocated to the health sector, this will
not be the focus of analysis here.
2 . The concept of the meso level of economic analysis seems to have
been first used in the UNICEF project “Adjustment with a Human
Face” (Cornia et al., 1987), which looked at the social impact of struc-
tural adjustment programs. It was subsequently developed further in
NOT ES204
a project on the social dimensions of adjustment undertaken by the
World Bank and UNDP (Ferroni and Grootaert, 1993). While soci-
ologists and political scientists often give somewhat different mean-
ings to the terms macro, meso, and micro (Goetz, 1995; 1997), the
analysis here draws on the concepts as developed by Elson, 1994 and
Elson et al., 1997.
3 . See Chapter 5 for a more detailed discussion of the linkages between
health and work.
4 . This theme is taken up again in Chapter 3 in relation to the Latin
American context.
5 . Issues around health sector governance are explored in more depth in
Chapter 4 .
6 . The concept of social reproduction and its origins in the domestic
labor debate of the 1970s is discussed in more detail elsewhere, see,
for example, Gardiner, 1997; Himmelweit, 1995; Humphries, 2000;
Molyneux, 1979.
7 . Razavi (2007: 4) notes there is some dissonance, however, between
those who highlight and seek to make visible the unpaid “eco-
nomic” work of women and men, and those who emphasize the
unpaid care aspects of social reproduction. Advocates for the lat-
ter approach argue that it is important to distinguish unpaid care
work from other forms of unpaid labor, because unpaid care work
can have specific time horizons. In turn, this can have financial
and health impacts on the carer (Friedemann-S á nchez and Griffin,
2011: 527).
8 . SNA refers to the System of National Accounts. For many femi-
nist economists, inclusion within the SNA or not has been seen as
a crucial means of defining unpaid care work—although alternative
approaches also exist.
9 . These issues are examined in more detail in Chapters 3 and 4 .
10 . These debates are discussed in Chapter 6 , which considers the
wider implications of migration for health and access to health care
services.
11 . Esping-Andersen himself built on the work of Richard Titmuss in the
United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s, writing on the nature of
welfare states.
12 . Razavi (2007) provides an excellent overview of the feminist critiques
of the welfare regime approach.
13 . The concept of gender interests was devised by Molyneux (1985).
Sex is not a sufficient basis for common interests since differently
positioned women have different social, economic and political inter-
ests. It is important to differentiate between “women’s interests”
and “gender interests”—that is, interests that women and men may
develop by virtue of their social positioning through gender attributes.
Molyneux also differentiates between “practical gender interests”—
those that respond to immediate, situation-specific needs, and which
NOT ES 205
may not challenge prevailing forms of gender subordination—and
“strategic gender interests,” which entail transformative goals such
as women’s emancipation and gender equality (1985: 232–233).
14 . There is an extensive body of feminist literature that has considered
the intra-household division of resources and economic decision-
making processes (Folbre, 1986, 1994; Kabeer, 1997; O’Laughlin,
2007).
15 . Out-of-pocket payments are expenditures borne directly by a patient
where insurance does not cover the full cost of the health good or
service. They include cost-sharing, self-medication, and other expen-
diture paid directly by private households. In some countries, estima-
tions of informal payments to health care providers are also included
(OECD, 2011).
3 The Development of Gendered Health Systems
1 . Although the discussion will focus on gender inequalities the need to
recognize other types of inequalities exist alongside gender inequali-
ties remains implicit throughout the book.
2 . See Chapter 1 for further discussion of this point.
3 . See Chapter 4 for a fuller discussion of this.
4 . See Chapter 2 and see also the work of others such as Malloy, 1985;
Marquez and Joly,1986; Navarro, 1974.
5 . See Chapter 2 for a more in-depth discussion of this literature.
6 . The IHD refers to the International Health Department of the
Rockefeller Foundation.
7 . Allende was Minister of Health in Chile from 1939 until 1942.
8 . For more detailed discussion of this period of development within the
Chilean health system, see, for example, Chanfreau, 1979; Illanes,
1993; Rodriguez, 1976.
9 . See Chapter 5 for a more detailed discussion of this issue.
10 . The Chicago Boys were a group of young Chilean economists, the
majority of whom studied at the University of Chicago under the
neoliberal economist Milton Friedman.
11 . See Chapter 1 for a fuller discussion of CCTs.
12 . Catastrophic health spending is not caused simply by high-cost med-
ical procedures or interventions. A relatively small payment can mean
financial catastrophe to a poor person or household, forcing them to
reduce other basic expenses such as food, shelter, or their children’s
education (Xu et al., 2007: 973).
13 . Some of the consequences of these assumptions are discussed later in
the chapter in relation to findings in Chile.
14 . The role of grassroots activism in health policy advocacy is discussed
in more detail in Chapter 4 .
15 . An extensive body of literature in both Spanish and English has dis-
cussed the development of the Chilean health system between 1979
NOT ES206
and 1990 and the impact of privatization in the health sector on
health outcomes and inequalities—see, for example, Aedo, 2001;
Barrientos, 2000; Barrientos and Lloyd-Sherlock, 2000; Chanfreau,
1979; de la Jara, 2001; de la Jara and Bossert, 1995; Miranda, 1994;
Mesa-Lago, 2008; Oyarzo, 1994; Scarpaci, 1991; Vial et al., 1995;
Viveros-Long, 1986.
