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Mahatma Gandhi Missions College of Engineering and Technology, Noida

NUCLEAR BATTERY GUIDED BY:- Mr. S R JAMBHALE H.O.D Mechanical Department PRESENTED BY:- AJEET KUMAR SINGH TT-ME [ 1209540004 ]1INTRODUCTION Need for compact, reliable, light weight and self-contained power supplies. Chemical batteries require frequent replacements and are bulky. Nuclear reactors offer economical and technical problems. Fuel and Solar cells are expensive and requires sunlight respectively. Nuclear batteries have lifespan up to decades and nearly 200 times more efficient. Do not rely on nuclear reaction , so no radioactive wastes. Uses emissions from radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Can be used in inaccessible and extreme conditionsHISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTFirst idea introduce in 1913.First idea by Paul Broun in 1950 & was invented in 3march, 1959.Uses strontium-90,1-gram produces 100,000times much magnetic to electric energy.The first cell constructed (melt wire component). Uses Ra-226.Low efficiency. Many electron lost from semi conductor.

BATTERY MECHANISM

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Radiation comes from the nucleus of an atom.Unstable nucleus emits a particle or energy.

Isotope Half lifeC-152.4 secRa-2243.6 daysRa-22312 daysI-12560 daysC-145700 yearsU-235710 000 000 yearsTantalum-180m 10^15 year6Characteristics of ,, emission Name mass 6.65*10^-24 9.11*10^-28 092U35,U36,U37

7TYPES OF NUCLEAR BATTERYDecay of Radioactive elementsRadioisotopesRadioisotopes are artificially produced, unstable atoms of a chemical element, which have a different number of neutrons in the nucleus, but the same number of protons and the same chemical properties.RadiationsAlpha - These are fast moving helium atoms. They have high energy, typically in the MeV range. They also are magnetic in nature Beta - These are fast moving electrons. They typically have energies in the range of a few hundred keV to several MeV.Gamma - These are photons, just like light, except of much higher energy.

Betavoltaics Cell

9Silicon wafer, tritiumDirect Charging MechanismThis form of nuclear-electric generator dates back to 1913. This method makes use of kinetic energy as well as the magnetic property of Alpha particles to generate current.It consists of a core composed of radioactive elements.Primary generator consists of a LC tank circuit.LC circuit produces the oscillations required for transformer operation.Few applications have been found in the past for the extremely low currents and inconveniently high voltages. Oscillator/transformer systems are employed to reduce the voltages, then rectifiers are used to transform the AC power back to direct current.The Moseley model guided other efforts to build experimental batteries generating electricity from the emissions of radioactive elements.Schematic Diagram of an LC Resonant Circuit

1234567 1 -- Capacitor 2 -- Inductor 3 -- Core with radioactive elements 4 -- Transformer T primary winding 5 -- Resistance 6 -- Secondary winding 7 -- Load 11Equivalent Circuit diagram of Direct Charging Generator 1 -- Capacitor 2 -- Inductor 3 -- Core with radioactive elements 4 -- Transformer T primary winding 5 -- Secondary winding 6 -- Load

12 FUEL CONSIDERATIONSThe major criterions considered in the selection of fuels are:(1) Avoidance of gamma in the decay chain.(2) Half life.(3) Particle range.(4) Watch out for (alpha, n)reactions.AdvantegesLife span- minimum of 10 years.Reliable electricity.Amount of energy highest.Lighter with high energy density.Efficient; less waste generation.Reduces green house and associated effects.Fuel used is the nuclear waste from nuclear fission.14

DRAWBACKS

High initial cost of production as its in the experimental stage.Energy conversion methodologies are not much advanced.Regional and country-specific laws regarding use and disposal of radioactive fuels.To gain social acceptance.15

APPLICATIONSSpace applications: (1) spacecraft . (2) missile weapons (3) air jet. (4)drown. Medical applications: (1) In Cardiac pacemakers (2) x-ray machine.Mobile devices: (1)laptop battery. (2) mobile. (3)radar. (4)remote monitoring system. Nuclear powered laptop battery Xcell-N has 7000-8000 times more life. No need for charging, battery replacing.

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Automobiles: (1)electric car. (2)remote robotic car.Under-water sea probes and sea sensors: (1) submarine. (2) water weapon. (1) laser gun.(2) torch.

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