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NationalSkiPatrolCertifiedProgram

StudyGuide

September2013

NATIONALSKIPATROLSYSTEM133SouthVanGordonStreet,Suite100

Lakewood,Colorado80228303‐988‐1111www.nsp.org

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ThisstudyguideisintendedasasupplementalaidforpatrollersinvolvedintheCertifiedprocesswiththeNationalSkiPatrol(NSP).ItspurposeistohelppreparecandidatesforCertifiededucationandtesting.Thisguideisnotintendedtobeinterpretedasamanualforskipatrollersorskiareas,anditisnotintendedtoactasasetofguidelinesorpoliciesandproceduresatsnowsportsareas.Thisdocumentiseverchangingandupdatedregularly.

Materialsproducedin2013bytheNationalSkiPatrolSystem,Inc.

Allrightsarereserved.However,anypartofthisNationalSkiPatrolCertifiedProgramStudyGuideandSkillsVerificationmaterialmaybereproducedwhenconductingtheprograminanyformorbyanymeans–electronically,mechanicallyorbyphotocopying,recordingorotherwise–withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionoftheNationalSkiPatrolSystem,Inc.ContactyourdivisionCertifiedadvisorforfurtherinformationabouttheCertifiedprogram.

INSTRUCTORDISCRETION

Theinstructorhasdiscretiontorestricttheparticipationofastudentinalloranypartoftheprogram.Forinstance,theinstructormayrestrictparticipationwhen,intheinstructor’sjudgment,thestudentcannotcompletetheprogramobjectivesevenwithavailablereasonableaccommodations,orthestudent’sparticipationwillbesignificantlydetrimentaltothecompletionoftheprogramobjectiveswithotherstudents.

LIABILITYRELEASEAllparticipants,bothinstructorsandcandidates,inanyCertifiedevent(training,clinic,testing)needtosignliabilityreleases.Onerelease,whichcoversathree‐yearperiod,istobesignedandonfileatthetimeacandidateapplies.ACertifiedpatrollerisalsoexpectedtosignanewreleaseeverythreeyearsateachrecertification.Thesereleasesaretobekeptonfileuntiltheyarereplacedbynewones.Divisionsmayusetheirownreleasesbutitisrecommendedthatusingshort,simpleandplainlanguagethatanon‐highschoolgraduatecanclearlyunderstandmakereleasesmoreenforceable.Ofcourse,ifaskiarearequiresaseparatereleasetohostanevent,thenitshouldalsobeused.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

NationalCertifiedCommittee StephenKuller,NationalCertifiedDirector BillSomers,AssistantNationalCertifiedDirector EdGassman,PastNationalCertifiedDirector Alaska,ChrisRoss Alaska,DickRosston Central,MichaelLongfellow‐Jones Central,PatrickPerlman Eastern,SteveBarnes Eastern,BillJordan Eastern,DavidWalker FarWest,MikeLaney FarWest,MichaelNolen FarWestandAssociationofProfessionalPatrollers,ScottHoffman Intermountain,JohnErickson Intermountain,BillSinykin Professional,JohnMirus RockyMountain,BillSomers RockyMountain,WallyShank Southern,BrandonDeane Southern,TomHughes

NationalOfficeStaff DarcyHanley,EducationDirectorAdministrativeSupport AnnGassmanDevelopmentalEditor CarrieClick

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TABLEOFCONTENTSINTRODUCTION Certifiedmissionstatement Programgoals Programcontent Applicationrequirements Programrequirements Evaluation Recertification Reciprocity ResourcesCERTIFIEDMODULE1:AreaOperationsSuggestedresourcesEssentialknowledge Slopesandtrails Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations Snowmaking Liftoperations Interfacingwithareaoperations/departments/management Skipatrol EmergencyresponseEvaluationcriteria CERTIFIEDAVALANCHEMODULES2‐4 CERTIFIEDMODULE2:AvalancheHazardAssessmentBaselinecertification SuggestedresourcesBaselinequalifications Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassification Contributoryfactors Snowmechanics/avalanchedynamics Evaluationcriteria Advancedqualifications Suggestedresources Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassification Weatherfactors Snowpackfactors Terrainfactors

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Humanfactors Avalancherelease Hazardassessment Decisionmaking EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE3:AvalancheRiskMitigationBaselinecertification SuggestedresourcesBaselinequalifications Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Riskmitigationprinciples Passivemeasures Activemeasures EvaluationcriteriaAdvancedqualifications Suggestedresources Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Definitions Needfromskiindustry Avalancheproblemfactors Passivemethods Activemethods Usergroupeducation EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE4:AvalancheRescueBaselinecertification SuggestedresourcesBaselinequalifications Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Companion/groupsearch Organizedsearchandrescue EvaluationcriteriaAdvancedqualifications Suggestedresource Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Companion/groupsearch Organizedsearchandrescue

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Emergencymedicalcare/evacuation Avalancheincidentdocumentation EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE5:OECModulefortheCertifiedProgramSuggestedresourcesEssentialknowledge OECconcepts OECmanagementprinciplesEvaluationcriteria CERTIFIEDMODULE6:RiskManagementConcludingobjectives Operationalpolicies RiskmitigationplanningandproceduresEssentialknowledge Skiindustryriskmanagementissues Skiindustryinsuranceissues Emergencyresponse/planningdocuments “RedFlag”incidentreportingprocedures Legalimplications ComplianceissuesCERTIFIEDMODULE7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationSuggestedresourceConcludingobjectives ClearunderstandingofNSProlesinevacuation Fluidtechniqueinhandlingrope/tyingknots ProperbelaytechniquesEssentialknowledge Liftoperations Evacuationplanning ImplementationCertifiedtrainingactivityEvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE8:AlpineSkiing,TelemarkSkiing&SnowboardingSuggestedresourcesPurposeConcludingobjectives Exhibitsuperiorskiing/ridingabilitiesEssentialknowledge Generalcharacteristicsofsuperioralpineskiing,telemarkskiing,and/orsnowboardingPreparationsuggestions

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EvaluationcriteriaCERTIFIEDMODULE9:TobogganHandlingSuggestedresourcesConcludingobjectives Unloadedtobogganskills Loadedtobogganskills–front Loadedtobogganskills–tailEssentialknowledge Toboggan‐handlingskillsCertifiedtrainingactivitiesEvaluationcriteriaContinuingeducation

Appendix

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INTRODUCTIONThisCertifiedprogramstudyguideisintendedtoaidpatrollersinbuildingontheexperiencesgainedthroughpatrollingandthroughNSPprograms,i.e.,Senior,OutdoorEmergencyCare(OEC),OutdoorEmergencyTransportation,Avalanche,MountainTravelandRescue,Leadership,andInstructorDevelopment.Theprogramrequiresindependenttrainingandadvancedresearchmuchthesameasauniversity’sadvanceddegreeprogram.Theintentalsoistoidentifyandsupplementtrainingresourcesandtoprovidetrainingclinicsasfocusingtools,skillcheckpointsandverificationofpersonalprogress.TheCertifiedcommitteestronglyrecommendsthatallpatrollerscompletetheNSPSeniorprogrampriortoenteringtheCertifiedprogram.Certifiedpatrollersneedtopossesshighlydevelopedteamworkskills.Theymustbeexcellentleadersabletoeffectivelydirectpersonnelprovidingpatrolservicesonaday‐to‐daybasisandinmasscasualtyincidents.Aswithanytrueleader,theyneedtohavetheattitudeandabilitytosubordinatethemselvestootherleadersandbeeffectiveteamplayers.Certifiedpatrollersareexpectedtobegoodinstructors,demonstrateoutstandingcommunicationskills,andpossessextensiveknowledgeofpatrolandskiareamanagementoperations.Candidatesarerequiredtodemonstrateskillsinhands‐onsituations.Progressingthroughtheprogramrequiresdemonstrationofstrongphysical,leadership,instruction,problemmanagement,decision‐makingandcommunicationskills.Theprocessalsorequirestheabilitytodemonstrateexperienceandknowledge,andtodevelopvariousplansandprogramsthatcouldbeneededtomanageapatrolorarea.WhenyouasacandidatepassallmodulesintheCertifiedprogram,youreceiveauniquenumberthatisyoursfortherestofyourlife.AsofSeptember2013,lessthan800numbershavebeenissuedintheNSP’s75‐yearhistory.“CertifiedPatroller”istrulyaspecialstatus.ItisimportantthatCertifiedpatrollersremainactivetosharetheirknowledgeandmentorotherpatrollers.Ifapatrollerremainsactiveandmakescontinuedcontributions,divisionsmayselecttheindividualforaLifetimeCertifiedRecognitionaward.Theinformationpresentedinthisstudyguidemaynotbeapplicableinallsituations.NSPeducationprogramsormembershiprequirementsshouldnotbeconfusedwithoperatingrequirementsofgovernmentandprivateentitiesthatNSPsupports.IfyouarenotcurrentlyintheCertifiedprogram,youareencouragedtogiveitatry.Candidatestraditionallyfinditarewardingexperience.CertifiedmissionstatementCertifiedisanationaleducationalandskillverificationprogramthatprovidesareadilyidentifiableresourceofhighlymotivated,skilledandknowledgeablepatrollerstobetterservetheNationalSkiPatrol’s(NSP)missionofpublicsafetyasapatrioticorganization.

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Programgoals• Toprovideperformancestandardsandevaluationonabroadrangeofpatrolskillsand

knowledge• Toincreasepatroller’sawarenessofissuesrelevanttoskiareaoperations• Toprovideareadilyidentifiableresourceofhighlyskilled,motivatedandknowledgeable

patrollerstobetterserveNSP,skiareamanagementandtheoutdoorrecreationcommunitythroughinstructionand/orleadership

• Topromoteinteractionandexchangebetweenpaidandvolunteerpatrollers• TobuildonbutnotduplicatetheotherNSPeducationalprogramsbyprovidingaflexible,self‐

directedtrainingprogramtodevelopmemberskillsProgramcontentTheNationalCertifiedCommitteesetsthestandardsfortheNationalProgram.TheCertifiedprogramistobeadministeredbyeachdivisionconsistentwiththeprovisionsoutlinedinthisstudyguide.EachdivisionisresponsibleformaintainingtheintegrityofthecontentofCertifiedprogramsheldwithinitsjurisdiction.ApplicationrequirementsNSPmemberwhohasadvancedbeyondthecandidatelevelDuedates,fees,etc.satisfiedasmandatedbydivisionRecommendationsignaturefromsupervisor(patroldirector,areamanager,etc.)Recommended:SeniorstatusbeforeenteringtheCertifiedprogramProgramrequirementsInordertoachieveCertifiedstatus,anapplicantmustcompleteeachofthefollowingmoduleswithinthreeconsecutiveskiseasonsstartingwiththeseasonthecandidate’sapplicationisapproved:1.AreaOperationsDemonstrateaworkingknowledgeofskiareaoperationsthataffectpatrolactivities,includingbutnotlimitedtoliftoperations,hillsafety,disasterpreparations,budgeting,staffing,planning,publicrelations,paidandvolunteerpatrollers,andNSPmanagementinteractionwithotherskiareadepartments.2.AvalancheHazardAssessmentDemonstrateathoroughknowledgeandunderstandingofavalanchehazardassessmenttechniques,properuseandstorageofequipment,andsafetyprocedures.3.AvalancheRiskMitigationDemonstrateathoroughknowledgeandunderstandingofNSP’savalancheprogramcurriculum,snowphysics/science,avalanchepredictiontechniques,andrescueplansandprotocols.4.AvalancheRescue

