Novel Stand-Alone Small Novel Stand-Alone Small Hydro Renewable Energy Hydro Renewable Energy SystemSystem

Professor Dr. Adel M SharafProfessor Dr. Adel M SharafECE Dept-UNB, CanadaECE Dept-UNB, Canada

OutlineOutline

• 1. Introduction and Background Review of 1. Introduction and Background Review of Hydro Power GenerationHydro Power Generation

2. Area of Research :2. Area of Research :

– What was the Task?What was the Task?– What was the so called “Novel” What was the so called “Novel”

Contribution or Strategy?Contribution or Strategy?• 3. Conclusions, Future Research Work &3. Conclusions, Future Research Work & published papers.published papers.

The Hydro Power The Hydro Power AdvantageAdvantage

• Unique operational (Storage) flexibility • Can provide base load and peak load

• Best source to support the development of other renewables such as wind, solar, etc

• Low operational costs and long life span

• Has over-whelming public support and over a Century old Engineering Experience

• Renewable, low-emitting source of energy

• Energy-efficient and cost-effective

Canada’s Role as a Hydro – Power Canada’s Role as a Hydro – Power ProducerProducer• Hydro-power represents approximately 10% of Hydro-power represents approximately 10% of

Canada’s electric supply,Canada’s electric supply, which accounts for over which accounts for over 90% of all renewable energy in her. Coal fired plants, at 90% of all renewable energy in her. Coal fired plants, at 52%, provide the largest source of electric generation.52%, provide the largest source of electric generation.

• Principal source of clean, low-emitting and renewable energy in the world (92%)

• Canada is one of the world’s biggest hydropower producers (13% of global output)

• Canada is the world’s second largest electricity exporter and over 60% of exported electricity is generated by hydropower

• Total electricity export revenue for all of Canada for the 2002 calendar year: $1.8 billion

The Classification of the Hydro-Electric The Classification of the Hydro-Electric SystemsSystems

• By CapacityBy Capacity - large, small, Micro - large, small, Micro

• By Types of InstallationBy Types of Installation - - Impoundment, diversion, pumped storageImpoundment, diversion, pumped storage

• By Type of TurbinesBy Type of Turbines - Reaction and - Reaction and ImpulseImpulse

The Capacity-wise The Capacity-wise CategorizationCategorization• In this report the classification of HP by In this report the classification of HP by

installed capacity is as follows :installed capacity is as follows : -- Micro Micro till 500kWtill 500kW - - Mini :Mini :500kW < P 500kW < P ≤≤5MW5MW - - Small :Small : 5MW< P 5MW< P ≤ ≤ 10MW10MW - - Medium:Medium: 10MW< P 10MW< P ≤ ≤ 50MW50MW - - Large:Large: P > 50MW P > 50MW

There is NO Strict Definition on Boundaries There is NO Strict Definition on Boundaries / Margin of Small Hydro Power System./ Margin of Small Hydro Power System.Some say Small is up to 30 MW, while Some say Small is up to 30 MW, while others are agreeing on 10 MW. In Canada, others are agreeing on 10 MW. In Canada, 10 MW is taken as the margin for Small 10 MW is taken as the margin for Small Hydros.Hydros.

By Types of InstallationBy Types of Installation1.1. ImpoundmentImpoundment

– large systemlarge system– uses dam to store water uses dam to store water

2.2. Diversion TypeDiversion Type River Diversion is usedRiver Diversion is used

3.3. Run-of-RiverRun-of-River– uses natural flow of riveruses natural flow of river– does not require impoundmentdoes not require impoundment

4.4. Pumped StoragePumped Storage

when demand is low, water pumped when demand is low, water pumped back to reservoirback to reservoir

– high demand, water is releasedhigh demand, water is released

Type of TurbinesType of Turbines The turbines can be divided into TWO main The turbines can be divided into TWO main

Categories, depending on their construction :Categories, depending on their construction :

1.1. ReactionReaction2.2. ImpulseImpulse

The The FOURFOUR most common types of turbines used are: most common types of turbines used are:• Pelton Turbine.Pelton Turbine. For Small Hydro ProjectsFor Small Hydro Projects• Francis Turbine. Francis Turbine. • Propeller Turbine.Propeller Turbine.• Kaplan Turbine.Kaplan Turbine.

When choosing which one to use, When choosing which one to use, its specific its specific application and “head”, or the height of the application and “head”, or the height of the standing water available to drive them, are taken standing water available to drive them, are taken into consideration. into consideration.

