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ENGLISH STUDIES

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Authors

A novel is a world specially made,constructed or crafted in words by an author

It is written for an audience It unfolds a series of events created by the

author

It evokes a response from the reader

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How authors arrange events in a

Novel How the author arranges the events controls

the viewpoint of the reader

The reader should ask, How is the authorinviting me to view the events?

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Events can be presented as:

narratives

letters

conversations

thoughts of characters

expressions on faces of the characters

what an author does not mention etc.

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How authors tell stories

First person narrative author creates apersona as a character in the story

The author can invite the reader to judge thenarrating character

Reader feels close to the narrating characterand has access to the mind of the narratingcharacter

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Third person narrative

Omniscient view of all events and all

characters (powerful like God) Limited omniscience has access to one

character (events seen from one perspective)

Note: narrative styles can be combined or a

story could have more than one narrator

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Authors Attitude

The interest taken in characters

The interpretation and judgment of

characters and events, for example irony The reader should not only be able to

recognise the irony depicted but also ask,Whats the point of the irony in thiscontext?

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Plot Conflict Resolution

Traditional novels start with main plot, mainconflict that is resolved at the end. Sub-plotsmore or less follow the same pattern and areusually resolved before main conflict isresolved

Modern novels might not adhere strictly to

this patters some conflicts might not evenbe resolved.

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Sources of Conflict

1. A character in conflict with anothercharacter

External conflict

2. A character in conflict with theenvironment *either nature or social or both

External conflict

3. A character in conflict with selfInternal conflict

4. Multiple conflicts

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Characters

Main Minor

Complex - Simple

Round Flat

Dynamic Static

Stock

Caricature

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How to read Characters

Is the author telling or showing?

How they speak and what do they say?

What do characters say about one another?

What is their appearance? (physical & dressing)

Whats the social standing of characters?

What are the names of the characters?

Who are their friends, enemies, likes anddislikes?

What do they do? What do they think ofthemselves and of others?

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Setting

Time

Place

Social setting

Atmosphere

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Points to note about the

significance of the setting Setting and the mood of the characters

Setting and the situation of the characters

Setting and the personality of the characters Setting and theme

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Techniques/Devices

Flashback

Dream sequence

Irony Metaphor

Symbol

Etc.