Nuclear Energy: A Solution to Climate Nuclear Energy: A Solution to Climate Change or A Dangerous Distraction?Change or A Dangerous Distraction?

Shahla Werner, Sierra Club – John Muir ChapterShahla Werner, Sierra Club – John Muir Chapter222 South Hamilton St, #1, Madison, WI 53703222 South Hamilton St, #1, Madison, WI 53703

(608) 256-0565(608) 256-0565http://wisconsin.sierraclub.orgshahla.werner@sierraclub.org

The Sierra ClubThe Sierra Club

Founded in 1892 by John MuirFounded in 1892 by John Muir

Sierra Club is the oldest, largest, and Sierra Club is the oldest, largest, and most influential most influential grassrootsgrassroots environmental organization in the environmental organization in the United States.United States.

1.3 million members in North America1.3 million members in North America

We use grassroots activism, public We use grassroots activism, public education, lobbying and litigation to education, lobbying and litigation to protect natural resources.protect natural resources.

Sierra Club MissionSierra Club Mission

To explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth;

To practice and promote the responsible use of theearth's ecosystems and resources;

To educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; and

To use all lawful means to carry out these objectives.

Sierra Club – John Muir ChapterSierra Club – John Muir Chapter

Formed in 1963, we are the statewide branch of the Formed in 1963, we are the statewide branch of the Sierra Club in WisconsinSierra Club in Wisconsin

We follow the footsteps of legendary Wisconsin We follow the footsteps of legendary Wisconsin conservationists: John Muir, Aldo Leopold, Sigurd conservationists: John Muir, Aldo Leopold, Sigurd Olson and Gaylord Nelson.  Olson and Gaylord Nelson. 

Two Priority Issues: Protecting Water and Reducing Two Priority Issues: Protecting Water and Reducing the threat of Climate Changethe threat of Climate Change

15,000 members and supporters in Wisconsin 15,000 members and supporters in Wisconsin

Human Induced Climate ChangeHuman Induced Climate Change

Over the past 250 years, increased concentrations of heat Over the past 250 years, increased concentrations of heat trapping greenhouse gases have caused the Earth’s climate trapping greenhouse gases have caused the Earth’s climate to warm 1.4 degrees F, glaciers to shrink, plant and animal to warm 1.4 degrees F, glaciers to shrink, plant and animal ranges to shift and changes in plant phenology.ranges to shift and changes in plant phenology.

Fossil fuel burning is largely responsible for this problem.Fossil fuel burning is largely responsible for this problem.

Carbon Dioxide and Climate ChangeCarbon Dioxide and Climate Change

Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning and deforestation are Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning and deforestation are major causes of climate change since 1750. The current 386 PPM of major causes of climate change since 1750. The current 386 PPM of CO2 in the atmosphere is the highest level it has been in the past CO2 in the atmosphere is the highest level it has been in the past 650,000 years.650,000 years.

Although other greenhouse gases like methane may have more heat Although other greenhouse gases like methane may have more heat trapping potential, they are far less abundant in the atmosphere and trapping potential, they are far less abundant in the atmosphere and their retention time is far shorter than CO2.their retention time is far shorter than CO2.

Top Carbon Dioxide EmittersTop Carbon Dioxide Emitters

Although China now emits more CO2 than the US, their per capita emissions are 4.6 tons/capita vs our 19.6

Nuclear Energy: Carbon Free?Nuclear Energy: Carbon Free?

Nuclear energy supplies 20% of US electricity from 104 reactors.Nuclear energy supplies 20% of US electricity from 104 reactors.

Nuclear power proponents argue that nuclear plants are needed to Nuclear power proponents argue that nuclear plants are needed to produce carbon-free “base-load” power. “Emission-free” refers to produce carbon-free “base-load” power. “Emission-free” refers to any generating source that does not produce emissions of CO2, any generating source that does not produce emissions of CO2, NOx, or SO2 during its operations. But it ignores carbon emissions NOx, or SO2 during its operations. But it ignores carbon emissions from uranium mining and enrichment. from uranium mining and enrichment.

Building 100 new nuclear Building 100 new nuclear reactors would take at least a reactors would take at least a decade and require a capital decade and require a capital investment of $250 billion to investment of $250 billion to $1 trillion and would only $1 trillion and would only reduce carbon dioxide reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 12%. emissions by 12%.