Reaction Type TurbinesReaction Type Turbines• [ Depends on:[ Depends on: head, flow, and pressure ] head, flow, and pressure ]

Reaction Reaction - used in large facilities- used in large facilities

• (Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in water(Blades similar to boat propeller) Submerged in water• fully immersed in fluidfully immersed in fluid

– shape of blades produces rotationshape of blades produces rotation• Good for High Flow, Low head Good for High Flow, Low head situationssituations

• One Example is Francis Turbine.One Example is Francis Turbine.

• Another : Kaplan and/or PropellerAnother : Kaplan and/or PropellerTurbines [Kaplan is a type of Turbines [Kaplan is a type of Propeller TurbinePropeller Turbine

Kaplan TurbinesKaplan Turbines

• Kaplan turbineKaplan turbine is a type of propeller turbine is a type of propeller turbine in which the pitch of the blades can be in which the pitch of the blades can be changed to improve performance. Kaplan changed to improve performance. Kaplan turbines can be as large as 400 megawatts.”turbines can be as large as 400 megawatts.”

Impulse Type TurbinesImpulse Type Turbines• [ Depends on:[ Depends on: head, flow, and pressure ] head, flow, and pressure ]

• Impulse Turbines areImpulse Turbines are similar to water similar to water wheel (cupped Blades)wheel (cupped Blades)– can be in open environmentcan be in open environment– water striking wheel causes it to turnwater striking wheel causes it to turn

•Example :Example : Pelton Turbine Pelton Turbine•requires high headrequires high head•High-head use-High-head use- (Vertical drop > 10m)(Vertical drop > 10m)•High pressure (PSI)High pressure (PSI)

Turbines can be split into four main Turbines can be split into four main groupings (although they do of course groupings (although they do of course overlap and one may disagree on where one overlap and one may disagree on where one group starts and ends).group starts and ends).

These are :These are :

1. High head - above 100 m 1. High head - above 100 m Turbine types are - Pelton, Turgo, High head Turbine types are - Pelton, Turgo, High head Francis. Francis.

2. Medium Head - 20m to 100m 2. Medium Head - 20m to 100m Turbine types are - Francis, Cross Flow. Turbine types are - Francis, Cross Flow.

3. Low Head - 5m to 20m3. Low Head - 5m to 20mTurbine types are - Cross Flow, Propeller, Kaplan. Turbine types are - Cross Flow, Propeller, Kaplan.

4. Ultra Low Head - below 5m 4. Ultra Low Head - below 5m Turbine types are - Propeller, Kaplan, Water Turbine types are - Propeller, Kaplan, Water wheel wheel

The Nominal Power Capacity of a The Nominal Power Capacity of a Small Hydro Power SystemSmall Hydro Power System

Head (m)Head (m)

Flow (m3/s)

Power in kW 7 x Head x Flow

Starting the Simple Power Starting the Simple Power CalculationsCalculations

•

HeadHead– difference in elevationdifference in elevation

•PenstockPenstock– pipe that carries water from the pipe that carries water from the

reservoirreservoir•TurbineTurbine

– converts linear kinetic energy to converts linear kinetic energy to rotational kinetic energyrotational kinetic energy

•GeneratorGenerator– converts rotational kinetic energy converts rotational kinetic energy

to electricityto electricity

AN EXAMPLE OF A TYPICAL CALCULATION [Lower Kotmale Project, Sri Lanka]•

DISCHARGE Q = 11370 Cubic Meters/Second

GROSS HEAD (H) = 33.2 m

HYDRAULIC POWER = 11370X33.2X9.81 = 3703118.04 Watts = 3703.12 kW

FRICTION LOSS = 0.25X33.2 = 8.3 m

NET HEAD (h) = 33.2 – 8.3 = 24.9 m

NET HYDRAULIC POWER = 11370 X 24.9 X 9.81 = 2777338.53 Watts = 2777.34 kW

EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE =80%

NET MECHANICAL POWER = NET HYDRAULIC POWER X TURBINE EFFICIENCY

= 2777338.53 x 0.8 = 2221870.8 W = 2221.9 kW

GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = 91%

ELECTRICAL POWER = NET MECHANICAL POWER X GENERATOR EFFICIENCY

= 2221870.8 X 0.91 = 2021902.45 W = 2021.9 kW ~ 2000 kW

• The Total Power Generation for Four Such Francis Turbines : The Total Power Generation for Four Such Francis Turbines : 4 * 2000 = 4 * 2000 = 80008000 kW, and considering the 0.8 System power factor kW, and considering the 0.8 System power factor The System The System Capacity is 10 MVACapacity is 10 MVA

Why Hydro – Power is renewable?Why Hydro – Power is renewable? Hydropower is considered a renewable resourcHydropower is considered a renewable resource e

because water, which nature makes available because water, which nature makes available each each

year through the hydrologic cycle, is used as tyear through the hydrologic cycle, is used as the he

energy source to generate power.energy source to generate power.

