1Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies: Catholic Christianity (Specification A)
Now test yourself and Activities answers
Chapter 1.1 Beliefs and teachings
Topic 1.1.1
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)
Activities 1 CatholicsshowtheirbeliefintheTrinitywhen
theyrepeattheNiceneCreedattheMass.AnotherwayisthattheMassbeginswithawelcomeinthenameoftheTrinity.AthirdwayishowthepriestblessesworshippersandperformsallthesacramentsinthenameoftheTrinity.
2 CatholicsbelievethatalthoughGodisone,GodisexperiencedasaTrinity:GodtheFather,GodtheSonandGodtheHolySpirit.AstheCatechismsays,theTrinityisaholymysterycentraltotheChristianfaith.
AnotherthingCatholicsbelieveabouttheTrinityisthatthereisoneBeing—God—existingasthreepersons—theFather,SonandHolySpirit—whoareallequalandalleternal.ThisbeliefisexplainedintheNiceneCreed.
Topic 1.1.2
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (c)4 (b)
Activities1 Onefeatureisthatthereweredebatesinthe
ChurchaboutthenatureoftheTrinity.AnotherfeatureisthatthesedebatesledtoTrinitarianheresieslikeArianism.AthirdfeatureisthattheCouncilsofNicaeaandConstantinoplesettledtheproblemwiththeNiceneCreed.
2 BeliefintheTrinityisimportantforCatholicsbecauseJesus’lastwordsinMatthew’sGospeltoldChristianstobaptiseinthenameoftheFather,andoftheSonandoftheHolySpirit.
AnotherreasonisthattheTrinityhelpsCatholicsunderstandthedifferentwaysthatGodhasshownhispresenceintheworld:GodtheFatherhelpsCatholicsunderstandGod’spowerandcreativity;GodtheSonhelpsCatholicsunderstandtheloveofGod,thesacrificeofGod,leadingtosalvationfromsinandthepromiseofeternallife;GodtheHolySpirithelpsCatholicsunderstandthepresenceofGodintheworldandthestrengththatitbringstoCatholics.
Topic 1.1.3
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 OnefeatureisthatGodcreatedeverythinginsix
days.AnotherfeatureisthatGodcreatedmaleandfemaletogether.AthirdfeatureisthatGod’screationwasgood—Godsawwhathehadmadeanditwasgood.
2 ChristianswhobelievetheBibleistheliteralwordofGod(literalists)believethatbothGenesis1and2arescientifictruth.Chapter1givestheoverallpictureandchapters2–3givedetailsofdaysix.TheybelievethatthescientificideaofBigBangandevolutioniswrong.
AnotherinterpretationisthattheCatholicChurchbelievestheBiblewriterswereinspiredbyGodbutexpressedthingsintheirownwords.SoGenesishastwoversionsofcreationtocommunicateeternaltruthsaboutGod’spurposeandhumansinfulness.CatholicsacceptthescientificviewofcreationbutbelieveGenesisrevealsthetruththatcreationcamefromGod.
Topic 1.1.4
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (b)4 (c)
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Activities1 OnethingChristiansbelievethismeansisthat
humanshavefreewill—theycanchoosebetweengoodandevil.Anotherthingisthattheyhavereasonandsocanworkthingsout.Athirdthingisthathumansarecapableofself-knowledge,knowingwhotheyareandwhytheyarehere.
2 CatholicsbelievethatstewardshipmeanstheyhaveadutytolookafterGod’screationandpassitontofuturegenerationsinabetterstatethantheyhavereceivedit.
AnothermeaningisthatCatholicsmustmakesurecreationisnotexploitedbyhumans,resultinginsuchthingsaspollution.BothPopeBenedictXVIandPopeFrancishaveissuedencyclicalswhichsaythatCatholicshaveadutytoprotecttheenvironmentandtoreducetheeffectsofclimatechange.
Topic 1.1.5
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 OneCatholicbeliefaboutthevirginbirthisthat,
astheonlySonofGod,Jesusdidnothaveanormalconception,buthedidhaveanormalbirth.AnotherbeliefisthatMarywasavirginwhenJesuswasbornandremainedavirginthroughoutherlife.AthirdCatholicbeliefisthatbeingbornofavirginwasthewayGodbecameman.
2 TheIncarnationisimportantforCatholicsbecauseinJesus,theincarnateWordofGod,humanscanseewhatGodislike.John’sGospelsaysthatinJesus,theWordbecamefleshandmadehisdwellingamongus,showingusthegloryofGod.
AnotherreasonisthattheIncarnationshowsthatGodcaredsomuchfortheworldthathecametoearthinJesustosavepeoplefromtheirsins.AsJohn’sGospelsays,inJesustheWordbecamefleshandmadehisdwellingamongus,showingusthegloryofGod.
Topic 1.1.6
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 OnefeatureistheLastSupperwhenJesus
institutedtheEucharist.AnotherfeatureisthecrucifixionwhenJesusdiedonthecrossforoursins.AthirdfeatureistheresurrectionwhenJesusrosefromthedead.
2 ThePaschalmysteryisimportantforCatholicsbecausepartofthemysteryistheLastSupper,whichisthebasisoftheMass,anessentialpartofCatholiclifeandthemostimportantformofChristianworship.
Anotherreasonisbecausethecrucifixionbroughtforgivenessfromsin,andtheresurrectionassuresChristiansthatthereislifeafterdeath.AstheCatechismteaches,thePaschalmysteryisthatbyhisdeath,Christliberatesusfromsin;byhisresurrection,heopensthewaytoanewlife.
Topic 1.1.7
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 TheCatholicChurchbelievesthatJesuscame
toearthinordertorestoretherelationshipbetweenGodandhumanitythroughthesalvationbroughtbyhisdeathonthecross.‘Salvation’comesfromtheLatin‘salve’,toheal.JesushealedabrokenrelationshipbetweenhumanityandGod.
CatholicsbelievesalvationisimportantbecausesinmakesitdifficulttohavearelationshipwithGod—sinseparatesapersonfromGodandsowithoutsalvationtherecanbenorealrelationshipwithGod.
Catholicsalsobelievethatwithoutsalvationaperson’ssinswillpreventthemfromenteringheaven.AsJohn’sGospelsays,‘ForGodsolovedtheworldthathegavehisoneandonlySon,thatwhoeverbelievesinhimshallnotperishbuthaveeternallife.’
Topic 1.1.8
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (d)4 (c)
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Activities1 TheCatholicChurchteachesthatafterdeath
theperfectlypurifiedgotoheaven.Afterdeath,evilpeoplegotohell.Catholicswhodiewithunforgivensinswillgotopurgatorytobepurified.
2 SomeEvangelicalProtestantChristiansbelievethatwhenpeopledie,theirsoulremainsinthegraveuntiltheLastDay,wheneveryonewillbejudgedbyGod.ThoseChristianswhohavebeenbornagainwillgotoheaven;everyoneelsewillgotohell.ThisisbasedonPaul’steachingsin1Corinthians15.
MostLiberalProtestantsbelievethatwhenthebodydies,thesoulleavesthebodytolivewithGodinaspiritworld.TheirbeliefintheimmortalityofthesoulisbasedontheChurch’steachingthatafterhisascension,Jesusbecameaspiritandwenttothespiritworld.
Chapter 1.2 Practices
Topic 1.2.1
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (a)
Activities 1 Catholicsbelieveinthesacramentalnatureof
realitybecausetheybelievethatGodcreatedtheuniverseandeverythinginit—asshowninGenesischapter1.ThereforethewholeofGod’screationshowshispresenceandrevealshisnature.