Sierra Club’s Position on Sierra Club’s Position on Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy

The Sierra Club opposes the licensing, construction and The Sierra Club opposes the licensing, construction and operation of new nuclear reactors utilizing fission, pending: operation of new nuclear reactors utilizing fission, pending: – Development of adequate national and global policies to Development of adequate national and global policies to

curb energy over-use curb energy over-use and unnecessary economic and unnecessary economic growth.growth.

– Resolution of the significant safety problems Resolution of the significant safety problems inherent inherent in reactor in reactor operation, disposal of spent fuelsoperation, disposal of spent fuels, and , and possible diversion of nuclear materials capable of use in possible diversion of nuclear materials capable of use in weaponsweapons manufacture. manufacture.

– Establishment of adequate regulatory machinery to Establishment of adequate regulatory machinery to guarantee adherence to the foregoing conditions. The guarantee adherence to the foregoing conditions. The above resolution does not apply to research reactors. above resolution does not apply to research reactors.

Adopted by the Board of Directors, December 12-13, 1974 Adopted by the Board of Directors, December 12-13, 1974

Nuclear Energy Safeguards = Nuclear Energy Safeguards = Common Sense ProtectionsCommon Sense Protections

Before a new nuclear plant can be built, WI law (Wisc. Before a new nuclear plant can be built, WI law (Wisc. Stat. 196.493) requires that 1) there is a federally-Stat. 196.493) requires that 1) there is a federally-licensed facility to dispose of high-level radioactive licensed facility to dispose of high-level radioactive waste, and 2) The PSC finds that a nuclear power plant waste, and 2) The PSC finds that a nuclear power plant is the least cost option for Wisconsin ratepayersis the least cost option for Wisconsin ratepayers

Federally, the Price Anderson Act forces the federal Federally, the Price Anderson Act forces the federal government to cover the insurance payouts for nuclear government to cover the insurance payouts for nuclear accidents that exceed $12.6 billion.accidents that exceed $12.6 billion.

Removing safeguards saddles taxpayers with financial Removing safeguards saddles taxpayers with financial and safety risks of nuclear powerand safety risks of nuclear power

Nuclear Energy and Water UseNuclear Energy and Water UseNuclear power requires water to Nuclear power requires water to absorb the waste heat left over absorb the waste heat left over after making electricity, and to after making electricity, and to cool equipment used in generating cool equipment used in generating electricity.electricity.

Nuclear reactors are about 33% Nuclear reactors are about 33% efficient. For every three units of efficient. For every three units of thermal energy generated by the thermal energy generated by the reactor core, one unit of electrical reactor core, one unit of electrical energy goes out to the grid and energy goes out to the grid and two units of waste heat go into the two units of waste heat go into the environment. (Source, UCS)environment. (Source, UCS)

Water could be come scarce as a Water could be come scarce as a result of global warming. Even in result of global warming. Even in closed systems where water re-closed systems where water re-circulates, replenishment is circulates, replenishment is needed to make up for water lost needed to make up for water lost as vapor.as vapor.

Uranium Mining RisksUranium Mining Risks

25 tons of uranium are needed to fuel a reactor for a year. This requires 500,000 tons of waste rock and 100,000 tons of mill tailings. Tailings contain uranium, thorium, radium, polonium, and emit radon-222. They remain toxic for thousands of years.

Contamination of local water supplies around uranium mines and processing plants has been documented in Brazil, Colorado, Texas, Australia, Namibia and many other sites. - David Thorpe, Guardian UK, December 2008.

Uranium EnrichmentUranium Enrichment

Ordinary natural uranium contains only 0.72% U-235 and Ordinary natural uranium contains only 0.72% U-235 and 99.3% U-238. Gaseous diffusion is used to enrich Uranium in 99.3% U-238. Gaseous diffusion is used to enrich Uranium in the US (Paducah, KY). Centrifuge separation is used in Iran.the US (Paducah, KY). Centrifuge separation is used in Iran.

Enrichment to fissionable U235 results in leftover depleted Enrichment to fissionable U235 results in leftover depleted U238. U238.

Although depleted uranium munitions have been used Although depleted uranium munitions have been used extensively by the US Military, WHO and VA studies have not extensively by the US Military, WHO and VA studies have not found lasting health impacts on kidneys or lung function. found lasting health impacts on kidneys or lung function.

