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Nuclear Hazards

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NUCLEAR HAZARDS AND CONTROLS
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Page 1: Nuclear Hazards

NUCLEAR HAZARDS

ANDCONTROLS

Page 2: Nuclear Hazards

INTRODUCTION

• What is nuclear energy?• Why is it considered as a hazard?• Why are control methods

necessary?

Page 3: Nuclear Hazards

CONTENTS IN BRIEF

Introduction. LHC-Large Hadron Collider. Ionizing radiation. Misuse of nuclear energy. Instruments used for nuclear control. Recent application of nuclear energy. Case study.

Page 4: Nuclear Hazards

SITE MAP OF LHC.

• The collider is contained in a circular tunnel, with a circumference of 27 kilometers (17 mi), at a depth ranging from 50 to 175 meters underground.

• Approximately 96 tones of liquid helium is needed to keep the magnets at their operating temperature of 1.9 K, making the LHC the largest cryogenic facility in the world at liquid helium temperature.

Page 5: Nuclear Hazards

A simulated event in the CMS detector, featuring the appearance of the Higgs boson

The BBC's summary of the main detectors is:

• ATLAS – one of two so-called general purpose detectors. Atlas will be used to look for signs of new physics, including the origins of mass and extra dimensions.

• CMS – the other general purpose detector will, like ATLAS, hunt for the Higgs boson and look for clues to the nature of dark matter.

Page 6: Nuclear Hazards

• The size of the LHC constitutes an exceptional engineering challenge.

• Storage of large amount of energy.(about 10 GJ equivalent to 2.4 tons of TNT)

OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES

Page 7: Nuclear Hazards

Ionising Radiation

• Particulate:• Alpha Radiation• Beta Radiation

• Non-Particulate:• Gamma Rays• X-Rays• Neutrons

Page 8: Nuclear Hazards

Ionising Radiation Health Effects

• Nausea and vomiting• Reduction in bodies defences• Reddening of skin• Loss of weight & hair• Blistering and ulceration of skin• Cataracts• Cancer• Genetic defects (affects subsequent

generations)

Page 9: Nuclear Hazards

Dose/Response Relationship• Some effects of ionising radiation are dose

dependent and only occur if dose received is above certain level:• Radiation sickness, skin burns or cataracts

• Other effects are not dose dependent. Any exposure to radiation may cause the effect. However, likelihood of harm increases at higher levels of exposure:• Cancer, Genetic defects

Page 10: Nuclear Hazards

Detection

• Film badges (personal)• Ionisation chamber• Geiger counter• Personal air samplers• Analysis of faecal and urine samples

Page 11: Nuclear Hazards

MISUSE OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY

• During World War II bombs dropped in

1. Hiroshima U-235,dropped on 6th

August 1945. 2. Nagasaki U-238,dropped on 9th

August 1945.

Page 12: Nuclear Hazards

LITTLE BOY DROPPED IN HIROSHIMA

• Equivalent to 13 kilo tones of TNT.

• Caused fire across 11.2 km2

• With only 1.38% of its material fussioning.

• Damaged the entire infrastructure in an area of radius 5km

• Powerful enough to burn clothes.

Page 13: Nuclear Hazards

FAT MAN DROPPED IN NAGASAKI

• Equivalent to 21 kilo tones of TNT.

• Generated heat estimated 3900 degrees Celsius.

• Wind speed of about 1005 km/hr.

• Radius of destruction about 1.6 mile.

Page 14: Nuclear Hazards

AFTER EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR BOMBS IN Japan.

• Most of the bomb survivors died due to cancer and leukemia (diseases caused due to radiations)

• Many genetically transmitted disorders were also reported (for the child born to the bomb survivors).

Page 15: Nuclear Hazards

INSTRUMENTS FOR NUCLEAR CONTROL

control rods. Used in nuclear reactors for

controlling rate of fission of uranium and plutonium

plutonium oxide container

Used for disposition of dangerous plutonium

Page 16: Nuclear Hazards

AWDREY (ATOMIC WEAPONS DETECTION RECOGNITION AND ESTIMATION OF YIELD)- USED IN COLD WAR FOR DETECTION OF ANY NUCLEAR EXPLOSION

BOMB -POWER INDICATOR- RECORDS THE POSITION OF NUCLEAR DETONATION

Page 17: Nuclear Hazards

APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN SUBMARINES

Nuclear submarine

• Uses diesel engines that requires air for combustion while travelling on surface of water

• Uses battery-powered motors while diving

• Consumes a very little amount of fuel

Page 18: Nuclear Hazards

The Program of the Atomic Energy Commission for Control of Inhalation Hazards of Nuclear Energy OperationsH.D. BRUNER, M.D. and CHARLES L.

DUNHAM, M.D.TWashington D.C.

Page 19: Nuclear Hazards

INTRODUCTION• Our atomic energy program is one of the truly enormous enterprises of our

national life ,ranging from mining to computers and heavy industry to oceanography.

• Consequently, the total no and variety of industrial hazards is potentially most of them fall into the category of accepted industrial hazards and require comment.

• However , when radiation and radioactivity becomes components of the overall process , each situation and operation must be individually revaluated. In many instances the design and operation of plant or process has hinged on the recommendation of the health safety groups.

• A very welcome by product of this concern is the enviable industrial records of the AEC contractors!

• Presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting , American College of Physicians, New York City, May 29 June 2N , 1957

Page 20: Nuclear Hazards

NUCLEAR HAZARDS

• INDUSRIAL HAZARDS The atomic energy commission concern with conventional industrial

hazards can be illustrated by the story of Nickel carbonyl, [Ni(co)] a compound used for catalysis and preparing high purity nickel. It is both a pulmonary irritant and a systemic toxin.

Uranium ore dusts are regarded like other relatively insoluble dusts except that limits of concentration in air have been established. Which are lower than those for simple silica dust atmosphere . A fraction of ore dust however is soluble and is absorbed into the blood stream. The uranium ion in the kidney , thus the dosage to this organ ultimately determines the permissible environmental concentration.

The chronic effect of penetrating gamma rays or x radiation on the lung are to cause fibrosis and perhaps to act as a carcinogen22 ,but because the lungs is grouped with the radio-resistant tissues, one ought to find similar but more lethal damage in tissues such as bone marrow occurring before the fibrosis is able to show itself.

Page 21: Nuclear Hazards

CONTROL MEASURES

• Methods of treating persons with internal contamination are most effective for those radioactive isotopes which have the least tendency to localize in tissue and are most soluble. To this one gram of calcium- disodium ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid are injected intravenously once or twice a day for one to four days . In addition, diuretics,renel acidifying agents and saline cathartics may be used to magnify the excretory activity.


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