a.k.a energyWhat, Where, and How?

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What is it used for?• Active transport across the cell membrane• Cell division• Protein production• Movement

http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Fig12_29UniCotransport.GIF

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Where does it come from?• Heterotroph- gets energy from food– Food energy = calories– Carbohydrates, proteins = 4 cal/g– Fat =9 cal/g

• Autotroph – gets energy from the sun

Calorimetry Lab• Purpose: Which food source has the most energy available?• Hypothesis: (remember biochemistry)• Materials:

– An iron ring– Tin can with glass rod– Thermometer attached to the ring stand with a clamp– Food stand (cork with a paperclip)– Candle or matches

• Procedure:1. Fill the can with 200ml of H2O (how many L is this?)2. Choose a food item (peanut, corn chip, cheese puff, marshmallow)3. Measure the initial mass of the food item on stand--record in grams4. Measure the temperature of the water--record in ⁰C5. Light a candle/match under the food item 6. Burn until the food catches on fire and goes out7. Quickly measure the final temperature of the water--record8. Measure the final mass of the item on stand--record

Calorimetry DataFood Source

Initial mass (g)

Final mass (g)

Change in mass

Initial water temp

Final water temp

Change in Temp

Energy kcal/g

Calorimetry Results• Calculate the amount of calories contained in

each food item– Change in mass of food (Δmass )= initial-final– Change in temperature (Δtemp)= initial-final– Energy (kcal) = (Δtemp)X(volume of water in L)– Energy/gram = kcal/Δmass

• Analysis/Results: – What type of food held the most calories? Why?– What is the unit used to calculate energy?

• Conclusion: (to your hypothesis)

Then what…

• Cells convert food calories to energy (ATP)• ATP- adenosine triphosphate

• ATP is the currency of energy in both heterotrophs and autotrophs

AdenosineAdenosine

How it works

AdenosineAdenosine P P P

Stores a lot of energy

AdenosineAdenosine P P P

Energy from

glucose+ +

ADP + Glucose +P

ATP

How it works…

ADP + Glucose + P

ATP

•Releases Energy•Breaks Bonds•Releases phosphate

PhosphataseATPase

AdenosineAdenosine P P P

AdenosineAdenosine P P

P

How it works…

ADP + Glucose + P

ATP

•Requires energy•Adds a phosphate•Creates a bond•Stores NRG

AdenosineAdenosine P P P

AdenosineAdenosine P P

PO4

How it works…

ADP + Glucose + P

ATP

•Requires energy•Adds a phosphate•Creates a bond•Stores NRG

AdenosineAdenosine P P P

AdenosineAdenosine P P

PO4

•Releases Energy•Breaks Bonds•Releases phosphate

PhosphataseATPase

P

How it works…

ADP + Glucose + P

ATP

oAdd phosphate to store energyoLose phosphate to release energy

AdenosineAdenosine P P P

AdenosineAdenosine P P

PhosphataseATPase

P

PO4

The ATP cycle

• ATP cycle videohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFzL061UBos

Getting ATP

•Plants: use photosynthesis to make food( glucose)– What is the waste produced in this process?– Occurs in the chloroplastsPhotosynthesis Songhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_17euLU_EM&feature=related

Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab

Tube 1Water

Tube 2Elodea

Tube 3 Snail

Tube 4 Elodea and

Snail

Hypothesis

Place in light

Hypothesis

Placed in dark

Purpose: When is CO2 used and when is CO2 produced?Hypothesis (in data table) (Bromothymol Blue indicates for the presence of carbonic acid –YELLOW color change, CARBON DIOXIDE is present)

Materials: Bromothymol Blue indicator, test tubes, water, Elodea, snails, light source

Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab

Analysis/Results:1.What was the control in this experiment?2.What are the independent and dependent

variables?3.In which test tube(s) was CO2 produced?

4.In which test tube(s) was CO2 consumed?