Uranium Enrichment: Same Process Uranium Enrichment: Same Process for Energy and Weaponsfor Energy and Weapons

There is global concern over Iran’s efforts to enrich There is global concern over Iran’s efforts to enrich Uranium (currently at 7%). 90% U-235 is required for Uranium (currently at 7%). 90% U-235 is required for weapons. A “nuclear renaissance” could result in weapons. A “nuclear renaissance” could result in more nuclear weapons worldwide.more nuclear weapons worldwide.

Why Can’t we be like the French? Why Can’t we be like the French? Mais Non!Mais Non!

The French get 80% of their electricity from nuclear powerThe French get 80% of their electricity from nuclear power Reprocessing facilities are expensive; reprocessing Reprocessing facilities are expensive; reprocessing

generates additional waste; only 1% of Plutonium (MOX) is generates additional waste; only 1% of Plutonium (MOX) is used for fuel, 99% is stored at the reprocessing facility. used for fuel, 99% is stored at the reprocessing facility.

Plutonium may be used for weapons productionPlutonium may be used for weapons production The French release 100 million gallons of radioactive waste The French release 100 million gallons of radioactive waste

into the English Channel annuallyinto the English Channel annually

Nuclear Accidents: Three Mile IslandNuclear Accidents: Three Mile Island

Three Mile Island, Middletown, PAThree Mile Island, Middletown, PA: On March 28, 1979, : On March 28, 1979, the nuclear core partially melted down (the core heated up to the nuclear core partially melted down (the core heated up to 5,000 F and a large hydrogen bubble formed in the reactor). 5,000 F and a large hydrogen bubble formed in the reactor). Small quantities of xenon and iodine radioisotopes were Small quantities of xenon and iodine radioisotopes were released.  released. 

Elevated thyroid cancer rates have been observed in Elevated thyroid cancer rates have been observed in Lancaster and York (but not Dauphin Counties) since 1995.Lancaster and York (but not Dauphin Counties) since 1995.

Nuclear Accidents: ChernobylNuclear Accidents: Chernobyl Chernoble, Ukraine, April 26, Chernoble, Ukraine, April 26,

19861986: While conducting a test, : While conducting a test, operators disabled safety operators disabled safety equipment which led to reactor equipment which led to reactor explosions and meltdown. explosions and meltdown.

The accident resulted in 56 The accident resulted in 56 immediate deaths and elevated immediate deaths and elevated cancer incidence (estimates vary cancer incidence (estimates vary from 4,000, UN International from 4,000, UN International Atomic Energy Agency Chernobyl Atomic Energy Agency Chernobyl Forum report to 270,000, Forum report to 270,000, Greenpeace based on cancer data Greenpeace based on cancer data from Belarus).from Belarus).

Chernobyl and surrounding Chernobyl and surrounding evacuated areas remain ghost evacuated areas remain ghost towns to this day.towns to this day.

Earthquake and tsunami Earthquake and tsunami (9.0) struck northern Japan (9.0) struck northern Japan March 11, leaving 10,489 dead and over 17,000 missing.March 11, leaving 10,489 dead and over 17,000 missing.

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant: Over heating, Over heating, radiation leaks, fires, and hydrogen explosions at several of radiation leaks, fires, and hydrogen explosions at several of the six reactors. Now trying fresh, rather than sea water to the six reactors. Now trying fresh, rather than sea water to cool reactor 3, which is smoking. Spent fuel rods exposed, cool reactor 3, which is smoking. Spent fuel rods exposed, in reactor 4. in reactor 4. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/03/16/world/asia/reactors-status.html

Long term impacts unknownLong term impacts unknown, monitors unreliable. We do , monitors unreliable. We do know: evacuations beyond 10 miles, extended blackouts, know: evacuations beyond 10 miles, extended blackouts, contaminated food and water- even in Tokyo, radioactive contaminated food and water- even in Tokyo, radioactive material that has breached its containment area in several material that has breached its containment area in several reactors (burning 3 workers).reactors (burning 3 workers).