AnotherreasonisthatStPaultaughtthatGod’spowerandnaturecanbeseeninthethingshehasmade,meaningthatnatureisanoutwardsignofGod’sgrace.
Topic 1.2.1 (continued)
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (d)4 (a)
Activities1 Catholicsbelievethatsacramentsareoutward
signsthataninnergiftofgracehasbeengiven.TheybelievethatCatholicsneedtoparticipateinthesacramentstogainsalvation.AthirdbeliefisthatthesacramentsofinitiationareessentialtobecomeafullmemberoftheChurch.
2 ThesacramentsareimportantforCatholicsbecausetheystrengthenpeople’sfaith.TheCatechismsaysthatthesevensacramentsarethewaytheHolySpiritspreadsthegraceofChristthroughouttheChurch.
TheyarealsoimportantbecausetheybringChristiansclosertoGodthroughbeingmembersofChrist’sChurch,whichunitesthemwithChristandeachother.Lumen GentiumsaysthatthroughtakingtheconsecratedhostwebecomeonewithChristandareunitedwitheachother.Also,canonlawsaysthesacramentsofbaptism,confirmationandtheEucharistarerequiredforfullChristianinitiationintoChrist’sChurch.
Topic 1.2.2
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (d)3 (a)4 (c)
Activities1 OnefeatureistheLiturgyoftheWordwhichisthe
Biblereadings.AsecondfeatureistheLiturgyoftheEucharistwhenthebreadandwineareoffered,consecratedandsharedwiththepeople.AthirdfeatureistheConcludingRite,whichgivesthanksforwhathasbeengivenandthecongregationaregivenablessingtohelpthemintheweekahead.
2 Catholics,OrthodoxandAnglicansbelievethatliturgicalworshipallowstheworshippertothinkaboutthewordsanddevelopgreaterunderstandingandthefamiliarritualshelpthemfeelclosertoGod.Also,forCatholics,theCatechismsaysthattheEucharististhesourceandsummitoftheChristianlife.
Nonconformistsbelieveitallowsworshiptocomefrompeople’sheartsintheextemporeprayersandcongregationalsinging.Also,suchworshipcanbeadaptedtomeetpeople’sneeds.
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Topic 1.2.3
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (b)4 (b)
Activities1 Onefeatureisthevigilservicethenightbefore
thefuneral.AnotherfeatureistheRequiemMass.AthirdfeatureistheRiteofCommittalatthegrave.
2 ThefuneralriteisimportantforCatholicsbecausethenatureoftheRequiemMassallowstheretobecommunionwiththedeceased.AstheCatechismsays,‘bytheRequiemMass,thefamilyofthedeceasedlearntoliveincommunionwiththeonewhohasfallenasleepintheLord’.
AnotherreasonisthattheRiteofCommittalshowsthecommunionthatexistsbetweentheChurchonearthandtheChurchinheaven:thedeceasedpasseswiththefarewellprayersofthecommunityofbelieversintothewelcomingcompanyofthosewhoseeGodfacetoface.
Topic 1.2.4
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 Onefeatureisadoration,praisingGodforwhat
heis.Anotherfeatureisthanksgiving,thankingGodforthegoodthingsoflife.Athirdfeatureissupplication,askingforGod’shelp.
2 WorshipistremendouslyimportantforCatholicsbecauseJesussaidthatthegreatestcommandmentistoworshipGodwithallyourheartandallyoursoul,whichrequirespeopletobeabletoworshipinavarietyofways.Forexample,worshipinthehomeisneededbecausethehomeistheheartofthefamilyandworshippingasafamilybringsthefamilytogether.
Catholicsalsoneedpublicworshipbecauseworshippingwithothersinchurch,especiallyatMass,givesasenseofbelongingtoawholecommunityofbelievers.CatholicsmustattendpublicworshipbecausetheCatechismsaysitisasinknowinglytomissSundayMassandMassonholydaysofobligation.
Topic 1.2.5
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (a)4 (d)
Activities1 OneformofpopularpietyisprayingtheRosary
usingrosarybeads.AnotherformofpopularpietyisEucharisticadoration,whichiswhensomeoneadorestheblessedsacrament.AthirdformiscelebratingtheStationsoftheCross.
2 EucharisticadorationisimportantbecauseadoringtherealpresenceofChristintheconsecratedhostshelpstheworshippertomakecontactwiththepresenceofChrist.TheCatechismteachesthatadorationoftheBlessedSacramentstimulatesthefaithfultoanawarenessofthemarvellouspresenceofChristandencouragesspiritualcommunionwithhim.
AnotherreasonisthatitfollowstheexampleofthePopes,whobelievedthatEucharisticadorationhelpstocancelouttheevilsoftheworldandbringworldpeace.
Topic 1.2.6
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 PilgrimsvisittheCenacle,whichisthesiteof
theUpperRoom.TheyvisittheViaDolorosa,whichistherouteJesustooktohiscrucifixion.AthirdplacetheyvisitistheChurchoftheHolySepulchre,whichcontainsthetombwhereJesuswasburiedandrosefromthedead.
2 OnereasonpilgrimageisimportantforCatholicsisbecausepilgrimsarefollowingtheexampleofJesus.Luke’sGospelrecordsthatJesuswentonpilgrimagetoJerusalemeveryPassover.
AnotherreasonistobecomeclosertoGodassomeoftheholinessfromthegreatfiguresoreventsconnectedwithpilgrimagesiteswillruboff.
TheCatechismteachesthatpilgrimagecanstrengthenfaithandincreaseknowledgeofthemysteryofChrist.
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Topic 1.2.7
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (b)
Activities1 CAFODtriestoendworldpovertybypromoting
long-termdevelopmentsothatLEDCscanbecomeself-supporting.Anotherwayisbyhavingadisasterfundtodealwithnaturaldisastersandrefugees.AthirdwayisbyeducatingthepeopleandchurchesofEnglandandWalesabouttheneedfordevelopmentandthewaysinwhichCatholicscanhelplessdevelopedcountries.
2 CatholicssupporttheworkoftheCAFODbecausetheyhelpthepoor,thelonely,thebereavedandthedepressedandsoitisawayoflovingyourneighbourandJesussaidinMark’sGospelthatChristiansshouldlovetheirneighbour.
ItisalsoawayofrespondingtoPopeFrancis’encyclical,‘LaudatoSi’,whichsaysthattheworldmustlistento‘boththecryoftheearthandthecryofthepoor’.TheCAFODlistenstothecryofthepoorbyprovidingfurniturestoresforunwantedfurnituretouseforthehomelessandrunninghousingassociationstoprovideaffordablehousingforthepoor.
Topic 1.2.8
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (d)4 (b)
Activities1 OnefeatureisthatStPeterorganisedmissions
throughoutPalestine.AsecondfeatureisthatStPhilipconvertedanEthiopian,leadingtoChristianityspreadingintoAfrica.AthirdfeatureisthatwhenEuropeansbegantocoloniseAmericaandAfrica,ChristianmissionarieswentwiththemsothatconversiontoChristianitywenthandinhandwithbeingcolonisedbyEuropeans.
2 MissionandevangelismareimportantforCatholicsbecauseevangelisingistheGreatCommissionofJesus,givenjustbeforetheascensionwhenJesustoldhisdisciples,inMatthew’sGospel,togoandmakedisciplesofallnations,baptisingtheminthenameoftheFatherandoftheSonandoftheHolySpirit.
AnotherreasonisthatCatholicsbelievethatbeingaChristianhelpspeopletoshareGod’slove,givesstrengthtocopewithlifeandassurespeopleaplaceinheaven,thereforeitshouldbesharedwiththoseoutsidethefaith.InEvangelii Gaudium,PopeFrancisappealedforCatholicstobecome‘spirit-filledEvangelisers’.
