NUCLEAR POWER CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED(A Govt. of India Enterprise)

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CORPORATEPROFILE

Nuclear Power - An Inevitable Option

Electricity is a basic input which is closely

related to the economic development of a country. In

spite of the impressive strides in increasing overall

installed capacity in the country, we are still facing

power shortages. Options available for commercial

electricity generation are hydro, thermal, nuclear and

renewables. In the energy planning of the country, a

judicious mix of hydro, thermal, nuclear and

renewable is an important aspect. Diversified energy

resource-base is essential to meet electricity

requirements and to ensure long-term energy

security. With the limited resources of coal and oil

available in the country and with growing global

concerns of greenhouse gases generated by fossil-

fuel-fired-stations, nuclear power is being called

upon to play a greater role in medium- and long-

term perspective.

Nuclear

Uranium metal

In PHWR

In Fast Breeders

Thorium metal

In Breeders

Hydro

Non-conv. Renewable

61,000 T

2,25,000 T

150 GW

100 GW

69

33

328

42,231

1,55,502

(Source: Department of Atomic Energy)

AmountResource

Coal

Hydrocarbon

38 Billion T

12 Billion T

7,614

5,833

Electricity Potential

(GW-year)

Indias Energy Resource Base

India's long-term nuclear power programme is based

on utilising the vast indigenous thorium resources for

electricity generation. India's uranium resources can

support a first-stage programme of about 10,000 MW

based on Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs)

using natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as

moderator and coolant. The energy potential of natural

uranium can be increased to about 3,00,000 MW in the

second stage though Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) which

utilise plutonium obtained from the recycled spent fuel of

the first stage along with thorium as blanket, to produce

U-233. With the deployment of thorium at third stage using

U-233 as fuel, the energy potential for electricity

generation is large and substantial. Indigenous industrial

infrastructure for reactor programme is well-developed.

Special infrastructure for the production of fuel, heavy

water, reactor control and instrumentation have been

developed within the Department of Atomic Energy. Indian

industry has gained valuable experience and reached a

stage of maturity in manufacturing equipment components

and handling of mega package contracts for these

reactors.

Long - Term Nuclear Power Programme

1

Fossil

Non-Fossil

Renewable

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Natural

uranium

dioxide

fuel

India's Nuclear StrategyStage

NPCIL-Power Behind Nuclear Power

Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL)

is a Public Sector Enterprise under the Department of

Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. It was

incorporated on September 17, 1987 as a Public Limited

Company under the Companies Act 1956, with the

objective of operating the atomic power stations and

implementing the atomic power projects for the generation

of electricity, in pursuance of the schemes and

programmes of Government of India under the Atomic

Energy Act.

The formation of NPCIL was necessitated to give it

operational flexibility and raise financial resources from

the capital market to finance the setting up of the projects.

The authorised share capital of the company is Rs. 15,000

crores of which Rs. 10,174 crores is paid up as on

31/03/2014 which is fully subscribed by the Government

of India.

NPCIL - Mission

To develop nuclear power technology and to produce nuclear power as a safe, environmentally benign and an

economically viable source of electrical energy to meet the increasing electricity needs of the country.

Board of Directors

The business of the company (NPCIL) is managed by the Board of Directors appointed by the President of India.

The Chairman and Managing Director is the Chief Executive of the company and looks after the day-to-day affairs of the

company under the superintendence of the Board of Directors.

Generation in the year 2013-14

Generation in the year 2013-14

BUs

Thermal 792.477

Hydro 134.848

Import from Bhutan 5.598

Nuclear 34.227

Total 967.150

st

Installed Capacity as on 31 December 2014 MW

Thermal 1,78,015

Nuclear 5,780

RES 33,792

Hydro 40,885

Total 2,58,472

NPCIL at a Glanceth

Date Of Establishment 17 September,1987

Authorised Share Capital Rs. 15,000 crores

Paid Up Capital (31/03/2014) Rs. 10,174 crores

Number of Units in Commercial operation 21*

Total Installed Capacity * ,780 MW 5

* Including RAPS-1 (100 MW) owned by the Department of Atomic Energy

2

(Source: CEA / MNRE )

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Accomplishment of challenging tasks

m En-masse Coolant Channel Replacement (EMCCR)

and Safety Upgradation was carried out for the first

time in RAPS-2, totally with indigenous efforts.

Subsequently, EMCCR was carried out in five more

reactors - MAPS 1&2, NAPS 1&2 and KAPS-1

m Restoration of MAPS 1&2 to their original rating of 220

MW by innovative solution of spargers

m En-masse Feeder Replcement (EMFR) carried out for

the first time in the world in a PHWR at MAPS-1.

Subsequently EMFR carried out at RAPS-2, NAPS

1&2 and KAPS-1

m The complex task of core shroud inspection was

carried out successfully for TAPS, with remote

handling tools developed indigenously by DAE/

NPCIL. These units are operating for more than 45

years. Plant life extension works are being carried out

progressively

m RAPS - 5 registered 765 days of continuous run.

Second longest run in the world. Seventeen times

continuous run of more than one year have been

achieved by Indian reactors

Performance Highlights: (2013-14)

Operation:

m During the year 2013-14, NPCIL achieved its highest

ever generation of 35,333 Million Units of electricity,

including In Firm power of 1106 Million Units of

KKNPP-1

m The overall Availability Factor of the reactors in

operation continued to be high at 88% during the year

m Overall capacity factor of operating reactors of NPCIL

was 83% during 2013-14

Safety:

m The safety record of NPCIL was maintained

impeccable over 45 years of safe, accident free

operation

m IAEA carried out follow up mission during February 4 -

7, 2014, after 15 months of OSART mission at RAPS -

3 & 4. The team assessed that in many cases the

station has done much more than what was intended

in the OSART observation

3

Financial:

m During the year 2013-14, NPCILs Profit After

Tax(PAT) was Rs. 2,299 crore, 9.4% higher than the

last years profit of Rs. 2,101 crore in view of higher

generation

m Dividend and tax on dividend of Rs. 807 crore for the

year paid to the Govt. of India

m NPCIL's instruments continued to be maintained at

AAA rating

Project:

m Robust construction and commissioning work is

under process in projects - KKNPP - 2 (1000 MW

LWR), KAPP - 3 & 4 (2 x 700 MW PHWRs) and RAPP -

7 & 8 (2 x 700 MW PHWRs)

m KKNPP Unit - 1 commenced commercial operation on

December 31, 2014. The unit attained criticality on

July 13, 2013 and synchronized to southern grid for

the first time on October 22, 2013 & generated 1106

MUs infirm power till March 2014. The unit generated

2242 MUs in 2014 - 15 before start of commercial

operation

m GHAVP ( 1 & 2) and KKNPP ( 3& 4) projects, which

were accorded financial sanction were prepared for

launch. Pre-project activities like MoEF clearance,

land acquisition, site infrastructure development

works, etc. are in various stages of progress at green

field sites in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh,

Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal

Public Outreach:

m The public outreach activities continued throughout

the year. New and innovative activities were also

introduced

CSR:

m NPCIL continued its neighborhoods welfare activities

in the areas of Health, Education, Skill Development

and Infrastructure around its sites. As a part of Swach

Bharat Abhiyan, NPCIL has chalked out a plan for

construction of 457 sanitary facilities (423 toilets and

34 urinals)

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4Rawatbhata

(Rajasthan)

Kalpakkam

(Tamil Nadu)

Narora

(U.P.)

Kakrapar

(Gujarat)

Kaiga

(Karnataka)

TAPS-1

TAPS-2

TAPS-3

TAPS-4

RAPS-1

RAPS-2

RAPS-3

RAPS-4

RAPP-5

RAPP-6

MAPS-1

MAPS-2

NAPS-1

NAPS-2

KAPS-1

KAPS-2

KAIGA-1

KAIGA-2

KAIGA-3

KAIGA-4

KKNPP-1

BWR

BWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

PHWR

VVER

160

160

540

540

100

200

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

220

1000

Tarapur

(Maharashtra)

28/10/1969

28/10/1969

18/08/2006

12/09/2005

16/12/1973

01/04/1981

01/06/2000

23/12/2000

04/02/2010

31/03/2010

27/01/1984

21/03/1986

01/01/1991

01/07/1992

06/05/1993

01/09/1995

16/11/2000

16/03/2000

05/05/2007

20/01/2011

31/12/2014

Operating Reactors Type of Reactor Rated Capacity MW Location Commercial Operation

DETAILS OF OPERATING REACTORS (TOTAL 5,780 MW)

Reactors under Commissioning and Construction (Total 4,300 MW)

Kudankulam-2 VVER 1,000

PFBR** Fast Breeder 500Kalpakkam

(Tamil Nadu)

KAPP - 3

KAPP - 4

PHWR

PHWR

700

700

Kakarapar

(Gujarat)

RAPP - 7

RAPP - 8

PHWR

PHWR

700

700

Rawatbhata

(Rajasthan)

Kudankulam

(Tamil Nadu)

ProjectsType of

Reactor

Rated Capacity

(MW)Location

Performance of NPCIL

Particulars

Generation (MUs)

Availability Factor, %

CRISIL Credit Rating

2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2011-2012

17,324 18,804 16,956 14,927 32,45518,831

89 85 83 82 9192

AAA

Highest

Safety

AAA

Highest

Safety

AAA

Highest

Safety

AAA

Highest

Safety

AAA

Highest

Safety

AAA

Highest

Safety

2010-2011

26,473

89

AAA

Highest

Safety

2012-13

32,863

90

AAA

Highest

Safety

2013-14

35,333

88

AAA

Highest

Safety

** Being implemented by BHAVINI.

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Kudankulam

(Tamil Nadu)

Typical ESL at one of the Nuclear Power Plants of NPCIL

All the nuclear power stations namely Narora, Kakrapar, Tarapur, Kalpakkam, Rajasthan and Kaiga have been

certified for ISO-14001 (Environment Management System) and IS-18001 (Occupational Health and Safety

Management System).

This certification provides for :

m Compliance with applicable environmental legislation and regulations along with a commitment for continual

improvement.

m Improved corporate commitment to environmental protection and conservation of resources.

ISO-14001 and IS-18001 Certification:

Ensuring Environmental

Protection

Protection of the plant personnel, the

environment and the public is an important

consideration in the design, construction and

operation of the nuclear power stations. The

radiation source is adequately shielded, monitored

in all operation and constantly maintenance works

on the active systems are carried out strictly

according to approved procedures.

The release of radioctivity to the environment

from nuclear power stations is in very small

quantities, in any case well within the limits

stipulated by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board

(AERB). The radiation dose due to actual releases is

insignificant compared to the dose that from the

natural radiation background. A person living at the

fence post of a nuclear power station receives a

radiation dose in 20 years equivalent to the radiation

dose of a single chest X-ray indicating the adequacy

of radiation control in nuclear power plants.

It is interesting to compare the radiation

exposures resulting from the operation of a nuclear

power plant in India to the unavoidable natural

background radiation exposure. Detailed surveys

have shown that normal natural background

radiation in different parts of the country varies from

5

The Dose received by a Hypothetical person at

Exclusion Boundary of NPPs (2013)

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6.94 27.4 15.52 0.557 0.92 0.8

1000

2400

Safety has been given paramount importance in design,

construction and operation of nuclear power stations. To

ensure the safety of reactor, a defence-in-depth philosophy is

followed, which leads to multiple barriers, diversity,

redundancy, independence and fail-safe design of the safety-

related systems. Safety of nuclear power stations is further

ensured through sound design, using international standards

and codes, stringent quality assurance, approved operating

procedures, in-service inspection and maintenance of safety

systems, etc.

Safety of Nuclear Power Stations

(Not to scale)

PRIMARY

CONTAINMENT

FUEL

CLADDING

EXCLUSION ZONE

SECONDARY

CONTAINMENT

FUEL

HEAT

TRANSPORT

SYSTEM

2.07 mSv/year (a unit for radiation measurement) at Tarapur in Maharashtra to 3.1 mSv/yr at Narora in Uttar

Pradesh. It is estimated that annual average maximum individual exposure at a plant boundary of nuclear power

stations is less then 0.1 mSv/year. These small additional exposures are indistinguishable in the large variation of

natural background that are observed and have no impact whatsoever on the health of the population.

Environment Survey Laboratory with advanced monitoring equipments are set-up at each of the sites,

before commissioning of the nuclear plants. These ESLs monitor, environmental matters like air, water, soil, crop,

vegetation, fish, meat, food stuff etc., upto an area of 30 kms radius form the plant for radioactivity. The background

level of radiation is established for comparison after commissioning of the plants. The data from the ESLs over the

last 44 years of operation of nuclear power plants in India has shown that, there is no significant rise in radioactivity

due to the operation of nuclear power plants over the natural background radiation.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies

nuclear events in the International Nuclear Event Scale

(INES). INES is a 0 to 7 point scale. Events at level 0 are

deviations and have no safety significance. Events of level 1

to 3 are incidents. Events of level 4 to 7 are accidents. In

India, no nuclear accident as defined by INES of IAEA has

occurred so far over 410 reactor years of operation. International Nuclear Event Scale (INES)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

DEVIATION

INCIDENT

ACCIDENT

Major Accident

Serious Accident

Accident with off-site risk

Accident without

significant off-site risk

Serious incident

Incident

Anomaly

No safety

significant

International Nuclear Event Scale

6

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A unique feature of nuclear power plants is the generation of

extremely low quantity of radioactive waste. The spent fuel containing most

of the high level radioactivity is not considered waste as it produces

valuable fuel for future reactors. Spent fuel is sent for reprocessing for the

extraction of plutonium, uranium and other useful isotopes. High-level

waste is immobilised by vitrification in glass matrix, encapsulated in stainless steel double- walled canisters and kept for

interim storage for about 30 years under surveillance in concrete vault lined with stainless steel for decay of radioactivity.

Ultimately waste is disposed off in deep underground geological repository with protective barriers.

During the process of generation of electricity, small quantity of low- and intermediate-level solid wastes are

produced in nuclear power stations. After treatment, these wastes are disposed off within the plant premises in earthen

trenches, reinforced cement concrete trenches or tile-holes, depending upon the radiation levels. Bore-holes are made

around the disposal site for sample collection and analysis to ensure no leakage of radioactivity to the outside.

Small quantities of very low levels of gaseous and liquid radioactive wastes are also produced in nuclear power

stations. Gaseous wastes are filtered, monitored and disposed off through a 100-m tall stack. Liquid wastes are diluted

and generally sent to water body and are monitored. The radioactivity levels of gaseous and liquid wastes disposed off,

are very low compared to regulatory stipulations. The impact of these wastes on the environment is estimated to be less

than 1% of the stipulated dose limit for the general public.

Nuclear Waste Management

The volume of high level waste generated in a day for

supplying electricity to a metro like Mumbai or Delhi

would be (just 6 kg), about the volume of 2 bricks.

7

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The government had set in July 2014 target of tripling of the then existing nuclear power capacity of 4780 MW in the next

ten years. Pursuing the target, a capacity of 1000 MW has been added on December 31, 2014 with the start of

commercial operation of Kudankulam Unit-1. Further to this a capacity of 4300 MW (including 500 MW by BHAVINI) is

also under commissioning/ construction.

Target for near future

8

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Start of work on new projects totaling to 16100 MW by NPCIL based on both indigenous reactors and reactors based on

foreign technical cooperation during the next five years. The details are given below:

Future Plans

Of these projects, KKNPP 3&4 and GHAVP 1&2 have already been accorded sanction. In respect of the others, pre-

project activities like land acquisition, obtaining statutory clearances, site investigations etc. are in progress in respect of

Chutka, Mahi-Banswara, Kovvada & Chhaya Mithi Virdi sites. In respect JNPP 1&2 and Kaiga 5&6, land is available.

Environmental and CRZ clearances have also been obtained for JNPP.

Techno-commercial discussions with technology partners are in progress to arrive at viable project proposals in respect

of JNPP 1&2, Kovvada and Chhaya Mithi Virdi.

Project Location Capacity (MW)

Indigenous Reactors

GHAVP 1&2 Gorakhpur, Haryana 2 x 700

CMAPP 1&2 Chutka, Madhya Pradesh 2 x 700

Mahi Banswara 1&2 Mahi Banswara, Rajasthan 2 x 700

Kaiga 5&6 Kaiga, Karnataka 2 x 700

Reactors with Foreign Technical Cooperation

KKNPP 3&4 (Russian Federation) Kudankulam, Tamilnadu 2 x 1000

JNPP 1&2 (France) Jaitapur, Maharashtra 2 x 1650

Kovvada, 1&2 (USA) Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh 2 x 1500*

Chhaya Mithi Virdi, 1&2 (USA) Chhaya Mithi Virdi, Gujarat 2 x 1100*

* Indicative Capacity

9NPCILs - Nuclear Power Map

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Narora(Uttar Pradesh)

2x220 MW

Kakrapar(Gujarat)

2x220 MW

2x700 MW

Tarapur(Maharashtra)

2x540 MW

2x160 MW

Rawatbhata(Rajasthan)

1x100 MW*

1x200 MW

4x220 MW

2x700 MW

Kalpakkam(Tamil Nadu)

2x220 MW

1x500 MW**

Gorakhpur (Haryana)

4x700 MW

Jaitapur(Maharashtra)

6x1650 MW*

Kaiga(Karnataka)

4x220 MW

2x700 MW

Mahi Banswara(Rajasthan)

4x700 MW

Chhaya Mithi Virdi(Gujarat)

#

6x1100

Kudankulam(Tamil Nadu)

1x1000 MW

1x1000 MW

4x1000 MW

Kovvada(Andhra Pradesh)

#

6x1500 MW

Bhimpur(Madhya Pradesh)

4x700 MW

Chutka(Madhya Pradesh)

2x700 MW

Haripur(West Bengal)

6x1000 MW#

In Operation

- 21 Units - 5,780 MW

Under Commissioning & Construction

- 6 Units - 4,300 MW

Proposed Projects

#

Indicative capacity ** Being implemented by BHAVINI

This map illustrates capacities, numbers and approximate locations of nuclear power plants.

(Not to scale)

* Owned by DAE, operated by NPCIL. Presently under extended shutdown

10

NPCILs - Plants under operation and construction

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Tarapur Atomic Power Station Units 1 & 2

2 x160 MW, Tarapur, Maharashtra

Madras Atomic Power Station Units 1 & 2

2 x 220 MW, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu

Narora Atomic Power Station Units 1 & 2

2 x 220 MW, Narora, Uttar Pradesh

Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Units 3 & 4

2 x 220 MW, Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

Kaiga Generating Station Units 1 - 4

4 x 220 MW, Kaiga, Karnataka

Kudankulam Atomic Power Project Units 1 & 2

2 x 1,000 MW, Kundankulam, Tamil Nadu

Rajasthan Atomic Power Project Units 7 & 8

2 x 700 MW, Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Units 1 & 2

100 MW, 200 MW, Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

Kakrapar Atomic Power Station Units 1 & 2

2 x 220 MW, Kakrapar, Gujarat

Rajasthan Atomic Power Station Units 5 & 6

2 x 220 MW, Rawatbhata, Rajasthan

Kakrapar Atomic Power Project Units 3 & 4

2 x 700 MW, Kakrapar, Gujarat

Tarapur Atomic Power Station Units 3 & 4

2 x 540 MW, Tarapur, Maharashtra

Published by:

Directorate of Corporate Planning & Corporate Communications (CP&CC)

6-S-14, Vikram Sarabhai Bhawan, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai- 400094

E-mail: cpcc@npcil.co.in

Website: www.npcil.nic.in

January 2015

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