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Demonstrateaworkingknowledgeofself,companion,groupandorganizedavalanchesearchandrescueprinciplesplusrescueteamleadershipandscenemanagementundertheIncidentCommandSystem(ICS).5.OutdoorEmergencyCare(OEC)DemonstratetheknowledgeandabilitytoinstructothersinOEC.Demonstrateleadership,problemmanagement,decision‐makingandawarenessofskiareaoperationalissues.Asanoption,eachdivisioncanincludestagedresponsestomultiple‐patient,multiple‐injuryincidentsunderdifficultconditions.DemonstratetheabilitytothinkthroughanOECproblemanddevelopaplanofresponse.6.RiskManagementDemonstrateaworkingknowledgeofskiareariskmanagementincludingbutnotlimitedtoliability,eliminationofrisk,mitigationofrisk,andtransferofrisk,aswellasapplicablelocal,stateandfederallaws,sovereignimmunity,GoodSamaritanlaws,accidentinvestigations(what,how,whenandwhere),documentation,andtheroleoftheskipatrolinriskmanagement.7.RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationDemonstratesmooth,confidentandfluidtechniquesinknots,ropehandlingandproperbelaytechniquesinroperescuescenarios,includingtheabilitytosetuparescuesystem.Demonstrateaclearunderstandingofareamanagement,NSPandpatrollerrolesinpracticalapplicationsinliftevacuationsthatmayinvolveseveraldifferenttypesoflifts.8.AlpineSkiing,TelemarkSkiing&SnowboardingDemonstrateexceptionalskiingorsnowboardingabilityonallterrainandsnowconditions.Priortoparticipatingintheskiingcomponent,divisionsmayrequireacandidatetoparticipateinandreceivearecommendationsignatureatadivision‐authorizedorientation/safetyclinic.9.TobogganHandlingDemonstrateexceptionaltoboggan‐handlingabilityonallterrainandsnowconditions.Priortoparticipatinginthetoboggancomponent,divisionsmayrequireacandidatetoparticipateinandreceivearecommendationsignatureatadivision‐authorizedorientation/safetyclinic.EvaluationItistheintentoftheCertifiedcommitteeforthisprogramtobeasconsistentaspossiblewithotherNSPprograms.Thenational0‐100%scoringmethodisthepreferredsystemofchoice;acandidatepassingwithan80%proficiencyorgreaterisconsideredCertified.Divisionsnotcurrentlyusingthismethodareencouragedtotransitiontothissystem.ThedivisionCertifiedadvisorordesigneeisresponsibleforselectingtheevaluatorsfromthepoolofeligibleindividuals.IdeallyallevaluatorsarebothNSPinstructorsandCertifiedpatrollersintheirtestingdisciplines.Thepoolofeligibleindividualsincludesthosepatrollerswhohavecompletedthemodulebeingtestedbutnotnecessarilyallmodules.Whenresourcesareavailable,eachevaluationteamshouldhaveatleasttwoevaluators.

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RecertificationTomaintainclassification,Certifiedpatrollersarerequiredtosuccessfullydemonstrateskiandtobogganhandlingskillsindivisionauthorizedrecertificationeventsonceeverythreeyears.IfaCertifiedpatrollerisnotabletomeettheperformancestandardsatarecertificationevent,heorshewillbegivenagraceperiodofoneskiseasontobringthoseskillsuptostandard.ReciprocityDivision‐Certifiedadvisors,withconcurrenceoftheirdivisiondirector,mayapproveasappropriatepartialorfullreciprocityforindividualsintheirdivisionwhohavereceivedCertifiedstatusorcompletedmoduleswithanothergroupsuchastheAssociationofProfessionalPatrollers(APP).ThereisautomaticreciprocitybetweenNSPdivisionsaslongasthepatrollercomplieswiththecurrentdivisionrecertificationrequirements.ResourcesThemostcurrenteditionsarerecommendedforalleducationalmaterials.

• ADA,OSHA,U.S.ForestService• ANSIB.77Codes(Themostcurrentcodesshouldbefollowedwheretheyhavebeen

adopted,onastate‐by‐statebasis.)• Areapoliciesandprocedures,i.e.,patrol,grooming,snowmaking,liftoperationsand

evacuation• AvalancheRescueFundamentals,LinBallardandDaleAtkins• BlastersHandbook,DuPont• CurrentNSPandNSAAcatalogsforvideosandpublications• ExplosivesUseinAvalancheControl:NationalSkiAreasAssociationGuidelines• ICS100,200and700certification(onlinecoursesatwww.training.fema.gov)• SkiandTobogganTraining• MountainTravel&Rescue,NationalSkiPatrol• Mountaineering,TheFreedomoftheHills,TheMountaineersBooks• OutdoorEmergencyCare,NationalSkiPatrol• Snow,WeatherandAvalanches:ObservationGuidelinesforAvalancheProgramsin

theUnitedStates(SWAG)bytheAmericanAvalancheAssociationandtheUSDAForestServiceNationalAvalancheCenter

• StayingAliveinAvalancheTerrainbyBruceTremper• TheAvalancheHandbookbyMcClung&Schaerer• TheSkiPatroller'sManual,NationalSkiPatrol• TheLiftEvacuationManual,NationalSkiAreasAssociation• YourResponsibilityCode,NationalSkiAreasAssociation

Seeeachmoduleforresourcesregardingspecifictopicsofstudy.

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CERTIFIEDMODULE1:AreaOperations

Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•HKDSnowmakers’website,snowgun.com•Localareaon‐mountainstaff,workshopsandpublications•NationalSkiAreasAssociation(NSAA)seminars,workshopsandpublications•RatnikIndustries’website,www.ratnik.com•SMISnowmakers’website,www.snowmakers.com•TechnoAlpin’swebsite,www.technoalpin.com Essentialknowledgeoflocalareamanagementpolicies,proceduresandgeneraldailyoperations Slopesandtrails Slopesignage ‐Handlingclosures ‐Signageandfencing ‐Obstaclehazardmarking Marking Removal Naturalversusmanmade ‐Snowboardconsiderations Techniquesforclosingaslopeortrail–when/how Knowledgeofskiindustrypractices ‐Traildesign/maintenancefactorsnecessarytomitigaterisks ‐Paddingissues Specialsnowboardmaintenanceandpatrolissues ‐Benches ‐Loading/unloading ‐Parks Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations Groomingpurposesandprocedures ‐Movementofsnow When/howfar Why/whynot ‐Specialconsiderations Terrainparks Halfpipes ‐Skieraccessibility ‐Stabilization ‐Groomingreports ‐Skipatrolinvolvement Groomingequipmentanduses ‐Types

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Variousmanufacturers,e.g.Thiolkol,PistenBully,Bombardier,etc. Winchcats Other ‐Accessories Tiller Compactorbar 12‐wayblade Hydrostaticdrive Other ‐Managingnonfunctioninggroomingequipmenton‐mountain Cat Pipedragon Snowmobile Snowmobileoperations ‐Trainingprograms ‐Helmetrequirements ‐Requiredroutes ‐Safetyinspections Snowmaking Purposeandprocedures ‐Trainingprograms ‐Effectoftemperatureandhumidity ‐Skipatrolinvolvement ‐Limitations ‐Skierconcerns Snowmakingequipment ‐Hydrantplacementconcerns Inwoods Atedgeoftrail Inmiddleoftrail Anatomy ‐Snowmakinggun Airless Air/watersystems Safetyissuesofhigh‐pressurewaterandair Liftoperations AmericanNationalStandards(ANSI)codesanddesigncriteria Verticalclearances Horizontalclearances Chairclearancesatloadingandunloadingramps Maxslopeatanunloadingramp Operator’straininglogandchainofcommand Supervisionandresponsibility(who/how) Liftmaintenanceintervals Lock‐out/tag‐outproceduresformaintenanceorrescue

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Signagerequirements Liftcomponents ‐Brakingsystems/purposes ‐Emergencysystems ‐Typesofcarriers ‐Wireropesplice ‐Creep‐backmarks ‐Locationofwireropetuck ‐Inspectioncertificateandbywhatauthority ‐Itemstolookforwhileridingchairduringopening ‐Lubricationofwirerope,specificallydifferenttypesofcores Auxiliarypowersource ‐Starting(howoften/purpose) ‐Maintenancelog(why) ‐Typesoffuels ‐Electricalsystems ‐Controls ‐Communicationswhileinuse ‐Alternateifauxiliarypowerdoesnotoperate Liftevacuation(seeModule7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuation) ‐Alternativeifauxiliarypowerdoesnotoperate Liftevacuation(seeModule7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuation) Interfacingwithareaoperations/departments/management Rentalandretailshops ‐Ski/snowboardrentalprocedures Rentalinjuryprocedures(post‐accidentinspection) Releasereviews ‐Equipmentissues ‐Clothing ‐Other Specialevents(races,etc.) ‐Coordinationofpatrolresponsibilities ‐Coursemaintenance ‐Foodservice ‐Daycare/children’sskischool ‐Skischool Safetyrulesandprocedures Locationandprotectionofteachingareas Valueoflessonprogram Guests Patrollers Maintenance ‐Communication ‐Documentingproblems Marketing/customerrelations

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‐Speedercontrol ‐Skier/snowboarder/Nordicprograms Skiersafetyeducation/re‐education Skiersafetyenforcementandconfrontationaltechniques/issues ‐Safetyawareness ‐Skier’sResponsibilityCode ‐Specialsnowboarderconsiderations ‐Information/maps ‐Mountainhostprogram Facilities ‐Parking ‐Drop‐offandpick‐upareas ‐Housekeeping ‐Security/police ‐Terrainparkinteraction Skipatrol(alpineandNordic) Paidversusvolunteer On‐the‐hillandaidroom Advancedlifesupportprograms(AED,ACLS,etc.) TransfertoEMSsystem Immediateaccesstomedicalfacility Equipment(emergencycare,radios,toboggans,evacuationgear,etc.) Medicalwasteanddisposal OSHArequirements Sign‐in/sign‐outlogs(purpose) Criticalincidentstressdebriefing Responsibilitiesofpatrolrepresentative ValueofaNSPaffiliation PurposeofthejointoperatingstatementbetweentheNSPandNSAA Patroldirector’sexpectationsofhis/herNSPdivision Emergencyresponsewrittenplansandprocedures Searchandrescue Avalanche Masscasualty/disaster Liftevacuation Emergencyvehicleaccessandevacuation Operationsguidelines ‐EMS/firedepartment ‐Security ‐Alcohol/drugconsumption ‐Liftmaintenance ‐Grooming ‐Snowmaking ‐Humanresources Evaluationcriteria

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Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter

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CERTIFIEDAVALANCHEMODULES2‐4ThefollowingthreemodulesareuniqueintheNSPCertifiedpatrollerprograminthattherearetwolevelsofcertificationforeachmodule.Baselinecertificationqualificationsapplytoallpatrollersintheprogram;advancedqualificationsapplytocertificationindivisionsthatadoptthosequalifications.Anyone,certifiedbypassingjustthebaselinemoduletestsinonedivision,whothenmovestoadivisionthatrequirestheadvancedqualifications,willneedtopasstheadvancedmoduletestsbeforetheircertifiedstatusisvalidatedbythatdivision.