Chapter 1.3 Sources of wisdom and authority
Topic 1.3.1
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities 1 TheOldTestamentcontainsthelawbooksofthe
Torah.ItalsocontainshistoryandprophecyintheProphetbookslikeIsaiahandJeremiah.ItalsohastheWritings,whichcontainpoetrysuchasthePsalms,wisesayingssuchasProverbsandapocalypticwritingssuchasDaniel.
2 TheBibleisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitrevealswhatGodislikeandwhathedoesforChristians.TheCatechismsaysthatGodistheauthorofSacredScriptureandsotheBibleteacheswithouterrorGod’ssavingtruth.
AnotherreasontheBibleisimportantisbecauseitrecordstheteachingofJesusintheGospels,whichshowsChristianswhattobelieve,howtoliveandhowtomakedecisions.Italsorecordsthelife,deathandresurrectionofJesus,whicharethebasisoftheCatholicfaith.
Topic 1.3.2
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (a)4 (d)
Activities1 SomeChristiansareliteralists—theybelievethat
theBibleisnotonlytheWordofGodbutalsothewordsofGod.SomeChristiansareconservativesandbelievethattheBibleistherevealedwordofGodbutnothisactualwords.SomeChristiansareliberals—theybelievethattheBibleiswordsaboutGodratherthanthewordsofGod.
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2 CatholicsregardtheBibleasasourceofguidanceandteachingbecausetheChurchteachesthattheBibleisinspiredbytheHolySpirit,whichmeansitcomesfromGodandisthereforeholyandauthoritativebecauseitgivesGod’struths.AsStPaulsaidinhislettertoTimothy,allscriptureisinspiredbyGod.
AnotherreasonisthattheBiblecontainstheteachingsofJesusonhowtolivetheChristianlife.CatholicsbelieveJesusisthesecondpersonoftheHolyTrinitysowhathetaughthasauthority,whichmeansthattheBiblethatrecordshisteachingisasourceofguidance.TheCatechismsaysthatsincetheauthorswereinspiredbyGodandwhattheywrotehasbeenaffirmedbytheHolySpirit,sothebooksoftheBibleteachthetruthandareasourceofguidance.
Topic 1.3.3
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (a)
Activities1 Theordinarymagisteriumiswhenthebishops
teachwhathasalwaysbeentaught.TheconciliarmagisteriumiswhenthePopecallsageneralcounciltodecideteachings(e.g.VaticanII).PontificalmagisteriumiswhenthePopeusespapalinfallibilitytodecideamatterofdoctrine.
2 ThemagisteriumisimportantforCatholicsbecausethereisnohigherauthorityforCatholicsthanthemagisterium.AstheCatechismsays,‘thetaskofinterpretingthewordofGodauthenticallyhasbeenentrustedsolelytothemagisterium’.
AnotherreasonisthemagisteriumgivesCatholicsanswerstoissuesthatdidnotexistinthetimeoftheApostles,forexamplesame-sexpartnerships,andsoprovidesclearguidelinesforCatholicsonwhattobelieveandhowtobehaveasCatholicsintoday’sworld.
Topic 1.3.4
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (d)3 (c)4 (a)
Activities1 OneimportantdocumentfromVaticanIIwas
Joy and Hope,whichaffirmedthedignityofallpeople.AnotherimportantdocumentwasThe Light of Humanity,whichproposedchangestothenatureoftheChurch.AthirdimportantdocumentfromVaticanIIwas‘TheSacredCouncil’,whichproposedchangestoworship.
2 VaticanIIwasimportantforCatholicsbecauseitproducedthedocument‘TheSacredCouncil’(Sacrosanctum Concilium),whichintroducedanew,simplerriteoftheMassinthevernacular,thelanguageofthelocalpeople.
Asecondreasonwasthatthedocument‘TheNatureoftheChurch’(Lumen Gentium)increasedtheroleofthelaitysothatinsteadoftheChurchbeinglikeapyramid,withthePopeatthetopdescendingtothepeopleatthebase,nowtheChurchwasmorelikeacircleaspeoplejoinedtogether,butwiththePopeandthebishopsleadingandholdingthingstogetherinunity.
Topic 1.3.5
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (c)4 (b)
Activities1 OnemeaningoftheChurchastheBodyofChristis
thatallChristianscarryonChrist’sworkonearth.AnothermeaningisthatChristiansareunitedwitheachotherandwithChristthroughbaptism.
Athirdmeaningisthatjustasthepartsofthehumanbodyareinterdependent,sointheBodyofChristallareinterdependentandnoneissuperior.
2 OnereasonisthatitiswhattheNewTestamentcallstheChurch.AsStPaulsaidinRomans12,althoughtherearemanyChristians,ChristiansareonebodyinChristandsoaremembersofoneanother.
AnotherreasonisthatcallingtheChurchtheBodyofChristshowshowChristianscanperformdifferenttasksandyetbeaunity.Therecanbedifferenttalentsandtasks(justasthebodyhasdifferentlimbsandorgans)andyettheChurchremainsaunitybecauseallareworkingtogetherastheBodyofChrist.
Topic 1.3.6
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (a)
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Activities1 ThefourmarksoftheChurcharestatedinthe
beliefintheNiceneCreedwhichsaysthattheChurchisOne.ThesecondmarkisthattheChurchisHolybecauseitbelongstoGod.ThethirdmarkisthattheChurchisCatholic,whichmeansuniversal.ThefourthmarkisthattheChurchisApostolicbecauseitwasfoundedbytheApostles.
2 TheApostolicSuccessionisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitmeansthatthePopetodayhasthesameauthoritythatChristgavetoStPeterwhenhesaidinMatthew’sGospel,‘YouarePeterandonthisrockIwillbuildmychurchandthegatesofhellwillnotovercomeit.Iwillgiveyouthekeysofthekingdomofheaven;whateveryoubindonearthwillbeboundinheaven,andwhateveryoulooseonearthwillbeloosedinheaven.’
AnotherreasonisthattheApostolicSuccessionprovesthatwhenthePopeandtheCollegeofCardinalsgivetheteachingoftheChurchinthemagisterium,theyspeakasthesuccessorsoftheApostleschosenbyJesus.ThisisimportantbecauseitmakessurethatthefaithoftheChurchtodayisthesamefaithasthatoftheApostles.
Topic 1.3.7
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (d)4 (a)
Activities1 CatholicsbelievethattheVirginMaryisamodel
offaithandcharity.Theyalsobelieveshehadanimmaculateconception.Anotherbeliefistheassumption,thatMarywastaken,bodyandsoul,intoheaven.
2 CatholicsbelieveMaryisamodelofChristiandiscipleshipbecausesheobeyedGod’splanforher:shedidnotquestionwhatwastohappentoher.AttheAnnunciation,Luke’sGospelsaysMaryrepliedtotheAngelGabriel,‘IamtheLord’sservant,mayyourwordtomebefulfilled.’
AnotherreasonisthatMaryshowedcompletedevotiontoJesus.Shewasalwaysahelpandsupporttoherson,forexampleattheweddingfeastinCanawhenshetoldthepeopletoaskJesusandto‘dowhateverhetellsyou’.Shelovedhersonandwaswithhimrighttotheend,evensharinginhissufferingsonthecross.
Topic 1.3.8
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (a)4 (d)
Activities1 OnesourceistheteachingandexampleofJesus,
asfoundinthefourGospels.Asecondsourceisthenaturallaw,whichisdeducedbyreasonfromthecreatedworld.AthirdsourceistheteachingoftheChurch.
