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April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 10Key Issue 1
Where Did Agriculture Originate?
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 2
Origins of Agriculture
The origins cannot be documented with certainty,
because it began before recorded history.
Improvements in cultivating plants and domesticating
animals evolved over thousands of years.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 3
Agriculture
The deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and
rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or
economic gain.
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Hunters and GatherersBefore the invention of
agriculture, humans obtained the food they
needed through hunting, fishing, or gathering.
They lived in small groups.Frequency and direction of movement depended on the migration of game and the seasonal growth of plants.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 6
Contemporary Hunters and Gatherers
Less than 0.005 percent of the world's population, still survive by hunting and
gathering. Contemporary hunting and
gathering societies are isolated groups, but provide insight into human customs that prevailed in prehistoric
times.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 7
Invention of Agriculture
Over thousands of years, plant cultivation
apparently evolved from a combination of accident
and deliberate
experiment.
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Prehistoric people may have originally domesticated
animals for non-economic reasons, such as sacrifices
and other religious ceremonies, or household
pets.
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Vegetative Planting
Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing
plants.The earliest form of plant
cultivation.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 10
Seed Agriculture
Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from
sexual fertilization.Practiced by most farmers
today.
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Location of Agricultural Hearths
Agriculture probably did not originate in one location,
but began in multiple, independent hearths.
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Location of First Vegetative Planting
Probably originated in Southeast Asia.
Food primarily obtained by fishing, so people may have
been more sedentary. First domesticated plants
probably included roots, and tree crops.
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Other early hearths may have emerged independently in
West Africa and northwestern South America.
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Location of First Seed Agriculture
Probably originated in western India, northern China, and
Ethiopia. Diffused quickly from India to
Southwest Asia, where important early advances were
made, including the domestication of wheat and
barley.
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Southwest Asia was first to integrate seed agriculture with domestication of herd
animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats.
This integration of plants and animals is a
fundamental element of modern agriculture.
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Diffusion of Seed Agriculture in the Eastern
HemispherePlants and animals domesticated
in Southwest Asia spread into Europe, North Africa, and India. Millet diffused from northern
China to South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Rice probably came from Southeast Asia.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 18
Diffusion of Seed Agriculture in the
Western HemisphereCorn and squash originated
around southern Mexico.Squash, beans, and cotton
probably first domesticated in northern Peru.
Herd animals were unknown until introduced by
Europeans.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 20
Classifying Agricultural Regions
The most fundamental differences in agricultural
practices are between those in LDCs and those in MDCs.
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Subsistence Agriculture
The production of food primarily for consumption
by the farmer’s family.Most predominant in LDCs.
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Commercial Agriculture
The production of food primarily for sale off the
farm.Primarily found in MDCs.
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Five Principal Features of Farming1. Purpose2. Percentage of farmers in
the labor force3. Use of machinery4. Farm size5. Relationship to other
businesses
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Purpose of Farming
1. In LDCs most people produce food for their own consumption. Surplus may be sold, but may not even exist some years.
2. On commercial farming, farmers grow crops and raise animals primarily for sale.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 26
Percentage of Farmers in the
Labor Force1.Less than 5% of the workers
are engaged directly in farming in MDCs.
2.55% or more of population are engaged in agriculture in LDCs.
3.Only 2% of labor force are farmers in the United States and Canada.
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Use of MachineryMachinery replaced manual labor on farms in MDCs and
allow a small number of farmers to feed many people.
Transportation improvements and electronic devices aid in the movement of crops and
cattle to market more efficiently.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 31
Farm SizeCommercial farms are large as a consequence of mechanization; tractors and other machinery
allow a large area to be cultivated in a small amount of
time. Subsistence farms are small due to dependence on manual labor;
a family can cultivate only a small area at a time.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 32
Prime Agricultural Land
The most productive farmland.In the U.S. and other MDCs, the
most productive farmland is being replaced by suburban
areas surrounding large urban centers.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 33
Relationship of Farming to Other
BusinessesAlthough farmers are less than 2% of the U.S. labor
force, more than 20% of U.S. labor works in food
processing, packaging, storing, distributing, and
retailing.
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 34
AgribusinessCommercial agriculture
characterized by integration of different steps in the
food-processing industry, usually through ownership
by large corporations.