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Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715
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Page 1: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 1

The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited

Richard J. Smith

Physics Department

Montana State University

Bozeman MT 59715

Page 2: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 2

Introduction

What is the Nobel Laboratory Series

of experiments? Format and content of some NLS labs Observations of what has worked and

changes made in past 10 years Some new experiments and the future

Page 3: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 3

The Nobel Laboratory Series

Upper division laboratory Experiments based on recent Nobel prize-

winning work Major new equipment purchased through

the NSF-ILI program (1990) Take advantage of department “experts” in

various research areas

Page 4: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 4

The NLS Experiments

High Temperature Superconductivity– (K.A. Muller and J.G. Bednorz 1987)

Scanning-Tunneling Microscopy– (G. Binnig and H. Rohrer 1986)

Nuclear Reactions and Nucleosynthesis– (W.A. Fowler 1983)

Electron Spectroscopy– (K.M. Siegbahn 1981)

Page 5: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

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The NLS Experiments - cont.

Non-linear Optics– (N. Bloembergen 1981)

Laser Spectroscopy – (A. L. Schawlow 1981)

Magnetism and the Quantum Nature of Solids– (J.H. Van Vleck, N.F. Mott, P.W. Anderson 1977)

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Nuclear Reactions and Nucleosynthesis

Experiment: Study the nuclear reactions

Li7(p,)He4 and F19(p,)O16

Physics: collision kinematics, reaction cross section, energy loss for ions in solids and energy straggling, resonant reactions

Equipment: 2MV van de Graaff accelerator, solid state particle detectors, pulse counting electronics and MCA, vacuum hardware

Page 7: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

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MSU Ion Beam Laboratory

Page 8: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

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2 MV van de Graaff Accelerator

Page 9: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 9

NRA and RBS Target Chamber

Page 10: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 10

NLS Experiments: Format

Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab Week 1: Introductory lectures (2 or 3)

– Students run a “calibration” experiment to become familiar with the equipment; reading and homework

– Example: 210Po source and Al stopper foil

Page 11: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 11

NLS Experiments: Format

Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab Week 2: All students run a standard

experiment– Ex: study the kinematics of the p, reaction in a

LiF target at one scattering angle and two different accelerator beam energies

– get familiar with operation of the van de Graaff accelerator and data analysis

Page 12: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

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NLS Experiments: Format

Example: Nuclear Reactions Lab Weeks 3&4: Expand the standard experiment

or carry out a new experiment– Ex: Measure the reaction cross section for the F

resonance; measure the dependence of the reaction products on incident kinetic energy for F- and Li- derived ’s

– oral presentations in class

Page 13: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 13

Comments: Things that work well

4-hour lab session each week Open-ended experiments Opportunity for student design of experiment Oral presentations in Weeks 2, 3, and 4 Weekly, short written reports Occasional long, complete reports Groups of 2 or 3 students

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…More things that work well

Lab manuals tailored to our experiments 4 experiments per semester (4 weeks each) Access to department experts Support for other programs

– high-school teachers (STIR)– 2- and 4-year faculty enhancement workshops (2)– MS in Science Education for high-school teachers– Senior Capstone projects

Page 15: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 15

Comments: Things that need fixing

Safety in the lab “Too much work” for a 2-credit course “Too much software”: PC instrumentation Limited design experience for students Too expensive for small department

NSF: $90K; MSU: $90K; Physics $30K More faculty involvement High maintenance costs (optics,vacuum hdwr)

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Acknowledgements

People: Robert J. Swenson

John Carlsten

Rufus Cone

John E. Drumheller

Gerald J. Lapeyre

Hugo Schmidt

Richard J. Smith

Students and visitors

Funding: NSF Grant No. DMR-8952165

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Examples of Student Projects

STM study of Au particles on graphite STM study of ion impact craters on graphite ERDA for hydrogen analysis in Ti-Mo alloys AES analysis of S-O interaction on Ti surfaces

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Significant changes in recent years

Drop the experiments using high power lasers– safety and damage to optical components

Increase course credit to 4 semester credits Add more optics labs Initiation of capstone experience at MSU

Page 19: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

Nov 4, 2000 16th CAARI 19

New experiments

Gaussian Beam Propagation Longitudinal Modes of He-Ne Laser Index of Refraction of Gases using

an Acousto-optic Modulator Pockels effect using Frequency Doubling

Electro-optic modulation (KD2PO4)

Page 20: Nov 4, 200016th CAARI1 The Nobel Laboratory Experiments Revisited Richard J. Smith Physics Department Montana State University Bozeman MT 59715.

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New experiments: Pockels Effect

Reference: “Frequency doubling electro-optic modulation system for Pockels effect measurements: application in LiNbO3”,

N.G. Theofanous et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 68 (5) May 1997

Modified for KD2PO4

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Pockels Effect using FDEOM

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Pockels Effect using FDEOM

Waveforms on and off the frequency doubling position


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