Rural Electrification PolicyRural Electrification Policy

• • The important part of Rural The important part of Rural Electrification is the mobilization of Electrification is the mobilization of Renewable Energy (RE) sources, where Renewable Energy (RE) sources, where they are cost-effective, and the they are cost-effective, and the promotion of RE technologiespromotion of RE technologies

How to Electrify Rural Areas or Best Sources How to Electrify Rural Areas or Best Sources for a Stand-Alone System for a Stand-Alone System

Renewable Small hydro energy utilization is one of the Renewable Small hydro energy utilization is one of the most valuable answers to the question of how to most valuable answers to the question of how to offer electricity to isolated areas or rural offer electricity to isolated areas or rural communities electrification. It can answer to the communities electrification. It can answer to the many of the more complex problems of energy many of the more complex problems of energy supply.supply.

The Types of Small Hydro Power SystemThe Types of Small Hydro Power System

• The Small Hydro Power Systems can be The Small Hydro Power Systems can be divided into TWO Main categories :divided into TWO Main categories :

• 1. Robust Grid Connected1. Robust Grid Connected• 2. Stand Alone 2. Stand Alone

Again, the Small Stand-Alone Hydro Again, the Small Stand-Alone Hydro Power Systems can be divided into Power Systems can be divided into TWO Main categories :TWO Main categories :

1. Constant Voltage – Constant 1. Constant Voltage – Constant Frequency (CV – CF) orFrequency (CV – CF) or

2. Variable Voltage – Variable 2. Variable Voltage – Variable Frequency (VV – VF)Frequency (VV – VF)

The Traditional way of achieving (CV – CF) Constant The Traditional way of achieving (CV – CF) Constant Voltage, Constant Frequency in Stand-alone Voltage, Constant Frequency in Stand-alone Asynchronous Generator run Hydro Power System Asynchronous Generator run Hydro Power System

• Using a controlled inductor in parallel with Using a controlled inductor in parallel with Capacitor providing self excitationCapacitor providing self excitation

• Using the Secondary Thermal Loads (connecting Using the Secondary Thermal Loads (connecting and releasing them according to the Torque, Load and releasing them according to the Torque, Load Excursions etc. through a Controller (Automated)Excursions etc. through a Controller (Automated)

• Manually Operated Situation in Rural Power SupplyManually Operated Situation in Rural Power Supply

In Developing Countries like In Developing Countries like Sri LankaSri Lanka, Kenya, , Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi, Madagascar, MyanmarRwanda, Burundi, Madagascar, Myanmar

The Research TasksThe Research Tasks

Suggest a NOVEL method to Suggest a NOVEL method to achieve a better Voltage / Speed achieve a better Voltage / Speed Controls in a VV – VF SystemControls in a VV – VF System

Suggest the best location to have Suggest the best location to have a such a Novel Devicea such a Novel Device

Check the validity of Sharaf Error Check the validity of Sharaf Error driven Tri Loop Dynamic driven Tri Loop Dynamic Controller in a such Power System Controller in a such Power System [VV-VF]. [VV-VF].

The Sample VV – VF Stand-Alone Small The Sample VV – VF Stand-Alone Small Hydro SystemHydro System

System has Linear, Non Linear and System has Linear, Non Linear and machine Loadsmachine Loads

How you solve the Reactive Power How you solve the Reactive Power problem, as you are dealing with an problem, as you are dealing with an

asynchronous generator?asynchronous generator?Where are those Traditional Dumb Where are those Traditional Dumb

Loads?Loads?Why Matlab / Simulink? But, not Matlab, Why Matlab / Simulink? But, not Matlab,

C or Fortran programming?C or Fortran programming?

Sample Study Stand–Alone Small Hydro Power Sample Study Stand–Alone Small Hydro Power SystemSystem

The Hybrid Load CentreThe Hybrid Load Centre

The Modulated Power Filter and The Modulated Power Filter and Capacitor Compensator [MPF / CC]Capacitor Compensator [MPF / CC]

How you select R?How you select R?

The Carrier Frequency?The Carrier Frequency?