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CERTIFIEDMODULE2:AvalancheHazardAssessment

BaselinecertificationSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•BackcountryAvalancheSafetybyTonyDaffern•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney•SnowSensebyJillFredstonandDougFeslerBaselinequalifications(appliestoallCertifiedcandidates) Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Minimum:NSPIntroductiontoAvalancheSafetyandRescuecourse Recommended:NSPLevel1AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassificationdiscussion Basictypes ‐Loosesnow ‐Slab ‐Wet Genericpathanatomy Sizerelativetopath(R1‐R5) Sizerelativetodestructiveness(D1‐D5) Triggers(examplesofnaturalandartificial) Contributoryfactorsdiscussion Weatherfactors ‐Temperature ‐Wind ‐Precipitation Snowpackfactors ‐Layering ‐Metamorphismprocesses Rounding Sintering Faceting Melt‐freeze ‐Snowprofiles Strengthmeasurements Criticalstructures Energy Terrainfactors Humanfactors Snowmechanics/avalanchedynamicsdiscussion Loadingandstress

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Stressanddeformation Deformationandfracture Loosesnowreleasesequence Slabavalanchereleasesequence Wetsnowreleasesequence Hazardevaluationdiscussion Avalanchecenterbulletins NorthAmericanAvalancheDangerScale DangerRoseDiagrams Snowpitsandprofiles Spatialvariationprinciple “Bull’s‐eye”dataprioritization ObviousCluesMethod(OCM) NSPAvalancheHazardChecklist Evaluationcriteria Writtenpretest Oraldiscussionbasedonessentialcontentdescribedabove Skillsdemonstration(showandtell) InterpretaDangerRoseDiagram Interpretasnowprofile Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetterAdvancedqualifications(divisionoption)Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney•Snow,WeatherandAvalanches;ObservationGuidelinesforAvalancheProgramsintheUnitedStates(SWAG)bytheAmericanAvalancheAssociationandUSDAForestServiceNationalAvalancheCenter•StayingAliveinAvalancheTerrainbyBruceTremper•TheAvalancheHandbookbyDavidMcClungandPeterSchaerer Prerequisitebackgroundeducation NSPLevel2AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Avalancheclassification Primary Secondary Weatherfactors Atmosphericpressure Radiation ‐Types ‐Sources ‐Heating/coolingeffects Temperatureandrelativehumidity Atmosphericlifting ‐Types

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‐Effects ‐Importance ‐Adiabaticlapserates Precipitationprocesses ‐Condensationprocessthatformsclouddroplets ‐Vapordepositionprocessthatformsicecrystals ‐Roleofnucleiincondensationandcrystallization ‐Rimingprocess ‐Surfacehoarformation ‐InternationalCommissiononSnowandIce(ICSI)systemofsnowclassification PrincipalsnowclimatezonesintheU.S. Windvelocity,transportanddeposition Weatherplotinstrumentationandmeasurements(what,when,where,how,why) Snowpackfactors Snowpackdevelopment ‐Structure ‐Principlesofcohesionandadhesion ‐Viscousandelasticpropertiesofsnow ‐Slabsandinterfaces ‐Corniceformation Metamorphism ‐Generaldescription ‐Roundingprocess ‐Sinteringprocess ‐Facetingprocess ‐Melt‐freezeprocess ‐Crustsandicelayers Snowlayerhardness ‐Relationshipbetweensnowhardnessandstrength ‐Strongandweaklayersinasnowpack Snowlayerdensityandwaterequivalent ‐Howmeasured/calculated ‐Relationshipbetweendensityandwaterequivalent ‐Densityandloading Stressinthesnowpack ‐Sources ‐Locationinthesnowpack ‐Howobserved/measured ‐Deformation Settlement Creep Glide Significancerelativetoavalanchepotential Freewaterinthesnowpack ‐Sources

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‐Pendularregime ‐Funicularregime ‐Percolation ‐Significancerelativetoavalanchepotential Snowpackdatagatheringmethods ‐Studypit ‐Testpit Observations Tests ‐Observationsandtestsonthemove Terrainfactors Generalterrainfeaturesandrelationshiptoavalanchepotential ‐Elevation ‐Angle ‐Aspect ‐Contour ‐Anchors ‐Vegetation Specificterrainstructuresandtheirrelationshiptoavalanchepotential ‐Ridges ‐Knobs ‐Bowls ‐Couloirs ‐Chutes ‐Spines ‐Gullies ‐Isolatedrocks/trees ‐Brushyareas Terraininfluenceonweather ‐Temperaturechanges ‐Precipitationrates ‐Snowtransportandloadingpatterns ‐Inversions ‐Surfacehoarandrime Terraininfluenceonsnowpack ‐Heatgain/loss ‐Stressvectorsandamplifiers Corniceformation Avalanchepathrecognitionandhistory Examplesof“terraintraps” Humanfactors Riskandvulnerability Attitudesandheuristics Managingrisk Managinguncertainty

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Avalanchereleasediscussion Failuredynamics ‐Stressvectors ‐Stressbuildingfactors ‐Stressrelieffactors ‐Snowpackstructuresthatconcentratestress ‐Distinctionsbetween“failure,”“fracture”and“propagation” Avalanchereleasemechanics ‐Loosesnow ‐Slab ‐Wet ‐Ice ‐Slush Avalanchetriggerdescriptionsandexamples ‐Natural ‐Artificial Componentsofastandardavalancheobservation(SWAG) ‐Observationcomponents ‐Classificationcodes Hazardassessmentdiscussion Roleofavalanchecenterbulletins ‐Features/dataprovided ‐Advantages ‐Disadvantages Roleoflocalobservationsduringtravel ‐Weatherfactors ‐Snowpackstabilityfactors ‐Strength Ski/BootPenetrationTest ShovelShearTest CompressionTest ExtendedColumnTest PropagationSawTest HandShearTest SkiPolePenetrometerTest ‐Structure(“lemons,”“yellowflags”) ‐Energy(shearquality,propagation) ‐Spatialvariation ‐Terrainfactors Altitude Aspect Contours Vegetation Decision‐makingdiscussion Prioritizationofdata

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‐Terrain ‐Weather ‐Snowpack ‐Human Decision‐makingaids ‐Purpose ‐Examples ‐Preference Evaluationcriteria Demonstrateaccuratemeasurementof: Slopeangle Aspect Elevations Identifyterrainfeatures,includingslidepathsandterraintrapsinthefield InterpretaDangerRoseDiagramintermsofrelativehazard Makeastabilityassessmentbasedonagraphicalformatsnowprofile Createasnowprofile(tabularorgraphical)fromprovideddata(examplesfromthe candidate’spersonalavalanchehandbookwillsatisfythisitem) Useterraincluestoidentifyavalanchepaths Useterrainandsnowpackcluestodeterminedirectionofprevailingwindsandleeslopes Digasuitabletestpit Location Dimensions Observations/measurements ‐Stratigraphy ‐Layerhardness ‐Temperaturegradients ‐Graintypes ‐Grainsizes ‐Criticalstructures(“lemons,”“yellowflags”) Standardizedstrengthtestsforinstability(includingscoringparameters) ‐ShovelShear ‐Compression ‐ExtendedColumn ‐PropagationSaw Assessfracture(shear)quality Drawasnowprofile Makeastabilityassessmentbasedonfindings Conductnon‐standardizedtestsforinstability SkiPolePenetrometer HandShear Switchback Ski/BootPenetration

Demonstrateappropriateuseofatleasttwohazardassessment/decision‐makingtools

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Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter

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MODULE3:AvalancheRiskMitigation

BaselinecertificationSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•SnowSensebyJillFredstonandDougFesler•BackcountryAvalancheSafetybyTonyDaffern•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney•TheAvalancheHandbookbyDavidMcClungandPeterSchaerer(explosivescomponentonly)Baselinequalifications(appliestoallCertifiedcandidates) Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Minimumrequired:NSPIntroductiontoAvalancheSafetyandRescuecourse Recommended:NSPLevel1AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourseEssentialknowledge Riskmitigationprinciples Conceptandgeneralpurposeofavalancheriskmitigationpractices Individualriskmitigation ‐Usereducation ‐Advanceplanning ‐Terrainselectionprinciples ‐Travelrituals Passivemeasuresbyresortsandcommunities/agencies Zoning/accesscontrol/signage Stabilizationstructures/reforestation Defensestructures Activemeasuresbyresortsandcommunities/agencies Slopecompaction Slopecutting Artificialtriggeringwithexplosives ‐Typesofexplosives ‐Deliverymethods ‐Regulatoryentities Evaluationcriteria Oralinterviewusingachecklistform Scoreatleast80%topassAdvancedqualifications(divisionoption)Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•StayingAliveinAvalancheTerrainbyBruceTremper•TheAvalancheHandbookbyDavidMcClungandPeterSchaerer•ExplosivesUseinAvalancheControl,NationalSkiAreasAssociationGuidelines•RecommendedSafeWorkingPractices,OricaAvalancheProducts,OricaMiningServices,www.oricaminingservices.com

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Prerequisitebackgroundeducation NSPLevel2AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse AssociationofProfessionalPatrollersblastingseminarEssentialknowledge Definitions Avalanchehazard Avalancherisk Vulnerability Mitigation Needfromskiindustrystandpoint Transportationroutes Resorts Guidedbackcountryandheli‐skiservices Avalancheproblemfactors Type Magnitude/destructivepotential Returnperiod Forecasting/decisionresponsibility Rescuecapability Passivemethods Accesscontrol ‐Delineation ‐Closures ‐Warnings/education ‐Zoningforcommercial/residentialproperties ‐Limitationsofsignage,closuresandotherformsofaccesscontrol Limitingdevices ‐Windfencing;jetroof,etc. Supportingstructures ‐Startingzonesupportstructures ‐Reforestation Deflectionandretardingofavalancheflow ‐Catchmenttrenches/basins ‐Diversionbermsandmounds Directprotectionofstructures ‐Splitters ‐Tunnels/sheds ‐Reinforcedstructures Activemethods Compaction ‐Machine ‐Bootpacking ‐Recreationaltraffic Skicutting

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Cornicebreaking/cutting Explosives ‐Mechanicsofexplosiverelease Thrust/pressure Groundstresswaves Airstresswaves ‐Effectonsnowpack Mechanicalfracture Compactioncolumns Dryversuswetsnow ‐Methodsofdelivery Handcharges Typesofexplosivesused Chargesizes Corniceblasting Fusingissues Deliverymethods Largecharges Blastingagentsversusexplosives Conditionswhereadvantageous Deliverymethods Artillery Military Avalauncher Gaz‐Ex Generalprinciples Fixedsystems Portablesystems(e.g.“DaisyBell”) ‐Placementconsiderations ‐No‐lightsandmisfires Relightissues Timefactors Projectiles ‐Dealingwithnegativeresults ‐Regulatoryauthoritiesandregulationissues Federal State Local ‐Safety/securityissues Communication Training ‐Storage Usergroupeducationdiscussion(descriptions,effectivenessandlimitations) Signage Avalanchecenterbulletins

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Awarenesspresentations Avalancheeducationcourses ‐Targetaudiences ‐Levels ‐Standards ‐Providers Evaluationcriteria Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamcoveringtheaforementionedmaterial Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter

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CERTIFIEDMODULE4:AvalancheRescue

BaselinecertificationSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•NSPAvalancheRescueFundamentalsbyLinBallardandDaleAtkins•NSPBackcountryAvalancheSafety:ALevel1SummarybyMikeLaney

Baselinequalifications(appliestoallCertifiedcandidates) Prerequisitebackgroundeducation Minimumrequired:NSPIntroductiontoAvalancheSafetyandRescuecourse Recommended:NSPLevel1AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Overallsurvivalchancesifcaughtandburied Minimumequipmentfortravelinavalancheterrain,includingpurpose,types,care andusageofeachitem Purpose,advantagesanddisadvantagesofadjunctsurvival/self‐rescueequipment, suchasAvalung®andairbagsystems Precautionstotakeimmediatelybeforeandwhilecrossingasuspectslope Techniquestohelpescapeand/orsurvivalifcaughtinanavalanche Companion/groupsearch Whattodoifwitnessingsomeonecaughtinanavalanche Advantagesanddisadvantagesofsearchandrescuebycompanions Leadershiprequirementsandoptionsforcompanionrescue Basiccompanionsearchprocesses ‐Narrowingthesearcharea ‐Surface(audio‐visual)search ‐Transceiversearch ‐Clueandcatchmentsearch Searchskills ‐Transceiveruse ‐Probesandprobingmethods ‐Shovelsandshovelingmethods Emergencycare ‐Extrication ‐Traumaconsiderationsandtreatment ‐Suffocationconsiderationsandtreatment ‐Hypothermiaconsiderationsandtreatment ‐Emergencytransportation Processforgroupstomergeefforts(groupsearch) Prosandconsofseekingoutsidehelp OrganizedSearchandRescue(SAR)