Nuclear Accidents: Nuclear Accidents: Fukushima Daiichi Plant, Japan Fukushima Daiichi Plant, Japan

Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Energy and Vulnerability to TerrorismVulnerability to Terrorism

CNN, 03/13/10: Al Qaeda suspect's work at nuclear sites CNN, 03/13/10: Al Qaeda suspect's work at nuclear sites prompts call for probeprompts call for probe

Senator Schumer calls for probe into background check Senator Schumer calls for probe into background check system for nuclear plant workerssystem for nuclear plant workers

Suspected al Qaeda member Sharif Mobley did routine labor Suspected al Qaeda member Sharif Mobley did routine labor at five nuclear plants from 2002 to 2008at five nuclear plants from 2002 to 2008

Mobley is accused of killing security agent while trying to flee Mobley is accused of killing security agent while trying to flee a hospital in Sanaa, Yemena hospital in Sanaa, Yemen

Aging Nuclear Reactors: Aging Nuclear Reactors: Kewaunee Power Station, Carlton, WIKewaunee Power Station, Carlton, WI

556 MW, operating since 1974556 MW, operating since 1974

Shut down in 2004 when lake weeds inhibited cooling; notice of Shut down in 2004 when lake weeds inhibited cooling; notice of violation in 2008 due to faulty radiation monitors; shut down in violation in 2008 due to faulty radiation monitors; shut down in 2009 after instrument problem. 2009 after instrument problem.

On Feb. 24, 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission renewed On Feb. 24, 2011, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission renewed the operating license of Kewaunee Power Station, extending the the operating license of Kewaunee Power Station, extending the station's operation an additional 20 years until 2033station's operation an additional 20 years until 2033..

Point Beach Unit 1, 512 MW, operating since 1970, renewed Point Beach Unit 1, 512 MW, operating since 1970, renewed until 2030; Unit 2, 514 MW, 1973, renewed until 2033until 2030; Unit 2, 514 MW, 1973, renewed until 2033

Shut down for 20 months 1996-1998 upon a small explosion Shut down for 20 months 1996-1998 upon a small explosion inside a dry cask of nuclear waste; 2005: shutdown when a inside a dry cask of nuclear waste; 2005: shutdown when a circulating water pump failedcirculating water pump failed

Clean WI and CUB opposed a plan to expand generation by Clean WI and CUB opposed a plan to expand generation by 17% in Jan 2011 due to Wisconsin’s overcapacity of power. 17% in Jan 2011 due to Wisconsin’s overcapacity of power.

Aging Nuclear Reactors: Aging Nuclear Reactors: Point Beach Nuclear Plant, Two RiversPoint Beach Nuclear Plant, Two Rivers

Aging Nuclear Reactors: Davis BesseAging Nuclear Reactors: Davis Besse

The OH plant, which has since reopened, was closed in 2002 after a The OH plant, which has since reopened, was closed in 2002 after a worker found that a boric acid leak had nearly eaten through the reactor’s worker found that a boric acid leak had nearly eaten through the reactor’s 6-inch-thick steel cap. The NRC had missed a deadline for plant 6-inch-thick steel cap. The NRC had missed a deadline for plant inspection.inspection.

In 2003, the plant’s computer system was infected with a worm virus. In 2003, the plant’s computer system was infected with a worm virus. The incident allegedly “did not pose a safety hazard”.The incident allegedly “did not pose a safety hazard”.

Aging Nuclear Reactors: VT YankeeAging Nuclear Reactors: VT Yankee

The Vermont Yankee, one of America's oldest reactors, has had The Vermont Yankee, one of America's oldest reactors, has had several leaks of radioactive tritium dating back to 2005. One of several leaks of radioactive tritium dating back to 2005. One of the plant’s cooling towers collapsed in 2007 and 2008.the plant’s cooling towers collapsed in 2007 and 2008.

An Entergy official testified under oath that there were no pipes An Entergy official testified under oath that there were no pipes carrying water beneath the plant. There are 40 such pipes.carrying water beneath the plant. There are 40 such pipes.

State Senate voted 26-4 in Feb. 2010 to deny a 20 year operating State Senate voted 26-4 in Feb. 2010 to deny a 20 year operating extension; plant is slated to close in 2012. Decommissioning will extension; plant is slated to close in 2012. Decommissioning will cost $1 billion.cost $1 billion.

Safe, Permanent Waste Storage?Safe, Permanent Waste Storage?

Every reactor creates 20 tons of radioactive waste per year, which Every reactor creates 20 tons of radioactive waste per year, which must be isolated for thousands of years. The federal government must be isolated for thousands of years. The federal government has not found a permanent storage site. It currently sits in has not found a permanent storage site. It currently sits in temporary storage in 39 states. Yucca Mtn no longer considered.temporary storage in 39 states. Yucca Mtn no longer considered.