16 . For a detailed discussion of the Plan AUGE and different aspects of
the reforms of the 2000s in the health sector, see, for example, Brit á n,
2013; Borzutzky, 2008; Castiglioni, 2006; Lenz, 2007; Letlier and
Bedregal, 2006; M é ndez, 2009; Mesa-Lago, 2008; Pribble, 2013.
17 . This is discussed in more detail below—see section Gender
Discrimination and the ISAPRES .
18 . Many Chilean policy makers have also worked as consultants for
the World Bank and therefore much of this exchange occurred as
a result of personal relationships (Pribble, 2013; author interviews
with World Bank officials, April 2010).
19 . The gender dimensions of the reform debate are discussed in more
detail in Chapter 4
20 . Potentially productive years of life lost is an impact measure that
illustrates the loss that a society suffers as a consequence of deaths of
young people or premature deaths.
21 . See Chapter 4 for a more detailed discussion of this point.
22 . “Fonasa alerta a hospitales del pa í s por aumento en lista de espera
Auge,” La Tercera, August 23, 2013, http://www.latercera.com
/noticia/nacional/2013/08/680-539106-9-fonasa-alerta-a-hospi-
tales-del-pais-por-aumento-en-lista-de-espera-auge.shtml , accessed
October 19, 2013.
23 . See Chapter 2 for a more detailed discussion of this point.
24 . Risk charts were established in Article 38 of Law 18, 933, the
ISPARES Law (Ley de ISAPRES).
25 . See, for example, http://www.supersalud.gob.cl/568/w3
- article-7530.html , accessed June 29, 2014.
26 . http://radio.uchile.cl/noticias/154025 , accessed June 29, 2014.
4 Engendering Governance in Health?
1 . Chapter 3 provides an in-depth discussion of this.
2 . The Pan American Sanitary Bureau (PASB) was set up in 1902
and was the predecessor of the Pan American Health Organization
(PAHO); in 1949 it was agreed that the PASB would serve as the
regional arm of the WHO.
3 . See Chapter 3 for further discussion of this issue.
4 . This refers to the model of state-led development that was theoreti-
cally formulated by the Economic Commission for Latin American
and the Caribbean (ECLAC or the Spanish acronym CEPAL) in the
1950s and was promoted by governments across the region.
NOT ES 207
5 . See Chapter 3 for a more detailed discussion of the gender and racial
dimensions of this process.
6 . See Chapter 1 for further discussion of this point.
7 . There is an extensive body of literature on the nature of the democ-
ratization process in Chile and the rest of the region. See for exam-
ple Waylen (1994, 2007) for a feminist critique of some of these
debates.
8 . This section draws on an earlier research project conducted by the
author focusing on the process of gender mainstreaming in the
health sector in Chile. Findings from the project have been published
elsewhere—see Gideon (2006) and Gideon (2012).
9 . See Chapter 3 for a full discussion of this.
10 . Indeed this was reflected in the physical location of her office which
in July 2009 was located at the end of a narrow, relatively hard to find
corridor in the Ministry of Health and the office itself was rather
small – a reflection of the lack of status afforded to the role.
11 . Personal correspondence with member of Consejo , July 2011.
12 . This is based on a review of their website and publications, July
2011.
13 . Similarly this caring role assigned to women is reinforced in the
social protection program Chile Crecer Contigo , launched in 2006
with the aim of improving health and educational attainments for
young children.
14 . This is discussed in more detail in Chapter 2 .
15 . Apr i l 15, 2013, ht tp://w w w.emol.com/not ic ias/naciona l
/2013/04/15/593443/bachelet-en-frente-al-espejo.html , accessed
May 11, 2013.
5 Gender, the Changing Nature of Work and Health
1 . While the chapter focuses on agriculture and aquaculture, it is impor-
tant to recognize that similar processes have also occurred within
parts of the manufacturing and service sectors.
2 . Although the connection between this growth of informal work and
the large numbers of women entering paid employment is still sub-
ject to debate (UNIFEM, 2005), what is clear is that the majority of
informal workers are women (Carr et al., 2000; Chen et al., 1999;
Pearson, 2004; Prugl, 1999).
3 . Association of Colombian Flower Growers
4 . Bener í a (2001) provides an excellent overview of the debates around
the growing precariousness of women’s work.
5 . As Pearson (2004: 607) notes, it is also important to unpack the
category of female worker, not just in terms of variation such as age,
marital status, and the like, but also “their capacity and experience
in organizing and resisting constant attempts to intensify the rate of
labour exploitation to which they are subjected.”
NOT ES208
6 . http://www.anamuri.cl/index.php/quienes-somos , accessed
October 2, 2012.
7 . “Lo que significa el estatuto del temporero,” October 3, 2011,
http://www.afech.cl/Noticias/Detalle/599 , accessed October 2,
2012.
8 . “Gobierno pondr á urgencia a proyecto de ley que mejora condi-
ciones labourales de trabajadores agr í colas,” July 10, 2012, http://
www.gob.cl/informa/2012/07/10/gobierno-pondra-urgencia-a-
proyecto-de-ley-que-mejora-condiciones-labourales-de-trabajadores-
agricola.htm , accessed October 2, 2012.
9 . “Sector Agr í cola entrega propuesta de estatuto laboural a ministros
de Agricultura y Trabajo,” http://www.mintrab.gob.cl/?p=3404 ,
accessed October 2, 2012.
