N.S. 100 Lecture 3 – Biochemistry is broken up into 3 parts – this is part 3c

As in lard

As in some plant oils

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Fight blood clots

Reduce fat levels in the blood

Reduce fatty deposits in arteries

Found in:

Certain fatty fish (salmon, albacore, lake trout, sardines)

Lesser amounts in walnuts & soy based products

Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Healthiest of all

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Butter

Margarine -stick

Margarine -soft

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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/cistrans.jpg

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Trans Fats are most unhealthy of all fats

Bubbling hydrogen (hydrogenation) through

unsaturated fats (good ones) changes the orientation of

the hydrogens from “cis” to “trans” and causes oils to

turn solidWhy are trans fats bad?

1. Raise LDL levels

2. Lower HDL levels

3. Raise fat levels in blood

4. Prevent blood vessels from opening up

Trans Foods:

Foods that say “partially hydrogenated” or “hydrogenated”.

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IngredientsLiquid Canola Oil, Water, Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil, Plant Stanol Esters, Salt, Emulsifiers, (Vegetable Mono- and Diglycerides, Soy Lecithin),

Hydrogentated Soybean Oil, Potassium Sorbate, Citric Acid and Calcium Disodium EDTA to Preserve

Freshness, Artificial Flavor, DL-alpha-TocopherylAcetate, Vitamin A Palmitate, Colored with Beta

Carotene.

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69Normal blood flow through artery

http://www.ppsinc.org/images/cholplaque.jpg

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Liver degrades HDL Cholesterol

Liver degrades some LDL cholesterol

Excess LDL Cholesterol forms fat artery deposit

cholesterolFood & Genetics are sources of

cholesterol

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Anabolic (growth) steroid (lipids) causes

tissue to grow

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Biologically Important Organic Molecules

Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)

Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)

Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)

Lipids – C, H, O

Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)

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DNA from a lysedbacterial cell

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The DNA double helix

Two strands of nucleic acid (polymers)

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DNA discovery in 1953 is a Milestone in Biology and

Medicine

Franklin

Watson and Crick

Wilkins

Most famous photo in biology

Pauling

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Double Helix Nucleotide is the monomer

DNA double helix is the polymer

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Electron micrograph of DNA 1,000,000

times

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Human cells have about 3 yards of DNA in each of the 2 trillion cells in a human body

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•Craig Venter (head of Celera Genomics -left), •President Clinton•Francis Collins (director, NIH National Human Genome Research Institute).

“The U.S. Human Genome Project

coordinated by the DOE and NIH, is a multi-year effort to find all the genes on

every chromosome in the human body and

to determine their biochemical nature”

Year 2000 81

“Science hurts my

head”

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Polymer MonomerPolypeptide (Protein) Amino acidsPolysaccharide (Starch) Monosaccharide (glucose)Lipid, Fats Fatty Acids and GlycerolNucleic Acid (DNA) Nucleotide

REVIEW

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Protein

Active site

substrate

Enzymes are (special) proteins with active

sites. Active site attracts substrate(s)

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Enzyme

Active site

Substrate

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Some enzymes catalyze 600,000 reactions per second in one active site

Enzyme is used over and over again86

Humans make 35,000 chemical products

Humans have 35,000 enzymes

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Enzyme makes sure that A and B unite in correct way

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AB AB

BA

A

BC

A = substrate B = substrate C = product

A and B can only go together one way to form product

enzymeNo product formed

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Enzymes - Two important functions:1. Lower the energy of activation for

chemical reactions (less heat needed).

2. Channel chemical reactions along certain specific pathways.

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Enzymes lower the energy of activation of chemical reactions ……………… or

they decrease the heat needed for a chemical reaction.

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Enzymes channel chemical reactions along certain specific pathways.

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93Temperature influences enzyme reaction rate

Temperature

Enzyme reaction

rate

94Enzyme to make dark fur is

destroyed by warmth of mother

Baby’s white fur blends with ice for protection

Carbohydrates digested into monomers

(monosaccharides)

Proteins digested into monomers (amino acids)

Lipids digested into monomers (fatty acids and glycerol)

Polymers) in food must be digested to monomers before

they can be used

Digestive tract enzymes

Digestive enzyme

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Bile emulsifies

lipids (polymers),

like soap does to

grease on a plate

Monomers of Glycerol and fatty

acids

Bile

Monomers of amino acids

Lipase

Lipid polymers

Protein polymersCarbohydrates

polymers

Peptidase

Monomers of monosaccharides or sugars

Amylase

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Large food polymer too big to be absorbed

Dimers too big to be absorbed

Monomers are small enough to be absorbed

Intestinal wall lined with cells

Blood vessel

Enzymes: amylase pepsin lipase

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Do I need Enzymes?