2 NaturallawisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitisthemoralorderdesignedbyGodatthecreation.AlsotheChurchteachesthisisthenaturalorderwhichmustbefollowedbyChristians.TheCatechismsaysnaturallawexpressesthemoralsenseGodhasgivenpeopletoseebyreasonthedifferencebetweengoodandevil,truthandlie.
Chapter 1.4 Forms of expression and ways of life
Topic 1.4.1
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities 1 ACatholicchurchwillbedesignedtohavea
navewheretheworshipperssit.Itwillalsohaveaconfessionalwherethesacramentofreconciliationtakesplace.Athirdfeaturewillbeasanctuarycontainingthealtarandtabernacle.
2 TheLadyChapelreflectsthebeliefthattheVirginMaryisabletoprayforthesoulsofChristiansonearth,soshecanmaketheprayersofCatholicsmoreeffective.AstheCatechismsays,MaryisthemotherofGodandthemotheroftheChurch.
Alsothebaptismalfont attheentranceofthechurchreflectsthebeliefthatbaptismmarkstheentryofapersonintomembershipoftheChurchasitisthefirstofthesacramentsofinitiation.TheCatechismteachesthatbaptismisnecessaryforsalvationandwithoutbaptismonecannotenterheaven.
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Topic 1.4.2
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 Onefeatureisthelectern,wheretheBible
readingstakeplace.AnotherfeatureistheLadyChapeldedicatedtotheVirginMary.Anotherfeatureisthealtar,whichisthecentreoftheMass.
2 Onefeatureisthealtar,whichexpressestheimportanceofredemptionbecauseitisanaltarofsacrifice.IntheMass,thesacrificeofChristonthecrossisbroughtintothepresent,rightamongthepeople,sothatChrist’sredemptionstillaffectspeopletoday.AstheCatechismsays,‘ThesacrificeofChristofferedonceforallonthecrossremainseverpresent.’
Anotherfeatureisthetabernacle,acontainerforconsecratedhosts(waferstransformedintheMass),whichremindsCatholicsoftheredemptionbroughtbyChrist’ssacrifice.AsChristsaidattheLastSupper,‘Thisismybodybrokenforyou.’TheCatechismsaysthetabernacleshouldbeinamostworthyplaceandtreatedwiththegreatesthonour.
Topic 1.4.3
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 Onesacredvesselisthestoup,whichisa
containeronthewalltoholdholywater. Anothersacredvesselistheciborium,theplate
thatholdsthepeople’shosts.Athirdsacredvesselisthechalice,whichholdsthewineconsecratedatMass.
2 TheholywaterstoupattheentrancetothechurchisasacredvesselbecauseitcontainswaterblessedinthenameoftheTrinitytobeusedonenteringthechurch.ItexpressesCatholicbeliefsaboutbaptismsuchasthewashingcleanfromsinthroughthecrossofChrist.Itisalsoareminderofthepromiseofeternallifepromisedinbaptism.AstheCatechismsays,‘AllthesignsintheliturgicalcelebrationsarerelatedtoChrist.’
Anothersacredobjectisthetabernacleinwhicharekepttheconsecratedhosts(oftencalledtheblessedsacrament).CatholicsgenuflecttothetabernaclebecauseitreflectstheirbeliefthatthewafersusedintheMassaretransubstantiatedintothebodyofChristintheprayersofconsecrationsaidbythepriest.
Topic 1.4.4
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (c)4 (b)
Activities1 Onepurposeistogivegreaterinsightintothe
truthsoftheCatholicfaith.AsecondpurposeistohelptheobserverunderstandmoreaboutGod.AthirdpurposeistodrawtheobserverintodeeperworshipofGod.
2 TheiconofChristatStCatherine’sMonastery,SinaiportraysCatholicbeliefsinthedifferentfacialexpressionsoneithersideofthefacewhichshowCatholicbeliefinChrist’stwonatures(humananddivine).
ThepositionofthefingersontherighthandportraysCatholicbeliefintheTrinityandChrist’sdeathonthecross.
TheholybookportraysCatholicbeliefthatChrististheWordofGodandthattheBiblecomesfromGod.
Topic 1.4.5
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)
Activities1 MostCatholicchurcheswillhaveastatueofthe
VirginMary.TheywillalsohaveastatueoftheSacredHeartofJesus.AnotherstatueyouarelikelytofindisoneofStPeter,thefirstPope.
2 StatuesofStPetershowhimholdinguphishandinblessingwhiletheotherhandclutchesthekeysofthekingdomofheaven,expressingthebeliefthatStPeterwastherockonwhichChristbuilthischurchandwasgiventheauthoritytoforgivesins(thekeysofthekingdom).StMatthew’sGospelrecordsJesuschoosingStPetertobethe
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foundationoftheChurchandgivinghimthekeysofthekingdom.
StatuesoftheSacredHeartofJesusshowvisionsbyStMargaretMaryAlacoque.TheyshowtheheartofJesusexposed,surroundedbythecrownofthornswithafireburningwithinit.ThethornsexpresstheCatholicbeliefinthePassionofChristandthefireexpressesbeliefinChrist’seternallove.
Topic 1.4.6
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (d)4 (c)
Activities1 Thecrossisasymbolofdivineloveand
forgiveness.ThecrucifixisarepresentationofJesusonthecross,whichsymbolisesthePassionofChrist.AnothersymbolistheChi-Rho,madefromthefirsttwolettersof‘Christ’inGreekwithacirclethroughittosymbolisethatChristhasrisenfromthedead.
2 TheAlphaandtheOmegalettersoftheGreekalphabetareasymbolofJesus.ThesearethefirstandthelastlettersoftheGreekalphabetandareimportantforCatholicsbecausetheysymbolisetheeternalnatureofChrist.AsJesussaidinRevelation,‘ItisI,thefirstandthelast.Iamaliveforeverandever.’
AnotherreasontheyareimportantisbecausetheycanbefoundonchurchvestmentsandarealwaysonthePaschal,orEastercandle.
Topic 1.4.7
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (c)
Activities1 OnewaymysteryplaysexpressCatholicbeliefs
isbyusingthelanguageofthepeople,notLatin.Anotherwayisbyputtingreal-lifesituationsintotheplotssothatpeoplecanempathise.Athirdwayisbyputtingcomplexanddifficultbeliefsintosimple,straightforwardlanguage.
2 TheMassisadramawhenthepriest(s)re-enactsChrist’ssacrificeandtheLastSupperintheEucharisticprayertoexpressCatholicbeliefsabouttransubstantiationandatonementthroughthedramaoftheMass.
TheCatechismteachesthatGodhasgraduallyrevealedhimselftotheworldjustlikeadramawhichunfoldsthroughoutthewholehistoryofsalvation.
AnotherwayinwhichdramaexpressesCatholicbeliefsisattheEastervigilonHolySaturdaywhenthePaschalcandleislitfromthenewfireofEaster,expressingCatholicbeliefintheresurrectionasthelightoftheresurrectedChristisbroughtintothedarkenedchurch.
Topic 1.4.8
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (a)4 (b)
Activities1 Hymnsaresongsofpraiseandhavebeensung
forthousandsofyears.Anothertypeofmusicisplainchant,whichisunaccompaniedsingingdevelopedfromJewishsynagogueworship.Athirdtypeofmusicisworshipsongs,whichareshorthymnswithonlyoneortwoverses.TheyputaBibleverseorsimpleChristianmessagetocontemporarymusicusingguitarand/orkeyboards.
2 HymnsusewordsandmusictoexpressbeliefsandemotionstoGod,forexample‘HailHolyQueen’expressesCatholicbeliefsabouttheVirginMaryand‘OneBreadOneBody’expressesCatholicbeliefsabouttheEucharist.AstheCatechismsays,theearlyChristianscomposedhymnsandcanticlestopraiseGodforhisworkintheIncarnation,thePassion,resurrectionandascensionofhisSon.