10 . Chile: ANAMURI y RANQUIL: “hemos demandado el mejora-
miento de las condiciones de trabajo en los sectores rurales desde
los a ñ os 80; esta propuesta de estatuto que est á en el Congreso con-
ducir á a todo lo contrario,” http://www.cloc-viacampesina.net/es
/temas-principales/soberania-alimentaris-y-comercio/1156-chile-
anamuri-y-ranquil-qhemos-demandado-el-mejoramiento-de-las-
condiciones-de-trabajo-en-los-sectores-rurales-desde-los-anos-80-
esta-propuesta-de-estatuto-que-esta-en-el-congreso-conducira-a-
todo-lo-contrarioq , accessed October 2, 2012.
11 . “UNSATISFIED: ANAMURI rejects bill for temporary rural work-
ers in Chile,” http://www.radiomundoreal.fm/Unsatisfied?lang=es ,
accessed October 2, 2012.
12 . See Chapter 1 for a fuller discussion of these policy developments
13 . Details of GlobalGAP can be found at http://www.globalgap.org
/uk_en/who-we-are/ , accessed June 29, 2014.
6 Gender, Migrant Labor, and Health
1 . The “healthy immigrant effect” is an observed time path in which
the health of immigrants just after migration is substantially better
than that of comparable native-born people, but worsens with addi-
tional years in the new country. It is a question that has attracted
considerable discussion within the health literature.
2 . Questions of gender and occupational health risks are examined in
more detail in Chapter 5 .
3 . See Chapter 2 for further discussion.
4 . See Chapter 4 for a fuller discussion of questions of governance for
health.
5 . In reality this figure is likely to be even higher, given the difficulties
in recording undocumented migrants.
6 . More recently scholars have started to challenge the whole notion of
‘left behind’ and argued that many children understand the impor-
tance of parents’ migration strategies and how this contributes to the
future well-being.
NOT ES 209
7 . There is however an extensive body of literature that examines the
relationship between health and migration among Latin American
migrants in the United States, although much of this research is gen-
der blind.
8 . It is estimated that at a global level up to 40 million people fall into
this category every year (EESC, 2007; Mladovsky et al., 2007cited in
Cabieses, 2011).
9 . This question is also discussed in more detail in Chapter 5
10 . This is discussed in more detail in Chapter 3 .
11 . This study is discussed in more detail in Chapter 4 on health and
work.
12 . See N úñ ez (2008) for a more detailed discussion of these cultural
factors.
13 . As argued earlier this is evident in much of the health literature which
examines the health of children “left behind.”
7 Concluding Comments
1 . “Rayando la Cancha” by Eduardo Engel, La Tercera, October 5,
2013, http://papeldigital.info/ltrep/2013/10/05/01/paginas/026.
pdf , accessed October 20, 2013.
2 . Battle lines drawn as protesters seek overhaul of Chile’s political
system, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/chile-
elections-candidates-face-protest , accessed June 29, 2014.
3 . “ Daughters of Chile’s bloody past to clash over their country’s
future,” http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/06
/chile-elections-michelle-bachelet-evelyn-matthei ; “Chile presiden-
tial favorite Bachelet vows tax reform in first 100 days,” http://
www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/07/us-chile-election-idUS-
BRE9960L120131007 , accessed June 29, 2014.
4 . http://international.cgdev.org/blog/who-runs-global-health-
world , accessed May 24, 2013.
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Zimmerman, C., Kiss, L., and Hossain, M. (2011). “Migration and health:
A framework for 21st century policy-making.” PLoS Med 8 (5): e1001034.
doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001034.
Index
Abel, C., 60, 95
abortion, 72, 112, 130, 132–3, 135,
195, 198
Abu Sharkh, M., 37
abuse, 160, 178–9, 186, 189
Acero, L., 16
Acosta, P., 172
agriculture, 20–1, 137–41, 143,
145–7, 150, 156, 159–60,
162–3, 171–2
see also nontraditional agricultural