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Statusandeffectiveness Rescueorganizationandmanagement ‐Purpose,functionalgoalsandeffectivenessoforganizedavalancherescue ‐IncidentCommandSystem(ICS) Whenitbecomesoperational ImmediateprioritiesoftheIncidentCommander Howthesystemgrowswithtime,resourcesandcomplexity FunctionsofeachSection ‐Authorityandrolesofnon‐patrolagenciesthatmayaffectthepatroller’srole andfunctions Initialsearchteam ‐Composition ‐Whattotake,whattoleavebehind ‐Functionsenroutetoincidentsite ‐Teamsafetyconsiderations ‐Functionsuponarrival Additionalresources ‐Typeandamount ‐Deployment Rescuersafety ‐Risks ‐Consequences ‐Management Evaluationcriteria(withinlimitsofavailablesnowpackandterrain) Findtwotransceiverswithina100mby100mareawithinfiveminutes Demonstrateproperspot‐probingtechnique Transceiverpinpoint Cluesandcatchments Demonstrateproperprobe‐linetechnique DemonstrateeffectiveshovelingmethodsforuncoveringaburiedavalanchevictimAdvancedqualifications(divisionoption)Suggestedresource(uselatestpublicationedition)•NSPAvalancheRescueFundamentalsbyLinBallardandDaleAtkins Prerequisitebackgroundeducation NSPLevel2AvalancheforRescuePersonnelcourse Essentialknowledge Self‐rescue/survival Overallsurvivalchancesifcaughtandburied Minimumequipmentfortravelinavalancheterrain,includingpurpose,types,care andusageofeachitem Functionandeffectivenessofadjunctsurvival/self‐rescueequipment,suchas ‐Avalung® ‐Airbagsystems

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Precautionstotakeimmediatelybeforeandwhilecrossingasuspectslope Techniquestohelponeescapeand/orsurviveifcaughtinanavalanche Companion/groupsearch Whattodoifwitnessingsomeonecaughtinanavalanche Advantagesanddisadvantagesofsearchandrescuebycompanions Basicphases/functionsofcompanionsearchandrescue Leadershiprequirementsandoptionsforcompanionrescue Seekingoutsidehelp ‐Prosandcons ‐Methods OrganizedSearchandRescue(SAR) Needandeffectiveness Rescueorganizationandmanagement ‐Primaryfunctionalgoalsoforganizedavalancherescue ‐IncidentCommandSystem(ICS) Whenitbecomesoperational ImmediateprioritiesoftheIncidentCommander Howthesystemgrowswithtime,resourcesandcomplexity FunctionsandprioritiesofeachSection ‐Authorityandrolesofnon‐patrolagenciesthatmayaffectthepatroller’srole andfunctions Initialalertandresponse ‐Dealingwiththereportingparty ‐Initialsearchteam Composition Whattotake,whattoleavebehind Functionsenroutetoincidentsite Teamsafetyconsiderations Functionsuponarrival Siteleaderresponsibilities ‐Communications ‐Additionalresources Typeandamount Deployment Sitemarking Adaptationsforspecialsearchsettings ‐Buildings ‐Vehicles Resortavalanchealertingandrescueplans ‐ICScompatibility ‐Agencyinvolvement ‐Decision‐makingpriorities ‐Utilizationofnon‐patrolpersonnel ‐Methodsfordispatchingandtrackingpersonnelandotherresources ‐Handlingofout‐of‐boundsincidents

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Rescueleadershipandteamwork ‐Qualitiesofeffectiveleadership/followership ‐Initialinformationandplanning Criticalinformationtoseekfromawitness Strategiesforidentifyingandsystematicallyfocusingonproblems Appropriatecommunicationswithpersonnelconnectedwiththe problem Prioritizingdata Componentsofaneffectiveplanofaction Rescuepersonnelsafety ‐General Specialhumanfactorconsiderations Assumptionsabouthazardswhenrespondingtoanavalancheincident Consequencesofrescuer(s)caughtinavalancheenroutetoanincident Waystopromotepersonnelsafetyinrescueoperations Specifichazardsandprecautions ‐Accessroutehazards ‐Incidentsitehazards ‐Evacuationroutehazards ‐Unauthorizedpersonsaccessingthesite ‐Mechanizedtransport Over‐snowvehicle Helicopter Avalanchedogteams ‐Advantagesandlimitations ‐Methodsofdeployment ‐Incorporatingdogsintoasearchalreadyunderway ‐Appropriaterescuerbehaviorwhenrescuedogsareworkingasite Emergencymedicalcareandevacuationofavalanchevictims Physiologicfactorsleadingtoavalanchedeath Associatedmechanismsofinjury Extricationprinciples Frequentlyneededemergencycare Triageprinciplesassociatedwithmultipleavalanchecasualties Specialtransportationconsiderations Avalancheincidentdocumentation Importanceofaccurateanddetaileddocumentation Kindsofinformationthatneedstobedocumented Sourceofstandardavalanchereportingforms Evaluationcriteria Givenahypotheticallastseenarea(LSA)andflowpattern,identifylikelyburialareasonagivenslope Findtwotransceiversburiedwithina100mby100mareawithinfiveminutes(Criticalperformanceindicator(CPI)–mustbepassedinordertocertify) Demonstrateeffectivespot‐probingtechniquesforcluesandcatchments

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Demonstrateeffectiveprobe‐linemanagement Groupsize Spacing(withandwithoutaguidecord) Alignment Commands Useofguidecord Marking Proceduresforpotential“strike” Offsetforsecondpass Demonstrateeffectiveshovelingmethodsandtechniques Side‐by‐side(strategic)method V‐shaped(conveyor)method

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CERTIFIEDMODULE5:OECModulefortheCertifiedProgram

Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•LocalcontinuingeducationOutdoorEmergencyCare(OEC)sessions•LocalEMT/ambulancesquads•OutdoorEmergencyCare,NationalSkiPatrol•TheSkiPatroller'sManual,NationalSkiPatrol Essentialknowledge DemonstratesuperiorknowledgeofOECconcepts DemonstratesuperiorknowledgeofOECmanagement,principlesandtechniques: Situationassessmentandmanagement Skiareaoperationalfactors Decisionmaking Leadership Resourcemanagement Demonstratetheabilitytodevelopandcommunicateawrittenororalemergencycare planinresponsetoawrittenscenario(divisionoption) Evaluationcriteria CandidateevaluatedasaleaderofatleastonecomplexOECscenario,whichmayinclude: (A)trainedpatroller(s) (An)untrainedbystander(s) Problemstobeevaluatedmayincludethefollowing: Multiplevictims Multipleinjuries Challengingterrain Challengingscene Division‐developedwrittenevaluationmayincludethefollowing: Essays QuestionsfromtheOECtestbank Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter

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CERTIFIEDMODULE6:RiskManagement

Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•Localarea’sliabilitycarrier’smaterials•Localarea’sinsuranceinformation•NationalSkiAreasAssociation(NSAA)riskmanagementmaterials Concludingobjectives Provideanoverviewoflocalskiarea’soperationalpolicies,andreviewandcompare variousareaprogramsregardingriskmitigation Slopesandtrails Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations Snowmaking Liftoperations Interfacingwithareaoperations/departments/management Provideanunderstandingoflocalarea’splanningandproceduresregardingriskmitigation Obtaincopiesofappropriatelocalarea’swrittendocumentstoreviewforinterviewand/orquestioningprocess Essentialknowledge Skiindustryriskmanagementissues Definitionofterm‘riskmanagement’ Areaandtraildesign ‐Crowdcontrol ‐Parking/parkinglots ‐Traildesign/maintenancerisks Actualexamples Pre‐andpost‐lossgoals Safetyandriskmanagementtrainingtypesandavailability ‐Educationalobjectivesforeachtrainingprogram ‐Reductionofemployeeskiinginjuries,ACLawarenesstraining,etc. Skiindustryinsuranceissues Localarea’sinsurancecarrier(s) ‐Coverage ‐Typesofliftinspectionsrequired ‐Typesofliabilityreleases ‐Possibleinsurancelossesthroughemployees,throughthepublic Employeeversusguestinsurance ‐Area’snon‐skiingexposuretorisk Slipping,falling Daycare Foodandbeverage

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Liquorliability Propertyloss Workers’compensation Instructionalexposure Localarea’sriskmanagement/insurancebudgeting Costperskier Inspections Workers’compensationforpaidversusvolunteer Emergencyresponse/planningdocuments Actualexamples ‐Searchandrescue ‐Avalanche ‐Masscasualty ‐Liftevacuation ‐Emergencyvehicleaccess ‐Operationsguidelines Implementation “RedFlag”incidentreportingprocedures Purposeandtypeofreports ‐Liftincident ‐Slopeincident ‐Skischoolincident ‐Employee ‐Other Liabilityreleases Investigationkit ‐Photos/diagrams ‐Who,what,where Witness(es)statement(s) ‐Purpose ‐Employeeversuspublic ‐Whoreceivescopiesandwhy Legalimplicationsofriskmanagement What,why,where,whenandhow Whattodoifcontactedby: ‐Injuredguest ‐Friendorrelativeofinjuredguest ‐Newsmedia ‐Opposingattorney ‐Insuranceattorney ‐Otheremployees ‐Others Complianceissues National,stateandlocalagenciesthataffectskiareaoperations ‐AmericanswithDisabilities(ADA)

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Equalopportunityincludingtramwayuse,safetyandspecial emergencyevacuationconsiderations ‐OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct(OSHA) FormsNo.200,101 Hazardousmaterialscommunicationprogram(MaterialSafetyData Sheet) InjuryandIllnessPreventionProgram(IIPP) Medicalwastemanagement(regulationsvaryperstate) ‐U.S.ForestService(forskiareasonUSFSland) Specialusepermitprovisions Winteroperationplan Monitoringreports ‐Regulatoryenvironmentalorganizations AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI) Stateandlocalregulationsaffectingskiareaoperations Liftconstructionandevacuation RiskmanagementissuesEvaluationcriteria Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter

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CERTIFIEDMODULE7:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuation

Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•TheLiftEvacuationManual,NationalSkiAreasAssociation(NSAA)•MountainTravel&Rescue,NationalSkiPatrol(NSP) Concludingobjectives Demonstrateaclearunderstandingofareamanagement,NSPandpatrollerrolesinpracticalapplicationsofevacuationbypractical,writtenand/ororalexamination Aerialrescue,e.g.lifts,trams Groundrescue,e.g.toboggan,cliff,offtrail Demonstrateasmooth,confidentandfluidtechniquewhentyingknots,handlingropeandusingevacuationequipmentincommonaswellascomplicatedsituations(NOTE:InaccordancewithNSPintheinterestofriskmanagement,theNSPliftevacuationcomponentwillnotincludetheactualloweringofpeople.) Demonstrateproperbelaytechniques Essentialknowledge Liftoperations Designandcodes ‐Linesetup(mazes,ropes,fences,etc.) ‐Ramps(onandoff) ‐Emergencygate ‐Stabilizationpump ‐Consistencybetweenlifts Liftcomponents Auxiliarypowersources Riskmanagementissues ‐Guestrelations ‐Liftsignage Evacuationplanning Advancepreparation ‐Knowledgeofrelevantlowsandregulations ‐Safetyconsiderations ‐Equipmentselectionandstorage ‐Personneltraining ‐Coordinationwithappropriateoutsideorganizations ‐Coordinationwithgovernmentagencies ‐Coordinationwithotherskiareadepartments ‐Designingtechniquesbasedonlifts,terrain,etc. Guidelinesforanevacuationalert ‐Callinganalert ‐Reassuringpassengers ‐Establishingcommunication