AnotherwayisthroughthemusicofthePsalms,whicharesacredsongsorhymnscontainedinthebiblicalBookofPsalms.Theycontainpraise,thanksgivingandlamentandsotheyexpresshumanemotionsaboutlife,Godandreligion,whichmakesthemstillrelevantforworshiptoday.
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Chapter 2.1b Beliefs and teachings
Topic 2.1b.1
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (a)3 (d)4 (a)
Activities 1 JewsbelievethattheAlmightyisone,thereis
onlyoneGod.TheyalsobelievethattheAlmightyistheCreator:thefirstwordsoftheTorahareabouttheAlmightycreating.AthirdbeliefisthattheAlmightyisthelaw-giver:hegavetheJewishpeopletheTorah.
2 BelievingthatGodisthelaw-giverisimportantinJudaismtodaybecauseGod’slaws(theMitzvot)formthehalakhah,whichisthebasisofhowJewslivetheirlivestoday.HavingthelawsgivenbyGodmeansthatJewsknowexactlyhowtheyshouldlive.AsIsaiahsays,‘Godisourlawgiver.’
AnotherreasonitisimportantthattheAlmightyisalaw-giveristhatitshowsthattheAlmightycaresabouthiscreationandcaresabouthumans.HegavetheTorahashispartofthecovenant,sotheAlmightyasalaw-giverisasignthattheJewishpeopleareGod’speople.
Topic 2.1b.2
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)
Activities1 SomemodernJewsbasethemselvesonthe
teachingsofMaimonides,whodescribedtheshekhinahasalightcreatedtobealinkbetweenGodandtheworld.OthersregardtheshekhinahasanexpressionforthevariouswaysinwhichGodisrelatedtotheworld.OthersunderstanditassimplymeaningGod.SuchJewsfeelthatshekhinahandGodareinterchangeablewords.
2 ShekhinahisimportantforJewstodaybecausetheideaofshekhinahshowsthathowevercloseJewsmayfeeltoGod,God’spresenceissoholyandawesomethattheymustalwayshaveadeepsenseofrespectforGod.ThissenseofrespectisshownbyJewsonlyreferringtoGod’snamesinworship.
TheTenakhdescribingtheshekhinahasbeingattheTemple,MountZionandJerusalemiswhatmakesthoseplacessospecialformanyJews.AsIsaiahsaid,‘IsawtheLordseatedonathrone,highandexalted,andthetrainofhisrobefilledtheTemple.’
Topic 2.1b.3
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (b)4 (d)
Activities1 JewsbelievethattheMessiahwillbea
descendantofKingDavid.TheyalsobelievetheMessiahwillbeahuman,notadivinebeing.AnotherbeliefisthattheMessiahwillbeamanofgreatpietywhoisclosetoGod.
2 BeliefsabouttheMessiahareimportantforJewstodaybecausebeliefintheMessiahisoneoftheThirteenPrinciplesoftheFaith.ItisPrinciple12whichsays,‘IbelievewithperfectfaithinthecomingoftheMessiah.’AllJewsshouldbelievetheThirteenPrinciplessobeliefintheMessiahmustbeimportant.
AlsoJewsprayforthecomingoftheMessiah,thereturnoftheexiles,rewardtotherighteous,therebuildingofJerusalemandtherestorationoftheTempleservicethreetimesaday.ManythinkthattheMessiahidealofpeaceandjusticeforthepooristhereasonwhysomanyleft-wingthinkerswereJewish.
Topic 2.1b.4
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (a)3 (b)4 (c)
Activities1 Onecommandmentis‘Youshallhavenoother
godsbeforeme’.Anothercommandmentis‘Donotmakeforyourselfanidol’.Andathirdis‘RemembertheSabbathdaytokeepitholy’.
2 MosesisimportantforJewishpeoplebecausehereceivedthecovenantonMountSinaiwhenGodpromisedtobetheGodoftheJewishpeopleiftheyagreedtokeephislawsexpressedinthe613Mitzvot.DeuteronomyrecordsMosesentering
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intoacovenantwithGodmakingGodtheGodofIsraelandtheIsraelitesGod’speople.
AnotherreasonisbecauseMosesledtheJewishpeopleoutofslaveryinEgyptintothePromisedLand.WithoutMosestheJewishpeoplewouldhavediedoutandtherewouldbenoJudaism.
Topic 2.1b.5
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 TheAbrahamicCovenantsaidthatthe
descendantsofAbrahamwouldbecomeagreatnation.ItalsosaidtheJewishpeoplewouldoccupythePromisedLand,anditsaidthatallJewishmalesshouldbecircumcised.
2 JewishmalebabiesarecircumcisedbecauseGodmadeacovenantwithAbrahaminwhichhepromisedtomakeagreatnationfromAbraham’ssonandtogivethelandofCanaantoAbraham’sdescendantsas‘aneverlastingpossession’,butonlyifAbrahamandeverymaledescendantwascircumcised.AsGenesissays,‘Youaretoundergocircumcision,anditwillbethesignofthecovenantbetweenmeandyou.’
AsecondreasonisthatthecovenantledtotheimportanceofthelandofIsraeltoJewishpeople.ThestateofIsraelwasestablishedin1947asaplaceofsecurityforallJews.JewishpeoplelivinganywhereintheworldhavetherighttoliveinIsraelandbecomeacitizen.
Topic 2.1b.6
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (c)
Activities1 Oneexamplewouldbedrivingsomeonewhowas
veryilltohospitalonShabbat.AnotherwouldbeallowingabloodtransfusioneventhoughJewsshouldnottakeblood.AthirdwouldbeextinguishingafireonShabbat.
2 JewsbelieveinthesanctityoflifebecauseJudaismteachesthatlifeissacredsincelifeisagiftfromGod.AnotherreasonisbecauselifewascreatedbyGodandsoonlyGodhastherighttoendlife.AsGodsaysinDeuteronomy,‘ThereisnoGodbutme.IputtodeathandIbringtolife.’
Topic 2.1b.7
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)
Activities1 OrthodoxJewsbelievetheMitzvotareGod’s
directwordstoMosesandtheycoverthewholeoflife.FortheOrthodoxthereisarightandawrongwayofdoingeverything.TheMitzvotcoverthewholeoflifeandtheyarealsothewaytoeternallifeastheywillbethebasisofthefinaljudgement.AsDeuteronomysaysaboutwhentheyweregiven,choosingtoobeytheMitzvotisalifeanddeathdecision.
TheMitzvotarenotasimportantforReform/LiberalJewsbecausetheMitzvotcametoMosesdirectlyfromGod.TheybelievetheTorahwaswrittenbymeninspiredbyGodratherthanbyGodhimselfandsotheybelievethatobservingtheMitzvotisamatterofpersonalchoice.Forexample,someLiberalJewskeepkashrut,somejusteatkosherfood,othersignorethefoodlawsaltogether.
Topic 2.1b.8
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (d)3 (b)4 (c)
Activities1 SomeJewsbelievetheresurrectionwill
followtheMessianicAge.OthersbelievetheresurrectionwilloccurduringtheMessianicAge.Somebelievetherewillbenoresurrectionandtheybelieveintheimmortalityofthesoul.
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2 BeliefinlifeafterdeathisimportantforsomeJewstodaybecauseitistheteachingoftheTorahwhichOrthodoxJewsbelieveisadirectcommunicationfromGodwhichmustbebelieved.WhenGenesissaysthatAbrahambreathedhislastandhewasgatheredtohispeople,itmeansthatAbrahamlivedonafterdeath.