Conclusion:

Photosynthesis

• Light Dependent Reaction– Happens when there is light– Involves the chloroplasts

• Light Independent Reaction– Doesn’t matter if there is light

+

PhotosynthesisLight-Dependent Reaction

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water + sun = glucose + oxygen

6 Carbon dioxide + 6 water glucose + 6 oxygenlightlight

Chloroplast

light

Chlorophyll:thylakoid

e-

e-

e-

e-ATP

AdenosineAdenosine P P PCO2

O2

Photosynthesis

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

Aerobic Respiration (36 ATP) Aerobic Respiration (36 ATP)

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Plants

Cellular Respiration

2 types• Aerobic –uses oxygen– Makes lots of energy

• Anaerobic—without oxygen– Makes a little

energy

http://www.kurtkoncepts.com/images/NoOxygen.jpg

Aerobic Cellular Respiration• Needs oxygen to burn fuel• Uses energy in food• Converts food (glucose, sugars) into

usable energy (ATP)• Occurs in mitochondria

of cells

http://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/webquest/fa06/mvogenbe/Animal-Cell.jpg

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/animal_mitochondrion.svg.png

mitochondrion

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

3 steps1. glycolysis – sugar splitting

1 glucose = 2ATP2. Citric acid cycle –

creates CO2 and ADP3. Electron Transport Chain –

ADP converted to 36 ATP

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Aerobic Cellular Respiration

1 glucose makes 36 ATP moleculesThat is

Of energy

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Glucose + oxygen makes carbon dioxide, water, and energy

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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

• Used when we cannot get enough oxygen, or no oxygen available

• A.K.A. = Fermentation• Produces a small amount of energy – not very

efficient (only 2 ATPs)

http://airlineworld.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/safety_oxygen_mask.jpg

Cellular Respiration Activity

• This activity measures the CO2 presence in water by indicating for presence of acid.

• An increase in cellular respiration will produce more CO2 and a lower pH

• Carbon dioxide becomes acid in water. (produces Carbonic Acid).

Cellular Respiration ActivityTreatment pH of water pH of water after 10 breaths

Pre-exercise

Post-exercise

Change in pH (post – pre)

1. Measure 5 mL of water into a cup. Test the pH of the water. Blow 10 large breaths into the water with a straw. Test the pH of the water. 2. Measure 5 mL of water into a cup. Test the pH of the water. Exercise vigorously for 2 minutes. Blow into the water with a straw 10X (large breaths). Test the pH of the water.

Energy ComparisonPhotosynthesis• Food synthesized• Energy from Sun stored in

glucose• CO2 taken in• O2 given off• Produces sugars (w/energy

bonds)• Requires light• Occurs only in presence of

chlorophyll

Cellular Respiration • Food broken down• Energy in glucose broken down• CO2 given off• O2 taken in• produces energy (and CO2 and H2O)• does not require light• occurs in all organisms

Fermentation2 types of fermentation

1. Lactic acid fermentation – makes 2 ATPs / glucose • occurs during strenuous exercise• “Muscle burning”• produces lactic acid in muscles

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Making Cheese

Materials• 500 mL whole milk • hot plate • fine-mesh cheesecloth • labels • 50 mL, 500 mL and 600 mL containers • 50 mL buttermilk • thermometer • cotton twine • 50 mL, 500 mL and 600 mL measuring

devices

Procedure

1. Make sure all materials, equipment and your hands are as clean as possible. Wash hands before handling any materials.

2. Pour 500 mL whole milk into your 600 mL container and 50 mL buttermilk into your 50 mL container.

3. Heat the whole milk to 37 degrees C. 4. Add the buttermilk to the whole milk

and stir well. 5. Cover the container with cloth or

paper. 6. Incubate at between 25 and 35

degrees C for 48 hours or until a firm curd has separated from the whey.

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Fermentation

2. Alcoholic fermentation– occurs in yeast – used to make beer and bread – produces CO2 gas bubbles

Making Root beer• Materials:

– 2L bottle– 1 cup sugar– ¼ teaspoon yeast– 1 Tablespoon root beer extract– Funnel

Procedure1.Add 1 cup of sugar2.Add ¼ teaspoon of yeast3.Shake the bottle4.Swirl the mixture to make a dip in the sugar (concave)5.Add 1 Tablespoon of root beer extract6.Rinse funnel and tablespoon with water7.Fill bottle with water8.Store at Room Temperature for 3-5 days

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FermentationDraw the demonstration in your notes

CO2 gas

Apple juice + yeast

Fermentation Observation

How does temperature affect a reaction?

Conclusion:

Balloon Diameter Apple Juice + YeastRoom temp

Apple Juice + Yeast Warm

After 5 minutes

After 10 minutes

After 20 minutes

Cheese Day 31. Prepare a piece of cheesecloth that will be thick

enough and large enough to hold your curd.

2. Pour your curd into the cloth. Collect the whey in the 500 mL container. Gather the edges of the cloth to form a bag. Tie the bag with the twine and hang it to continue draining. After it has fully drained, discard the whey and place the bag in the refrigerator.