Why IGBTs/Mosfets? Can’t I go for Why IGBTs/Mosfets? Can’t I go for GTOs or Thyristors or IGBTs?GTOs or Thyristors or IGBTs?

The New Proposed Way :The New Proposed Way : Novel Modulated / Novel Modulated /

Switched Power Filter and Compensator CapacitorSwitched Power Filter and Compensator Capacitor

The Power System with attached Modulated Power The Power System with attached Modulated Power Filter / Compensator Capacitor [MPF / CC] at Filter / Compensator Capacitor [MPF / CC] at Generator BusGenerator Bus

Six Pulsed Diode BridgeSix Pulsed Diode Bridge

Tri loop ControllerTri loop Controller• It has Three ArmsIt has Three Arms

• Derivatives are added here as in the forms of Delays to introduce Derivatives are added here as in the forms of Delays to introduce leads. Therefore for that reason we can argue the we have PID leads. Therefore for that reason we can argue the we have PID Controller instead of the visible PI Controller.Controller instead of the visible PI Controller.

• First Arm Controls Voltage [Stablizes]First Arm Controls Voltage [Stablizes]

• Second Arm takes control of rapid changes occur in the System Second Arm takes control of rapid changes occur in the System [ As the Current is more (quick) susceptible to transient situations [ As the Current is more (quick) susceptible to transient situations than voltage.than voltage.

• Third Loop Optmizes the Maximum Power Use and reacts as Power Third Loop Optmizes the Maximum Power Use and reacts as Power Quality Enhancer.Quality Enhancer.

• How to find Kp and Ki? Is Trial and Error the answer? How to find Kp and Ki? Is Trial and Error the answer?

Controller Parameter SelectionController Parameter Selection• The basic design rules that are followed to determine optimized The basic design rules that are followed to determine optimized

control parameters are based on the off-line guided trial and error -control parameters are based on the off-line guided trial and error -minimization method developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf. Controller minimization method developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf. Controller parameters are selected by a guided off line trial and error method parameters are selected by a guided off line trial and error method based on minimizing selected error weighted performance index based on minimizing selected error weighted performance index [27].[27].

• Define an excursion based performance index;Define an excursion based performance index;• Minimize : Minimize :

• (1) (1)

• (2)(2)

• (3)(3)

(4)(4)

• where, Tsample is the largest system mechanical time constant, ev(K) is the where, Tsample is the largest system mechanical time constant, ev(K) is the voltage error, ei(K) is the current error, Gv and Gi and are the weighting voltage error, ei(K) is the current error, Gv and Gi and are the weighting factor for voltage and current error. Only dynamic voltage error-tracking factor for voltage and current error. Only dynamic voltage error-tracking controller is considered here. If an additional loop is used, the additional controller is considered here. If an additional loop is used, the additional weighting factor and error factor should be included in the equation (4) weighting factor and error factor should be included in the equation (4) increase of additional loop of the current error-tracking controller.increase of additional loop of the current error-tracking controller.

sN

KIIvv

sperfo KeKe

NJ

1

22 )()(1

Sample

Settlings TT

N

)1()()( kVkVke LLV

)1()()( kIkIke LLi

Average Index ValueAverage Index Value

Dynamic PI Tri-loop controller with Generator Dynamic PI Tri-loop controller with Generator Voltage, RMS current, Speed Tracking Loops. Voltage, RMS current, Speed Tracking Loops. (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)(Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

Double loop dynamic tracking error controller (for Double loop dynamic tracking error controller (for combined dynamic voltage and current error combined dynamic voltage and current error

stabilization). (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)stabilization). (Developed by Dr. Sharaf)

Voltage ControlBlock

Current ControlBlock

Load/source/Filter Voltage

Load/source/Filter Current

v

i

PIDController

ve

ie

LIMITER PWM

ip

kk

s

cV cV D

Pulse Width ModulatorPulse Width Modulator

The Applied MethodologyThe Applied Methodology• Three systems we had to simulate on four different Three systems we had to simulate on four different

conditions, in order to reach a conclusion. (conditions, in order to reach a conclusion. (Next SlideNext Slide). ).

The Three Systems are :The Three Systems are :1.1.Normal Power System without any added FilterNormal Power System without any added Filter2.2.The Normal System together with MPF/CC at the Load BusThe Normal System together with MPF/CC at the Load Bus3.3.The Normal System together with MPF/CC at the The Normal System together with MPF/CC at the

Generator Bus.Generator Bus.