LifeafterdeathisalsotheteachingoftheotherbooksoftheTenakh,suchasDaniel,whichsays,‘Multitudeswhosleepinthedustoftheearthwillawake,sometoeverlastinglife’andtheMishnehTorahsaysthat‘thepiousofallthenationsoftheworldhaveaportionintheworld-to-come’.
Chapter 2.2b Jewish practices
Topic 2.2b.1
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (a)
Activities 1 OnepurposeofworshipistogiveaJewishperson
asenseofbelongingtoawholecommunityofJewishbelievers.Anotherpurposeistogiveorderandpurposetopeople’sreligiouslife.Athirdpurposeisthatthereismoremeritinprayingwithagroupthanthereisinprayingalone.
2 Liberal/ReformJewsoftendonotweartefillinandtallitforworshipwhereasOrthodoxJewsdo.ThisisbecausetheLiberal/ReformJewsbelievetheTorahwaswrittenbypeopleinspiredbyGodratherthanbeingthedirectwordofGodwhereasOrthodoxJewsbelievetheTorahwasgiventoMosesdirectlyfromGod.
AnotherreasonisOrthodoxsynagogueskeepmenandwomenseparatebecausetheProphetZechariahsaidthatmenandwomenshouldbeseparatedforperiodsofmourningandtheTalmudrecommendsmenandwomenbeingseparatedforworship.Liberal/Reformsynagogues,meanwhile,allowmixedseatingbecausetheybelievemenandwomenareequal.
Topic 2.2b.2
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4 (a)
Activities1 Onenon-kosherfoodisfishwithoutfinsand
scales.Anothernon-kosherfoodisanimalswithsplithoovesthatdonotchewthecud.Athirdnon-kosherfoodismeatwherethebloodhasnotbeendrainedout.
2 Onereasonisbecauseitexplainsthemeaningofthe613MitzvotandDeuteronomysaysthatkeepingtheMitzvotiswhatJewishpeoplemustdotobepartoftheMosaicCovenant.
Anotherreasonisthatitisthebasisofthehalakhahfollowing,whichisthewayOrthodoxJewsliveagoodlife.Asafirst-centuryrabbisaid,‘Anyonewhosegooddeedsaremorethanhiswisdom,hiswisdomwillendure.Anyonewhosewisdomismorethanhisgooddeeds,hiswisdomwillnotendure.’
Topic 2.2b.3
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (a)4 (b)
Activities1 OnepurposeofprayerisforJewishpeopleto
builduptheirrelationshipwithGod.AnotherpurposeisforthemtoserveGodwithalltheirheart.AthirdpurposeistotaketheopportunitytospeakdirectlytoGodknowingthatGodwilllistenandrespondtoprayers.
2 Itisimportanttohavedifferentformsbecausesayingprayersinasetformwhichhavebeenusedinthisformforcenturiesandatsettimesgivesorderandpurposetopeople’sreligiouslife.AsthePsalmistsaidinPsalm55,Jewsshouldpraymorning,noonandevening.However,sayingprayersinyourownwordswheneveryouwanttoisimportantbecausepeoplecanhavearelationshipwithGodonlyiftheycancontactGodwhentheywantandexpresstheirthoughtsandfeelingsratherthanotherpeople’s.ThePsalmssaythatpeopleshouldcasttheircaresontheLordandhewillsustainthem.
Topic 2.2b.4
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (b)4 (a)
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Activities1 TheAmidahcontains19blessings.Itshouldbe
saidstanding.ItshouldbesaidfacingJerusalem.2 TheShemaisimportantbecauseitisaprayer
whichdeclaresthemainpointsoftheJewishfaiththatthereisonlyoneGod.AsDeuteronomychapter6says,‘HearOIsrael,theLordourGod,theLordisOne.’TheShemaalsosaysthatthereisonlyoneGodandthatpeopleshouldloveGodandfollowhiscommands.ThisbeliefthatthereisonlyoneGodwhodemandsmoralobedienceisoftencalled‘ethicalmonotheism’andisthebasisofJudaism.
Topic 2.2b.5 (part 1)
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (d)3 (c)4 (a)
Activities1 TheBritMilahisimportantbecauseitbrings
babyboysintothecommunityofJudaism.TheTorahrecordsthatGodsaidtoAbraham,‘Thisismycovenantwithyouandyourdescendantsafteryou,thecovenantyouaretokeep.Everymaleamongyoushallbecircumcised.’
AnotherreasonisthattheceremonymarkstheentryofJewishmalesintothecovenantofAbraham.AnymalewishingtoconverttoJudaismmustbecircumcised.
Topic 2.2b.5 (part 2)
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (d)4 (b)
Activities1 Onefeatureisthatthemarriageceremonytakes
placeunderacanopycalledahuppah.Anotherfeatureisthatthecouplemustsigntheketubahormarriagecontract.Athirdfeatureisrecitingsevenblessingsoveraglassofwine.
2 Jewishdeathandfuneralritualsareimportantbecausethedeathofafamilymemberisatimeofgreatgriefbuttheritualsofthefaithprovide thecomfortoftheJewishcommunity,whichhelps
peopletocopewiththisterribletimeastheyfollowtheexampleofJacob.TheTorahrecordsthatwhenJacobheardthathisfavouriteson,Joseph,wasdead,‘ThenJacobtorehisclothes,putonsackclothandmournedforhissonmanydays.’
AnotherreasonisthattheritualsofthefaithremindpeopleoftheJewishbeliefthatdeathisnottheendandthereisstillahopeforthefuture.
Topic 2.2b.6
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (d)4 (b)
Activities1 OrthodoxJewscannotgotoworkonShabbat.
Theyalsocannotswitchonelectricity.Athirdthingisthattheycannotdriveacar.
2 ShabbatisimportantforJewishpeoplebecauserestingonShabbatisamitzvahwhichallOrthodoxJewsmustkeep.Thefourthcommandmentsays,‘RemembertheSabbathdaybykeepingitholy.Sixdaysyoushalllabouranddoallyourwork,buttheseventhdayisaSabbathtotheLordyourGod.’
AnotherreasonisthatShabbatisGod’sgifttotheJewishpeoplewhichbindsthemtogetherascommunity—onlyJewscelebrateShabbat.
Topic 2.2b.7 (part 1)
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (d)4 (b)
Activities1 OnefeatureofSukkotisthatfamiliesbuilda
temporaryhome.Asecondfeatureisthattheyliveinthetemporaryhomeforthesevendaysofthefestival.Athirdfeatureismeetinginthesynagogueeachdaywithanetrogandlulav.
2 YomKippurisimportantforJewishpeoplebecauseitisafestivalforwhichthereareMitzvot.Indeed,itisonewhichallJewsshouldobservebecauseastheTorahsaysinLeviticus,thosewhodonotfastonYomKippurmustbecutofffromthepeople.
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AnotherreasonisbecauseYomKippurreleasespeoplefromtheirguiltaboutthesinsofthepastandencouragestheself-disciplineneededtokeeptheresolutionsmadeatRoshHashanah.
Topic 2.2b.7 (part 2)
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (b)4 (a)
Activities1 Onefeatureisthattherearespecialfoodsonthe
sederplate.Asecondfeatureisthattheyoungestfamilymemberasksaseriesofquestionswhichareansweredbythefather.
AthirdfeatureisthatthefamilysingsongsabouttheExodusandattheendoftheroastlambmealtheyeattheafikomen.
2 ShavuotisimportantbecauseitcelebratesthegiftoftheTorahtotheJewishpeople.The613MitzvotcontainedinthefivebooksofMoseswhichmakeuptheToraharethemostimportantthinginJewishhistoryandarethebasisoftheJewishfaith.