exports (NTAEs)
Agudelo-Suárez, A., 170
Aguilar-Rivera, A.M., 63
Ahonen, E., 187
AIDS, 35, 83, 104, 114, 126
Allende, Salvador, 56
Alvarez, Sonia, 103, 110, 112–13
ANAMURI (Asociación Nacional
de Mujeres Rurales y
Indigenas), 158–60
Anderson, B., 167, 177, 185
Andrade, E.D., 147, 151
Annandale, E., 13, 151
Apablaza, R.C., 75
Araya, R., 83–4
Arber, S., 152
Arellano Lopez, S., 110
Argentina, 11, 48, 52, 69–70, 97,
153, 171, 173
Arif, A., 188
Armada, F., 64–5, 78, 98
Arredondo, A., 63
Arriagada, I., 173–4, 178–80
Artacoz, L., 151–2
Artaza, Osvaldo, 125
Artega, O., 75
Atkinson, S., 83
AUGE
see Plan AUGE
Bachelet, Michelle, 7, 81, 114, 116,
120, 124–6, 130–2, 135, 145,
160–2, 195
Baden, S., 113
Baeza, C., 10, 62
Bain, C., 148, 163–5
Bakewell, T., 171
Bakker, I., 25, 32
Barrett, G., 151
Barrientos, A., 1–3, 8, 11, 36–7, 57,
72–3, 75, 141, 143–4, 146,
148, 150, 163–4
Barrig, M., 111
Barten, F., 149
Barton, J., 143–4
basic universalism
see universalism
Bebbington, A., 110
Bedford, K., 25
Bee, A., 150
Béhague, D.P, 69
Belizán, J.M., 10
Benach, J., 169, 185
Benería, Lourdes, 17, 67, 98, 110,
141–2
INDEX262
Bentancor, A., 115
Bergeron, Suzanne, 17
Bernier, N., 31
Bice, T., 17
Birdsall, N., 1
Birn, Anne-Emanuelle, 55, 95, 112
Bitrán, R., 73, 85–6, 124
Blofield, M., 6, 46, 106–7, 121,
130, 133, 179
Bloom, G., 35, 169
Blumel, J.E., 83
Boesten, J., 53, 69
Bolsa Escola, 1–2
Bolsa Familia, 2, 65
Bono por Hijo, 160
Booth, Karen, 104–5
Borrell, C., 152
Borzutzky, S., 75, 82, 125
Bossert, T., 58, 74
Bradshaw, S., 11
Brazil, 1–2, 5–6, 9, 48, 65, 69,
99–100, 141, 152
Brickell, L., 41, 122
Briggs, C., 64
Brito Peña, A., 130
Brown, T.M., 97
Budlender, D., 98, 105, 153–4
Buse, K., 13, 31, 92, 113
Buvinic, M., 151–2
Cabieses, B., 171, 176, 178, 181–2
Caja de Seguro Obligatorio (CSO),
56
Carballo, M., 189
Carlisle, F., 189
Carr, M., 142
Castaño, R.A., 42, 63
Castiglioni, R., 80, 120
Castillo, G.R., 183–4, 188, 190
Catholic Church, 43, 48, 112, 121,
134
Cavagnero, E., 46
Cecchini, S., 3
CEPALISTA developmentalism, 96
Cerutti, M., 171
Challies, E.R.T., 143
Changfreau, D., 95
Chant, S., 13, 41, 67, 122
Charlesworth, H., 103
Chavez, Hugo, 64–5
chid birth, 69, 84, 87, 98, 112, 150,
184
Chile
CCT programs, 11
gender and, 11, 17
gender bias and, 143–9, 154–5
gendered governance in health
and, 114–26
gendered health systems, 55,
58–9, 73–80
health care and, 5–6, 9, 11–12
labor and, 20, 144–9, 154–5
migration and, 173–85
neoliberal policy and, 74–80
Peru and, 173–80, 188–90
Plan AUGE, 3, 9
reforms and, 6–7, 11, 50–1,
73–83, 114–15
social policy, 3
welfare and, 46, 58–9
Chile Crece Contigo (Chile Grows
with You), 65, 115, 160
Christian-Democrats, 82, 87, 120–1
Cianelli, R., 83
Cid, C., 90
Coe, A.-B., 69, 113
Coelho, V.S., 101, 108
Colen, S., 53, 68
Colombia, 16, 42, 49, 62, 70, 95,
100, 142, 165
Comprehensive Health System
see Seguro Integral de Salud
conditional cash transfer (CCT)
programs, 2–4, 8, 11, 65, 68,
98
Consultative Councils (Consejos
Consultivos), 118, 125–6, 129
contraception, 56, 68–72, 112,
114–15, 120, 130–1, 133, 176,
185, 188
INDEX 263
Contreras, D., 144–5
Cooper-Patrick, L., 52
Cornia, A., 25, 60, 66
Cornwall, Andrea, 40, 100–1, 108,
111, 119, 124
cost effectiveness, 13, 66, 98
Costa Rica, 11, 48, 51, 70, 100,
141, 171
Cuba, 48, 60, 64–5, 70, 112
Cueto, M., 55, 95
Cunill Grau, N., 116
Dagnino, E., 101
Daguerre, A., 1
Daly, Mary, 103
Dannreuther, C., 3
Davies, A., 168, 174
De Kadt, E., 99–100
de la Jara, 58, 74
Deere, Carmen Diana, 139–40
DeJong, J., 30
Delamaza, G., 116
developmentalism, 96
Dharmalingam, A., 41
Diaz, X., 156–7
Díaz-Romero, P., 108
Dides, C., 130–1
Dion, M., 49, 93
Directive of Protection of Infants and
Adolescents (PROTINFA), 56
Dixon-Woods, M., 175, 183–4
Dodd, R., 72
Dolan, C., 138, 150, 164
domestic labor, 22, 33–4, 167,
177–80, 186–8, 193
domestic violence, 51, 126
Donato, K., 168
Doyal, Lesley, 13–14, 16, 19, 23,
25, 27–31, 100, 109, 119, 137
Draibe, S., 48
Drake, P.W., 57
Dyck, I., 169–70, 191
early childhood education and care
(ECEC), 3, 11