The Obama administration recently created a 15-member The Obama administration recently created a 15-member commission (headed by former congressman Lee Hamilton and commission (headed by former congressman Lee Hamilton and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft) on nuclear former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft) on nuclear waste storage, including alternatives to Yucca Mountain.waste storage, including alternatives to Yucca Mountain.

Dry Cask StorageDry Cask Storage Nuclear waste is stored in dry casks — steel-lined concrete silos that Nuclear waste is stored in dry casks — steel-lined concrete silos that

require no liquid cooling or forced ventilation — and those are require no liquid cooling or forced ventilation — and those are licensed for 20 years. At three plants, the licenses have been licensed for 20 years. At three plants, the licenses have been extended for another 20.extended for another 20.

1,365 metric tons of nuclear waste is stored at the Point Beach and 1,365 metric tons of nuclear waste is stored at the Point Beach and Kewaunee nuclear plants (nationwide dry cask storage is at Kewaunee nuclear plants (nationwide dry cask storage is at 47,000 metric tons). Waste is also stored on the Mississippi in 47,000 metric tons). Waste is also stored on the Mississippi in Genoa, WI and at the Prairie Island Plant in MN.Genoa, WI and at the Prairie Island Plant in MN.

Metal parts of such casks can begin corroding in weeks if salt hits Metal parts of such casks can begin corroding in weeks if salt hits them, the NRC has found. them, the NRC has found. 

Edward F. Sproat III, said, “you can’t keep that stuff in those Edward F. Sproat III, said, “you can’t keep that stuff in those canisters forever. They’re not designed that way.”canisters forever. They’re not designed that way.”

Nuclear Waste LeaksNuclear Waste LeaksIn 2007, 50-100 gallons of radioactive waste leaked at the In 2007, 50-100 gallons of radioactive waste leaked at the Hanford, WA nuclear waste storage site. This site covers about Hanford, WA nuclear waste storage site. This site covers about 560 square miles in south-central Washington, and contains 560 square miles in south-central Washington, and contains the nuclear waste from the production of weapons.the nuclear waste from the production of weapons.

In 2008, 7,925 gallons of low-grade uranium leaked at the In 2008, 7,925 gallons of low-grade uranium leaked at the Tricastin facility near Marseilles.  Three Rivers, including the Tricastin facility near Marseilles.  Three Rivers, including the Rhone, were contaminated. France is now examining water Rhone, were contaminated. France is now examining water near all of its plants.near all of its plants.

In 2009, thousands of liters of radioactive waste leaked into In 2009, thousands of liters of radioactive waste leaked into the Firth of Clyde from the Hunterston nuclear power station in the Firth of Clyde from the Hunterston nuclear power station in Scotland.Scotland.

In Feb 2010, Radio Netherlands reported that two drums at the In Feb 2010, Radio Netherlands reported that two drums at the nuclear reactor near the Dutch town Petten leaked radioactive nuclear reactor near the Dutch town Petten leaked radioactive wastewaste

The Cost of Nuclear EnergyThe Cost of Nuclear EnergyBuilding 100 new nuclear reactors requires Building 100 new nuclear reactors requires capital investment of $600 billion (range capital investment of $600 billion (range $250 billion - $1 trillion) and would only $250 billion - $1 trillion) and would only reduce CO2 by 12%.reduce CO2 by 12%.

Nuclear costs $5,000-$10,000/kilowatt, 10 - Nuclear costs $5,000-$10,000/kilowatt, 10 - 20 cents per kWh20 cents per kWh

Wall Street won’t finance nuclear energy. Wall Street won’t finance nuclear energy. The Congressional Budget Office assumes The Congressional Budget Office assumes that 50% of loans to nuclear power projects that 50% of loans to nuclear power projects will default. will default. 

““I don't have to bet my company on any of I don't have to bet my company on any of this stuff. You would never do nuclear. The this stuff. You would never do nuclear. The economics are overwhelming” -economics are overwhelming” - CEO of CEO of General Electric, Financial Times, Nov 2007General Electric, Financial Times, Nov 2007

Nuclear Energy & Corporate WelfareNuclear Energy & Corporate Welfare The Nuclear Industry is seeking The Nuclear Industry is seeking

100% federal loan guarantees for 100% federal loan guarantees for 80 percent of capital cost.80 percent of capital cost.