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‐Designatingevacuationleaders ‐Preparingrescuers Specificproceduresofevacuation ‐Liftpowerlockout ‐Teamdeployment ‐Evacuationprocess ‐Ascending ‐Specialsituations ‐Groundcare Implementation Useoftheplan ‐Servingasaleader ‐Establishingteams Appropriateequipment ‐Properuse ‐Placementandremoval ‐Properpositioning Ropehandling ‐Types ‐Knots ‐Otherapplicablerescuetechniques ‐Careandstorage Belaytechniques ‐Anchoring Astrongstablepositionestablishedfromwhichtoinitiateastatic belayusingahipbelaypositionorfixedobject Belaypositionbestsuitingforthetypeofbelayselected ‐Communication Allpartiesinvolved(ready,alert) ‐Controlleddescent Frictiondevices Body Mechanical Other,e.g.tree,lifttower,snowcat Postevacuationactivities ‐Equipmentcare ‐Reports ‐Informationrelease ‐Critique Certifiedtrainingactivity Describeaspecificsituationwhereyouhaveservedasanevacuationleaderatlocalarea Evaluationcriteria Oraldiscussionand/orwrittenexamscoreof80%orbetter Throughinterview,discussionand/orwrittenformat,demonstratesuperiorproficiency: Knots

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Ropehandling Evacuationequipment(Note:Candidatesmustbringtheirownevacuationequipmenttotheevaluation.)

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CERTIFIEDMODULE8:AlpineSkiing,TelemarkSkiing&Snowboarding

Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•CurrentNationalPSIAandAASIcertificationstandards,ProfessionalSkiInstructorsofAmerica(PSIA)andAmericanAssociationofSnowboardInstructors(AASI)•OutdoorEmergencyTransportationManual,NationalSkiPatrol•NSPCertifiedProgramclinicsorevaluationsessions,NationalSkiPatrol•SkiTrainer’sWorkshopmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol•PSIAAmericanTeachingSystemmaterials,PSIA•Skiing/SnowboardingEnhancementSeminars,NationalSkiPatrol•PSIAorAASIworkshops,PSIAorAASI•SkiingEnhancementSeminarmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol Purpose PreparetheCertifiedcandidatefortheCertifiedalpineskiing,telemarkskiingor snowboardingtest Testverifiessuperiorskiingorsnowboardingskillsinchallengingsnowconditions andterrain Concludingobjectives Exhibitsuperiorskiingorridingabilityinvariedterrainandsnowconditionsincluding: Steepterrain Moguledsurfaces Groomedsurfaces Ungroomedsurfaces(crud,cement,deepsnow,hardpack,ice,corn,breakable crust,etc.) Gladedareas Exhibitsuperiorskiingorridingabilitywhileperformingtypicalpatrollingdutiesincluding: Skiing/ridingasapresenceontheslopes Carryingandsettingupequipment Lookingforareportedaccident Transportinganinjuredguestinatoboggan Serveasarolemodelforsafeskiing/riding,adheringtotheSkier’sResponsibilityCode Essentialknowledge Generalcharacteristicsofsuperiorskiing/riding Anticipatinghowsnowconditionsandterrainaffectequipmentandabilitiesand makingappropriateadjustmentsinskiing/riding Makingshort,mediumandlongradiusturnswithlittleornoskidding Maintainingflow/rhythmwhetherincreasingordecreasingspeed Adaptingtoterrainandconditions Usingavarietyofturnsizesandshapes(e.g.everydoesn’thavetoberound) Abilitytomaintainlateralandfore/aftbalancethroughoutallphasesofaturn Progressivelyincreasinganddecreasingedgeanglesthroughoutallphasesofaturn Makingturnswithminimaltaildisplacement

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Maintainingsnowcontactatturninitiation Maintainingastableupperbodywhilekeepinganactivelowerhalf Characteristicsofsuperiortelemarkoralpineskiing Tippingtheskisbeforesteeringtheskistowardsthefallline Skiingdynamicparallelturnsonallinboundsterrain Guidingbothfeetintoandoutofthefallline,leavingtwowell‐definedarcsbefore thefalllinethroughturncompletion Characteristicsofsuperiorsnowboarding Tippingtheboardbeforesteeringtheboardtowardsthefallline Controllingtheperformanceoftheboardtowardstheintendedoutcome(tail followingthepathofthenose) Extendingtoinitiateanewturn Extendingtoreleasetheedge Flexingtoinitiateanewturn(movingthecenterofmassintothenewturn) Flexingtoreleasetheedge Keepingbothlegsactive Applyingequalflexion/extensionmovementsfrombothlegs Usingavarietyofwaystounweighttheboard Applyingindependentflexion/extensionmovementsfrombothlegs Maintainingreferencealignmentsasappropriatetoterrainandtask Intentionallyseparatingtheupperandlowerbodyforspecificoutcomes(i.e.butters or‘late’spins) Applyinganactiveathleticstance Usinganappropriaterangeofmotion Preparationsuggestions Maintainphysicalfitness Cardiovascularfitness Strengthconditioning Stretching Balance Stamina Useequipmentthatisversatileandingoodworkingorder Practicefundamentals Wedge Sideslip Kickturn Transitions Skating Practiceskiing/ridinginchallengingconditions Moguls Steeps Whilecarryingequipment Lookfaraheadandtothesidesofaslopeasiflookingfordistressedskiers/riders Ski/ridewithskilledskiersandsnowboarders FindaPSIA/AASIinstructortrainingforaLevelIIIcertification

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EquivalenttoCertifiedprogramlevel Opportunitytoreceiveinstructionatahigherlevelinpreparationforthatexam Participateinseminars NSPSkiEnhancementSeminars NSPtobogganskillsclinics AttendaCertifiedprogramclinicortestinyourdivision Participateinclinicsandforums Takepretests,ifavailable,toindentifystrengthsandweaknesses Auditskilltestsifpossible NSPtobogganskillsclinics Seekoutanddevelopamentor/menteerelationshipwithaCertifiedpatroller Askmentortoevaluatecurrentskills Askmentortosuggestwaystoimproveperformance AskmentortosuggestresourcestoimproveskillsEvaluationcriteria Formatvariesfromdivisiontodivision Canbeasformalasinvolvingaspecializedteamofevaluatorsandcompleting specifictasksonspecificslopeswithspecificcoursesorroutes Involvessituationsthatchallengetheskier/snowboardercandidate Skiing/ridingonsteepslopes,bumpsandungroomedsurfaces Performingaskillinadesignatedareaoronadesignatedpartoftheslope Multitasking,i.e.carryingequipmentorlookingforinjuredguestwhileskiing/riding Performingskillstypicallyassociatedwithsledhandling Involvessafetyconsiderationswhileperformingtasks AdheringtotheSkier’sResponsibilityCode Ensuringthesafetyofthepublic,peersandself Proceedingonlyiftheindicatedtaskcanbesafelyperformedontheindicated terrainconditions Examscoreof80%orbetter

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CERTIFIEDMODULE9:TobogganHandling

Suggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•OutdoorEmergencyTransportation,NationalSkiPatrol•PSIAAmericanTeachingSystemmaterials,ProfessionalSkiInstructorsofAmerica•SkiingEnhancementSeminarmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol•SkiTrainer’sWorkshopmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol•TobogganEnhancementSeminarmaterials,NationalSkiPatrol Concludingobjectives Unloadedtobogganskills Loadedtoboggan–frontoperatorskills Loadedtoboggan–tailropeskills(divisionoption)Essentialknowledge Abilitytodemonstratevarioustoboggan‐handlingskillsonspecificterraintofulfill Certifiedobjectives,suchas: Unloadedtobogganskills ‐Selectappropriateroute ‐Maintainasafeandcontrolledspeedappropriatetoterrainandskiertraffic ‐Exhibitsolidskiingstanceincludingbalanceandstability ‐Performtransitions ‐Performavarietyofsmoothturnsasneeded ‐Performsideslips ‐Keeptobogganinorclosetofallline ‐Performleftandrighttraverses ‐Maintainproperbodyposition ‐Ensureminimalbouncingorslippingoftoboggan ‐Appearateaseandincontroloftobogganunderallconditions ‐Performemergencystops ‐Demonstraterecoverytechniques Loadedtoboggan ‐Frontoperator Selectappropriateroute Controlspeed,skisafelyandexpediently Providesmooth,safeandcomfortableridefortheguest Skiinabalancedandstableposition Controldescentwithwedgeorsideslip Controldirectionwithturns,fallingleaf Braketobogganasneeded Communicateasnecessarywithpatientandtailoperator Performeffectivetransitionsbetweenwedgeandsideslipwithcontrol Avoidslippingduringtraverse

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‐Tailropeoperator(divisionoption) Identifyappropriateropetype,diameter,lengthandattachmentto sledatcandidate’sarea Maintainappropriatehandpositiononrope Maintaindistancefromsled Manageropeslack Demonstrateappropriate: Sledbraking Traversing Turnsynchronization Demonstrateproper: Changingofpositions Belayofsledandfrontoperator Certifiedtrainingactivities Trainingclinics’purpose Provideasupportiveenvironment Focusonimprovingpatroller’sabilitytosafely,smoothlyandefficientlybringaninjuredskierdownthehillincontrolledtobogganruns Accident‐siteapproachandmanagementtobeincluded Evaluationcriteria AllCertifiedtobogganeventstobeheldonexpertterrain Intheeventthatconditions(weather,grooming)producealackofbumps,crudand othervariableconditions,theCertifiedexamschedule(andthecandidate’s three‐seasonwindow)maybeadjusted DivisionCertifiedsupervisorwillevaluatetheterrainandtheavailableconditionson examday Examscoreof80%orbetter Continuingeducation Tobogganrecertification Providesevaluationoftoboggan‐handlingskillsatCertifiedperformancelevel ConductedonaCertified‐approvedhill TomaintainCertifiedstatus,allCertifiedpatrollersmustcompletethisreviewonce everythreeyears ToqualifyforCertifiedcontinuingeducation,thetobogganrefreshermustbe conductedbyaqualifiedevaluator RefreshermustcontaininstructionalcomponentsfollowedbyevaluationanddirectfeedbacktopatrollersfollowingCertifiedtobogganhandlingguidelines

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NationalSkiPatrolCertifiedProgramStudyGuide

APPENDIXAppendix1:SampleMultipleCasualtyPlanAppendix2:SampleSkiPatrolSkierEducationTrainingMeetingAppendix3:PerformanceEvaluations A.AreaOperations&RiskManagementPerformanceEvaluation B.AvalanchePerformanceEvaluation C.EmergencyCareEvaluations D.RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationEvaluation E.SkiingPerformanceEvaluation F.TobogganPerformanceEvaluation