Ecuador, 9, 49, 65, 70
Edholm, F., 32
Eguiguren, O|P., 154, 161
Ehrenreich, B., 172
Ehrick, C., 52
El Salvador, 11, 49, 56, 70, 99, 112,
141
Elgar, R., 132
Elson, Diane, 15, 19, 23, 25–7, 50,
66–7, 98, 139, 157
en Chile (ENETS), 161–2
Encina, J., 145
Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones
de Empleo, Trabajo, Calidad de
Vida et Salud
enganchaodres, 148
Erasmus, E., 31
Escandell, X., 174
Escrivá, A., 172
Esping-Anderson, G., 11, 36–9
Espinoza, V., 116
Esquivel, V., 154
Evers, B., 15–16, 18, 26–7, 137,
148
Ewig, C., 9, 12, 16, 42, 49–50, 52,
61–3, 66, 69, 77, 80–1, 94,
106, 113, 125, 127–8
Eyben, R., 50, 105, 125
family planning, 30, 69, 188
Faúndes, A., 112, 130–1
Faur, E., 12
Feldman, R., 67, 169, 177, 183
Fernald, L., 2
Fernandez Jilberto, A., 116
Fernandez-Stark, K., 144
Filgueira, F., 3–4, 7, 37, 57
Fine, B., 37
Fischer, R., 46
Floro, M.S., 141, 152
Folbre, Nancy, 19, 23, 26, 32–4, 67
Fondo Nacional de Salud
(FONASA), 73–7, 82, 85–6,
90, 155, 183
Foweraker, J., 110
INDEX264
Franceschet, S., 107, 120–1, 125,
130–2
Frank, A.G., 28
Fraser, N., 51
Frente Popular, 58
Frenz, P., 5, 9, 63
Friedman, E.J., 66, 113
Fundación Superación de la Pobreza
(FSP), 127
Gagnon, A., 168
Galárraga, O., 42
gender bias
advocacy, 158–60
Chile and, 143–9, 154–5
economic restructuring and,
138–9
feminization of labor and,
139–40
gender roles and health risks,
151–5
gendered occupational health
risks, 149–51
gendered time use and care,
153–4
labor market informalization,
141–3
overview, 137–8
paid work and access to health
care, 155–8
policy responses, 158–65
privacy sector and, 162–5
public health policies, 160–2
tensions between health and
work, 149–51
gendered governance in health
changing context of, 94–8
Chile and, 114–26
co-optation of women’s
participation in health sector,
109–12
depoliticization of civil society,
116–17
engendering health policy
processes, 119–22
feminist mobilizing and, 112–14
gender mainstreaming, 102–5
health sector participation,
117–18
limits of state feminism, 122–4
limits to gender mainstreaming,
124–6
overview, 91–4
participation and women’s unpaid
work, 118–19
participation in health in Latin
America, 98–102
participatory spaces and, 116
recognizing unpaid care work in
health policy, 126–9
reproductive rights and,
129–34
women’s groups and participation
in health reform debate, 128–9
women’s movements and, 108–14
women’s state policy agencies,
105–8
gendered health systems
approaches to understanding
policy changes, 49–51
AUGE, 80–3
Chilean case, 55, 58–9, 73–80
embedded maternalism and
“vertical” planning, 67–72
embedding of gendered norms in
development, 57
gender inequalities in a two-tier
system, 83–6
gendered implications of
neoliberal restructuring,
66–72
ISAPRES and, 86–90
Latin American context, 46–9
maternalism in early
20th-Century health policy,
53–5
neoliberal reform in health sector,
60–3, 74–7
origins of, 51–2
overview, 45–6
INDEX 265
post-liberal health reform in
Latin America, 63–6
privatization and consolidation of
a two-tier system, 77–9
push for 21st-Century reform,
79–80
women’s reproductive health and
rights in Latin America, 70–1
gendered political economy of
health
approaches to, 25–7
gender, globalization, and health,
27–8
intra-household decision making,
40–2
key elements of, 23–4
overview, 23
political economy, 28–31
roles of institutions, 35–40
social reproduction and care,
32–5
George, A., 52
Germain, A., 14
Gerntholtz, L., 14
Gertler, P., 10
Giaconi, C.J., 59
Gideon, J., 3, 10, 12–13, 16, 52,
62, 69, 83, 87, 100, 110–11,
122, 124, 128–9, 155, 160,
183
Gilbert, T., 96–7
Gilson, L., 31, 47
Gindling, T.H., 171
Giuffrida, A., 149
Global North, 35, 49, 172
Global-Macro-Meso-Micro
framework, 19, 24, 42–3
Global Programme on AIDS
(GPA), 104
see also AIDS
Global South, 18, 29, 35, 37
GlobalGAP, 163–4
globalization, 3, 5, 16–19, 23,
27–36, 92, 138, 168, 196,
201
Goetz, Anne Marie, 19, 23, 26,
93–4, 102, 108, 112–13, 123,
129, 175, 184, 197
Goldade, K., 169, 171
Gómez, E.G., 16
Gomez-Danté, O., 46