In mid-February 2010, President In mid-February 2010, President Obama proposed $54 billion in Obama proposed $54 billion in federal loan guarantees for nuclear federal loan guarantees for nuclear energy. He also granted 8.3 billion energy. He also granted 8.3 billion in guarantees for two new GA in guarantees for two new GA plants.plants.

Nuclear power has already Nuclear power has already benefited from more than $140 benefited from more than $140 billion in federal subsidies over the billion in federal subsidies over the last 50 years, from liability last 50 years, from liability protection to loan guarantees.protection to loan guarantees.

The Potential of Energy EfficiencyThe Potential of Energy Efficiency

Enacting a Federal Energy Efficiency Standard, requiring 15% Enacting a Federal Energy Efficiency Standard, requiring 15% electricity and 10% natural gas savings by 2020 would:electricity and 10% natural gas savings by 2020 would:- save Americans $170 billion in energy costssave Americans $170 billion in energy costs- save enough energy to power 48 million households by 2020. save enough energy to power 48 million households by 2020. - create over 220,000 jobscreate over 220,000 jobs- reduce CO2 emissions by 262 million metric tons reduce CO2 emissions by 262 million metric tons - eliminate the need for 390 power plantseliminate the need for 390 power plants

Performing basic weatherization on homes built before 1990 in Performing basic weatherization on homes built before 1990 in Wisconsin could reduce average home energy consumption by 27 Wisconsin could reduce average home energy consumption by 27 percent, using currently available techniques and materials.percent, using currently available techniques and materials.

Relative Cost of Renewable EnergyRelative Cost of Renewable Energy

Wind: 8 to 12 cents/KwhWind: 8 to 12 cents/Kwh Solar thermal: 12 to 15 cents and coming downSolar thermal: 12 to 15 cents and coming down Solar PV: 20 cents large scale, 25 cents intermediate scale Solar PV: 20 cents large scale, 25 cents intermediate scale

(~1 MW). PV expected to be 10 cents or less in five years(~1 MW). PV expected to be 10 cents or less in five years Fuel free forever once installedFuel free forever once installed

Baseload AlternativesBaseload Alternatives Building a Smart grid: consuming devices talk to producing devices: Building a Smart grid: consuming devices talk to producing devices:

storage devices, smart meters. Our grid needs upgrades either way. storage devices, smart meters. Our grid needs upgrades either way. Upgrading costs $900 billion over the next 20 years (but DOE Upgrading costs $900 billion over the next 20 years (but DOE estimates that it could save $46-117 billion).estimates that it could save $46-117 billion).

Solar Solar and wind integration (sun shines during the day, wind blows and wind integration (sun shines during the day, wind blows more at night). Back up with hydro, natural gas, biomassmore at night). Back up with hydro, natural gas, biomass

In 2009, when asked about new coal and nuclear plants, Federal In 2009, when asked about new coal and nuclear plants, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Chairman Wellinghoff said, "we may Energy Regulatory Commission Chairman Wellinghoff said, "we may not need any ever." He then said renewables like wind, solar and not need any ever." He then said renewables like wind, solar and biomass will provide enough energy to meet baseload capacity and biomass will provide enough energy to meet baseload capacity and future demands. He added, "People talk about, 'Oh, we need future demands. He added, "People talk about, 'Oh, we need baseload.' It's like people saying we need more computing power, baseload.' It's like people saying we need more computing power, we need mainframes. We don't need mainframes, we have we need mainframes. We don't need mainframes, we have distributed computing."distributed computing."

In ConclusionIn Conclusion Nuclear energy: Nuclear energy: - Carries significant, long-term environmental and health risksCarries significant, long-term environmental and health risks- Is very expensive; require taxpayer subsidiesIs very expensive; require taxpayer subsidies- Take too long to reduce climate changeTake too long to reduce climate change- Diverts billions of dollars from true low carbon solutions like Diverts billions of dollars from true low carbon solutions like

efficiency and renewables. efficiency and renewables.

Taxpayers shouldn't be asked to take a risk Wall Street is not Taxpayers shouldn't be asked to take a risk Wall Street is not willing to take.willing to take.

““As a species, we As a species, we mustmust back the right horse and stop being back the right horse and stop being misled by the coal industry's delaying tactics. There's a big misled by the coal industry's delaying tactics. There's a big opportunity cost in time and resources to going down the wrong opportunity cost in time and resources to going down the wrong path.” - path.” - Michael Graham Richard, Ottawa, Michael Graham Richard, Ottawa, TreehuggerTreehugger, 2006, 2006