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Appendix1:SampleMultipleCasualtyPlanSuggestedresources(uselatestpublicationeditions)•ICSResourceCenter,www.training.fema.gov/EMI/IS/ICSResource/index.htm•OutdoorEmergencyCare,5thedition,NationalSkiPatrol,http://www.fema.gov/national‐incident‐management‐systemKnowinghowtohandleamultiplecasualtyincidentisessentialforpatrollersinvolvedinadisasterwithnumerousinjuredandotherwisedistressedpeople.Thefollowinginformationinnowaysetsanoperationalstandard,butprovidesexamplesofwhatmaybeincludedinatypicalmasscasualtyplan.(Samplequestionsfollow.)OVERVIEWAmasscasualtyincidentisanysituationinwhichthenumberofinjuriesoverwhelmsorexceedstheavailableresourcesoftherescueforce,thereforecausingtheneedforcooperationwithnumerousexternalagencies,e.g.,police,sheriff,fire,emergencyservices,andsearchandrescue.Thenatureandscopeofamasscasualtymayrangefromanavalanchetoafire,alift‐relatedincident,oranexplosion.Multiplecasualtytrainingandevaluationprovidesskiareamanagementwithstaffwhoareequippedtohandlepublicandemployeesafetywhilemanagingthecrisisathand.INCIDENTCOMMANDSYSTEM(ICS)TheIncidentCommandSystem(ICS)isanationwidestandardizedtoolusedtomanageemergencysituations.EmergencypersonneldevelopedICSinthe1970safteraseriesofwildfiresinCalifornia’surbaninterface.Theydiscoveredthatmoreproblemsarosefromlackofconsistent,unifiedcommunicationbetweenandmanagementofstafffromvariousagenciesratherthanfromalackofresources.Today,theprimarygoalofICSistoensuremoreefficientutilizationofallavailableresourcesforeffectivecontrolofanyemergency.ICSshouldbeactivatedfromthetimetheincidentoccursandcontinueuntiltheneedformanagementandoperationsnolongerexists.ICSiswidelyapplicable,meaningitcanbeusedforawiderangeofemergenciesbydiversegroups,fromalllevelsofgovernmenttoprivatesectorandnonprofitorganizations,suchastheNSP.Combiningforcesfromthesevariousentitiesrequiresamutualunderstandingandagreementonorganizationalstructure,commonterminology,andoperatingprocedures,andanacceptanceofthequalificationsofallinvolvedpersonnel.AnIncidentCommandPost(ICP)isthefieldlocationwheretheprimarytactical‐level,on‐sceneincidentcommandfunctionsareperformed.TheICP’slocationshouldbedeterminedatthetimeofmobilizationanddependsonthespecificsiteoftheemergency.Locationshouldbe

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determinedwithsomeorallofthefollowingcriteriainmind:accesstoauthorizedandunauthorizedpersonnel,communicationsequipment,andvisualcontacttotheemergencyarea.

AnorganizedmanagementsystemiscriticaltoICS.TheIncidentCommander(IC)istheindividualresponsibleforallincidentactivities,includingthedevelopmentofstrategies.TwomembersoftheCommandStaff,aPublicInformationOfficer(PIO)andaLiaisonOfficer(LO)reportdirectlytotheIC.ThePIOinterfacesdirectlywiththepublic,themediaandotheragenciesinvolvedintheincident.Inthecaseofanon‐mountainskiareaemergency,theLOshouldhaveextensiveknowledgeofmountaintopographyandofthelocalterrain.TRIAGE/EMERGENCYCAREIntheeventofacrisisinvolvinginjuriestomultiplevictims,oneofthefirstprioritieswillbethestabilizationofthoseinjured.Thetriageprocessinvolvesthefollowingprocesses:

1. AssessingthesituationandnotifyingtheproperauthoritiesthroughtheICPoftheneedforactivatingstandbycrewsandsupport.

2. Settingupstagingareasfortheinjuredaccordingtotheprotocolsoftheskiareaandmedicaladvisorsinagreementwithotheroutsideagencies.Note:Triagesitesfordifferentareasofthemountainshouldbedesignatedwhenpreparingaplan.Alwaysplacethestagingareasinthesafestpossiblelocation,usingindoorspaceifpossible.

3. Placingvictimsinappropriatestagingareasimmediatelyafteratleastoneotheremergencymedicalpersonisavailabletoassistinstabilizationaccordingtoprotocol.

4. Afterreceivingproperapproval,transportingvictims.VICTIM'SASSISTANCEPLANIntheeventofanyemergencyinvolvinginjuriestomultipleparties,avictim'sassistanceprogramshouldbeinitiatedatboththeskiareabaseandthehospitaltoaidvictimsandtheirfamiliesduringtheperiodimmediatelyfollowingtheincident.Arepresentativeshouldbeassignedtoeachvictimand/orfamilyasaprimarysourceofinformationandcontact.Theprogramshouldbemanagedbyadepartmentsupervisorcapableofcoordinatingdetailssuchaslocationandconditionofvictims,travelandlodgingdetailsforthefamily,personalpropertylocation,etc.Itoftenisadvisabletoenlistthehelpofseniormembersoftheaccountingdepartmenttohelpfacilitaterecordkeepingofvictimassistanceactivities.Insomecases,itmaybenecessarytosendtherepresentativetothelocationwherethevictimishospitalized.MULTIPLECASUALTYSTUDYQUESTIONS

1. Define‘multiplecasualtyincident.’2. Whyisitimportantforpatrollerstobeawareofprocedurestofollowduringamultiple

casualtyincident?3. Whatisanincidentcommandpost(ICP)?4. WhooperatesanICP?Why?

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5. HowlongistheICPoperated?6. WhatisthelocationoftheICP?7. Nameseveralproceduresthatmaybenecessaryformostincidents.8. Howshouldanincidentbereported?9. Whatinformationisimportanttoobtain?Why?10. Whatistriage?Howshoulditbeused?11. Whatisavictim'sassistanceprogram?Whyisitagoodidea?

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Appendix2:SampleSkiPatrolSkierEducationTrainingMeeting

(Schedulenearthebeginningoftheskiseason)Welcomeandintroductions PatrollerAreaviewpoint AreaManagementSkipatrolrole/securityrole Patroller/SecurityRepSecurity: Whoarethey? Howdowecommunicate? Howdotheygetoutonthehill? SecurityRepGuidelinesforoperatingprocedure PatrollerIssuingcautions PatrollerBreakHowtoapproachskiers PatrollerRoleplaying PatrollersWrapup Patroller

ROLEPLAYSCENARIOItisanaverageweekdaynight,9:30p.m.Thetemperatureis5°F,with35mphwinds.Thereissnowmakinginprogressonchairs#11,#12,#14,#16,and#17.Youknowthe"RatPack"isonthehillbecausetheirtrucksareparkedonthesnowbetweenthepatrolroomandchair#14.Youareskiingthenorthsideofchair#18andwitnesstwoaccomplishedskierscrosstheclosedsignsintothenewsnowunderchair#14.Firstgrouproleplay1stPatroller:Heyyou!Wheredoyouthinkyou'regoing!Iwanttotalktoyou!2ndPatroller:Youintheredcoat,STOP!NOW!1stSkier:Youtalkingtome?

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2ndSkier:What'syourproblem?1stPatroller:Youtwoareoutofhere;givemeyourtickets.2ndSkier:What'syourproblem?Whatdidwedoanyway?2ndPatroller:Youskiedaclosedrun.Wearekickingyouout.SecondgrouproleplayPatroller: Excuseme,couldItalktoforyouforminute?1stSkier Whome?Why?Patroller: (Extendhand)Hi,mynameis_______.Iwouldliketotalktoyouaboutoneof ourpolicieshereat________________(skiarea).1stSkier: WellOK.2ndSkier: (Approachespatrollerandotherskier)What'stheproblem?Patroller: Noproblem.Wouldyoujoinus...(Extendhand)Mynameis_________.What's yours?2ndSkier: EveryonecallsmeRandy.Patroller: It'snicetomeetyouRandy.(Lookstotheotherskier)Whatisyourname?1stSkier: MynameisDebbie.Patroller: Debbie,it'snicetomeetyou,too.Occasionallyourpolicyat__________(ski

area)requiresustocloseaskirun.Wehatetodoit,butdon'thaveachoice.Mostoftentherunisclosedforsafetyreasons.Skiersviolatingclosureshavecommittedadangerousandseriousoffense.Wejustwatchedbothofyouskiing;youtwoareamongthebestskiersatthearea.Unfortunatelytherunyoujustskiedisclosed.

2ndSkier: That'sthebestsnowonthemountain.Wedidn'tknowitwasclosed.Wedidn't

doanythingwrong.Patroller: Iknowit'sgreatsnow.Ihavebeenskiingtheedgemyself,butthereare

highpressurewaterhosesandhighvoltagepowerlinesrunningallovertheclosedarea.Youcan'tseethembecausetheyarecoveredbythenewsnow.That'swhyweputuptheclosedsigns.

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1stSkier: Wedidn'tseeanysigns?Patroller: So...ifyouknewtherunwasclosed,youwouldhaveavoidedit?1stSkier: Noquestion...weneverskiclosedruns.Patroller: That'sallweask.Youtwohaveagoodnight.(Makingeyecontact)Debbie...

(makingeyecontact)Randy,weneedtokeeparecordoftalkingtoyouaboutthis.Ifanotherpatrollerweretoseeyouonaclosedrun,ourpolicyhererequiresthatwesuspendyourskiingprivilege.

2ndSkier: Noproblem,we'renotgoingnearanyhighvoltagelines.Patroller: Thanksforyourcooperation.Havefunandcomebackagain.Hopefullywewill

havealltherunsopen.AdditionalRolePlayScenariosYouareridingupchair#16andseeaskiercomingdownthehill.Heseesafallenskierandpurposelyskisverycloseandspraystheskierwithsnow.Ashecrossesunderthechair,helooksupandseesyouwatchinghim.Youwaitatthetop.Ashegetsoffthechair,heseesyouandtakesoffforthebottom.ItisaverybusySaturdayafternoon.Thereareskiclubracesonthenorthsideofchair#18.Youwitnessthreeexpertskierscomeoffthetopofchair#14.Theytuck,avoidingseveralskiers,allthewaytothetopofChuck'sCorridoranddoincrediblejumps.Theygetcheersfromtheracecrowdandfromthechair.Youhavetalkedtothemtwicebefore.Eachtimetheywereverypoliteandpromisednottodoitanymore.AfatherandhisyoungdaughterwereskiingdownPuppyRunwhenateenageboycameoffofchair#13inatuckandranintothelittlegirlathighspeed.Thelittlegirlisstandingandseemstobeokaybutisupsetandcrying.Thefatherhasoneoftheboy'sskisandwantsto"kill"him.Twoteenagegirls"ski"chair#18toptobottominastraightlinedoingaweakwedge,screamingalltheway.Youapproachthemandaretalkingtothemaboutmovingtoalesschallenginghillwhenoneoftheirboyfriendswhoisintoxicatedskisupwantingtoknowwhatisgoingon.Itis8atnight.Youhavebeentryingtocontroljumpingunderchair#18allnight.Youhavetornthejumpdownseveraltimesandhaveissuedtwocautionstickerstoskiersforcontinuingtobuildthejumpafteraverbalwarning.Youfeellikeyouhavetalkedtoeveryskieronthehill.Theslopeleaderhasdecidedthataquickfenceisnecessary.Youwillbeworkingunderthechairandexpecttobehearingfromchairriders.Whenyouarriveatthejump,youfindthreeskiersbuildinganotherjump.

