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Nuclear power plant
Presentation by:- Makwana Mukund M En no:-110160109058 GEC, Modasa.
SITE SELECTION
* Availability of water * Disposal of water * Distance from populated areas* Transportation facilities
Basic Diagram of a PWR
http://www.nrc.gov/
VVER – Russian PWR (Water-Cooled, Water-Moderated, Energy Reactor)
http://www.nucleartourist.com/
AREVA NP – EPR (European Pressurized-Water Reactor)
• 1600 MWe• 36 – 37% Efficiency• Mixed Oxide (MOX) Fuel• 60 – yr Service Life• 3 – 4 yr Construction• Multiple Barriers and
Simple Safety Systems
http://www.framatome-anp.com/
Nuclear Power Plant
Reactor Generations• Gen I
– Prototypes in 50’s & 60’s• Gen II
– 70’s & 80’s– Today’s Operational Reactors– BWR, PWR, CANDU, …
• Gen III– ABWR, APWR– Approved 90’s– Some Built around the World
• Gen III+– Current Advanced Designs in the Approval Process– Pebble Bed Reactor
• Gen IV– Deploy in 2030– Economical– Safe– Minimize Waste– Reduce Proliferation
WPUI – Advances in Nuclear 2008
Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Gen IV
Generation IVo Highly
economicalo Enhanced
Safetyo Minimized
Wasteso Proliferation
Resistance
Gen I
Generation IEarly PrototypeReactors
•Shippingport•Dresden,Fermi-I•Magnox
Gen II
Generation IICommercial PowerReactors
•LWR: PWR/BWR•CANDU•VVER/RBMK
Gen III
Generation IIIAdvancedLWRs
•System 80+•ABWR, EPR
•AP1000•ESBWR
Reactor Parts
1. Fuel Rods2. Control rods3. Moderator4. Generator5. Cooling System
1. FUEL RODS
Uranium Pellets
• UO2 pellets
• 97% U-238
• 3% U-235
• 1 pellet has the energy equivalent of 126 gallons of petroleum
Will power about 300,000
homes
2. CONTROL RODS
•Regulate/absorb the extra neutrons
• Control rate by moving rods in/out
• Stop a reaction by dropping control rods completely in between fuel rods
3. MODERATOR
Possible Moderators:
Slows down the high-speed neutrons so the U-235 has a chance to fission
1. “Heavy Water” (Deuterium) H-2 isotope
2. Graphite (carbon)
3. “Light Water” H-1 isotope
Reactor Core:Houses all reactor components
4. GENERATORSteam turns a turbine which is used to generate electricity similar to coal or petroleum.
5. COOLING SYSTEM
• Water from a nearby lake or pond is used to cool/condense the steam which can be recycled back into the reactor.
• Steam must be cooled and condensed
Cooling Towers:Give off steam (not radiation) into
atmosphere
Safety Precautions• Control rods regulate the rate of the reaction.• Redundant, automatic backup systems• Preventing the escape of radioactive material in the
event of an accident (containment)– 2-4m concrete walls around the reactor– Steel-reinforced concrete walls in the building built
to withstand chemical explosions and earthquakes– Domed roof able to withstand significant internal
pressure
Nuclear Waste“spent fuel rods” are no
longer efficient but still are hot and radioactive. They must sit in pools to cool for a few years.
Pools
Reactor
Nuclear WasteAfter cooled, the spent
rods can be stored temporarily in above-ground, gas-filled storage casks.
Tracking the Fuel
Permanent Storage?
• Make the temporary storage casks, permanent?
• Burying it under the ocean floor?• Burying it in polar ice? • Send it into space?• Burying it in a stable “geologic repository”
such as Yucca Mountain Nevada?
Yucca Mountain, Nevada
Recycling Nuclear Waste
• Argonne National Laboratory researchers have developed a technology that can remove uranium from spent fuel to be reused in the next generation of power plants.
ADVANTAGES• Amount of fuel required is quit small, saving in the
cost of fuel transportation• Requires less space as compared to any other of
same size• Low running charges• Very economical for producing bulk electric power• Ensures reliability of operation
DISADVANTAGES• Fuel used is expensive & is difficult to recover.• Capital cost is very high as compared to other
types of plants.• The fission by-products are generally
radioactive & may cause a dangerous amount of radioactive pollution.