González de la Rocha, M., 17,
40–1, 67
Gough, I., 37
Graham, Hilary, 33
grassroots organizations, 99,
110–11, 115, 119, 128, 160
Grau, P., 52
Grown, C., 16, 137
Grugel, J., 63
Guerra, C., 101
Guilari, S., 35
Guy, D., 48, 52, 54
Guzmán, Z., 106, 121, 145
Haas, L., 106–7, 121
Haggard, S., 49
Hall, L., 2, 4, 8
Hankivsky, O., 170
Haour-Knipe, M., 182
Hargreaves, S., 177, 182
Hartmann, B., 30
Hassim, S., 16, 93, 102, 158
Hawkes, S., 13
Health for All Agenda, 96
see also World Health
Organization
health insurance
see also Instituciones de Salud
Previsional
Hein, W., 92
Hernandez, P., 153
Herrera, G., 172
higienismo, 53
Hildebrandt, N., 172
Hiscock, J., 67, 75
HIV, 35, 83, 114, 126
Hoedeman, R., 18
Holper, D., 186
Homedes, N., 8, 78
INDEX266
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., 172
Horowitz, N., 52, 56–7
Hovell, M., 150
Htun, M., 93
Huber, M., 17, 37, 49, 62, 81–2
Hujo, K., 171–2
“human cost,” 60, 66
Hunt, J., 151
Illanes, M.A., 52
Im, E.O., 168
Import Substitution
Industrialization (ISI), 57, 60
Infante, A., 9, 80, 86
Inhorn, M., 18
Instituciones de Salud Previsional
(ISAPRES), 73–9, 81–2,
84–90, 122, 155–6, 199
Instituto Trabajo y Familia (ITF), 106
intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs), 92
Iriart, C., 46, 62, 75, 97
Jackson, C., 13, 40–1
Jacquette, J., 110
Jaggar, A., 16
Jelin, E., 171
Jenkins, K., 111
Jenson, Jane, 2–3, 10–11, 35–6,
39–40, 50, 68
Johns Hopkins University, 95
Kabeer, N., 30–1, 41, 138
Kain, J., 85
Kalofonos, I., 177
Kantola, J., 103, 105, 107, 114, 123
Kaufman, R., 60
Kawachi, I., 16
Kay, C., 138–9, 145
Keck, M., 113
Khulmann, E., 13
Kickbusch, I., 16, 92, 96
Knaul, F., 52
Kofman, E., 35, 39, 168, 172, 174,
185, 190
Kuiper, E., 103
Kurtz, M.J., 46
Labonté, R., 16
labor
Chile and, 20, 144–9, 154–5,
159
economic liberalization and, 26
extracting, 99, 115
feminization of, 139–40, 144–9
gender and, 20–2, 32, 42–3, 57,
67, 99, 137–8, 150–4, 158,
162
health care and, 46–7, 57, 119,
155–7
market informalization, 141–3,
150
organized, 93–4
production and, 32–3
restructuring of, 17
rural labor code, 159
unpaid, 35, 134
welfare and, 37–9
women and, 11, 42–3, 46, 164–6
see also migration
Lagos, Ricardo, 6, 116, 122
Langer, A., 12, 16, 62, 112
Larson, J., 17
Lastarria-Cornhiel, S., 140
Laurell, A.C., 8, 46, 61–2
Lavrin, A., 53–5
Law of People’s Rights and
Obligations, 117
Lee, H., 169
Lee, K., 16
Leftwich, A., 26
Legionarios de Cristo, 121
Leisering, L., 2, 11
Lenz, R., 124
Levitsky, S., 63
Lewis, J., 3, 35–6, 38
Lind, A., 107
Lloyd-Sherlock, P., 1, 8–9, 46, 60,
62–3, 73
Lo, M., 72
INDEX 267
Locke, C., 169
Loewenson, R., 149
Londoño, J., 46, 67
López, R., 7
Lopreite, D., 72
Loyola, A., 59, 95
Lu, J.L., 164
Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 2
Lund, Francie, 98
Lustig, N., 67
Macé, C., 147
Mackintosh, Maureen, 8, 23, 27,
36, 40, 42, 47, 63, 93, 158
MacPherson, E., 14, 16
Macro-Meso-Micro framework, 196
Madrid, G., 150, 165
Madrid, R., 4
Maher, K.H., 177–80, 185–6
Mahon, J.E., 7
Mahon, R., 98
Maira, G., 133
Mannarelli, M.E., 54
Márquez, C., 150
Márquez, R., 2
Martínez Franzoni, J., 1, 10–11,
37, 117
Martinez Pizarro, J., 179
Massey, D., 172
Matamala, M., 126, 154, 161
Mathauer, I., 66
Méndez, C., 100, 116–19
Menéndez, M., 149
mental health, 52, 58, 70, 83–4,
150, 157, 173, 187, 189–90,
193
Mesa-Lago, C., 4–5, 9, 46–8, 60–1,
75, 81, 97, 159
Messing, K., 150
Mexico
CCTs and, 2–3, 11, 68
ECEC programs and, 11
gendered governance in health,
52
health care and, 5, 9
labor and, 93, 141, 144
neoliberal reform and, 61–3, 65
Oportunidades, 2
overpopulation and, 30
policy legacies, 93
Progresa, 1–2
Rockefeller Foundation and, 55, 95
social insurance and, 49, 52
taxes and, 7
welfare and, 52, 54–5, 93
women and, 144, 150, 153
Meyer, M.K., 94
migration
access to health care and, 175–7
“candidacy” and, 182–5
Chile and, 173–85
health and, 168–70
health care entitlement and,
174–5
health seeking behavior of
migrants, 180–1
household provisioning of health
in context of, 190–2
lack of knowledge, 182