53

Appendix3:PerformanceEvaluations

A.AreaOperations&RiskManagementPerformanceEvaluationB.AvalanchePerformanceEvaluationC.OECPerformanceEvaluationD.RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationPerformanceEvaluationE.Skiing/Telemarking/BoardingPerformanceEvaluationF.TobogganPerformanceEvaluation

54

Appendix4A:AreaOperations&RiskManagementPerformanceEvaluation

Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=.Non‐passingscoreis‐.Thesescoreshavenonumericvalueandcannotbeaveraged.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.EVENTLOCATION_____________________________ DATE___________________________DIVISION_____________________________________ EXAMINER______________________________

HomeAreaManagementPolicies,ProceduresandGeneralDailyOperationsEvaluationCriteria

• Slopesandtrails• Over‐the‐snowvehicleoperations• Snowmaking• Liftoperations• Interfacewithareaoperations,departments

andmanagement

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

ExistingWrittenPlanningDocumentsEvaluationCriteria• Searchandrescue• Avalanche• Multiplecasualty• Liftevacuation• Emergencyvehicleaccess• Operationsguidelines

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

GeneralRiskManagementIssuesEvaluationCriteria

• Skiindustry/areamanagementgoals• Traildesign• Insurance• Safetyandriskmanagementtraining

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

IncidentInvestigationEvaluationCriteria

• “Redflag"typesofincidents• Investigationkits• Incidentreportprocedures• Implicationsforarea'sriskmanagement

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

ComplianceIssuesEvaluationCriteria

• Regulatoryenvironment• Liftoperations‐ANSIB77• ADA• OSHA• Forestservice• Riskmanagement

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

AREAOPERATIONS&RISKMGMTPERFORMANCE

OVERALLSCORECandidateName:

+=‐ +=‐ +=‐

55

Appendix4B:AvalanchePerformanceEvaluation

Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=.Non‐passingscoreis‐.Thesescoreshavenonumericvalueandcannotbeaveraged.EVENTLOCATION____________________________________________DATE________________________________________________________DIVISION____________________________________________________EXAMINER___________________________________________________

AvalancheManagementEvaluationCriteria

• Avalanchehazardassessment• Personalsafety• Avalancherescueteamwork• Avalancherescueprocedures• Rescuedecisionmaking• Leadershipandeffectivenessinsearchprocedures

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

AvalancheMitigationEvaluationCriteria• Closure• Compaction• Slopeandcornicecontrol• Explosives

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

AvalancheRescueEvaluationCriteria(asdefinedbydivision)

• Transceiversearch• Spotprobing• Formalprobeline• Shoveling

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

OVERALLSCORE

CandidateName:__________________________________

+=‐ +=‐ +=‐

56

C

Appendix4C:CertifiedOECPerformanceEvaluationTEAMSCENARIO#______

Candidate#1:_____________________ Date:_____________

Candidate#2:_____________________

Candidate#3:_____________________

Value

CANDIDATE#1

CANDIDATE#2

CANDIDATE#3

ScenarioSpecificCPIs(Traineemusthaveallboxescheckedinthissection)

CANDIDATE#1

CANDIDATE#2

CANDIDATE#3

SCENESIZE‐UP

Surveysscene 1

InitiatesBSIprecautions CPI

Introducesself 1

Askspermissiontohelp 1

PRIMARYASSESSMENT

AVPU 1

Airway:Assessesandmaintains CPI

Breathing:Assessesrespirations CPI

Circulation:Assessespulse CPI

Circulation:Assessandmanagebleeding CPI

StabilizesABCs 1

HISTORYANDEXAM

DeterminesmajorcomplaintandMOI CPI

ObtainsSAMPLE 1

Conductsafocusedexam 1

Callsforhelpandequipment CPI

SECONDARYSURVEY

Head‐ears,pupils 1

Neckandcervicalspine 1

Chest,ribs,abdomen 1

Shoulders,claviclesandupperarms 1

Pelvisandlowerextremities 1

Back(TthroughSspine) 1

Findsallinjuries 1

GENERALOBSERVATIONS

Correctlyprioritizesinterventions 1

Treatsforshock 1

Quicklydealswithsituation 1

Correctlyhandlespatientandinjury 1

Demonstratesskillcompetency 1

Communicateswithpatient 1

Directsotherscapably 1

Followsdirectionofleader 1 Performsongoingassessment 1 Candidate#1:‐=+

#CPIsperformedbycandidate Candidate#2:‐=+

#Othertasksperformedbycandidate Candidate#3:‐=+

Doescandidatedemonstratethenecessary

skillsrequiredofaCertifiedpatroller? Evaluator’ssignature:___________________________

Appendix4C(continued):CertifiedOECPracticalStationPerformance

Evaluation

EvaluationScenario:Unresponsive Candidate:_______________________ Date:_______________

PTS/CPI CANDIDATE#1ScenarioSpecificCPIs(Candidatemusthave

allboxescheckedinthissection)CANDIDATE#

1

SCENESIZE‐UP OECSKILLS

Surveysscene 1 *MaintainsC‐spinestabilization

InitiatesBSIprecautions CPI whilepositioningforInterventions

Introducesself 1

Askspermissiontohelp 1 *Insertsoral/nasopharyngeal

PRIMARYASSESSMENT airway

AVPU 1

Airway:Assessesandmaintains CPI *InitiatesCPRwithcompetency

Breathing:Assessesrespirations CPI

Circulation:Assessespulse CPI *UtilizesAEDwithcompetency

Circulation:Assessesandmanagesbleeding CPI

StabilizesABCs 1

HISTORYandEXAM

DeterminesmajorcomplaintandMOI CPI SCENEMANAGEMENTSKILLS

ObtainsSAMPLE 1 *Communicatesstatustodispatch

ConductsafocusedExam 1

Callsforhelpandequipment CPI *Manageswitnesscompetently

SECONDARYSURVEY

Head‐ears,pupils 1

Neckandcervicalspine 1

Chest,ribs,abdomen 1

Shoulders,claviclesandupperarms 1

Pelvisandlowerextremities 1

Back(TthroughSspine) 1

Findsallinjuries 1

GENERALOBSERVATIONS

Correctlyprioritizesinterventions 1

Treatsforshock 1

Quicklydealswithsituation 1

Correctlyhandlespatientandinjury 1

Demonstratesskillcompetency 1

Communicateswithpatient 1

Directsotherscapably 1

Followsdirectionofleader 1

Performsongoingassessment 1 DoescandidatedemonstratethenecessaryskillsrequiredofaCertifiedpatroller?

TOTALPOINTS36(minimumpassing29)

Candidate:FinalScore:‐=+

Evaluator’ssignature:___________________________

58

CANDIDATE#1:PASSFAILCANDIDATE#2:PASSFAILCANDIDATE#3:PASSFAIL

Appendix4C(continued):CertifiedOECPerformanceEvaluationTeamScenario#3

Candidate#1:_______________________ EVALUATOR:________________________Date:_____________

Candidate#2:_______________________Candidate#3:_______________________

+ABOVESTANDARD =MEETSSTANDARD CANDIDATE ScenarioSpecificCPIs CANDIDATE

=NODIRECTIMPACT/PARTICIPATON

‐BELOWSTANDARD #1 #2 #3 #1 #2 #3

SCENESIZE‐UP OECSKILLS SurveysScene *Correctlyprioritizescareof InitiatesBSIprecautions CPI injuries Introducesself *Controlsbleedingatcompound Askspermissiontohelp fracturesite PRIMARYASSESSMENT *Appliesappropriatebandageto AVPU compoundfracturesite Airway:Assessesandmaintains CPI *Selectsproperdeliverymethod Breathing:Assessesrespirations CPI forO2(deviceandflowrate) Circulation:Assessespulse CPI *ChecksCMSbeforesplinting

Circulation:Assessandmanagebleeding CPI ‐Tib/Fib

StabilizesABC's ‐Femur‐Humerus

HISTORYANDEXAM *Providesstabilizationfor DeterminesmajorcomplaintandMOI CPI ‐Tib/Fib ObtainsSAMPLE ‐Femur ConductsafocusedExam ‐Humerus Callsforhelpandequipment CPI *ChecksCMSsplinting SECONDARYSURVEY ‐Tib/Fib Head‐ears,pupils ‐Femur Neckandcervicalspine ‐Humerus Chest,ribs,abdomen *Correctlyremoveshelmet Shoulders,claviclesandupperarms *CorrectlyappliesC‐collarand Pelvisandlowerextremities backboard Back(TthroughSspine) *ChecksCMSaftersecuredto Findsallinjuries backboard GENERALOBSERVATIONS Correctlyprioritizesinterventions SCENEMANAGEMENTSKILLS Treatsforshock *ContactsmanagementforAIK

Interventionsconductedintimelymanner *Requestsappropriatetransport Correctlyhandlespatientandinjury Demonstratesskillcompetency Communicateswithpatient Directsotherscapably CPI Proactivelysupportsteamprocess CPI Performsongoingassessment

DoescandidatedemonstratethenecessaryskillsrequiredofaCertifiedpatroller?

Numberof+/=(minimumpass39) AnyCPIsmissed(minimumpass0)

59

Appendix4C(continued):CardiacArrestManagement/AEDPerformanceEvaluationStartTime:________StopTime:________ Date:__________Candidate’sName:_________________________Evaluator’sName:________________________ Points

PossiblePointsAwarded

ASSESSMENTTakes,orverbalizes,bodysubstanceisolationprecautions 1 Brieflyquestionstherescueraboutarrestevents 1 DirectsrescuertostopCPR 1 Verifiesabsenceofspontaneouspulse(skillstationexaminerstates"nopulse") 1 DirectsresumptionofCPR 1 Turnsondefibrillatorpower 1 Attachesautomateddefibrillatortothepatient 1 DirectsrescuertostopCPRandensuresallindividualsareclearofthepatient 1 Initiatesanalysisoftherhythm 1 Deliversshock(uptothreesuccessiveshocks) 1 Verifiesabsenceofspontaneouspulse(skillstationexaminerstates"nopulse") 1 TRANSITION DirectsresumptionofCPR 1 Gathersadditionalinformationaboutthearrestevent 1 ConfirmseffectivenessofCPR(ventilationandcompressions) 1 INTEGRATION Verbalizesordirectsinsertionofasimpleairwayadjunct(oral/nasalairway) 1 Ventilates,ordirectsventilationofthepatient 1 Assureshighconcentrationofoxygenisdeliveredtothepatient 1 AssuresCPRcontinueswithoutunnecessary/prolongedinterruption 1 Re‐evaluatespatient/CPRinapproximatelyoneminute 1 Repeatsdefibrillatorsequence 1 TRANSPORTATION Verbalizestransportationofthepatient 1

Total 21 CriticalCriteria__________Didnottake,orverbalize,BSI__________DidnotevaluatetheneedforimmediateuseofAED__________Didnotdirectinitiation/resumptionofventilation/compressionsatappropriatetimes__________Didnotassureallindividualswereclearofpatientbeforedeliveringeachshock__________DidnotoperatetheAEDproperly(inabilitytodelivershock)__________Preventedthedefibrillatorfromdeliveringindicatedstackedshocks

60

Appendix4C(continued):PatientAssesment/Management–TraumaPerformanceEvaluation

StartTime:________StopTime:________ Date:__________Candidate’sName:_________________________Evaluator’sName:________________________ Points

PossiblePoints

AwardedTakes,orverbalizes,bodysubstanceisolationprecautions 1 SCENESIZE‐UP 1 Determinesthesceneissafe 1 Determinesthemechanismofinjury 1 Determinesthenumberofpatients 1 Requestsadditionalhelpifnecessary 1 Considersstabilizationofspine 1 PRIMARYASSESSMENT 1 Verbalizesgeneralimpressionofthepatient 1 Determinesresponsiveness/levelofconsciousness 1 Determineschiefcomplaint/apparentlifethreats 1 Assessesairwayandbreathing

AssessmentInitiatesappropriateoxygentherapyAssuresadequateventilationInjurymanagement