AnotherreasonisthatwhereasPesachgavetheIsraelitesphysicalfreedom,ShavuotcelebratesthespiritualfreedombroughtbytheMitzvot.SoShavuotisimportantbecauseitcompletesPesach.
Topic 2.2b.8
Now test yourself1 (d)2 (c)3 (a)4 (b)
Activities1 OneobjectistheArkHakodesh,containingthe
SeferTorah.AnotherobjectistheeverlastinglightoftheNerTamid.Athirdfeatureisthemenorah,remindingworshippersoftheJerusalemTemple.
2 TheOrthodoxandLiberal/Reformusethesynagoguedifferently.Forexample,theOrthodoxdonotallowmusiconShabbatbecausetheyconsiderplayinganinstrumenttobework,whichisbannedbythefourthoftheTenCommandmentsinExoduschapter20.
AnotherreasonisthatLiberal/ReformbelieveincompleteequalityofthesexeswhereastheOrthodoxfollowtheMitzvotwhichgivedifferentrightsinworshiptomen.Asaresult,Orthodoxsynagoguesseparatemenandwomen,buttheLiberal/Reformhavemenandwomensittingtogether.
Chapter 3.1 Arguments for the existence of God
Topic 3.1.1
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (d)3 (b)4 (c)
Activities 1 OnecharacteristicofGodshownbytherevelation
ofJesusisthatGodislove.AnothercharacteristicisthatGodisonewhobringshealing.AthirdcharacteristicisthatGodismercifulasheoffersforgivenessthroughJesus.
2 OnereasonisbecausealltherevelationsfoundintheOldTestamentaresummedupandmadeevenclearerinthelifeofJesus.AstheLettertotheHebrewssays,Godspokeinthepastthroughtheprophets,Godhasnowspokenfinallythroughhisson.
AnotherreasonisthatintheIncarnation,GodmadeacompleterevelationofhimselfbecausethesonistheexactrepresentationofGod’sbeingsonothingmorecanberevealed.TheChurchteachesintheCatechismthatthismeanstherecanbenofurtherrevelationofGodafterJesusasGod’smessagetohumanityreacheditshighestpointinhim.
Topic 3.1.2
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (d)4 (b)
Activities1 OneimportantvisionwaswhenGodtold
Abrahamhewouldhaveason.AnotherwaswhenStJoanofArchadavisionoftheArchangelMichaeltellinghertodrivetheEnglishoutofFrance.
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AthirdvisionwaswhenthediscipleshadavisionofMosesandElijahattheTransfiguration.
2 CatholicsbelievevisionsareimportantbecausetheyareoneofGod’swaysofcommunicatingwithhumans.Forexample,StMatthew’sGospelrecordstheTransfigurationwhenthedisciplesthenhadavisionofMosesandElijahtalkingwithJesusandavoicefromthecloudtoldthemthatJesuswashissonandthattheymustlistentoJesus.
AnotherreasonisthatvisionscanleadpeopletobelieveinGodbecauseifthepersonhavingthevisionisknowntobehonest,thenthevisioncouldonlycomefromGodandifthevisioncomesfromGod,thenGodmustexist.
Topic 3.1.3
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (c)4 (d)
Activities1 OnemiracleisJesushealingaroyalofficial’sson.
AnotherbiblicalmiracleistheraisingofLazarus.AthirdbiblicalmiracleiswhenJesusfed5,000peoplewithfiveloavesandtwofishes.
2 CatholicsbelievethatmiraclesshowGod’sloveforpeople.Forexample,John’sGospelrecordsthatJesusraisedLazarusfromthedeadoutofloveforLazarusandhisfamily.
AnotherbeliefshownbymiraclesisthatGodisomnipotent,hehasthepowertodoanything.ThiswasshownintheaccountinExodusofMosesleadingtheIsraelitesoutofslaveryinEgypt.TheywerebeingchasedbytheEgyptianarmyandwhentheycametotheRedSeaGodopenedit,sotheycrossedondrylandbuttheseacamebackovertheEgyptians.
Topic 3.1.4
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (d)3 (a)4 (b)
Activities1 Areligiousexperiencewhichcontradicted
Christianbelief(forexample,someonehavingavisioninwhichGodtoldthemnottogotoMass)wouldnotbeapprovedbytheChurchbecauseitcouldnotpossiblyhavecomefromGod.
AlsotheCatholicChurchteachesintheCatechismthatreligiousexperiencescanbegenuineonlyiftheyconformwithChurchdoctrinesanddonotclaimtosupersedetherevelationofChrist.
Topic 3.1.5
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (a)4 (d)
Activities1 Onefeatureisthattheuniverseisafarmore
complexmechanismthanawatch.Asecondfeatureisthatifawatchneedsadesigner,theuniversemustdefinitelyneedadesigner.AthirdfeatureisthattheonlypossibledesignerofsomethingascomplexastheuniversewouldbeGod.
2 ThedesignargumentisimportantforCatholicsbecauseitshowsthatGod’sexistencecanbedemonstratedbylookingathiscreation.AsStPaulsaidinRomans,althoughGod’seternalpoweranddivinenatureareinvisible,theycanbeunderstoodandseenthroughthethingshehasmade.
Anotherreasonisthatthedesignargumentshowsthattheuniverseworksonfixed,logicalprinciplesdesignedbyGodwhichhaveenabledhumanstomakescientificdiscoveries.AstheCatechismsays,theexistenceofGodtheCreatorcanbeknownwithcertaintythroughhiscreation.
Topic 3.1.6
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (a)3 (b)4 (d)
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Activities1 Onefeatureisthatbecauseeverythingisin
motion,theuniversemusthavebeensetoffbyaPrimeMover–God.Asecondfeatureisthateverythingiscontingentwhichmeanstheremustbeanon-contingentbeing(God)otherwisenothingwouldbehere.AthirdfeatureisthattheuniversemusthaveacauseandthatcouldonlybeGod.
2 OnereasonthecosmologicalargumentisimportantisbecauseitshowsthatGodisnotanotherthingwithintheuniverse.Godisthesourceofallbeingandsohasnobeginningorend.Godisinfiniteandeternal.AstheCatechismsays,Godisinfinitelygreaterthanhiscreation:‘Youhavesetyourgloryabovetheheavens.’
AnotherreasonisbecausetheargumentshowsthatGodistheoriginofeverything:heistheUnmovedMover,theFirstCause,theNon-contingentBeing,andsoisbeyondhumancomprehension.AstheCatechismsays,God’sgreatnessisunsearchable.
Topic 3.1.7
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (a)3 (b)4 (c)
Activities1 IfGodisomnipotent,hemustbeabletogetridof
evilandsuffering.IfGodisomni-benevolent,hemustwanttogetridofevilandsuffering.IfGodisomniscient,hemusthaveknownthattheworldashemadeitwouldcontainevilandsuffering.
2 CatholicsbelievethatGodisomnipotent(all-powerful).Catechism268saysthatGodruleseverythingandcandoeverything.ButifGodisall-powerful,hemustbeabletoremoveevilandsufferingfromtheworld.
AnotherreasonisthatCatholicsbelieveGodisomni-benevolent;astheCatechismsays,‘God’sverybeingislove.’However,ifGodisall-lovinghemustwanttogetridoftheevilandsufferingintheworldandifheisomnipotenthemustbeabletogetridofit,sothereshouldbenoevilandsufferingintheworld.
Topic 3.1.8
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (d)3 (d)4 (b)
Activities1 Onewayisbyusingthebiblicalresponsessuch
asthoseinthebooksofJobandPsalms. Anotherwayistheoretical,suchasthevaleof
soulmakingidea. Athirdwayispractical,suchasworkingina
hospitaltorelievesuffering.2 TheBookofJobexplainshowGodallowedSatan
topunishsinlessJobtoprovetoSatanthatJoblovedGod.JobprotestedtoGod,butwhenhecamefacetofacewithGod,herealisedthatGodissogreatthathumanshavenorighttochallengehim.Nevertheless,Godhasareasonforsuffering,itisjusttoocomplexforhumanstounderstand.
TheBookofPsalmsexplainsthatsufferingissimplyapartoflife,butsoisjoy,andthetwogosidebyside.However,PsalmsalsoclaimsthatsufferingcanbringbelieverstoadeeperunderstandingofGod.
Chapter 3.2 Religious teachings on relationships and families in the twenty-first century
Topic 3.2.1
Now test yourself1 (b)2 (c)3 (a)4 (d)
Activities 1 Christiansbelievethatmarriagewascreatedby
Godatthebeginningoftheworldsothatacouplecanhavealifelongrelationshipoflove.Theyalsobelievethatmarriageisforprocreation.AthirdbeliefisthatmarriageenableschildrentobebroughtupinaChristianfamilyandbecomemembersofChrist’sChurch.
2 Catholicsgetmarriedbecausemarriageisoneofthesevensacramentsandassuchitisasignofgrace,institutedbyChristhimself,and,throughtheChurch,impartingGod’sgraceandstrength.Catholicsbelievetheyshouldtakepartinthesacramentsifatallpossibleandsotheyfeeltheyshouldmarry.
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AnotherreasonCatholicsgetmarriedisbecauseJesussaidthatmarriagewascreatedbyGodatthebeginningoftheworldasthewayofestablishingandpreservingsociety.TheCatechismteachesthatmarriageistheonlyplacewhereCatholicsshouldhavesexandthatmarriageistheonlyacceptablewayforCatholicstohavechildrenandraiseaChristianfamily.
Topic 3.2.2
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (a)4 (d)
Activities1 CatholicsbelievesexisagiftfromGod.Theyalso
believethatpre-maritalsexiswrong.AthirdCatholicbeliefisthatadulteryiswrongbecauseitbreakstheweddingvows.
2 TheCatholicChurchteachesthatanyformofsexualrelationshipoutsideofmarriageiswrongbecausetheBiblesaysthatfornication(awordusedinreligionforbothpre-maritalsexandpromiscuity)issinfulandCatholicsshouldfollowtheteachingsoftheBible.
AnotherreasonisthattheCatechismoftheCatholicChurchteachesthatpre-maritalsexiswrongbecauseGodintendedsextoberestrictedtomarriage.TheCatechismsays,‘Thesexualactmustalwaystakeplaceexclusivelywithinmarriage...Humanlovedoesnottolerate“trialmarriages”.’
Topic 3.2.3
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)
Activities1 FamilyisimportantforCatholicsbecauseone
ofthemainpurposesofChristianmarriageistohavechildrenandbringthemupinasecureandlovingChristianenvironment.AnotherreasonisthattheCatechismteachesthatthefamilywascreatedbyGodasthebasicunitofsociety.
Athirdreasonisthatthefamilyistheplacewherechildrenlearnthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongsothatwithoutthefamilytherewouldbemuchmoreevilintheworld.
2 ThefamilyisimportanttoCatholicsbecauseoneofthemainpurposesofChristianmarriageistohavechildrenandraiseaCatholicChristianfamily.TheCatechismteachesthatmaritalsexshouldbebothunitiveandprocreativebecausethisisthe‘twofoldendofmarriage’.
ThefamilyisalsoimportantforCatholicsbecauseitistheplacewherechildrenareintroducedtothefaithandsoisvitalinorderfortheChurchtocontinueandgrow.Also,StPaulsaidthatparentsshouldbringuptheirchildreninthewayoftheLord.
Topic 3.2.4
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (c)3 (a)4 (b)
Activities1 MostCatholicorChurchofEnglandparisheshave
alocalchurchprimaryandsecondaryschoolconnectedtothem.Alsolocalparisheshelpfamiliesisthroughprovidingritesofpassage.Athirdwayisthroughfamilygroups,whichareparishfriendshipgroupswhichbringtogetherpeopleinthelocalparish.
2 Parishestrytohelpfamiliesbecausetheyhaveadutytohelpchildrenbaptisedordedicatedinthechurch.Jesussaid,‘Letthechildrencometome,anddonothinderthem,forthekingdomofGodbelongstosuchasthese.’
AsecondreasonisthattheCatechismandthemarriageserviceteachthatoneofthemainpurposesofChristianmarriageistohavechildrenandbringthemuptoloveGodandfollowJesus,soitistheresponsibilityoftheparishtoassistfamiliesinthattask.
Topic 3.2.5
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (b)3 (b)4 (c)
Activities1 CatholicChristiansareagainstusingartificial
methodsofcontraceptionastheybelievetheyaregoingagainstGod’sintentions.PopePaulVIcondemnedallformsofartificialmethodsofcontraceptioninhisencyclicalHumanae Vitae.
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Adifferentattitudeisthatnon-CatholicChristiansseenothingwronginChristiansinartificialmethodsofcontraceptionbecausetheyarenotmentionedintheBibleandauthoritiessuchastheleadersoftheBaptistChurchhavesaidthatcontraceptionisagiftfromGodviamedicalscience.
Topic 3.2.6
Now test yourself1 (c)2 (c)3 (c)4 (b)
Activities1 RemarriageisaproblembecauseCatholics
believethataChristianmarriagecannotbeendedexceptbythedeathofoneofthespouses.ThecouplehavemadeacovenantwithGodinthesacramentofmarriagewhichcannotbebrokenbyanyearthlypower.TheCatechismsaysthatamarriageconcludedandconsummatedbetweenbaptisedpersonscanneverbedissolved.
AnotherreasonisbecauseCatholicsbelievethatJesuscondemneddivorceandremarriagewhenhesaidinMark’sGospelthatifsomeonedivorcesandthenremarries,theyarecommittingadultery.
Topic 3.2.7
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (b)3 (c)4 (b)
Activities1 TheCatholicChurchteachesthatmenand
womenhaveequalstatusbutwomenhaveaspecialroleasmothersandcarers.
LiberalProtestantsteachthatmenandwomenhavecompletelyequalstatusandroles.
EvangelicalProtestantsteachthatmenhavetheroleofprovidingforthefamilyandwomenshouldlookafterthefamilyandrunaChristianhome.
2 LiberalProtestantsbelievethatmenandwomenareequalandshouldhaveequalrolesinthefamilybecauseGenesis1teachesthatGodcreatedmenandwomenasequals.
TheyalsobelieveinequalstatusandrolesbecauseoftheteachingofStPaulinGalatiansthatinChristthereisneithermalenorfemale,andbecauseoftheevidencefromtheGospelsthatJesustreatedwomenashisequals.
Topic 3.2.8
Now test yourself1 (a)2 (c)3 (c)4 (c)
Activities1 Catholicwomenareallowedtostudyand
teachintheologicalcolleges.TheycanalsobeextraordinaryministersofHolyCommunion.AthirdroleisthatwomencanbelectorsandconducttheBiblereadingsatMass.
2 CatholicsareopposedtogenderprejudiceanddiscriminationbecauseGenesis1teachesthatGodcreatedbothmenandwomenintheimageofGod,andalsoStPaultaughtinGalatiansthatmenandwomenareequalinChrist.
AnotherreasonisbecausetheCatechismteachesthatmenandwomenareequalandshouldhaveequalrightsinlifeandsociety.PopeBenedict’sfirstencyclicaltaughtthatthereshouldbenogenderprejudiceordiscriminationamongCatholics.