Latin America and, 170–3
mental health and, 189–90
occupational segregation, 177–85
overview, 167–8
vulnerability to poor health and,
185–9
Mijanos, A.M., 172
Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), 12–14, 72, 113–14,
123, 196, 199
Miller, F., 54, 107
Miranda, E., 60, 75, 77
Misión Barrio Adentro program,
64–5
Mkandawire, T., 80
mobility, 167, 171, 187, 193
Mohindra, K.S., 72, 114, 124
Molina, 123
Molyneux, M., 4, 10–11, 40, 48,
52–3, 60, 68, 96, 98, 107, 109,
111
INDEX268
Montecinos, E.M., 116
Montecinos, V., 51, 62, 127
Moore, M., 100–1
Mora, C., 167, 171, 173–4, 178–9,
185
Moreno, L., 81
Morgan, Lynn, 28, 41, 100
Moser, C., 67, 99, 111
Mosquera, M., 100
Movement for the Emancipation of
Chilean Women
see Movimiento Pro-Emancipación
de la Mujer Chilena
Movimiento Pro-Emancipación de la
Mujer Chilena (MEMCh),
56
Muntaner, C., 64–5
Murray, S., 16, 84, 143–4
National Health Promotion Plan
see Plan Nacional de Promoción
de la Salud
National Health System
see Sistema Nacional de Salud
National Medical Services for
Employees
see Servicio Médico Nacional de
Empleados
National socioeconomic
characterization (CASEN), 86,
145, 173, 181–2, 188
National Women’s Service
see Servicio Nacional de la Mujer
Navarro, V., 28–9
Neilson, C., 10
Nelson, J.M., 8, 47, 60, 62
neoliberalism
Chile and, 74–80
economic policy and, 4
gendered implications of, 66–72
NGOs and, 110
post-neoliberal health reforms,
63–6
reforms in health sector, 46, 51,
59–63
social policy and, 1–2
welfare and, 94–5, 117
women and, 132, 134
Nicaragua, 11, 49, 71, 112, 144,
153
nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs), 24, 37, 69, 107,
110–11, 115, 123, 163, 182
nontraditional agricultural exports
(NTAEs), 20–1, 139, 143,
163
see also agriculture
Noonan, R., 51
Ñopo, H., 156
Núñez, C.L., 171, 174, 178–9, 181,
188–90, 192
Oakley, A., 33
Obligatory Insurance Fund
see Caja de Seguro Obligatorio
OECD (Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and
Development), 7, 86, 195
Olavarría, J., 154
Oportunidades, 2, 65
Orloff, A.S., 38, 50
Ossandón, J., 77–9
overpopulation, 30
Paerregaard, K., 172, 179
Pan American Health Organization
(PAHO), 20, 48, 60, 65–6, 97,
99, 115, 127–8, 151
Pannenborg, C., 17
Paraje, G., 9, 63, 80, 85–6
Parodi
Parson, N., 177
Patel, V., 84
Payne, S., 14, 102–4
Peabody, J., 67
Pearce, J., 101, 110
Pearson, Ruth, 19, 23, 25, 32, 129,
139–42, 157–8, 163, 165, 169,
172
Pedraza, S., 168
INDEX 269
Peru
Chile and, 173–80, 188–90
gendered health policy and, 52,
62, 95, 106
health care inequalities and, 9
health insurance and, 49, 66, 175
migration and, 22, 167–8, 173–
80, 184–6, 188–92
poverty and, 95, 99, 106
promotoras and, 111
women’s health and, 16, 50, 52,
69, 111, 113, 184
Pessar, P., 171–2, 191
Petchesky, R., 14
Phyne, J., 144
Pick, M., 149
Pierson, Paul, 49
Piñera, Sebastian, 107, 120–1, 126,
161–2, 195
Pinochet, Augusto, 59–61, 74, 116,
145, 178
“pioneer high,” 48
Piper, N., 167, 169, 171–2, 174,
179
Plan AUGE, 3, 6, 9, 51, 66, 75,
79–86, 125–9, 158, 198–9
Plan Nacional de Promoción de la
Salud, 117
policy legacies, 21, 45, 49, 52–3,
68, 72, 80, 91–4, 100, 183,
198
Pollack, Molly, 12, 16, 75, 79, 87,
156
Popular Front
see Frente Popular
Popular Health Insurance
Programme
see Seguro Popular
populism, 57
Posner, P.W., 117, 122
Pribble, J., 3, 5, 8, 37, 49–50, 62,
79–82, 120, 122
Primary Health Care: Now More
than Ever (report), 5
Pringle, R., 52
Progresa, 1–2
promotoras, 111
Prost, A., 13
Provoste, 50, 127
puericultura, 54
Radcliffe, S., 67
Rai, S., 25, 94, 108
Ramiréz, A., 156
Ravindran, T.K.S., 5, 9, 12
Razavi, Shahra, 16, 33, 36, 39, 98,
103, 107, 158
reforms
ANAMURI, 159–60
Chile and, 6–7, 11, 50–1, 73–83,
114–15
Colombia and, 42
economic, 106, 138
gender and, 16, 18, 26–7, 45–6,
52, 124–6
health reform, 4–6, 8, 10–12, 19,
26–7, 42, 53–4, 90, 117–20
ISAPRES and, 87, 122
neoliberal, 60–3, 66–7, 73–7, 94,
110
NGOs and, 110
Plan AUGE, 80–3, 85, 127–8,
158
post-neoliberal, 63–6
poverty and, 1, 8, 16
push for, 79–81
social policy and, 3, 11–12
