November 16, 2004

LexiconLexicon(An Interacting Subsystem in UG)(An Interacting Subsystem in UG)

Part-IIPart-II

Rajat Kumar MohantyRajat Kumar MohantyEmail: Email: rkm@cse.iitb.ac.inrkm@cse.iitb.ac.in

IIT BombayIIT Bombay

November 16, 2004

Levels of Representation in UGLevels of Representation in UG

LexiconLexicon

Move -Move -alphaalpha

D-StructureD-Structure

S-StructureS-Structure

LF LF

(logical form)(logical form)PF PF

(phonetic (phonetic form)form)

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LexiconLexicon

OvergenerationOvergeneration Subcategorization RestrictionSubcategorization Restriction Selectional RestrictionSelectional Restriction Lexicon and SyntaxLexicon and Syntax Lexical DerivationLexical Derivation

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OvergenerationOvergeneration

UngrammaticalityUngrammaticality The boy relied on the girl.The boy relied on the girl. * The boy relied the girl.* The boy relied the girl. *The boy relied.*The boy relied.

Grammatically Sound but Grammatically Sound but Semantically OddSemantically Odd *The boy frightens sincerity.*The boy frightens sincerity. *Sincerity kicked the boy.*Sincerity kicked the boy.

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OvergenerationOvergeneration

PS Rules for the given sentencesPS Rules for the given sentencesSS NP VP NP VP

VPVP V (NP) (PP) V (NP) (PP)

NPNP Det N Det N

VV rely rely

Det Det the the

NN boy, girl boy, girl

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Subcategorization FramesSubcategorization Frames

Specify the categorial class of the Specify the categorial class of the lexical itemlexical item

Specify the environment Specify the environment ExamplesExamples

kick: [V; _ NP]kick: [V; _ NP]cry: [V; _ ] cry: [V; _ ] rely: [V; _PP] rely: [V; _PP] put: [V; _ NP PP]put: [V; _ NP PP]think: : [V; _ S` ] think: : [V; _ S` ]

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Subcategorization RulesSubcategorization Rules

Make a specific lexical item sensitive to the Make a specific lexical item sensitive to the subcategorization properties of the lexical subcategorization properties of the lexical itemitem

Select a frame depending upon the Select a frame depending upon the subcategorization properties of the verbsubcategorization properties of the verb

V y /{_NP]_ ]_PP]_NP PP]_S`]

Subcategorization Rule: }

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Subcategorization RulesSubcategorization Rules

The boy relied on the girl.The boy relied on the girl.

1. S1. S NP VP NP VP

2. VP 2. VP V (NP) (PP) (S`)… V (NP) (PP) (S`)…

3. NP3. NP Det N Det N

4. V4. V rely / _PP] rely / _PP]

5. P5. P on / _NP] on / _NP]

6. Det 6. Det the the

7. N7. N boy, girl boy, girl

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Selectional RestrictionsSelectional Restrictions

Selectional RulesSelectional Rules A selectional rule specifies certain A selectional rule specifies certain

selectional restrictions associated with a selectional restrictions associated with a verb (presumably other categories: N, A, P).verb (presumably other categories: N, A, P).

V y /{ }[+/-ABSTARCT][+/-

ANIMATE]

V frighten

/ [+/-ABSTARCT]

[+ANIMATE]

{ }__

__

__

__

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Lexical Insertion Rule (LIR)Lexical Insertion Rule (LIR)

Insert lexical item Insert lexical item XX under terminal node under terminal node Y, Y, where where YY corresponds to the categorial corresponds to the categorial properties of properties of XX, and , and YPYP corresponds to corresponds to the subcategorization properties of the subcategorization properties of X.X.