Each System was simulated on four different conditions Each System was simulated on four different conditions [Please See the Next Slide] to identify the following [Please See the Next Slide] to identify the following issues:issues:

The System performance on those conditions :The System performance on those conditions : The The Voltage drop, Stability of the System, Reactive Power Voltage drop, Stability of the System, Reactive Power ConsumptionConsumption

To identify the necessity of MPF/CC, and/or to see the To identify the necessity of MPF/CC, and/or to see the achieving improvements when the filter is installed.achieving improvements when the filter is installed.

To identify the best possible location for MPF/CC To identify the best possible location for MPF/CC installation. installation.

Comparison of the Simulated Comparison of the Simulated ResultsResults• The Results can be logged in to a Table for The Results can be logged in to a Table for

comparison purposes. comparison purposes.

• As seen from the table there were 12 Simulations As seen from the table there were 12 Simulations in total to be carried out to get the required data. in total to be carried out to get the required data.

Testing the System for Generator Torque Testing the System for Generator Torque ExcursionsExcursions

Testing the System for Load Torque Testing the System for Load Torque ExcursionsExcursions

Testing the System for Short Circuits and Testing the System for Short Circuits and Open Phase ConditionsOpen Phase Conditions

ResultsResults

• The MPF and Capacitor Compensator-The MPF and Capacitor Compensator-MPF/CC Facts Device is very effective MPF/CC Facts Device is very effective and Results are acceptable as Voltage / and Results are acceptable as Voltage / Frequency Control is within +/- 17% . Frequency Control is within +/- 17% .

• [We expecting better results, as fine [We expecting better results, as fine tuning is to be done with the controller.] tuning is to be done with the controller.]

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKCONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK• The Project modeled and validated a novel FACTS based dynamic The Project modeled and validated a novel FACTS based dynamic

Switched Filter and Compensator developed by Dr. A. M. Sharaf and Switched Filter and Compensator developed by Dr. A. M. Sharaf and used in a small hydro renewable energy scheme employing a robust used in a small hydro renewable energy scheme employing a robust low cost induction generator.low cost induction generator.

• The Novel The Novel Modulated Power Filter and Capacitor Compensator Modulated Power Filter and Capacitor Compensator [MPF/CC][MPF/CC] is switched using a multi loop error driven controller to is switched using a multi loop error driven controller to stabilize the load bus voltage and more dynamic reactive power stabilize the load bus voltage and more dynamic reactive power compensation under prime mover electric load switching and compensation under prime mover electric load switching and temporary short circuit faults.temporary short circuit faults.

• The Project validated Dr. Sharaf’s Novel MPF?CC Facts Device-Design The Project validated Dr. Sharaf’s Novel MPF?CC Facts Device-Design and the proposed control scheme in the area of voltage Stabilization and the proposed control scheme in the area of voltage Stabilization Security and operational reliability of standalone small hydro Security and operational reliability of standalone small hydro renewable energy system in remote / village community electricity renewable energy system in remote / village community electricity supply.supply.

• The Future works include the validation of other FACTS based The Future works include the validation of other FACTS based compensators in small hydro, wind and hybrid diesel schemes, such as compensators in small hydro, wind and hybrid diesel schemes, such as Statcom and other control strategies.Statcom and other control strategies.

My ContributionMy Contribution

1.1. Developing MPF/CC to present [MPF/CC Developing MPF/CC to present [MPF/CC Idea is belonged to Dr. Adel M. Sharaf]Idea is belonged to Dr. Adel M. Sharaf]

2.2. Developing a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Developing a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulator written in MATLAB Programming Modulator written in MATLAB Programming Language as a Part of Making Program Language as a Part of Making Program Modules instead of Simulink Models. Modules instead of Simulink Models.

3.3. Validate the Sharaf Tri Loop Controller for Validate the Sharaf Tri Loop Controller for VV – VF Systems.VV – VF Systems.

4.4. Fine Tuning of the MPF/CC and Tri Loop Fine Tuning of the MPF/CC and Tri Loop Controller Parameters. Controller Parameters.

Published PapersPublished Papers

• ““A Novel Facts Stabilization scheme A Novel Facts Stabilization scheme for a Stand-Alone Small Hydro for a Stand-Alone Small Hydro Scheme”Scheme”

Submitted to IEEE CCECE – 06, Submitted to IEEE CCECE – 06, Ottawa, Canada by Adel M. Sharaf Ottawa, Canada by Adel M. Sharaf and Senaka Jayawardhaneand Senaka Jayawardhane

Thank you for your Thank you for your attention!attention!

Questions ?Questions ?