SRH issues, 72
Statute for Temporary
Agricultural Labour, 159
tax reform, 7, 128
welfare and, 38, 48, 51–2
WHO and, 97
women and, 128–9, 131, 133
Reinecke, G., 148
Reis, Elisa, 6
Remy, M., 116
Richards, E., 41, 114
Richards, P., 112, 123
Richardson, E., 112
INDEX270
Riggirozzi, P., 63
Ríos, M.T., 195
Ristovski-Slijepcevic, S., 191
Rockefeller Foundation, 55, 95
Rodriguez, F., 95
Rojas, G., 84
Rosemblatt, Karin, 52, 58, 94
Rubin-Kurtzman, J., 150
Sabates-Wheeler, R., 169, 175
Sabogal, E., 177
Sainsbury, D., 51
Sánchez, H.R., 85
Sanders, N., 52, 54
Sanmiguel-Valderrama, O., 142,
163
Sargent, 183
Sassen, S., 167, 185
Sauerborn, R., 10
Sawer, M., 107
Scarpaci, J., 74
Schady, N., 3
Schild, Veronica, 101, 107, 111, 123
Schmidt, Carolina, 107–8
Schulte, S., 150, 157
Seguino, S., 152
Seguro Integral de Salud, 66
Seguro Popular, 63
Sen, G., 15–16, 116
Sepúlveda, C., 131–3
Servicio Médico Nacional de
Empleados (SERMENA),
59, 74
Servicio Nacional de la Mujer
(SERNAM), 106–8, 115,
122–3, 130–1, 155, 161
sexual harassment, 161
sexual health
access to services, 91
Chile and, 56, 114–15, 120–1
Consejos Consultivos and, 126
embedded maternalism and
vertical planning, 67–8
gender norms and, 12, 43, 104
migrants and, 176, 178
social hygiene movement and, 46
social policy and, 14
women’s rights and, 107, 109,
112–14, 120, 128–9, 131–4,
198–9
Shepherd, B., 112, 130–1, 133
Shroff, M., 41
Siavelis, P., 120
Silva, P., 51, 62, 127
Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNS),
59
Skocpol, T., 51
Smith-Oka, V., 68, 163, 183
Smyth, I., 30
social policy, Latin America
gender and, 10–19
globalization and, 16–19
health reform, 4–6
inequalities and, 6–8
overview, 1–4
poverty, inequality, and health,
8–10
Sojo, A., 82
Solimano, A., 9, 195
Southern Cone, 52–4
Spitzer, D., 168, 177
Staab, S., 2–3, 8, 11–12, 82, 115,
127, 160, 177–80, 185–6
Standing, H., 15–16, 18, 35, 52,
72, 104–5, 139, 169
Stefoni, C., 178–9
Stepan, N., 53
Stevenson, L., 114
Stuckler, D., 5
Sumner, A., 13–14
Tabbush, C., 11, 127
Tamayo, M., 9
Tanski, J., 67
Tate, J., 157
taxes, 7, 38, 47, 64, 81, 128, 141,
195
Taylor, M., 46
Tegtmeier, R., 79
temporeras, 150, 160
INDEX 271
Ter-Minassian, T., 7
Tetelboin, C., 46
Theobald, S., 103–4
Thomas, F., 183
Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
(Esping-Andersen), 36
Tinsman, H., 150
Todaro, R., 156–7, 173–4, 178–80
Tokman, V., 141
Tolhurst, R., 41, 170
trade unions, 58–9, 139, 149
True, J., 103, 105
Turshen, M., 16, 29, 83
Ugalde, E., 8, 78, 99–100
universalism, 3–5, 11, 45, 60, 80,
96
Urriola, R.U., 85
Uruguay, 3, 5, 7, 48, 52, 106, 141
Valdes, X., 150
Valdivia, C.G., 59
Valdivieso, P., 116
value-added tax (VAT), 7, 80, 128
“value for money,” 66
VanegasLópez, J.J., 100, 116–19
Vargas, V., 64, 82, 123
Venezuela, 49, 64–5, 71
Viruell-Fuentes, 168, 170
Vissandjee, B., 170
Viveros-Long, A., 67
Voucher per Child
see Bono por Hijo
Wagstaff, A., 10
Waitzkin, H., 28, 46
Walt, Gill, 31, 93, 96
Washington Consensus, 1
Wasserman, E., 149–50
Waylen, G., 25, 93–4, 105, 108,
121, 123
welfare
Catholic Church and, 48
Chile and, 46, 58–9
development of, 36–7, 46, 48–9,
80
gender and, 5, 11, 24, 40
health care and, 8, 51–2, 54,
57–8, 140, 198
neoliberal reform and, 60, 63,
66, 117
roles of institutions and, 35–40
social policy and, 33, 93–4, 101
women and, 37–40, 54, 57–8, 66
Weyland, K., 3, 63, 97
What Makes Women Sick (Turshen),
29
Whitehead, A., 30
Willson, A., 146–7, 150
Witz, A., 52, 100, 119
Wood, G., 37
World Bank, 2, 20, 26, 51, 80–1,
96–101, 103, 127–8, 134
World Development Report
(WDR), 97
World Health Organization (WHO)
definition of health, 17–18
gender equity and, 12, 15
Global Programme on AIDS
(GPA), 104
globalization and, 17
health care coverage and, 5
Health for All agenda, 96–7
health governance and, 92
migrant workers and, 189
participatory programs and, 99
social determinants of health, 31
weakening of, 51
work safety and, 149
World Bank and, 51, 96–7
Xu, K., 65
Yeates, N., 172
Young, Kate, 30–1
Zammit, A., 138
Zimmerman, C., 168–9