YP (YP (verb phraseverb phrase))

NPNPYY

||

XX (verb: (verb: compose)compose)

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LIR ConditionsLIR Conditions

LIR performs the operation of LIR performs the operation of inserting lexical items under inserting lexical items under terminal nodes subject to two terminal nodes subject to two conditions:conditions: The terminal node must match the The terminal node must match the

categorial class of the lexical item.categorial class of the lexical item. The phrase containing the terminal The phrase containing the terminal

node must match the subcategorization node must match the subcategorization properties of the lexical item.properties of the lexical item.

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LIR ConditionsLIR Conditions

rely: [V; __PP]rely: [V; __PP] believe: [V; __S`]believe: [V; __S`] hit: [V; __NP]hit: [V; __NP]

VP1

V PP

VP2

V S`

rely*believe *rely

believe

VP3

V NP

*rely*believe

hit

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Lexical DerivationLexical Derivation

Whether derivationally related Whether derivationally related categories such as categories such as translate translate andand translationtranslation have separate lexical have separate lexical entries?entries?

OptionOption There is one lexical entry for the base There is one lexical entry for the base

form and the complex N is derived from form and the complex N is derived from it by a productive rule.it by a productive rule.

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Lexical DerivationLexical Derivation

Consider the following examplesConsider the following examples Translate + ion Translate + ion translation translation Select + ive Select + ive selective selective Computer + ize Computer + ize computerize computerize Elevate + or Elevate + or elevator elevator Correct + ness Correct + ness correctness correctness Correct + ly Correct + ly correctly correctly

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Lexical DerivationLexical Derivation

Lexical derivation affectsLexical derivation affects Categorial properties of the lexical itemCategorial properties of the lexical item Subcategorization properties of the Subcategorization properties of the

lexical itemlexical item

ExamplesExamples John translated the book.John translated the book.

Translate: [V; __NP]Translate: [V; __NP] The translation of the bookThe translation of the book

Translation: [N; __(PP)] Translation: [N; __(PP)]

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Lexical DerivationLexical Derivation

Lexical derivation rules must apply Lexical derivation rules must apply at a stage prior to LIR.at a stage prior to LIR.

The stage at which lexical derivation The stage at which lexical derivation rules apply is the lexicon (not merely rules apply is the lexicon (not merely a list of lexical entries).a list of lexical entries).

Syntactic component does not Syntactic component does not include lexical derivation that affect include lexical derivation that affect the categorial and subcategorization the categorial and subcategorization properties of lexical items. properties of lexical items.

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Lexical DerivationLexical Derivation

Affixes are part of the lexicon with Affixes are part of the lexicon with categorial and subcategorization categorial and subcategorization information.information.

-ion: -ion: [N; V_] [N; V_]

-ize: -ize: [V; N_][V; N_]

-hood:

[N;{ }[N

][A]

__ ]

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Lexical DerivationLexical Derivation

N

Vcreate -ion

N

A

Vselect -ive

A

N

V-ionN

V

Ncomputer -ize

V

select

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Righthand Head RuleRighthand Head Rule

Righthand Head Rule (RHR) for Righthand Head Rule (RHR) for English complex categoriesEnglish complex categories The head of a complex word is its The head of a complex word is its

right most morpheme.right most morpheme.

N

V-ionN

select

A

A

-al

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Types of SubcategorizationTypes of Subcategorization

Subcategorization by affixes targets Subcategorization by affixes targets lexical categories lexical categories (viz., (viz., V, N, A, V, N, A, etc.)etc.) to create a complex terminal to create a complex terminal category.category.

Subcategorization by lexical Subcategorization by lexical categories targets phrasal categories targets phrasal categories categories (viz., (viz., VP, NP, AP, VP, NP, AP, etc.)etc.) to to create a syntactic phrase.create a syntactic phrase.

