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SSISmall Scale Integration

Up to 12 equivalent gate circuits on a single chip

Includes basic gates and flip-flops

November 2008 ais@aber.ac.uk 3

MSIMedium Scale Integration

13-99 equivalent gates on a single chipIncludes logic functions such as encoders,

decoders, counters, registers, multiplexers, arithmetic circuits, small memories and others

November 2008 ais@aber.ac.uk 4

LSILarge Scale Integration

100-9,999 equivalent gates on a single chipIncludes memories

November 2008 ais@aber.ac.uk 5

VLSIVery Large Scale Integration

10,000-99,999 equivalent gates on a single chip

Includes small processors (6802)

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ULSIUltra Large Scale Integration

100,000 or more equivalent gates on a single chip

Includes larger memories, and larger single chip microcontrollers and computers

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Microcontrollers – big businessA chip manufacturer will typically sell ten

times the number of microcontrollers to single microprocessors

Industry needs experienced people

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Commercial applicationsChrysler transmission and engine control

modulesFord digital instrument clustersCanon automatic camerasAT&T mobile cellular phonesStairMaster’s physical exercise machineRemote TV controllersTransmitters for radio controlled models

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Motorola 68HC11 MicrocontrollerDeveloped in 1985 and upwardly compatible

with 6800 type processorsContains built-in memory and interface

circuits for embedded control applicationsSeveral versions are available e.g.

MC68HC11A8, 8K ROM, 512 EEPROM, 256 RAM

MC68HC11F1, 64K Ext. Addr. Bus, 512 EEPROM

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The MC68HC11A8

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Peripheral functions include…8-channel A/D converter with 8 bits

resolutionAsynchronous Serial Communications

Interface (SCI)16-bit free-running timer systemSelf-monitoring circuitry to protect

against system errors2 software controlled power saving modes

Review

Number SystemsDecimal

Binary

Hex

Machine CodeOP codes OperandsArithmetic/Logical InstructionsBranch instructionAddressing Modes

AssemblyLanguageAssembler

Object Code

Simulators

CPU InternalsRegistersALUControl UnitBuses

I/OMemory mappedInterruptsBlock I/O

ICs and Gates etcWhat are the connections to a CPU?What are the connections to a memory chip?What is a decoder for?What is a truth table?De Morgan’s Theorem

ExamsFill out your name and student numberRead the question.Read it againLeave margins blankExplain if you have split a question

throughout the booklet.Put the number of each question answered

on the front