1111

Assessescirculation

Assesses/controlsmajorbleedingAssessespulseAssessesskin(color,temperatureandconditions)

111

Identifiesprioritypatients/makestransportdecision 1 FOCUSEDHISTORYANDPHYSICALEXAMINATION/RAPIDTRAUMAASSESSMENT

Selectsappropriateassessment(focusedorrapidassessment) 1 Obtains,ordirectsassistancetoobtain,baselinevitalsigns 1 ObtainsSAMPLEhistory 1 SECONDARYEXAMINATION 1 Assessesthehead

InspectsandpalpatesthescalpandearsAssessestheeyesAssessesthefacialareasincludingoralandnasalareas

111

Assessestheneck

InspectsandpalpatestheneckAssessesforJVDAssessesfortrachealdeviation

111

Assessesthechest

InspectsPalpatesAuscultates

111

Assessestheabdomen/pelvis

AssessestheabdomenAssessesthepelvisVerbalizesassessmentofgenitalia/perineumasneeded

111

Assessestheextremities

1pointforeachextremityincludesinspection,palpation,andassessmentofmotor,sensoryandcirculatoryfunction

111

Assessestheposterior

AssessesthoraxAssesseslumbar

11

Managessecondaryinjuriesandwoundsappropriately1pointforappropriatemanagementofthesecondaryinjury/wound

11

Verbalizesre‐assessmentofthevitalsigns 1

Total: 40 CriticalCriteria__________Didnottake,orverbalize,BSI__________Didnotdeterminescenesafety__________Didnotassessforspinalprotection__________Didnotprovideforspinalprotectionwhenindicated__________Didnotprovidehighconcentrationofoxygen__________Didnotfind,ormanage,problemsassociatedwithairway,breathing,hemorrhageorshock(hypoperfusion)__________Didnotdifferentiatepatient'sneedfortransportationversuscontinuedassessmentatthescene__________Didotherdetailedphysicalexaminationbeforeassessingtheairway,breathingandcirculation__________Didnottransportpatientwithin10‐minutetimelimit

61

62

Appendix4C(continued):PatientAssessment/Management–MedicalPerformanceEvaluation

StartTime:________StopTime:________ Date:__________CandidatesName:_________________________Evaluator’sName:________________________

PointsPossible

PointsAwarded

Takes,orverbalizes,bodysubstanceisolationprecautions 1 SCENESIZE‐UP 1 Determinesthesceneissafe 1 Determinesthemechanismofinjury/natureofillness 1 Determinesthenumberofpatients 1 Requestsadditionalhelpifnecessary 1 Considersstabilizationofspine 1 PRIMARYASSESSMENT 1 Verbalizesgeneralimpressionofthepatient 1 Determinesresponsiveness/levelofconsciousness 1 Determineschiefcomplaint/apparentlifethreats 1 Assessesairwayandbreathing

AssessmentIndicatesappropriateoxygentherapyAssuresadequateventilation

111

Assessescirculation

Assesses/controlsmajorbleedingAssessespulseAssessesskin(color,temperatureandcondition)

111

Identifiesprioritypatients/makestransportdecisions 1 FOCUSEDHISTORYANDSECONDARYEXAMINATION/RAPIDASSESSMENT Signsandsymptoms(Assesshistoryofpresentillness) 1

Respiratory Cardiac AlteredMentalStatus

AllergicReaction

Poisoning/Overdose

EnvironmentalEmergency

Obstetrics Behavioral

*Onset?*Provokes?*Quality?*Radiates?*Severity?*Time?*Interventions?

*Onset?*Provokes?*Quality?*Radiates?*Severity?*Time?*Interventions?

*Descriptionoftheepisode*Onset?*Duration?*AssociatedSymptoms?*EvidenceofTrauma?*Interventions?*Seizures?*Fever?

*Substance?*Whendidyouingest/becomeexposed?*Howmuchdidyouingest?*Overwhattimeperiod?*Interventions?*Estimatedweight?

*Source?*Source?*Environment?*Environment?*Duration?*Duration?*Lossof*Lossofconsciousness?consciousness?*Effects‐general*Effects‐generalorlocal?orlocal?

*Areyoupregnant?*Howlonghaveyoubeenpregnant?*Painorcontractions?*Bleedingordischarge?*Doyoufeeltheneedtopush?*Lastmenstrualperiod?

*Howdoyoufeel?*Determinesuicidaltendencies*Isthepatientathreattoselforothers?*Isthereamedicalproblem?*Interventions?

Allergies 1 Medications 1 Pastpertinenthistory 1 Lastoralintake 1 Eventleadingtopresentillness(ruleouttrauma) 1 Performsfocusedphysicalexamination(assessesaffectedbodypart/systemor,ifindicated,completesrapidassessment)

1

Vitals(obtainsbaselinevitalsigns) 1 Interventions(obtainsmedicaldirectionorverbalizesstandingorderformedicationinterventionsandverbalizesproperadditionalintervention/treatment)

1

Transport(re‐evaluatesthetransportdecision) 1 Verbalizestheconsiderationforcompletingadetailedphysicalexamination 1 ONGOINGASSESSMENT(verbalized) 1 Repeatsinitialassessment 1 Repeatsvitalsigns 1 Repeatsfocusedassessmentregardingpatientcomplaintorinjuries 1

Total: 30 CriticalCriteria__________Didnottake,orverbalize,BSI__________Didnotdeterminescenesafety__________Didnotobtainmedicaldirectionorverbalizestandingordersformedicalinterventions__________Didnotprovidehighconcentrationofoxygen__________Didnotfind,ormanage,problemsassociatedwithairway,breathing,hemorrhageorshock(hypoperfusion)

63

__________Didnotdifferentiatepatient'sneedfortransportationversuscontinuedassessmentatthescene__________Diddetailedorfocusedhistory/physicalexaminationbeforeassessingtheairway,breathingandcirculation__________Didnotaskquestionsaboutthepresentillness__________Administeredadangerousorinappropriateintervention

64

Appendix4D:RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationPerformanceEvaluation

Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=.Non‐passingscoreis‐.Thesescoreshavenonumericvalueandcannotbeaveraged.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.EVENTLOCATION_________________________________________DATE_____________________________________________________DIVISION_________________________________________________EXAMINER________________________________________________

LiftOperationsEvaluationCriteria

• Designandcodes• Liftcomponents• Auxiliarypowersources• Riskmanagementissues

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

EvacuationPlanningEvaluationCriteria

• Advancepreparation• Specificprocedures

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

ImplementationEvaluationCriteria

• Useofplan• Appropriateequipment• Ropehandling• Liftevacuation• Belaytechniques

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

PostEvacuationEvaluationCriteria

• Equipmentcare• Reports• Informationrelease• Critique

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

RopeRescue&LiftEvacuationOVERALLSCORE

CandidateName:________________________

+=‐

+=‐

+=‐

65

Appendix4E:Alpine&TelemarkSkiing/BoardingPerformanceEvaluation

Crudskiing/boarding:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria

• Demonstratebalance,stability,andcontrol• Performlined,parallelturns• Demonstrateamoderate,safespeed

appropriateforabilitylevel

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

Groomedskiing/boarding:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria

• Demonstrateroundedturnshape• Demonstrateanefficientmixoflong,

medium,andshortradiusturns• Performparallelturns• Demonstrateconstant,controlledspeed• Demonstrateweighttransfertooutsideski• Demonstrateturncompletionduringcarved

turns• Keeptheupperbodymovingtowardthe

insideoftheturn• Demonstrateabalancedfluidstance• Demonstratestability• Demonstratefluidverticalmotion• Performturnsasconnectedarcswithout

traverses• Absorbmogulssmoothly(betweenturns)• Adapttochangingterrain

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

Mogulskiing/boarding:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria

• Performafall‐linedescentwithminimumtraverseandsideslipping

• Demonstrateaneffectivecombinationofturnsize,shape,andtechnique

• Demonstrateconsistent,controlledspeed• Demonstratetheeffectiveuseofedges• Makesuretheupperbodyfacesdownhill

duringfall‐lineturns• Demonstratebalanceandstability• Skiwithlowerbodyinalmostcontinuous

motionwhileupperbodyremainsrelativelyquiet

• Demonstrateappropriateindependentandsimultaneouslegaction

• Useedgeandpressuretocompleteturns• Performcontrolleddirectionchanges• Adapttoterrainchanges

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

66

Appendix4E(continued):SkiingPerformanceEvaluation

Skillemphasisforlocalconditions:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria

• Demonstratebalance,stabilityandcontrol

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

SkiingoverallScoreCandidateName:___________________________NumericalEquivalents(DivisionOption)Plus100,95,90Equal85,80Minus75,70,65,60,55

+=‐

+=‐ +=‐

Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=,non‐passingscoreis‐ornumericscoresasabove.Mixedscoringmaynotbeused.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)or(80orhigher)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.

EVENTLOCATION_________________________________________DATE_____________________________________________________DIVISION_________________________________________________EXAMINER________________________________________________

67

Appendix4F:TobogganPerformanceEvaluation

Unloadedtobogganskills:MostdifficultmogulterrainEvaluationCriteria

• Selectappropriateroute• Operateatefficient,safeand

controlledspeedthatisappropriatetoterrainandskiertraffic,yetreachaccidentsitequickly

• Performsmooth,parallelturnsasneeded

• Maintainproperbodyposition• Performtransitions• Performsideslips• Ensureminimalbouncingor

slippingoftoboggan• Performemergencystop• DemonstrateatleastoneRecovery

technique• Demonstratestaticbelay

techniques

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

+=‐Comments:

68

Appendix4F(continued):TobogganPerformanceEvaluation

Loadedtobogganfrontoperator:MostdifficultterrainEvaluationCriteria

• Selectappropriateroute• Controlspeed,skisafelyand

expediently• Provideasmooth,safeand

comfortablerideforpatient• Skiinbalanceandstableposition• Controldescentwithwedgeor

sideslip• Controldirectionwithturnsand

fallingleaf• Brakethetobogganasneeded• Communicateasnecessarywith

patientandtailropeoperator• Performeffectivewedge,sideslip,

andtransitionswithstabilityandcontrol

• Avoidslippingduringtraverses

+=‐Comments

+=‐Comments

+=‐Comments

69

Appendix4F(continued):TobogganPerformanceEvaluation

Loadedtobogganfrontoperator:Moretomostdifficultterrain,inmogulsandonsmoothslopesEvaluationCriteria

• Selectappropriateroute• Controlspeed,skisafelyand

expediently• Provideasmooth,safeand

comfortablerideforpatient• Skiinbalanceandstable

position• Controldescentwithwedge

orsideslip• Controldirectionwithturns

andfallingleaf• Brakethetobogganas

needed• Communicateasnecessary

withpatientandtailropeoperator

• Performeffectivewedge,sideslip,andtransitionswithstabilityandcontrol

• Avoidslippingduringtraverses

NumericalEquivalents(DivisionOption)Plus100,95,90Equal85,80Minus75,70,65,60,55

+=‐Comments

+=‐Comments

+=‐Comments

TOBOGGANOVERALLCandidateName:____________________

+=‐ +=‐ +=‐

70

Evaluatorsmustmakeacleardecisionastowhetherornotacandidatehasmettheobjective.Passingscoresare+and=,non‐passingscoreis‐ornumericscoresasabove.Mixedscoringmaynotbeused.TheCertifiedcandidatemustreceiveanoverallpassingscore(+or=)or(80orhigher)fromasimplemajorityofevaluatorsinordertocompletethecomponent.Partialcompletionmaynotbecarriedfromyeartoyear.

EVENTLOCATION__________________________________________DATE______________________________________________________DIVISION___________________________________________________EXAMINER_________________________________________________