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Types of SubcategorizationTypes of Subcategorization

SubcategorizationSubcategorization Morphological Morphological

(relevant to the rules which form (relevant to the rules which form complex terminal categories in the complex terminal categories in the lexicon)lexicon)

Syntactic Syntactic

(relevant to the rules of Syntax)(relevant to the rules of Syntax)

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Types of AffixesTypes of Affixes

Derivational (under rules of Derivational (under rules of Morphology)Morphology)

Inflectional (under rules of Syntax)Inflectional (under rules of Syntax)N[pl]

Ncomputer

V

Ncomputer -ize

V

V[past]V

computerize

-ed [past]-s [pl]

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ExercisesExercises

1. Workout the subcategorization 1. Workout the subcategorization frame of each of the lexical items: frame of each of the lexical items: aspireaspire, , declare, conduct, aware, declare, conduct, aware, transport, arrange, deliver, silenttransport, arrange, deliver, silent

2. Write the selectional rules for the 2. Write the selectional rules for the following verbs: following verbs: cry, rely, put, think, cry, rely, put, think, abandon, aspireabandon, aspire

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ExercisesExercises

3. Consider the following examples3. Consider the following examples John believes that Mary left early.John believes that Mary left early. *John believes if Mary left early.*John believes if Mary left early. *John wonders that Mary left early.*John wonders that Mary left early. John wonders if Mary left early.John wonders if Mary left early.

November 16, 2004

ExercisesExercises

4. Suggest a formal way of encoding 4. Suggest a formal way of encoding the property of the verbs the property of the verbs believe believe and and wonderwonder . . Tips: Tips:

Workout the subcategorization frameWorkout the subcategorization frame Write the subcategorization rulesWrite the subcategorization rules Assign selectional restrictionsAssign selectional restrictions

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ExercisesExercises

5. Say if the following examples are 5. Say if the following examples are ungrammatical violating the ungrammatical violating the subcategorization requirements of the subcategorization requirements of the lexical items.lexical items. This problem, I can solve.This problem, I can solve. I can solve.I can solve. I can solve this problem.I can solve this problem. He comes from London.He comes from London. He comes from.He comes from. We need someone to generate on new We need someone to generate on new

ideas.ideas.

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ExercisesExercises

6. Assign a tree structure to each of the 6. Assign a tree structure to each of the complex categories listed below.complex categories listed below. MusicalMusical EstablishmentEstablishment ModernizationModernization InterpretationsInterpretations ColonizedColonized UnhappinessUnhappiness StupidityStupidity FormalFormal FixableFixable organicorganic

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ExercisesExercises

7. Assign a tree structure to each of 7. Assign a tree structure to each of the compounds listed below.the compounds listed below. CrybabyCrybaby BankrollBankroll OverestimateOverestimate DrycleanDryclean DrycleanerDrycleaner BluebottleBluebottle

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ExercisesExercises

8. State the categorial and 8. State the categorial and subcategorization properties of each subcategorization properties of each of the suffixes listed below.of the suffixes listed below. -er-er -ize-ize -or-or -ly-ly -al-al -ness-ness -ity-ity

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ExercisesExercises

9. Find out the simple lexical items 9. Find out the simple lexical items and the complex terminal categories and the complex terminal categories from the given list.from the given list. FormalityFormality officiallyofficially TableTable TreeTree SpecifiedSpecified SingleSingle UsefulUseful exactlyexactly

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ExercisesExercises

10. Look at the tree and state the categorial and 10. Look at the tree and state the categorial and subcategorization properties of the affixes.subcategorization properties of the affixes.

N

NV

de- V -tionVA

N

nation -al

A -ize

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Sources and further readingSources and further reading

Comsky, Noam. 1965. Comsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Aspects of the Theory of Theory of SyntaxSyntax. CUP, . CUP, Cambridge. Cambridge.

Comsky, Noam. 1981. Comsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Lectures on Government Government and Bindingand Binding. Foris, . Foris, Dordrecht.Dordrecht.

Ouhalla, Jamal. 1994. Ouhalla, Jamal. 1994. Introducing Introducing Transformational Transformational grammargrammar. . Arnold, London.Arnold, London.

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU