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COST ANALYSIS NIRANI SUGARS LTD,

Chapter I Introduction

1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Nirani sugar mill was originally established as a khandasri sugar factory of

1250 TCD in the year 1997-98. Subsequently making use of the govt of Indias

liberalized policy. Govt of India notification DCS /S/ 14/ 97 dated 2-6-98, which

conversion of khandasri sugar unit into vacuum pan sugar factories.

Cost accounting is an old as the human being itself. Since the financial accounting

has some limitation. Cost accounting has its own importance being an important category

of accounting system.

The cost accounting system is very helpful to sugar industry. After adopting cost

accounting every business must analyze it cost accounting system very care fully

Material, labour, over heads are the main elements of the Nirani Sugars Ltd. These

elements play very important role in the organization. The company giving more

importance to this on the other hand well trained labour force working towards the

company objectives. Various records are maintained by Nirani Sugars Ltd and each

department has its own cost records.

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The study of Cost Analysis of sugar industry with special reference to

Nirani Sugars Ltd Mudhol:

1.2 Introduction of cost accounting

We have entered into an area of liberalization the development process has opened

the doors of economy and in globalised economic environment it is necessary to protect

the interest of consumers, investor, company and the country as a hole. In a liberalized

economy, there is no role of traditional management in corporate world now only the

professional management is required to control of the costs of the present day origination

Modern area is called the industrial area. Every where there is vast developing in

the field of industry. On account of the development of the industries, the modern

industries require minimum cost of production and such as maximization of profits. For

this purpose, they depend on the financial statements such as trading profits and loss

account and balance sheet but these financial statements give information as whole. It

means the entire industry is treated as one unit. It is difficult task to locate the errors.

Cost account is recent development. It is the branch of financial accounting. It

maintains the records unit wise, process wise, job wise, department wise. At the end, we

can easily control are help in reduction of costs by preparation of the statements unit wise

or job wise. So cost accounting is developed basically to remove the limitation of

financial accounting

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1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The following are the objective of study

a) Ascertainment of cost.

b) Determination of selling price.

c) Cost control and cost reduction.

d) Ascertaining the profit of each activity.

e) Assisting management in decision making

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Chapter II - COMPANY PROFILE

Name of the company : M/S Nirani Sugars Ltd

Kulali road

MUDHOL

Dist: Bagalkot

Register Office : M/s Nirani Sugars

Lokapur roadMUDHOL

Branch Office : At: Bijapur

Managing Director : Muragesh .R. Nirani

Status of the company : Sole trading concern

Constitution of the firm : Registered under companies

Act of 1956

Auditor of company

M/s Bhattad & Company

Financial institution : K.S.I.I. D.C

of the company K.S.F.C

Banker of the company : Sangli Bank Jamakhandi

S.B.I. Mudhol Branch

Indian Bank LokapurGramen bank of mudhol

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2.1 VISION AND MISSION

We will provide products of superior quality at competitive price and ensure

sustained profitability and growth.

We will protect the interest of all concerned promoters, shareholders, customers,

distributors, employees and community.

We believe in fair trade practice, standards and strive for total customers

satisfaction, keeping the environment eco friendly.

We believe that our people are most valuable assets for personal and

organizational growth.

We will treat our people with dignity and look after the safety and welfare of

individuals and there families.

We provide sugar which is major necessity for the country.

Sugar industries are providing ethanol which can be added in diesel and diesel is

major requirement of the nation.

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2.2HISTORY OF NIRANI SUGARS LTD

1. M/s Nirani Sugars Ltd,, set up in 1996 was promoted by Mr.Murugesh R

Nirani. B.E, D.B.M., a technical Graduate and local MLA of Bilagi and Minister

of large and Medium Scale Industry, Govt of Karnataka. He comes from an

agricultural family from Bilagi Taluk of Bagalkot Dt. He started as an industrialist

with setting up of a modern Khandasari Unit at Mudhol. He is also very actively

involved as a Managing Director of Badgandi Sugars Ltd, a new 2500 TCD sugar

and Co-gen plant at his constituency Bilagi. The new unit has commenced

commercial production in December 2005. He has also been recognized and

awarded Bharat Udyog Ratna award from Govt of India. He has also taken over a

sick mini cement plant of 100 TPD capacities at Mudhol area, which has now

been put into commercial operation with a capacity of 200 TDP within a short

span of time. He has also contributed his service in setting up residential school

and D, Ed College at Mudhol.

2. Nirani sugars Ltd. Is presently operating a sugar mill of 5000 tones cane

day (5000 TCD). This sugar mill was originally established as a khandasari sugar

factory of 500 TCD in the year 1997-98. In fact this was the most modern

khandasari sugar factory & was first in the country to have started with high

pressure boiler, turbo generator set with captive power generation, multiple effect

pressure evaporator system with falling film evaporators etc. it successfully

produced goods quality white crystal sugar. But as khandasari unit, it had its own

constraints due to technical limitations and govt policies.

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3. Subsequently, making use of the govt. of Indias liberalized policy, vide govt of

India notification DCS /S/14/97 dated 2-6-98, which permitted conversion of khandsari

sugar Readopting vacuum evaporation & vacuum pan boiling systems along with related

changes. NSL did not lose time to expand the capacity to 5000 TCD, side by side taking

development measures to increase cane area & cane availability. Today NSL is a regular

sugar factory with 5000 TCD capacity with improved efficiencies.

4. Having regard to the above, the new sugar projects in the country, are coming up

with a capacity of 5000 TCD & more with the facility of cogeneration of power. A

number of existing mills in the country are expanding to even bigger capacities like 7500

TCD, 10000 TCD & so on.

5. The cogeneration of power permits generation of surplus power, which is

encashable and thus helps augmentation of income to the industry substantially on a

sustained basis. The profitability of the cogeneration plant increases with increase in the

size of the plant. Bigger cogeneration plants are feasible only with bigger sugar mills,

either as forward integration or with back up support for fuel.

6. The market and the price for the power produced is assured as the surplus power

so generated is under written by KPTCL through power purchase Agreement. The govt

of Karnataka also shares the aforesaid viewpoint & encourages cogeneration of power by

sugar factories using bagasse as a fuel. In support of this, the govt has announced a

capital subsidy of Rs. 25 lakhs per MW of surplus power, for such cogen projects.

7. In fact NSL has already entered into an agreement with TATA power trading

company Ltd. For sale of power at a price of Rs3.61 per unit.

8. To match the sugar mill expansion from 5000 TCD to 10000 TCD, NSL proposes

to double its cogeneration capacity also from 16MW to 48MW.

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Chapter III Cost Analysis

3.1 MEANING OF COST

Cost in simple words, means the total of all expenses. Cost is defined as the

amount of expenditure incurred on a given thing. Thus it is that which is given or

sacrificed to obtain something.

ICMA London Cost is the amount of expenditure incurred on or attributable to a

given thing.

In a business where selling and distribution expenses are quite nominal, the cost of

the article may be calculated without considering the selling and distribution overheads.

While in a business, where the nature of the product requires heavy selling and

distribution expenses calculation of cost without taking in to account selling and

distribution expenses may prove very costly to the business. Then cost may be factory

cost, office cost, cost of sales and even an item of expense is also termed as cost.

Prime cost includes expenditure on direct material, direct labor and direct

expenses. Money spent on materials is termed as cost of materials the spent on labor as

cost of labor and so on. Thus, the used of term cost without qualification is also quite

misleading. Again, different costs are found out for different purposes. To work-in-

process is valued at factory cost while stock of finished goods valued at office cost.

Numerous other examples can be given to show the term cost des not mean the same

thing under all circumstances and for all purposes. Many items of production are handled

in an optional manner, which may give different costs for the same production or job

without in any way of cost accounting.

3.2 ELEMENTS OF COST

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Elements of cost mean the essential parts or components of goods or service or jobs. In

other words elements of cost are part of the total cost and include the main item of

expenditure incurred for production of goods, services and jobs.

Analysis and classification of cost

Cost is the amount of expenditure incurred for production of goods and services. Thus

cost is composed of three elements, viz, material, labor, and expenses.

Classification of cost

Cost classification is the process of grouping costs according to their common features or

characteristics. Classification is essential to find out the cost of production.

Objective of classification of cost

1. It helps the management for implementing cost control and decision making.

2. It helps for calculation of cost of production.

3. It helps for valuation of work-in-progress.

Element wise classification

Cost classified on the basis of element wise is as follows

1. Material cost

2. Labor cost

3. Expenses

Material Cost:

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This is the cost of commodities supplied to an undertaking.(I.C.M.A) Materials

are further divided in to two parts (1) Direct materials (2) Indirect materials.

1) Direct materials: Direct materials are those materials which can enter into and

form of the finished product. Direct materials cost is the which can be

conveniently identified and allocated to cost units.

2) Indirect Materials: Indirect materials are those materials which cannot be

conveniently identified with cost units.

Labor cost:

These are costs of remuneration, such as wages salaries, commission, bonus etc.

Of the employees of an undertaking

1) Direct wages: Wages paid to laborers who are directly engaged in converting

raw materials into finished products. It is also called Direct Labor, Productive

Labor, and Prime cost.

2) Indirect Labor: Indirect labor is not directly engaged in the production of

goods but only to assist or help in production of goods or services.

Expenses:

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The expenses means the cost of services provided to an undertaking and the

notional cost of the use of owned assets. In other-words costs other than the material and

labor are called expenses.

Direct Expenses: Direct expenses are those expenses which can be specifically incurred

in connection with a cost unit. E.g. hire of special plant for a particular job.

Indirect expenses: Indirect expenses are those expenses which cannot be directly

identified with a particular job.

Overheads:

An overhead includes indirect material, indirect labor, and indirect expenses. In

general terms, overhead comprise all expenses incurred for in connection with the general

organization of the whole or part of the undertaking that is the cost of operation supplies

and services used by the undertaking and including the maintenance of capital assets.

The main groups into overheads may sub divided are as follows.

1. Manufacturing overheads

2. Administration overheads

3. Selling overheads

4. Research and development overheads

5. Distribution overheads.

Function wise Classification:-

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Costs classified on the basis of function wise are as follows:

Production cost or manufacturing cost or work cost

Administration cost

Selling cost

Distribution cost

1. Production cost:

This is the cost which begins with supplying of materials, labor and service

and ends with the completion of production other terms used in this connection

are factory overhead.

Examples:

1) Indirect labor

Foremens salary

Cleaners salary and wages

Gatekeepers salary

Salary of time keeping department

Tools operators wages

Store keeping department salary

2) Factory rent and rates

3) Insurance of factory

4) Consumable stores

5) Indirect materials cost such as cotton waste, nuts and bolts, lubricating oil, nails

etc.

6) Gas, fuel and water, stationery to the factory

7) Depreciation on factory equipment, factory building, plant and machinery

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8) Repairs of factory equipment, factory building and machinery

9) Depreciation on loose tools

10) Laboratory expenses

11) Labor welfare expenses

12) Canteen expenses

13) Over time wages

14) Contribution to workmens compensation fund

2 Administration cost:

This consists of all expenses incurred in the direction control and administration

of an undertaking.

Examples:

1) Salaries of office staff, accounts, MD, GM

2) Directors fees

3) Bank charges

4) Postage stationery telephone

5) Rent rates of office

6) Insurance of office building and equipments

7) Depreciation on office building equipment and furniture

8) Printing charges of office

9) Audit fees

10) Legal charges

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3 Selling cost:

Other expenditures incurred for sales and stimulating demand and for securing

orders are known as selling cost.

Examples:

1. Salaries and commission of salesmen

2. Show room expenses

3. Samples, free gifts

4. Commission to agents or distributors

5. Advertising and Publicity expense

6. Marketing expenses

7. Expenses incurred for recovering the bad debts

8. Subscription to trade Journals and commercial Journals

4 Distribution cost:

It is an expenditure incurred for distributing the goods

Examples:

Packaging cost

Carriage outwards

Warehousing costs, such as repairs, depreciation lighting of warehouse

Loading charges

Dispatch expenses

Shortage of finished goods in warehouse

Finished goods damaged in transit

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Classification according to Behavior:

Some costs are increased or decreased in production directly; some costs remain

unaffected while others change but not in direct proportion to the change in volume of

production.

These are: 1. Variable cost

1. Fixed costs.

2. Semi-Variable or Semi-Fixed costs

Variable cost:

These cost an in direct proportion to the volume of output. Cost per unit will

remain the same. If output increases total variable cost also increases and if output

decreases total variable cost also decreases.

e.g.: Direct materials.

Direct wages

Power

Fixed cost:

The total fixed costs remain unaffected either with the increase or decreases in the

output. But cost per unit goes on changing.

Rent and rates of building.

Depreciation of building.

Insurance.

Interest on capital.

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Municipal taxes.

Fixed cost can be further classified into

1) Committed fixed costs

2) Discretionary fixed costs

1) Committed fixed cost:

Consist largely of those fixed costs that arise from the possession of plant,

equipment & basic organizational structure. For example, once building is elected

and plant is installed nothing much can be done to reduce the costs such as

depreciation.

2) Discretionary cost:

Are those which are set a fixed amount for specific time period by the

management in the budgeting process. These costs directly reflect top management

policies have no particular relationship with the volume of output. These cost

therefore be reduced or entirely eliminated, if the circumstances so require. Examples

of such costs are Research & Development costs advertising & sales promotion costs,

donation management consulting fees etc. These costs are also termed as managed of

programmed costs.

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Semi-Variable cost:

These costs are partly fixed and partly variable. These costs are thus partly

affected by fluctuations in the level of activity.

Examples: Depreciation, Repair & maintenance, Telephone expenses.

Other type of costs:

Decision making costs:

Decision making costs are special purpose costs that are applicable only in the

situation in which they are complied they have no universal application. They need

not tie into routine financial accounts to the accounting rules.

Controllable and uncontrollable cost:

Controllable costs are those which can be influenced by the action of a specific

member of the understanding costs which cannot be so influenced are termed as

uncontrollable cost.

For example the expenditure incurred by the room is controllable by the foremen

in- charge of that section but the hare of the tool room expenditure which is apportioned

to a machine shop cannot be contracted by a machine shop forces.

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Differential, Incremental or Decrement cost:

These are costs which do not involve cash outlay. They are not included in cost

accounts but are important for taking into consideration while making management

decisions. For example interest on capital is ignored in cost account through it is

considered in cost financial accounts. In case two projects require unequal outlay & cash

the management must take into consideration interest on capital to judge the relative

profitability of the projects.

According to ICMA London Costing is the techniques & process of ascertaining

costs These techniques are the rules & regulations to govern or regulate the process of

ascertaining the costs or services. Therefore these rules & regulations are carried from

unit to unit immediately to the industry & formation of policy. Thus costing is a routine

work of cost ascertainment.

Objectives of cost accounting:

f) Ascertainment of cost.

g) Determination of selling price.

h) Cost control and cost reduction.

i) Ascertaining the profit of each activity.

j) Assisting management in decision making.

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Advantages of cost accounting:

a) Discloses profitability of activities.

b) It helps in cost control.

c) It helps in formulating policies.

d) It helps in decision making.

e) It guides in fixed selecting prices.

f) It helps for fixing the standard of efficiency of workers.

g) It facilitates the assessment of tax.

h) It helps to judge the financial position & credit worthiness of the business.

3.3 Cost reduction and cost control techniques used in Nirani Sugars

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1) Avoiding of excessive overtime.

2) Reduced wastage in packaging of sugar.

3) Reduction in transportation cost of sugar cane.

4) Simplification of the process of production.

5) Suitable communication system with telephone intercom.

6) Purchase computer for accounting process.

7) Keeping minimum level of inventory.

8) Effective and economical purchases of materials.

3.4 Difficulties in installation of cost accounting system in Nirani Sugars

Ltd:

Lack of support from top management:

In existing system there is no time for top management to check the regular

accounting process. In this case there is no additional work should be taken in the

company.

Non-co-operation of supervisors:

The sugar is the essential for day-to-day activities so the supervisors have no time

to record the different things related to costs.

Heavy costs:

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For installation of cost accounting system is heavy cost to company. For the

installation of cost accounting system in Nirani Sugars the separate department should be

made.

Difficulties to calculate costs of work in progress in sugar:

There is a difficulty in calculation of work in progress in sugar industry.

Recommendation for installation of cost accounting system:

1) Divide the department according to the revenue producing and non revenue producing

department this helpful in determining cost centers.

2) Simplify the working procedure in each cost center and design suitable and proper

forms and records for each of the departments.

3) Fix the procedure for collection of both cost and non cost data for each center.

4) Fix the standard for incurrence of costs in cost center.

5) Prepare forms, cards reports, and books etc for keeping cost records.

3.5 The following are the cost centers in Nirani Sugars Ltd:

1) Production Cost Center:

a) Packing.

b) Quality control.

c) Boiler section.

d) Storage section.

e) Pan section.

f) Mill section.

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g) Power generation.

2) Marketing Cost Center:

a) Transportation cost center.

3) Administration Cost Centers:

a) Security and maintenance of plant.

b) Human Resource Development.

The following are the cost units of Nirani Sugars Ltd:

Name of the item Cost unit

Sugar cane Per Tone

Sugar Per Quintal

Transportation Per trip / per K.M

Water charges Per thousand Liters

Oil & diesel Per liters

Canteen Per person served

Electricity Per K.W.H.

Boiler Per thousand kilo grams of steam

Material costing

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Year Tones

consumed

Rate per tone Amount

2006-2007 136903.6842 950 130058500

2007-2008 202997.6470 850 172548000

2008-2009 215068 1000 215068000

matrrial cost chart

0

50000000

100000000

150000000

200000000

250000000

2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Series1

The raw material consumption from the year 2006-2007 - 2008-2009. In case of 2006-

2007 the quantity of sugar cane consumed 136903.6842 tones and it is increased to

202997.6470 and 215068 respectively in the year 2007-2008 and 2008-2009.

Human resource department

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Departments Total no of employees

2006 2007 2008

Administration and HOD 41 43 44

Manufacturing and engineering 340 345 351

Cane department 65 68 70Security office 19 20 22

Civil 7 15 19

Human Resourse department

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Administrative

& HOD

Manufacturing

and engineering

Cane Security office Civil

2006-07

2007-08

2008-09

All the department the manufacturing and engineering department having more number

of employees. This increasing trend indicates is a increasing production.

Department wise salary per annum

Departments 2006 2007 2008

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Administration and HOD 1,95,600 2,09,341 2,16,651

Manufacturing and engineering 7,50,596 7,90,900 8,07,175

Cane department 1,60,156 1,80,300 1,95,200

Security office 42,000 45,000 48,000

Civil 41,000 43,300 46,000

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

Administrative

& HOD

Manufacturing

and engineering

Cane Security office Civil

2006

2007

2008

Over heads

Particulars 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009Factory overhead 9,180,600 15,972,950 237,300,00

Administration and overheads 1,530,100 2,381,850 3,744,000

Selling and distribution overheads 3,763,937 4,140,990 13,868,850

Total 14,474,637 22,495,790 41,342,850

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0

5000000

10000000

15000000

20000000

25000000

2006-07 2007-07 2008-09

factory over head

administrative over head

selling & distribution over head

Seeing the table the factory over heads increasing considerably it indicates growth in

production. Since the manufacturing and engineering department constitutes major part in

total number of employees and wages the factory overheads also forms major part in total

overheads.

Chapter IV - Cost Statements

4.1 STATEMENT OF COST SHEET OF NIRANI SUGARS LTD

Particulars 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009

Purchase of raw material 130,0585,00 172,548,000 215,068,000

Closing raw material - - -

Raw material consumed 130,058,500 172,548,000 215,068,000

Freight inwards 13,005,850 18,395,725 24,032,400

Prime cost 143,064,350 190,943,725 239,100,400

Factory over heads 9,180,600 15,972,950 23,730,000

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Depreciation on building 1,000,000 1,5000,00 2,000,00

Depreciation on machinery 1,200,000 1,7000,00 2,200,000

Depreciation on electricals 250,000 300,000 350,000

Work cost 154,694,950 210,416,675 267,380,400

Office over heads 1,530,100 2,381,850 3,744,000

Depreciation on computer 50,000 60,000 70,000

Depreciation on office equipments 150,000 2000,00 300,000

Cost of production 156,485,050 213,058,525 271,494,400

Opening stock of finished goods 1,534,065 3,928,720 4,149,800

Less :closing stock of finished

goods

4,090,840 8,839,620 17,337,000

Cost of goods sold 153,928,275 208,147,625 258,307,200

Selling over heads 3,763,937 4,140,990 13,868,850

Cost of sales 157,692,212 212,288,615 272,176,050

Analysis of cost sheet:

Prime cost: The prime cost in 2006-2007 143,064,350 and in 2007-2008 it was increased

to 190,943,725 and 2008-2009 it was increased to 239,100,400 .This cost is increase to

year by year .

Work cost: The work cost in 2006-2007 154,694,950 and in 2007-2008 it was increased

to 210,416,675 and 2008-2009 it was increased to 267,380,400.

Cost of production: The cost of production in 2006-2007 156,485,050 and in 2007-

2008 it was increased to 213,058,525 and 2008-2009 it was increased to 213,058,525.

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Cost of goods sold: The cost of goods sold in 2006-2007 153,928,275 and in 2007-

2008 it was increased to 208,147,625 and 2008-2009 it was increased to 258,307,200.

Cost of sales: The cost of sales in 2006-2007 157,692,212 and in 2007-2008 it was

increased to and in 212,288,615 2008-2009 it was increased to 272,176,050.

Findings:

1. The increasing prime cost is because of is increasing material consumed by the

company.

2. The work cost is increasing by year to year because in factory over heads also

increasing.

3. The cost of production is to increasing because office overheads and depreciation of

office equipments.

4. The cost of goods sold is high increasing in year to year.

5. The cost of sales year by year due to increasing in sales.

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4.2Marginal income statement

Particulars 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009

Sales 58063755 159273632 260120510

Less: variable cost 45818596 130849400 183355675

Contribution 12245159 28424232 76764835

Less: fixed cost 1988986 3128956 4355859

E.B.I.T. 10256173 25295276 72408976

Total cost 47807582 133978356 187711534

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sales cost analysis

58063755

159273632

260120510

47807582

133978356

187711534

0

50000000

100000000

150000000

200000000

250000000

300000000

1 2 3

sales

total cost

The EBIT for the year 2006-2007 was 10256173, in the year was 2007-2008 was

25295276, and in the year 2008-2009 was 72408976. It shows the increasing in EBIT

year to year

Findings of the study

Raw material consumption is increasing. The increase in sugar cane consumption

from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was 75.37% and that from the year 2007-08

to2008-09 was 80.22%

Over head of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was

57.47% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 65.20%

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Prime cost of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was


Work cost of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was


Cost of production of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08

was 73.44% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 78.47%

Cost of goods sold of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07to2007-08

was 73.95% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 80.58%

Cost of sales of the firm was increasing from the year 2006-07 to 2007-08 was

74.28% and from the year 2007-08 to 2008-09 was 78%

Suggestion:

1. As prime cost, cost of production are increasing in the firm exercise cost

reduction and cost control techniques like material control, labor control,

over head control, capital expenditure control.

2. As the raw material cost is increasing the firm should using new

techniques to reduce it. 1) Like the firm allowed near to the sources of raw

material. 2) Reducing raw material usage in production down time.

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Chapter V - Conclusion

The goal of this primer has been to describe the major principals, concepts and

methods for doing economic analysis of sugar industries. The coverage of these subjects

has been necessary brief.

In this study is attempt to made analyze the cost analysis of the sample unit .Since

the Nirani Sugars Ltd is facing heavy competition in an around area of the region, It is

essential to focus on the aspect of cost, profitability etc

First and foremost, economic analysis provides valuable information to the

planning, design, construction, preservation, and operation of the sugar industry

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infrastructure. The limited supply of transportation rupees must be invested in a manner

that gives the greatest return to the public .The most objective way to accomplish this is

to compare the benefits and costs of transportation projects through the standard unit of

the discounted rupee over the life cycle of projects.

Benefit cost analysis is the most comprehensive method to evaluate the

reasonableness of sugar projects in economic terms. In some cases, when it is clear that a

project must be undertaken regardless of its cost.

Cost accounting is a recent development. It is the branch of financial accounting.

It maintains the records unit wise, process wise, job wise department wise, we can easily

control in reduction of costs by preparation of the statement unit wise or job wise.

Bibliography

G.B.Baligar cost accounting, ashok prakshan, 2004

Cost Analysis, Cost Recovery, Marketing, and Fee-based Service s: A Guide

for ...

by M. Sandra Wood -Medical libraries - 268 pages

Benefit-cost Analysis: Financial and Economic Appraisal Using Spreadsheets

by Harry F. Campbell, Richard P. C. Brown -Business & Economics - 2003 - 345

pages

Throughout the text of this introduction to benefit cost analysis,

emphasis is on applications, and a worked case study is progressively undertaken

as Limited preview - About this book- Add to my shared library

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Limited preview - About this book- Add to my shared library

Cost-benefit Analysis

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