NOTHING THAT CAN NOTHING THAT CAN BE MEMORIZED IS BE MEMORIZED IS

HISTORYHISTORY

CHANGE IN THE CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN WEST:AMERICAN WEST:

ConvergenceConvergenceConflict Conflict

ContinuityContinuity

SIGNIFICANCE OF 1821SIGNIFICANCE OF 1821

________ won its independence from _______________ won its independence from _______ Seeking new trading partners, new alliesSeeking new trading partners, new allies

Hugh Glenn and Jacob FowlerHugh Glenn and Jacob Fowler Taos Trail: Pueblo to Taos via Sangre de Cristo Taos Trail: Pueblo to Taos via Sangre de Cristo

PassPass Taos becomes ____________________________Taos becomes ____________________________

William BecknellWilliam Becknell Opens the _________________ to American tradeOpens the _________________ to American trade Franklin, MO to Santa Fe: 1200 milesFranklin, MO to Santa Fe: 1200 miles

SANTA FE TRADESANTA FE TRADE

ProfitableProfitable ____________ paid hard cash for _________________________ paid hard cash for _____________

1822: Trade totaled $15,000 ($250,000 in today’s 1822: Trade totaled $15,000 ($250,000 in today’s dollars)dollars)

1860: Trade totaled $3.5 million ($81.4 million in 1860: Trade totaled $3.5 million ($81.4 million in today’s dollars)today’s dollars)

RomanticRomantic Exotic location for _________________________Exotic location for _________________________ Fandangos, Flirting, and FumarFandangos, Flirting, and Fumar

EARLY FUR TRADEEARLY FUR TRADE Based on trapping beaverBased on trapping beaver ____________________________________________________________________________

French-CanadiansFrench-Canadians MexicansMexicans Americans from the EastAmericans from the East

Set basis for “Middle Ground”Set basis for “Middle Ground” Trappers established ______________________________Trappers established ______________________________

40% of Mountain Men married Indian women40% of Mountain Men married Indian women 20% of Mountain Men married Mexican women20% of Mountain Men married Mexican women Average length of marriage = 15 yearsAverage length of marriage = 15 years Average number of children = 3Average number of children = 3

IN THE 1830s: ________________________ BECAME THE CHIEF ARTICLE OF WESTERN TRADE.CHANGES THAT OCCURRED:

•Buffalo robes obtained through ______ not _______________

•________________________ replaced the rendezvous

SEVERAL TRADING POSTS ESTABLISHED ON THE EASTERN PLAINS

•1832 – Gantt and Blackwell near Pueblo

•1833 – Bent’s Fort between Las Animas and

La Junta

•1835 – Fort Vasquez near Platteville

•1836 – Fort Lupton

•1836 – Fort St. Vrain (Fort Lookout)

1833 – 1848 BENTS’ FORT DOMINATED THE PLAINS

From its position on the north side of the Arkansas River, astride the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail

•Rectangular, Grey Adobe Structure: 180 feet by 135 feet

•Round bastions at SE and NW corners

•Walls: 2’ – 4’ thick and 15’ high

•Midway along eastern wall – sheet metal and iron doors

•Center of facility = fur press

Council Room Trading Room

Kitchen

Living Quarters

Blacksmith Corrals

BENT’S OLD FORT:

•Stood for nearly 20 years

•________________________________

•It was the DIA of its time

BENT’S FORT: AGENT OF CHANGE

CONVERGENCE – CONFLICT – CONTINUITY

CONVERGENCE:•Brought cultures together: BENT & ST. VRAIN CO.

Marcellin St. Vraub

Married:

“Red”

Ogalala Sioux

Ceran St. Vrain

Married:

Maria de la Luz

Taos

William Bent

Married:

Owl Woman &

Yellow Woman

Cheyenne

CONVERGENCE:CONVERGENCE:

Mexican Skilled LaborMexican Skilled Labor

CONVERGENCE: Native AmericansCONVERGENCE: Native Americans

Procured robes and principal trading partnersProcured robes and principal trading partners

CHEYENNE

ARAPAHOE

COMANCHE

KIOWA

CONVERGENCE:CONVERGENCE:

Brought different ____________________togetherBrought different ____________________togetherAmerican Capitalist + Spanish Closed Mercantilist American Capitalist + Spanish Closed Mercantilist and Native American Barterand Native American Barter

CONVERGENCE: _______________________ CONVERGENCE: _______________________ ______________________________________________________________________Santa Fe and Taos Families increased wealthSanta Fe and Taos Families increased wealth

New trading partners had _____________________New trading partners had _____________________Native Americans increased wealth and Native Americans increased wealth and prestigeprestige

Cheyenne and Arapahoe gained “______________”Cheyenne and Arapahoe gained “______________”Increased _______________________on the PlainsIncreased _______________________on the Plains

Bent and St. Vrain Company profitableBent and St. Vrain Company profitable1842: Income of $190,000 ($4.5 million today)1842: Income of $190,000 ($4.5 million today)

SO……SO……

WHAT HAPPENED?WHAT HAPPENED?

CONFLICT: WAR WITH MEXICOVictory upset political, economic and social balance

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Added all of SW to ___________________________

Mexican citizens became US citizens

Charles Bent became Governor of New Mexico - _________

Ceran St. Vrain led militia in revenge/retaliation

William Bent lost Owl Woman to cholera

Brought by ___________________________

Native Americans victims of cholera epidemic

Lost one-third to one-half of population

CONFLICT: CONFLICT: BASIS FOR MIDDLE GROUND = GONEBASIS FOR MIDDLE GROUND = GONE

Victory in War with Mexico opened door to new landsVictory in War with Mexico opened door to new landsFirst event = ___________________________First event = ___________________________

Changed image of the WestChanged image of the WestChanged westward settlementChanged westward settlement

Arrivals after 1848 have different goalsArrivals after 1848 have different goalsExtraction of ________________________ is primaryExtraction of ________________________ is primary

Goals do not involve the assistance of ANY previous Goals do not involve the assistance of ANY previous groupgroup

Both groups = OBSTACLES to be removed, not Both groups = OBSTACLES to be removed, not accommodatedaccommodated

CONFLICT:CONFLICT:HOW DO WE KNOW THAT THE BASIS IS HOW DO WE KNOW THAT THE BASIS IS

GONE?GONE?BENT & ST. VRAIN CO DISSOLVED - 1849BENT & ST. VRAIN CO DISSOLVED - 1849BENT’S FORT IS GONE BENT’S FORT IS GONE

William Bent ________________ Bent’s Fort in 1849William Bent ________________ Bent’s Fort in 1849IMPORTANT TO NOTE SYMBOLISMIMPORTANT TO NOTE SYMBOLISM

Charles Bent killed in anti-European revolt in 1848Charles Bent killed in anti-European revolt in 1848Cholera - European borne disease destroyed tradeCholera - European borne disease destroyed tradeDynamite - European technology destroyed fortDynamite - European technology destroyed fort

CONTINUITY•Once introduced, __________________ presence was permanent

•American-style capitalism entrenched

•_____________lost control of trade to Bent & St. Vrain Co.

•Political conditions turned in favor of _______________ Stephen Kearney’s Army of the West entered Santa Fe

without firing a shot.

THE NATURE OF CHANGE BEFORE 1850THE NATURE OF CHANGE BEFORE 1850 Convergence: “Middle Ground” is basis for ______________Convergence: “Middle Ground” is basis for ______________ Conflict: Emerged OUTSIDE the areaConflict: Emerged OUTSIDE the area

Not generated within as in King Philip’s War, French and Indian War, Not generated within as in King Philip’s War, French and Indian War, Blackhawk War, Cherokee WarsBlackhawk War, Cherokee Wars

Continuity: ___________________established as PART of Continuity: ___________________established as PART of the systemthe system

•THE NATURE OF CHANGE AFTER 1850

•Conflict originated within the area and dominated relationships

•Continuity: American culture _______________ the system

•Convergence is not an option:

•___________ not _____________ became the standard